Southern Society (1821--1825)

In the same year, two secret Decembrist organizations emerged. The “Southern Society” arose in Ukraine, headed by the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, Pavel Pestel. He compiled the program document "Russian Truth". "Russian Truth" demanded the proclamation of Russia as a republic, the abolition of classes, and the introduction of a representative system. The document guaranteed democratic freedoms and proclaimed the independence of Poland. The land issue was supposed to be resolved through the transfer of church and state lands to the public fund. Peasants are freed and given land. The highest legislative power belongs to the People's Assembly. Civil liberties were declared: speech, assembly, press, and so on.

While Southern society was preparing for decisive action in 1826, its plans were revealed to the government.

Northern Society (1822--1825)

In St. Petersburg it was formed " Northern society", which had a branch in Moscow. The Northern Society was headed by a Duma of three people: N.M. Muravyov, S.P. Trubetskoy, E.P. Obolensky. Since 1823, K.F. Ryleev played an active role in the society. Programmatic The document of the “Northern Society” - “Constitution” - was compiled by Nikita Muravyov.

"Constitution"was even more moderate than the "Russian Truth". According to it, a constitutional monarchy was introduced in Russia. The highest legislative power belonged to the "People's Assembly" - a bicameral parliament elected on the basis of property qualifications, the executive - to the emperor. Peasants were liberated with almost no land - only two tithes per yard. The land remains the property of the landowner.

FORMATION OF THE DECEMBER IDEOLOGY

The Decembrists were people of high morality, which distinguished them from the rest of the nobility, forced them to rise above their class privileges given to them by origin and position in society, to sacrifice their entire fortune and even their lives in the name of high and noble ideals - the liberation of Russia from serfdom and despotism autocratic power.

The sources of their “freethinking” were the ideas of the French enlighteners of the 18th century. and Russian “freethinkers” of the late 18th – early 19th centuries. The Patriotic War of 1812 had a great influence on the formation of the liberation ideas of the Decembrists. It is no coincidence that they called themselves “children of 1812,” considering it as the starting point of their political education. Over a hundred future Decembrists were participants in this war.

The foreign campaign of the Russian army in 1813–1814, in which many Decembrists participated, introduced them to the socio-political changes in Europe after the French Revolution of the late 18th century, enriched them with new impressions, ideas and life experiences.

The Decembrists felt the significance of the era in which they had to live and act, when, in their opinion, the “fate of Russia” was being decided. They were characterized by a sense of the grandeur of the events of their era, as well as direct involvement in these events, which served as the driving motive for their actions. They appeared on the historical stage in the era of major military-political cataclysms: the Napoleonic wars, revolutions in different European countries, national liberation uprisings in Greece and the Latin American colonies.

The Decembrists were closely associated with the liberal-opposition, or, as they say, “near-Decembrist” environment, on which they relied in their activities and which essentially shared the views characteristic of the Decembrists. These are prominent writers (for example, A. S. Pushkin, P. A. Vyazemsky, A. S. Griboyedov, D. V. Davydov), statesmen and military leaders known for their progressive views (N. S. Mordvinov, P. D. Kiselev, M. M. Speransky, A. P. Ermolov). Therefore, the emergence of Decembrism and the activities of Decembrist societies, especially at their early stage, cannot be understood without connection with their liberal-opposition environment. One cannot discount the fact that the formation of Decembrist ideas and views was influenced both by the transformative activities and reform plans of the beginning of the reign of Alexander I, and by the later disappointment in the “reformer on the throne” that followed as a result of their actual abandonment.

Freemasonry had a significant influence on the organizational and tactical principles of the Decembrists (more than 80 Decembrists, including all their leaders, were Freemasons), as well as the experience of secret societies in European countries.

PUBLIC ATMOSPHERE

[…] Official cosmopolitanism, the disdain for everything Russian emphasized at the top, the open preference given to foreigners, primarily the Jesuits who corrupted society and the Germans who froze the administration, censorship and obscurantism that were harsh to the point of complete absurdity were painfully experienced by the Russian society of that time, which was still under the influence of patriotic upsurge Twelfth year.

The most sensitive part of this society - the officers - reacted most painfully to these sentiments. A vague premonition of disasters approaching Russia, a sincere desire to prevent them, the still glorious tradition of the 18th century - the century of politically educated Peter and Catherine's officers - all this in connection with foreign campaigns (which significantly expanded the horizons of the thinking part of it) and with the fashion for forbidden fruit - “Carbonarism” contributed to the rapid growth of all kinds of secret societies and circles. These groups, the “Union of Welfare”, “Society of United Slavs” and the like, formed two secret societies in the early 20s - Northern (mainly from officers of the Guard, partly from the Navy) and Southern (officers of the 2nd Army up to the senior commanders and III Corps of the 1st Army). Events such as the revolt of the Semenovsky regiment and the “Chuguevskaya massacre” only heated up the atmosphere more and more - and it became clear that sooner or later a thunderstorm was bound to erupt and that any insignificant reason was enough for this explosion.

And this reason (and of paramount importance) presented itself... December 14, 1825 - a sad date in Russian history - was the day of the open break between the Russian government and Russian society […].

POSITION OF THE NOBILITY

The position of this class in society rested on political injustice and was crowned by social idleness; From the hands of a sexton-teacher, a person of this class passed into the hands of a French tutor, completed his education in an Italian theater or a French restaurant, applied the acquired concepts in the capital's living rooms and ended his days in his Moscow or village office with Voltaire in his hands. With Voltaire's book in his hands somewhere on Povarskaya or in the Tula village, this nobleman presented a very strange phenomenon: the manners, habits, concepts, feelings he had acquired, the very language in which he thought - everything was foreign, everything was imported, but at home He had no living organic connections with those around him, no serious business, for we know that neither participation in local government nor agriculture gave him such serious work. Thus, living, vital interests did not tie him to reality; a stranger among his own, he tried to become an insider among strangers and, of course, did not: in the West, abroad, they saw him as a Tatar in disguise, and in Russia they looked at him [as] a Frenchman who had accidentally been born in Russia. So he became in a position of mediocrity, historical irrelevance; considering him in this position, we are ready to feel sorry for him, thinking that he sometimes became inexpressibly sad from this situation.

Klyuchevsky V.O. Russian history. Full course of lectures. M., 2004. http://magister.msk.ru/library/history/kluchev/kllec81.htm

THE FIRST SECRET SOCIETIES IN RUSSIA

The first secret society, the “Union of Salvation” (or the Society of True and Faithful Sons of the Fatherland), arose in 1816. It was led by young officers Alexander Muravyov, Sergei Trubetskoy, Nikita Muravyov and others. In 1818, they founded a new, larger society - the “Union of Welfare”, which included at least two hundred members. The Union of Welfare had a governing body - the Root Council. In 1821, the Root Council announced the self-dissolution of the Union, although its leaders did not intend to stop revolutionary activities, but only sought to get rid of unreliable and random members of the Union in this way.

A characteristic feature of the new secret organization that was soon created was its structural division into two parts: the Northern Society, based on the capital’s military units, and the Southern Society, the basis of which was the regiments of the 2nd Army stationed in Ukraine. Another feature of the new stage of the movement of the future Decembrists was the development of a program of action for the future, naturally, subject to the victory of the rebels. Immediately, disagreements emerged about what Russia should be. “Russian Truth” - the program of the recognized leader of the Southern Society, Colonel P. I. Pestel - provided for the establishment of a dictatorship of the Provisional Supreme Revolutionary Government like a military junta, and Pestel clearly assigned himself the role of supreme dictator. The new government body introduced a constitution, according to which Russia became a unitary republic with a unicameral legislative assembly - the People's Assembly, and the Sovereign Duma - a kind of council, each of the five members of which served as the head of state and government for one year. Controlling life functions belonged to the Supreme Council, which oversaw compliance with the constitution.

This constitution guaranteed all Russian citizens basic civil liberties, including freedom from serfdom.

Anisimov E.V. Imperial Russia. St. Petersburg, 2008 http://storyo.ru/empire/140.htm

UNION OF WELFARE

In 1818, instead of the Union of Salvation, the Union of Welfare was founded. It was headed by the same people as in the previous organization. They formed the Root Council. Local “governments” were subordinate to her - in St. Petersburg, Moscow and some other cities. The new "Union" was more open in nature. It consisted of about 200 people. The charter (“Green Book”) stated that the “Union” considers it its duty to “disseminate among compatriots the true rules of morality and education to assist the government in raising Russia to the level of greatness and prosperity.” The Union considered one of its main goals to be the development of charity, the softening and humanization of morals.

The fate of the serf peasant and the ordinary soldier was the focus of the “Union”. Its members were supposed to make public the facts of cruel treatment of serfs, and “exterminate” the sale of them individually and without land. It was necessary to strive to eliminate arbitrariness, cruel punishments, and assault from army life.

The Union of Welfare attached great importance to the humanistic education of youth. Members of the "Union" who had estates were supposed to open schools for peasants. The “Union” set itself the goal of fighting against bribery, strived for a peaceful resolution of conflicts arising in the country, trying to bring “various tribes, states, classes” to an agreement. The development of the productive forces of the Fatherland was also part of the goals of the “Union”. Its members were supposed to contribute to the introduction of advanced farming techniques, the growth of industry and crafts, and the expansion of trade.

To achieve their goals, members of the “Union” had to actively participate in public life, in the activities of legal scientific, educational and literary societies. It was planned to organize the publication of our own magazine.

An acquaintance with the Green Book shows that its authors were progressive people - with a broad outlook and a kind heart. There was also a second part of the Green Book, known only to the core of society. It contained his cherished goals - the introduction of a constitution and the abolition of serfdom.

In the short time of its existence, the Union of Welfare managed to do very little of what it had planned. Its members advocated the abolition of serfdom, some of them tried to alleviate the situation of their serfs. Ivan Yakushkin opened a school on his estate. Sergei Muravyov-Apostol, who served in the Semenovsky regiment, did a lot to make the soldier’s life easier. However, all his efforts went to waste when a new commander was appointed to the Semenovsky regiment. Drill and cane discipline immediately reigned. In 1820, there were soldier unrest in the regiment. The “ringleaders” were severely punished, and the remaining soldiers were sent to remote garrisons.

The future Decembrists did not participate in this speech, but punishment also affected them. Most of the Semyonov officers were urgently transferred to regular army corps and expelled from the capital. 17-year-old Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin was not even allowed to enter the estate to say goodbye to his dying mother. Together with Sergei Muravyov-Apostol, he was transferred to the south, to the Chernigov regiment. Among the soldiers of this regiment there were many former Semyonovites. Pavel Pestel in 1821 was promoted to colonel and appointed commander of the Vyatka regiment, which was located not far from Chernigov. This is how many members of the secret society ended up in the south.

Meanwhile, the government abandoned the policy of reform and embarked on the path of reaction. It became obvious that the organizational structure and program of the Union of Welfare did not meet the new conditions. Instead of “promoting the government,” it was necessary to launch an independent struggle for the renewal of Russia. In 1821, a secret congress of the Union of Welfare in Moscow declared the organization dissolved. The leaders of the movement wanted to organize a new society capable of more decisive action.

Bokhanov A.N., Gorinov M.M. History of Russia from the beginning of the 18th to the end of the 19th century, M., 2001. http://kazez.net/book_98689_glava_109_%C2%A7_6._Pervye_organiza%D1%81ii_budu.html

BRANCHES OF ONE CONSPIRACY

The existence of circles of an oppositional nature could be observed immediately after the return of troops from a foreign campaign. Initially, they used the Masonic organization allowed in Russia at that time (until 1822), then they received the form of political communities. From several such communities, the large “Union of Salvation” or “Union of Welfare” was tracked down in 1816, the charter of which (“Green Book”) became known even to Emperor Alexander himself. Too much publicity about the union led in 1820–1821. to its voluntary closure. But, having closed this union, its leaders formed new unions, more secret and with more defined action programs. These were alliances: “Northern” with N. Muravyov and Ryleev at the head; "Yuzhny", led by Pestel, and "Slavyansky". The first was more moderate than the others, speaking out for the monarchical principle; the second was republican, and the third was distinguished by fantastic extremes. In any case, all these unions were branches of one conspiracy aimed at a radical revolution.

Platonov S.F. A complete course of lectures on Russian history. St. Petersburg, 2000 Part III. The time of Alexander I (1801–1825) http://magister.msk.ru/library/history/platonov/plats005.htm#gl21

“RUSSIAN TRUTH” by P. I. PESTEL

[…] § 6. Nobility.

The nobility is that class, separate from the mass of the people, which has its own special advantages consisting in the following five subjects:

1) The nobility owns other people as their property, calling them their serfs and has the right to form Majorates with the permission of the Government.

2) The nobility does not pay any taxes and does not make any contributions to the common benefit.

3) The nobility is not subject to corporal punishment in court, like other Russians below, for the most terrible crimes.

4) The nobility is not subject to Recruitment and replaces all ranks and official positions in the State, with the exception of other Russians and

5) The nobility is called the Noble Estate, has Coats of Arms and attaches to this various Titles.

These five Advantages constitute the Nobility, in relation to which the word is used here advantage not a word right because the mentioned benefits, which the Nobility enjoys, are not based on any previous obligation, and are not necessary for the fulfillment of any obligation; why they cannot be recognized as rights on the basis of §5 of the preface: especially since these Benefits are not only not based on previous duties, but even on the contrary, they relieve duties and therefore should be recognized as Benefits and not rights.

Let us now consider whether such advantages in a well-organized State should be granted to a separate Estate.

First. – To possess other People as their own property, to sell, mortgage, give and inherit People in the likeness of Things, to use them according to their own arbitrariness without prior agreement with them and solely for their own profit. These benefits and sometimes even whims are a shameful thing, disgusting to Humanity , contrary to the Natural Laws, contrary to the Holy Christian Faith, finally contrary to the Commanded Will of the Almighty, who says in the Holy Scriptures that People are all equal before Him and that their Acts and Virtues alone make the difference between them. And therefore it can no longer exist in Russia that one person is allowed to have and call another his serf. Slavery must be decisively abolished and the Nobility must certainly forever renounce the vile privilege of possessing other People.

It cannot be expected that there will be at least one rather unscrupulous Nobleman who will not contribute with all his might to the abolition of slavery and serfdom in Russia; but if, more than any expectation, a monster was found whose word or deed decided to oppose this Action or condemn it, then the Temporary Supreme Government is obliged to immediately take any such Villain into custody and subject him to the strictest punishment as an Enemy of the Fatherland and a traitor against the original fundamental right of the Civil. […]

P.I. Pestel Russian Truth http://vivovoco.rsl.ru/VV/LAW/VV_PES_W.HTM#3_4

DRAFT CONSTITUTION OF NIKITA MURAVYOV

Chapter I About the Russian people and government

1. The Russian people, free and independent, are not and cannot be the property of any person or family.

2. The source of Supreme power is the people, who have the exclusive right to make fundamental decisions for themselves. […]

Chapter X. On the supreme executive power.

101. The Emperor is: the Supreme Official of the Russian Government. His rights and advantages are:

1) His power is hereditary in a direct line from father to son, but it does not pass from father-in-law to son-in-law.

2) He unites in his person all executive power.

3) He has the right to stop the action of the legislative power and force it to reconsider the law.

4) He is the Supreme Commander of land and sea forces.

5) He is the Supreme Commander of every branch of the Zemstvo Troops entering active service of the Empire.

6) He may require the written opinion of the chief official of each executive department on any subject related to his duties.

7) Negotiates with foreign powers and concludes peace treaties with the advice and consent of the Supreme Duma, only two-thirds of those present in the Duma agreed to this. The treaty, thus concluded, becomes one of the Supreme Laws.

8) He appoints envoys, ministers and consuls and represents Russia in all her relations with foreign Powers. He appoints all officials not mentioned in this Charter.

9) However, he cannot place in treatises articles that violate the rights and condition of Citizens within the fatherland. Likewise, it cannot include in these, without the consent of the People’s Council, the conditions to attack any land, and cannot cede any plot of land belonging to Russia.

10) Appoints judges of the supreme courts with the advice and consent of the Supreme Duma.

11) He fills all the places that became vacant when the People's Council was dissolved, and gives from himself to the appointed temporary officials Certificates for these places, which are valid until the end of the first congress of the Duma.

12 He signifies and decrees for each branch of affairs or in each Order the Head […]

13) He is obliged at each congress of both Chambers to deliver information to the People's Council about the state of Russia and to submit to its judgment the adoption of measures that seem necessary or appropriate to him.

14) He has the right to convene both Chambers and the Supreme Duma in the event of negotiations or trial.

15) Cannot use troops in the interior of Russia in case of indignation, without making a proposal to the People's Council, which is immediately obliged to verify through investigation the necessity of the Martial Law. […]

18) He receives ambassadors and representatives of foreign Governments.

19) Monitors the strict implementation of social laws.

20) Gives Letters of Appointment to all Officials of the Empire.

21) He is given the title of His Imperial Majesty, no other is allowed. Expressions: “Named command”, “Highest permission”, “desire to be according to this”, etc. are destroyed, as indecent and having no meaning in a well-organized land.

22) The People's Assembly determines with what rite the new Emperor accepts this title.

23) The Emperor, upon entering his reign, pronounce the following oath in the middle of the People’s Assembly: “I solemnly swear that I will faithfully fulfill the duties of the Russian Emperor and will use all my strength to preserve and protect this constitutional Charter of Russia.”

K. Kolman "Revolt of the Decembrists"

The Decembrists were “children of 1812”, that’s what they called themselves.

The war with Napoleon awakened a sense of national identity in the Russian people, and in particular in the noble class. What they saw in Western Europe, as well as the ideas of the Enlightenment, clearly outlined for them the path that, in their opinion, could save Russia from the heavy oppression of serfdom. During the war, they saw their people in a completely different capacity: patriots, defenders of the Fatherland. They could compare the life of peasants in Russia and in Western Europe and conclude that the Russian people deserve a better fate.

Victory in the war raised the question before thinking people about how the victorious people should continue to live: should they still languish under the yoke of serfdom or should they be helped to throw off this yoke?

Thus, an understanding gradually developed of the need to fight serfdom and autocracy, which did not seek to change the lot of the peasants. The Decembrist movement was not some outstanding phenomenon; it took place in the general mainstream of the world revolutionary movement. P. Pestel also wrote about this in his testimony: “The present century is marked by revolutionary thoughts. From one end of Europe to the other one can see the same thing, from Portugal to Russia, without excluding a single state, even England and Turkey, these two opposites. All of America presents the same spectacle. The spirit of transformation makes, so to speak, minds bubble everywhere... These are the reasons, I believe, that gave rise to revolutionary thoughts and rules and rooted them in the minds.”

Early secret societies

The early secret societies were the forerunners of the Southern and Northern societies. The Salvation Union was organized in February 1816 in St. Petersburg. The very name of the society suggests that its participants set salvation as their goal. Saving who or what? According to society participants, Russia had to be saved from falling into the abyss on the edge of which it stood. The main ideologist and creator of the society was Colonel of the General Staff Alexander Nikolaevich Muravyov, he was 23 years old at that time.

F. Tulov "Alexander Nikolaevich Muravyov"

Salvation Union

It was a small, closed group of like-minded people, numbering only 10-12 people. At the end of its existence it grew to 30 people. The main members of the Union of Salvation were the prince, art. General Staff officer S.P. Trubetskoy; Matvey and Sergey Muravyov-Apostles; Second Lieutenant of the General Staff Nikita Muravyov; I.D. Yakushkin, second lieutenant of the Semenovsky regiment; M.N. Novikov, nephew of the famous educator of the 18th century, and Pavel Ivanovich Pestel.

The main goals of their struggle:

• abolition of serfdom;
• elimination of autocracy;
• introduction of the constitution;
• establishment of representative government.

The goals were clear. But the means and ways to achieve this are vague.

But since the ideas of the Decembrists were borrowed from the Enlightenment, the means and methods were formed precisely from these sources and they did not consist in seizing power, but in nurturing progressive social views. And when these views take hold of the masses, these masses themselves will sweep away the government.

Welfare Union

But time passed, new ideas and attitudes appeared, in accordance with this, in 1818 another society was formed - the Union of Welfare (on the basis of the Union of Salvation). Its organizational structure was more complex, and its scope of action was much wider: education, army, bureaucracy, court, press, etc. In many ways, the goals of the Welfare Union coincided with the state policy of Russia, so the organization was not completely mothballed.

Main goals of the organization:

• abolition of serfdom;
• elimination of autocracy;
• introduction of free and lawful government.

But the charter of the Union of Welfare consisted of two parts: the main part and the “secret” part, which was drawn up later.

His program:

• abolition of slavery;
• equality of citizens before the law;
• transparency in government affairs;
• publicity of legal proceedings;
• destruction of the wine monopoly;
• destruction of military settlements;
• improving the lot of defenders of the Fatherland, establishing a limit for their service, reduced from 25 years;
• improving the lot of clergy members;
• in peacetime, a reduction in the size of the army.

In January 1820, at a meeting in St. Petersburg, the question was raised: “Which government is better - constitutional monarchy or republican?” Everyone unanimously chose republican rule.
For the first time in the history of the Russian revolutionary movement, the Welfare Union decided to fight for a republican form of government in Russia. The change in program also entailed tactical changes.

The Moscow Congress, convened in 1820, decided to purge the movement of the wavering part, as well as the radical one. The Pestel Society was declared dissolved.

New secret societies

Southern Society of Decembrists

On the basis of the “Union of Welfare”, two revolutionary organizations were formed in 1821: the Southern Society in Kyiv and the Northern Society in St. Petersburg. The more revolutionary of them, Southern, was headed by P. Pestel. The Tulchin government of the Union of Welfare resumed a secret society called “Southern Society”. Its structure was similar to that of the Union of Salvation: it consisted exclusively of officers and strict discipline. It was supposed to establish a republican system through regicide and a military coup. The society included three councils: Tulchinskaya (headed by P. Pestel and A. Yushnevsky), Vasilkovskaya (headed by S. Muravyov-Apostol) and Kamenskaya (under the leadership of V. Davydov and S. Volkonsky).

Political program of Southern society

"Russian Truth" P.I. Pestel

P. Pestel, a supporter of revolutionary actions, assumed that during the revolution a dictatorship of a temporary supreme rule would be required. Therefore, he drew up a project with a very long title “Russian Truth, or the Protected State Charter of the Great Russian People, which serves as a testament for the improvement of the State structure of Russia and contains the right order for both the people and the Provisional Supreme Government,” or for short “Russian Truth” ( by analogy with the legislative document of Kievan Rus). In fact, it was a constitutional project. It had 10 chapters:

— about land space;

- about the tribes inhabiting Russia;

- about the classes found in Russia;

- about the people in relation to the political state being prepared for them;

— about the structure and formation of the supreme power;

— about the structure and formation of local authorities;

— about the security structure in the state;

— about the government;

- an order for the compilation of a state code of laws.

With the abolition of serfdom, Pestel provided for the liberation of peasants with land. Moreover, he proposed dividing all the land in the volost into two parts: that which is public property cannot be sold. The second part is private property and can be sold.

But, despite the fact that Pestel advocated the complete abolition of serfdom, he did not propose to give all the land to the peasants; landownership was partially preserved.

A staunch opponent of autocracy, he considered it necessary to physically destroy the entire reigning house.

With the proclamation of a republic, all classes should be destroyed, no class should differ from another in any social privileges, the nobility should be destroyed, all people should be equal citizens. Everyone was supposed to be equal before the law, everyone could participate in government affairs.

According to Pestel's constitution, adulthood was reached at the age of 20. Pestel was a supporter of a federal structure with strong centralized power. The republic was to be divided into provinces or regions, regions into districts, districts into volosts. Chapters are only elective. Higher legislative body- People's Assembly, which should be elected for 5 years. No one had the right to dissolve the veche. The veche was supposed to be unicameral. Executive agency- State Duma.

To control the exact implementation of the constitution, Pestel assumed power vigilant.

The Constitution proclaimed the inviolable right of property, freedom of occupation, printing and religion.

National question: other nationalities did not have the right to secede from the Russian state, they had to merge and exist as a single Russian people.

This was the most radical constitutional project that existed at that time.

But Russia was not yet ready to live according to Pestel’s project, especially in the matter of the liquidation of estates.

Northern society

P. Sokolov "Nikita Muravyov"

It was formed in the spring of 1821. At first it consisted of 2 groups: a more radical one under the leadership of Nikita Muravyov and a group under the leadership of Nikolai Turgenev, then they united, although the radical wing, which included K. F. Ryleev, A. A. Bestuzhev, E. P. Obolensky, I. AND. Pushchin, shared the provisions of “Russian Truth” by P. I. Pestel. The society consisted of councils: several councils in St. Petersburg (in the guards regiments) and one in Moscow.

The society was headed by the Supreme Duma. N. Muravyov’s deputies were Princes Trubetskoy and Obolensky, then, in connection with Trubetskoy’s departure to Tver, Kondraty Ryleev. I. Pushchin played a significant role in society.

Political program of the Nordic society

N. Muravyov created his own constitution. He abandoned his republican views and switched to the position of a constitutional monarchy.

He proposed to solve the peasant question in the following way: free them from serfdom, but leave the lands of the landowners for the landowners. The peasants were to receive estate plots and two tithes per yard.

Only the owner of the land had the right to participate in political life (to vote and be elected). Those who did not have real estate or movable property, like women, were deprived of the right to vote. The nomads also lost it.

According to the constitution of Nikita Muravyov, anyone who arrived on Russian soil ceased to be a slave (serf).

Military settlements had to be destroyed, appanage lands (those whose income went to the maintenance of the reigning house) were confiscated and transferred to the peasants.

All class titles were abolished and replaced with the title citizen. The concept “Russian” had meaning only in relation to Russian citizenship, and not national.

The Constitution of N. Muravyov proclaimed freedoms: movement, occupation, speech, press, religion.

The class court was abolished and a common jury was introduced for all citizens.

The emperor was supposed to represent the executive branch, he was supposed to be the commander-in-chief, but he did not have the right to start or cancel wars.

Muravyov saw Russia as a federal state, which was to be divided into federal units (powers), there should have been 15 of them, each with its own capital. And Muravyov saw Nizhny Novgorod, the center of the country, as the capital of the federation.

The supreme legislative body is the People's Assembly. It consisted of 2 chambers: the Supreme and the House of People's Representatives.

The Supreme Duma was supposed to be the legislative body, including the trial of ministers and all dignitaries in the event of their accusation. She also participated, together with the emperor, in the conclusion of peace, in the appointment of commanders-in-chief, and the supreme guardian (prosecutor general).

Each power also had a bicameral system: the Chamber of Electors and the State Duma. Legislative power in the state belonged to the legislative assembly.

The Constitution of N. Muravyov, if it had been introduced, would have broken all the foundations of the old system, it would certainly have met with resistance, so he provided for the use of weapons.

The question of the unification of Southern and Northern societies

The need for this was understood by members of both societies. But it was not easy for them to come to a common opinion. Each society had its own doubts about certain constitutional issues. In addition, even the very personality of P. Pestel raised doubts among members of the Northern society. K. Ryleev even found that Pestel was “a dangerous man for Russia.” In the spring of 1824, Pestel himself came to the members of the Northern Society with a proposal to accept the “Russian Truth”. There were passionate debates at the meeting, but at the same time, this visit pushed the Northern Society to more decisive action. They discussed the issue of preparing a performance in Bila Tserkva, where the royal review was planned in 1825. But the performance could only be joint: the Northern and Southern societies. Everyone agreed that it was necessary to develop a common program: the idea of ​​a republic (instead of a constitutional monarchy) and a Constituent Assembly (instead of the dictatorship of the Provisional Revolutionary Government) were more acceptable to the majority. These issues should finally be resolved by the 1826 congress.

But events began to develop according to an unforeseen plan: in November 1825, Emperor Alexander I suddenly died. The heir to the throne was Alexander’s brother Constantine, who had renounced rule even earlier, but his decision was not made public, and on November 27 the population swore allegiance to Constantine. However, he did not accept the throne, but also did not formally renounce the imperial throne. Nicholas did not wait for his brother to formally abdicate and declared himself emperor. The re-oath was to take place on December 14, 1825.

A situation of interregnum arose, and the Decembrists decided to start an uprising - even earlier, when creating the first organization, they decided to act at the time of the change of emperors. This moment has now arrived, although it was unexpected and premature.

The secret society of Decembrists, created in March 1821 in Ukraine on the initiative of P.I. Pestel based on the “Union of Welfare”. The members of the society are mostly officers. The structure of society repeated the structure of the Union of Salvation. The political program was “Russian Truth” by P.I. Pestel. On its basis they sought to unite with the “Northern Society”. Since 1823 they maintained contact with the Polish Patriotic Society, and in 1825 they joined the Society of United Slavs. Members of the society took part in the uprising on Senate Square on December 14, 1825. It was defeated after the defeat of the uprising of the Chernigov regiment. (See the diagram “Secret Societies of the Decembrists”)

View value Southern Society (1821-1825) in other dictionaries

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Joint Stock Insurance Company (society)- Form
insurance organizations
fund based on the centralization of funds through the sale of shares. Most common type
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Joint-Stock Company — -
company that is a legal entity
face,
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Joint Stock Company— Organizational and legal
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Joint Stock Company (JSC)- - economic
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Shareholders do not respond
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Joint Stock Company Closed T- in the Russian Federation
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The secret society of Decembrists, created in March 1821 in Ukraine on the initiative of P.I. Pestel based on the “Union of Welfare”. The members of the society are mostly officers. The structure of society repeated the structure of the Union of Salvation. The political program was “Russian Truth” by P.I. Pestel. On its basis they sought to unite with the “Northern Society”. Since 1823 they maintained contact with the Polish Patriotic Society, and in 1825 they joined the Society of United Slavs. Members of the society took part in the uprising on Senate Square on December 14, 1825. It was defeated after the defeat of the uprising of the Chernigov regiment. (See the diagram “Secret Societies of the Decembrists”)

Meanings in other dictionaries

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Operation

11-25.8.1945, during World War II. Soviet troops of the 56th Rifle Corps, in cooperation with amphibious assault forces and ships of the Pacific Fleet, liberated the southern part of Sakhalin from the Japanese.

...

Southern Society

- secret revolutionary organization of Decembrists in Ukraine in 1821–1825. The members are mainly officers. Created on the basis of the Tulchinsky government of the Union of Prosperity. Founders: P. I. Pestel, A. P. Yushnevsky, P. V. Avramov, A. P. Baryatinsky, N. V. Basargin, F. B. Wolf, V. P. Ivashev, the Kryukov brothers, who formed the Root Duma . They were joined by S. G. Volkonsky, V. L. Davydov, and later M. I. and S...

South Russian Workers' Union