Central Volga region. Volga economic region and its significance for the country

Volga region economic region occupies a territory located along the Volga coast. The advantage of its location is associated with access to the Caspian Sea. Thanks to the Volga and the Volga-Baltic route, a water route emerges here, allowing access to the Baltic Sea. The presence of the Volga-Don Canal creates the opportunity to access the Azov and Black Seas. The region passes through latitudinal railway lines, which make it possible to deliver people and goods to the regions of the Center, Ukraine, as well as to the Urals and Siberia.

Considering that the Volga region occupies a favorable geographical position, this has a positive effect on the development of its economic complex. The key role here is given to such sectors of market specialization as oil and coal, as well as gas and chemical industry. The Volga region has great importance in providing the country with products such as synthetic rubber, synthetic resins, plastics and fibers.

Composition of the Volga economic region

The Volga economic region in its structure is represented by such entities as Ulyanovsk, Saratov, Samara, Volgograd, Astrakhan, and Penza regions. It also includes two republics - Tatarstan and Kalmykia - Khalmg Tangch.

Volga economic region: characteristics

A special feature of this area is its fairly diverse natural resource potential. In the north the Volga region is represented forest areas, if you move in a southeast direction, you can find yourself in the semi-desert subzone. The main area of ​​the region is occupied by steppes. Most of its territory falls on the Volga valley, which in the southern part gives way to the Caspian lowland. An important role here is played by the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain, which was formed from river sediments and has good conditions for agriculture.

The territorial structure of the region's economy, as well as the characteristics of settlement, are largely related to the presence of the Volga, which acts as a key transport artery and settlement axis. The overwhelming number of large cities located in the region are river ports.

Population of the Volga economic region

Having an average population density of 31.5 people. per 1 km 2, the Volga region has a number of areas characterized by the highest level of population. We are talking about regions located in the Volga valley - Samara, Ulyanovsk regions and Tatarstan. The opposite situation is observed in the Republic of Kalmykia, where the population density does not exceed 4 people. per 1 km 2.

A peculiarity of the population of this area is the rather diverse national composition. Within it, the largest share falls on Russians, in addition to whom there are quite a lot of representatives of Tatars and Kalmyks. Along with them, among the inhabitants there are Bashkirs, Chuvashs and Kazakhs. Of particular relevance in Lately the problem of reviving the autonomy of the Volga Germans, who against their will had to leave the Volga region and go to the eastern regions.

Territorial organization of the economy

If we consider the territorial structure of the Volga region, it includes three subdistricts, which are distinguished by their special economic development and specialization:

1. Middle Volga region,
2. Privolzhsky subdistrict,
3. Lower Volga region.

The Middle Volga region includes Tatarstan and the Samara region. This region is a leader in the Volga region in terms of development of such areas as the oil, oil refining and mechanical engineering industries. Within this territory there are many largest cities, among which are the millionaire cities - Samara and Kazan.

The composition of the Volga subdistrict is represented by such regions as Penza and Ulyanovsk regions. The highest levels of development here have been achieved in such areas as mechanical engineering, light industry, food industry and agriculture. Among the cities, it is especially worth highlighting Ulyanovsk and Penza.

Among the most developed areas of the Lower Volga region, it is especially worth highlighting mechanical engineering, chemical and food industries. However, the region is different and high level development Agriculture. This primarily concerns grain farming, beef cattle breeding and sheep breeding. Good results The production of rice, vegetable and melon crops, as well as fishing also contributes. Most of the enterprises are concentrated in Volgograd, which had to be restored after the end of the Great Patriotic War.

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This term has other meanings, see Volga region (meanings).

Volga region- in a broad sense - the entire territory adjacent to the Volga, although it is more correct to define this territory as Volga region(cm.

Privolzhsky federal district). The Volga region is often understood as a more or less definite strip along the Volga’s own course, without large tributaries (for example, the residents of the Kama region never considered themselves Volga residents). More often, the term is used in a narrow sense - the territory adjacent to the middle and lower reaches of the Volga and economically gravitating towards it, which corresponds to the view outlined above. Within the Volga region (Volga region) there are a relatively elevated right bank with the Volga Upland and a left bank - Trans-Volga region. In natural terms, the Volga region (Volga region) is sometimes also referred to as the areas located in the upper reaches of the Volga.

The Volga region was once part of the Volga Bulgaria, the Polovtsian Steppe, the Golden Horde and Rus'.

Regions

In the TSB, when economically zoning the European part of the USSR, the Volga economic region is distinguished, including the Ulyanovsk, Penza, Kuibyshev, Saratov, Volgograd and Astrakhan regions, the Tatar, Bashkir and Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics; at the same time, the first 3 named regions and the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic are usually referred to as the Middle Volga region, the remaining regions and the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - to the Lower Volga region. Taking into account the modern administrative-territorial division:

Volga ethno-burying name: Volzhans.

There is also a division of the Volga River basin into three parts (not equivalent to the division of the Volga region into parts): Upper Volga, Middle Volga, Lower Volga.

Nature

The relief is flat, dominated by lowlands and hilly plains. The climate is temperate continental. Summer is warm, with an average monthly air temperature in July of +22° - +25°C; winter is quite cold, the average monthly air temperature in January and February is −10° - −15°С. The average annual precipitation in the north is 500-600 mm, in the south 200-300 mm. Natural zones: mixed forest (Tatarstan), forest-steppe (Tatarstan (partially), Samara, Penza, Ulyanovsk, Saratov regions), steppe (Saratov (partially)

Volga Federal District

Includes regions of the Middle Volga region, a number of regions of Central Russia (Mordovia, Penza region), the Urals (Perm region, Bashkortostan), Southern Urals (Orenburg region). Center-Nizhny Novgorod. The territory of the district is 6.08% of the territory of the Russian Federation. Population as of January 1, 2008 - 30,241,583 (21.4% of the Russian Federation); The core is the townspeople. For example, in the Samara region >80%, in the Russian Federation (about 73%).

Volgo-Vyatka economic region

Located on the middle Volga. The territory of the region stretches from southwest to northeast for 1000 km and is located in various natural areas: the northern part is in the forest taiga and the southern part is in the forest-steppe. The region is located in Central Russia, in the basins of the navigable rivers Volga, Oka, Vyatka, borders and is in close economic connection with the Central, Volga, Ural and Northern regions. Population - 7.5 million people. (2010).

Povolzhsky economic region

Located on the lower Volga. The area of ​​the Volga region is 537.4 thousand km², the population is 17 million people, the population density is 25 people/km². The share of the population living in cities is 74%. The Volga economic region includes 94 cities, 3 million-plus cities (Samara, Kazan, Volgograd), 12 federal subjects. It borders in the north with the Volga-Vyatka region, in the south with the Caspian Sea, in the east with the Ural region and Kazakhstan, in the west with the Central Chernozem region and the North Caucasus. The economic axis is the Volga River. The center of the Volga economic region is located in Samara.

Association of Volga Region Cities

On October 27, 1998, the first General meeting leaders of the seven largest cities of the Volga region - Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Cheboksary, at which an agreement was signed on the establishment of the Association of Volga Region Cities. This event gave a start to life for a qualitatively new structure of interaction between municipalities - the Association of Volga Region Cities (AGP). In February 2000, Yoshkar-Ola joined the Association, on November 1, 2002, Astrakhan and Saransk joined its ranks, in 2005 - the hero city of Volgograd, in 2009 - Kirov. Currently, the AGP includes 25 cities, the largest of them:

In 2015, the Association included: Izhevsk, Perm, Ufa, Orenburg, Togliatti, Arzamas, Balakovo, Dimitrovgrad, Novokuibyshevsk, Novocheboksarsk, Sarapul, Sterlitamak and Syzran. More than thirteen million people live in the cities of the Association.

Notes

Lower Volga region

The Lower Volga region is the northern part of the Southern federal district, covering the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia, Astrakhan and Volgograd regions.

The region has access to the Caspian Sea. The main industries of specialization are the oil production and oil refining industries, and the gas industry. In addition, the Volga region is the main region for catching valuable sturgeon fish, one of the most important regions for growing grain crops, sunflowers, mustard, melons and vegetables, and a major supplier of wool, meat, and fish.

Natural resource potential

Natural resource potential is diverse. A significant area is occupied by the Volga Valley, which passes into the Caspian Lowland in the south. A special place is occupied by the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain, composed of river sediments, favorable for agriculture.

The creation of large-scale industry in the Volga basin, which pollutes its waters, the intensive development of river transport, agriculture that uses large volumes of mineral fertilizers, a significant part of which is washed into the Volga, and the construction of hydroelectric power stations have an impact negative impact on the river and creates an environmental disaster zone in this area. The region's water resources are significant, but unevenly distributed. In this regard, there is a shortage of water resources in the interior regions, especially in Kalmykia.

The region has oil and gas resources in the Volgograd region - Zhirnovskoye, Korobkovskoye, the largest gas condensate field is located in the Astrakhan region, on the basis of which a gas industrial complex is being formed.

In the Caspian lowland in lakes Baskunchak and Elton there are resources of table salt; These lakes are also rich in bromine, iodine, and magnesium salts.

Population and labor resources

The population of the Volga region is distinguished by its diverse national composition. Significant specific gravity In the structure of the population in the Republic of Kalmykia, Kalmyks occupy 45.4%. In the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions, with a predominance of the Russian population, Kazakhs, Tatars, and Ukrainians live. The population of the Volga region is characterized by its high concentration in regional centers and the capital of the republic. The population of Volgograd is 987.2 thousand people. The lowest population density is characteristic of Kalmykia, and here the smallest proportion of people living in cities.

Location and development of the main sectors of the economy

Oil and gas production is carried out in the region. The largest is the Astrakhan gas condensate field, where natural gas is produced and processed.

Oil refineries and petrochemical plants are located in the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions. The largest enterprise is the Volgograd Oil Refinery. The Astrakhan region has significant prospects for the development of the petrochemical industry based on the use of hydrocarbon fractions from the Astrakhan field.

The region's electric power industry is represented by the Volgograd hydroelectric power station and thermal power plants.

The region has a developed engineering complex: shipbuilding centers - Astrakhan, Volgograd; agricultural engineering is represented by a large tractor plant in Volgograd; chemical and petroleum engineering developed in the Astrakhan region.

In Volgograd, black and non-ferrous metallurgy, the largest enterprises are OJSC Volzhsky Pipe Plant, OJSC Volgograd Aluminum Plant.

The enormous resources of the salt lakes have led to the development of the salt industry, which supplies 25% of the country's need for food-grade salt and other valuable chemical products.

The fishing industry is developed in the Lower Volga region, the main enterprise of the industry is the fishing concern "Kaspryba", which includes a caviar and balyk association, a number of large fish factories, a naval base, a fishing fleet (Kasprybkholodflot), which conducts expeditionary fishing in the Caspian Sea. The concern also includes a fish hatchery for the production of juvenile sturgeon and a net knitting factory.

In agricultural production, areas of specialization are the cultivation of vegetable and melon crops, sunflowers, and sheep breeding.

Transport and economic relations

The Volga region exports crude oil and oil products, gas, tractors, fish, grain, vegetable and melon crops, etc. Imports timber, mineral fertilizers, machinery and equipment, products light industry. The Volga region has a developed transport network, which provides high-power cargo flows.

The region has developed river, railway and pipeline transport.

Intradistrict differences

Lower Volga region includes Astrakhan, Volgograd, regions and Kalmykia. The Lower Volga region is a subregion of developed industry - mechanical engineering, chemical, food. At the same time, it is an important agricultural region with developed grain farming, beef cattle and sheep farming, as well as the production of rice, vegetable and melon crops and fishing.

The main centers of the Lower Volga region are Volgograd (developed mechanical engineering, chemical industry), Astrakhan (shipbuilding, fishing industry, container production, various food industries), Elista (building materials industry, mechanical engineering and metalworking).

The most industrially developed is the Volgograd region, where mechanical engineering, ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical, food and light industries have the largest share in the diversified complex.

Main problems and development prospects

Degradation of natural forage lands, especially in Kalmykia with its system of transhumance livestock farming, is one of the main environmental problems region. Environmental damage has been done industrial emissions and transport to the region's water and fisheries resources. The solution to the problem is carried out with the help of the targeted federal program “Caspian”, the main task of which is to clean up the Volga-Caspian water basin and increase the number of valuable fish species.

One of the main tasks is to equalize the levels of social economic development the most backward regions of the Volga region and, first of all, Kalmykia, which was granted a number of benefits in taxation and financing. The prospects for the development of this republic are associated with the expansion of oil and gas production, in particular on the shelf of the Caspian Sea.

On the territory of the Astrakhan region, since 2002, the federal target program “South of Russia” has been implemented, which includes 33 projects in areas covering the most important areas economic activity areas: transport, agro-industrial, tourist-recreational and sanatorium-resort complexes; infrastructure, social development.

Geological exploration and production of hydrocarbons in the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions, as well as the Republic of Kalmykia, is carried out by LUKOIL-Volgogradneftegaz LLC. Prospects for economic development include prospecting and exploration and development of oil fields in a number of promising areas of the sea shelf.

5.4. Volga Federal District

Administrative-territorial composition:

Republics - Bashkortostan, Mari El, Mordovia, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Chuvashia.

Perm region. Kirov, Nizhny Novgorod, Orenburg, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk regions.

Territory - 1037.0 thousand km 2. Population - 30.2 million people.

Administrative center - Nizhny Novgorod

The Volga Federal District is located on territory belonging to three economic regions. The district unites the Volga-Vyatka economic region, the Middle Volga region and part of the Ural economic region (Fig.

What cities are included in the Volga region?

Rice. 5.5. Administrative-territorial composition

The main integration factor that unites all regions of the Volga region is the Volga River, the largest in Europe. The settlement of the area, its development, and economic development were directly related to the use of this waterway(which is already in Soviet time, along with the previous access to the Caspian Sea, received access to the Azov, Black, Baltic and White Seas).

The Volga Federal District stands out in the country for the production of products from the chemical and petrochemical industries, mechanical engineering (including automotive industry), electric power and other industries.

About 23% of the manufacturing industries of the Russian economy are concentrated in the Volga Federal District (Table.

Table 5.7

Share of economic indicators

Volga Federal District in all-Russian

Specialization industrial production determined based on the localization coefficient in Table 5.8.

The Volga Federal District specializes in manufacturing industries, including chemical production; production of rubber and plastic products; production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment; production of vehicles and equipment.

Table 5.8

Industrial production specialization

Volga Federal District

By accommodation features productive forces The district is divided into three components: the Volga-Vyatka economic region, the Middle Volga region, and the regions of the Urals.

In 2003, the process of unification of the Komi-Permyak region began Autonomous Okrug and the Perm region into a new federal subject, the Perm Territory.

The Perm region received official status in 2005 after the election of legislative and executive bodies power and consolidation of budgets. In periodicals, this process has been repeatedly called the beginning of an all-Russian process of unification and consolidation of the subjects of the federation.

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SEE MORE:

Introduction 1

Composition of the Volga region 2

EGP district 2

Natural conditions 3

Population 3

Farm 5

Environmental problems of the area and ways to solve them 16

The problem of the big Volga 17

Prospects for the development of district 19

Appendix 21

Literature 22

INTRODUCTION

Russia is the largest region in all of Eurasia and the only federation within the CIS, so a regional analysis of its economic areas makes special sense. Moreover, Russia differs in a number of features even in comparison with neighboring republics.

The country has enormous resources and a capacious domestic market. The development of the territory took place asymmetrically, there is a significant gap between the resource base in the east and the main production base in the European part, a variety of natural and cultural landscapes are presented, and there are great contrasts between the center and the periphery at all levels.

Economic zoning is the allocation of territories that differ in their economic specialization in the territorial division of labor. Economic regions of the Russian Federation were formed under the influence of various combinations of natural, economic and social conditions.

All economic regions have their own characteristics and their place in the interregional division of labor. However, it is important that these features are closely linked with the tasks of economically feasible placement of industrial and agricultural production sectors throughout the country.

COMPOSITION OF THE VOLGA DISTRICT

It is very difficult to accurately delineate the territories belonging to the Volga region. Only territories adjacent directly to the Volga can be called the Volga region. But most often, the Volga region refers to the regions and republics of Russia located in the middle and lower reaches: Astrakhan, Volgograd, Penza, Samara, Saratov Ulyanovsk regions, the republics of Tatarstan and Kalmykia.

ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION

The Volga region stretches for almost 1.5 thousand km along the Volga from the confluence of the left tributary of the Kama to the Caspian Sea. General area is about 536 thousand km².

The EGP of this area is extremely profitable. In the west, the Volga region borders on the highly developed Volga-Vyatka, Central Black Earth and North Caucasus economic regions, in the east - on the Urals and Kazakhstan. A dense network of transport routes (railway and road) contributes to the establishment of broad inter-district production connections in the Volga region. The Volga region is more open to the west and east, i.e. towards the main direction of the country’s economic relations, therefore the overwhelming majority of cargo transportation goes through this territory.

The Volga-Kama river route gives access to the Caspian, Azov, Black, Baltic, and White seas. The presence of rich oil and gas fields, the use of pipelines passing through this area (and starting in it, for example, the Druzhba oil pipeline) also confirms the profitability of the area's EGP.

NATURAL CONDITIONS AND RESOURCES

The Volga region has favorable natural conditions for residential purposes and farming. The region is rich in land (arable land accounts for approximately 1/5 of Russian land) and water resources. However, in lower Volga region There are droughts, accompanied by dry winds that are destructive to crops.

The area is rich in mineral resources. Oil, gas, sulfur, table salt, and raw materials for the production of building materials are extracted here. Until the discovery of oil fields in Siberia, the Volga region held first place in terms of oil reserves and production in the country. Although the region currently ranks second in the production of this type of raw material after West Siberia, oil reserves in the Volga region are severely depleted. Therefore, its share in Russian oil production is only 11% and is constantly declining. The main oil resources are located in Tatarstan and the Samara region, and gas resources in the Saratov and Volgograd regions. Development prospects gas industry associated with the large Astrakhan gas condensate field (6% of world reserves).

POPULATION

Now the Volga region is one of the most populated and developed regions of Russia. Population – 16.9 million people, i.e. the area has significant labor resources. The Volga region population is growing quite quickly, but mainly not due to high natural growth (1.2 people), but due to significant population migration. The average population density is 30 people per 1 km², but it is unevenly distributed. More than half of the population is in the Samara, Saratov regions and Tatarstan. In the Samara region, the population density is the highest - 61 people per 1 km², and in Kalmykia - the minimum (4 people per 1 km²).

Although the Volga region is a multinational region, Russians predominate in the population structure (70%).

The share of Tatars (16%), Chuvash and Mari is also significant.

Middle Volga region

The population of the Republic of Tatarstan is 3.7 million people (about 40% of them are Russian); about 320 thousand people live in Kalmykia (the share of Russians is more than 30%).

Before the revolution, the Volga region was a purely agricultural region. Only 14% of the population lived in cities. Now it is one of the most urbanized regions of Russia. 73% of all residents live in cities and towns. The overwhelming majority of the urban population is concentrated in regional centers, capitals of national republics and large industrial cities. There are 90 cities in the Volga region, among them three millionaire cities - Samara, Kazan, Volgograd. Moreover, almost all large cities (with the exception of Penza) are located on the banks of the Volga. The largest city Volga region - Samara - located in Samarskaya Luka. Together with nearby cities and towns, it forms a large industrial hub.

FARM

The most important condition for the sustainable and integrated development of the Volga region is the significant economic, scientific and technical potential created recently.

In terms of total gross industrial and agricultural output in 1995, the region ranked fourth in Russia (after Central, Ural and West Siberian). It accounted for 13.1% of the total gross output of industry and agriculture in Russia. In the future, the Volga region will retain a leading role in the national economic complex of the Russian Federation and will restore lost positions, taking its former stable position after the Central and Ural regions.

On modern stage economic development, the national economic complex of the Volga region has a complex structure. Although it is dominated by industry, agriculture is also one of the main sectors National economy district. In the total gross output, industry accounts for 70-73%, agriculture - 20-22% and other sectors of the national economy - 5-10%.

The material basis for their development is primarily mineral and fuel and energy resources, agricultural raw materials, and fish resources of the Caspian and Volga. At the same time, the raw materials balance of the region includes imported metals and materials from the forestry and woodworking industries.

A characteristic feature of the industrial production of the region is the close connection, cooperation and combination of its individual links, especially in the automotive industry and petrochemicals.

The basis of the territorial organization of the Volga region is a number of inter-industry complexes - fuel and energy, mechanical engineering, chemical and petrochemical, agro-industrial, transport, construction, etc.

The main branches of specialization of the region's industry are mechanical engineering, chemical and petrochemical, fuel industry, electric power, food industry, as well as the building materials industry (glass, cement, etc.). However, the sectoral structure of industry in the republics and regions of the Volga region has significant differences from the average Russian and average regional ones.

Mechanical engineering complex - one of the largest and most complex industries in the Volga region. It accounts for at least 1/3 of the total industrial products district. The industry as a whole is characterized by low metal consumption. The mechanical engineering industry operates primarily on rolled metal from the neighboring Urals; a very small part of the demand is covered by our own metallurgy. The machine-building complex unites a variety of machine-building productions. Volga region mechanical engineering produces a wide range of machinery and equipment: cars, machine tools, tractors, equipment for various industries and agricultural enterprises.

A special place in the complex is occupied by transport engineering, represented by the production of airplanes and helicopters, trucks and cars, trolleybuses, etc. The aircraft industry is represented in Samara (production of turbojet aircraft) and Saratov (YAK-40 aircraft).

But the automotive industry especially stands out in the Volga region. The Volga region has long been rightfully called the “automotive workshop” of the country. There are all the necessary prerequisites for the development of this industry: the region is located in a zone of concentration of the main consumers of products, is well provided with a transport network, the level of development of the industrial complex allows for the organization of broad cooperation ties.

71% of passenger cars and 17% of trucks in Russia are manufactured in the Volga region. Among the mechanical engineering centers the largest are:

Samara (machine tool building, production of bearings, aircraft manufacturing, production of automotive and tractor equipment, mill-elevator equipment, etc.);

Saratov (machine tool building, production of oil and gas chemical equipment, diesel engines, bearings, etc.);

Volgograd (tractor building, shipbuilding, production of equipment for the petrochemical industry, etc.);

Togliatti (VAZ complex of enterprises - leading in the country's automotive industry).

Important centers of mechanical engineering are Kazan and Penza (precision engineering), Syzran (equipment for the energy and petrochemical industries), Engels (90% of trolleybus production in the Russian Federation).

The Volga region is one of the main regions of Russia for the production of aerospace equipment.

LITERATURE

"Geography. Population and economy of Russia,” V.Ya. Rom, V.P. Dronov. Bustard, 1998

“Preparing for the exam in geography”, I.I. Barinova, V.Ya. Rom, V.P. Dronov. Iris, 1998

“Economic geography of Russia”, I.A.

Rodionova. "Moscow Lyceum", 1998

“Economic geography of Russia”, uch. edited by IN AND. Vidyapina. Infra-M, 1999

Posted Sun, 15/01/2017 - 08:41 by Cap

Volga. It is difficult to find another similar toponym that would be so strongly associated with Russia. Russian megacities and small cozy cities have found a place for themselves on the banks of this stunning river. Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Astrakhan, Volgograd - these are the main places you can visit during a cruise on the Volga.

Hundreds of large and small cities are united along the banks of the Volga into one region - the Volga region. The Volga region today has every chance of becoming an iconic place on the tourist map of Russia. Already, a cruise on the Volga is an extremely popular tourist service for those who want to admire the beauty of the Volga.

A mixture of cultures, peoples, religions and different traditions! The beautiful Kremlin, churches and monasteries are interspersed with mosques and minarets. The old corners of this ancient city have been preserved.

The city attracts many guests and tourists.

The Kazan Kremlin is among the objects World Heritage UNESCO.

The city has a registered brand “the third capital of Russia”. Unofficially and semi-officially it is called the “capital of Russian federalism” and “the capital of all Tatars in the world.”

In 2005, the thousandth anniversary of Kazan was celebrated.

The length of the city from north to south is 29 km, from west to east – 31 km. The city in the western, central and southwestern parts overlooks the Volga River for about 15 km. In Kazan there is one bridge across the Volga - at the extreme western border of the city.

The Kazanka River flows from northeast to west through the middle of the city and divides Kazan into two parts commensurate in territory - the historical part to the south of the river and the newer part beyond the river to the north. The two parts of the city are connected by five dams and bridges, as well as a metro line.

The city's topography is flat and hilly.

In the central part of the city there are the lowland plains of Zabulachye, Predkabanye, Zakabanye, the elevated plain of the Arskoye Field and individual hills stand out - Kremlinsky (Kremlin-University), Marusovsky, Fedoseevsky, First and Second Mountains, Ametyevo, Novo-Tatarskaya Sloboda, etc. In the direction to in the southeast and east, the territory of the city as a whole gradually rises, and the large residential areas of Gorki, Azino, as well as Nagorny, Derbyshki are located at iso-heights of 20-40 meters and higher than part of the historical center, southwestern areas and Zarechye. In Zarechye, Zilantova Mountain stands out, as well as the hills of villages in the north of the city. In different places there are ravines and similar local elongated depressions of the terrain.

The city's territory is characterized by a very significant proportion of water surfaces. A strip of part of the Volga water area more than 2 km wide (along the western border of the city), as well as the predominantly shallow end and new mouth of the Kazanka River about 1.5 km wide (entirely within the city territory) were formed with the appearance of the Kuibyshev reservoir in the middle of the 20th century instead of many times more narrow natural widths of rivers.

Kazan is one of the largest cultural centers in Russia, preserving classical achievements, as well as promoting the development of modern, avant-garde trends in many areas of culture. The capital of Tatarstan is traditionally called “multicultural,” implying the mutually beneficial enrichment of peacefully coexisting Russian and Tatar cultures. With the support of UNESCO, the world's first Institute for the Culture of Peace was created in Kazan.

SHAMIL'S HOUSE - GABDULLA TUKAY MUSEUM

Kazan annually hosts international festivals of opera Chaliapinsky, ballet Nurievsky, classical music Rachmaninovsky, open air opera “Kazan Autumn”, modern music “Concordia”, folk and rock music “Creation of the World”, literary “Aksyonov-fest”, Muslim cinema “Golden Minbar” (since 2010 - Kazan International Muslim Film Festival), role playing games“Zilantcon”, numerous festivals and competitions at the federal and republican level. The only Kazan film studio in the Volga region operates in the city.

Starting from the 9th century, there was a gradual peaceful colonial movement of the Slavs along the upper Volga to lands inhabited by Finno-Ugric peoples. By the end of the 11th century, Rus' owned the entire upper Volga almost to the mouth of the Oka. The borders of Volga Bulgaria began a little lower, and the right bank of the Volga up to the mouth of the Sura was inhabited by the Erzyans. Moreover, the “last” Slavic city on the Volga until 1221 was Gorodets.

In 1221, Prince George Vsevolodovich, at the confluence of the Volga and Oka, founded a stronghold for the defense of the borders of the Vladimir Principality from the Moksha, Erzi, Mari and Volga Bulgars under the name Novgorod of the Nizovsky land (the Nizovsky land was the Vladimir principality called the Novgorodians) - later this name was transformed into Nizhny Novgorod , and the imperial title remained until 1917.

NIZHNY NOVGOROD KREMLIN - MILITARY EXHIBITION

The city has more than 600 unique historical, architectural and cultural monuments. The main one is the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin. Until 2010, Nizhny Novgorod had the status of a historical settlement, but by Order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation dated July 29, 2010 N 418/339, the city was deprived of this status.

In total, there are about two hundred cultural institutions of regional and municipal significance in Nizhny Novgorod. Among these institutions are 13 theaters, 5 concert halls, 97 libraries, 17 cinemas, 25 children's clubs, 8 museums, the digital Nizhny Novgorod Planetarium, 8 enterprises that ensure the functioning of parks.

In Nizhny Novgorod there are three academic theaters (drama, opera and ballet named after A. S. Pushkin and a puppet theater), comedy theaters, theaters for young spectators, etc.

3 regional and 92 public municipal libraries have been opened in Nizhny Novgorod. There are also libraries at organizations educational institutions and city enterprises.

NIZHNY NOVGOROD KREMLIN - VIEW FROM THE VOLGA

One of the largest is the Nizhny Novgorod State Regional Universal science Library them. V.I. Lenin, opened in 1861. A legal information center has been created on its basis.

On the territory of the city there is the A. M. Gorky Museum, which includes the Literary Museum; setting of the autobiographical story “Childhood” Kashirin’s House; a museum-apartment in which work was carried out on several of the writer’s works. The city also houses the only museum in Russia of N. A. Dobrolyubov in the former tenement house of the Dobrolyubov family, as well as a house-museum in the wing of the Dobrolyubov estate, where the critic spent his childhood and youth; Museum of A. S. Pushkin; museum-apartment of A.D. Sakharov, Russian Museum of Photography.

A rare cruise along the Volga is not complete without a visit to the southern Russian river port of Astrakhan. Astrakhan is a famous city in the south of Russia, one of the largest and most interesting places on the Volga.

Astrakhan is a city in Russia, the administrative center of the Astrakhan region, 1500 km southeast of Moscow. The city is located on 11 islands of the Caspian lowland, in the upper part of the Volga delta.

There are about 38 bridges in the city. The main part of the city is located on the left bank of the Volga; approximately 20% of the city’s residents live on the right bank.

Both parts of the city are connected by two bridges across the Volga.

The total area of ​​the city is about 500 km². The length of the city along the Volga is 45 km. On two banks it is over 45 km. The city is divided into 4 administrative districts; in the future, due to the large area of ​​its districts, comparable to the Moscow districts, it is planned to divide it into 7 administrative districts. Astrakhan is assigned to the same time zone as Moscow, although local real time is 42 minutes ahead of Moscow. The flight time to Moscow is a little over 2 hours, up to 7 flights fly daily, the train to Moscow takes from 27.5 hours (No. 85/86 Makhachkala-Moscow) or more (including fast branded train No. 5 “Lotos”), runs as well as trains passing through in transit to Baku.

Every day up to 5 trains leave from Moscow to Astrakhan. You can get from Astrakhan to Moscow by bus in about 24 hours. Traveling along the Volga by boat takes 8 days to Moscow (with stops in cities). Astrakhan has 21 large and small ports, 15 shipbuilding and ship repair yards.

the building of the former Azov-Don Bank, and now the building of the State Bank of Russia for the Astrakhan Region, 1910, architect Fedor Ivanovich Lidval

Gubin mansion, late 19th century;

hipped tower of the fence of the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery (early 18th century) with inserts of polychrome tiles;

Demidovsky courtyard (XVII-XVIII centuries); Church of St. John Chrysostom (1763; “octagon on quadrangle” with rich sculptural decoration; rebuilt in the 19th century);

Cathedral of St. Vladimir, 1895-1904 (during Soviet times, the building housed a bus station, in 1999 the temple was transferred to the Orthodox Church);

house of the Astrakhan Cossack army, 1906 (architect V. B. Valkovsky); cinema "October" with a unique winter garden-arboretum;

Indian trading compound; wooden residential buildings in the “Russian” or “Ropetov” style;

Regional Scientific Library named after N.K. Krupskaya;

Swan Lake in the city center;

White Mosque; Black Mosque; Red Mosque; Persian mosque;

Monument to the Turkmen poet Magtymguly Fragi Monument to Kurmangazy

The illuminated tower of the Astrakhan television center

On the right bank of the Volga between Kostroma and Kineshma nestled a small town - Plyos. He knew the days of the highest rise of his glory - and experienced periods of complete oblivion.
Plyos was famous not only here, but also in the West. This was the time (80-90s) when Plyos accidentally entered the history of art and became, as it were, an exponent of the sentiments of part of the Russian intelligentsia. This, however, will be discussed in more detail below.
Plyos, first of all, is beautiful. The beauty of Plyos is special, unique and multifaceted. Plyos is beautiful as a whole, like an amazing panorama, beautiful in every detail, in every bend, in every nook and cranny. Walking through the hills of the city, you come across more and more new effects that amaze and fascinate you.

Almost four and a half centuries ago, the son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, decided to protect himself from foreign military surprises and began to build up the Volga with fortified cities. This is how Samara and Tsaritsyn (Volgograd) appeared. And in 1590, between these two cities, Saratov was built by the princely hand of Grigory Zasekin.

This city received many harsh lessons - it burned down several times, it was rebuilt, it was ruined by Pugachev, it was plundered by Kalmyks and Kubans... It was tested by devilish power Russian history, which was rarely merciful to its latitudes.

But the times of aggression and chaos have died down. The rule of law was strengthened and the city began to be rebuilt. Schools, hospitals, printing houses, theaters, cathedrals, public places - Saratov was filled with its infrastructure, philosophy, great geniuses. The merchant center of the Volga region developed rapidly, carving many victories on massive slabs of personal biography. And now the emotional cry in Griboyedov’s play ceased to have any basis.
, in which the thirst for activity boils like hot lead. Here is one of the best universities country, offering innovative education, and at the same time, carefully preserving its research heritage. There are more than a dozen higher educational institutions in the city.

The streets of the central part of the city enthusiastically represent all the diversity of architectural styles and forms of old Russia. From 17th century cathedrals to neo-Gothic and Art Nouveau. From Stalin's baroque to the configurations of modern fantasies. Behind the windows of every house are hidden Mystic stories about time and destinies, which so often change the real course of things.

Museum spheres contain real masterpieces of art. There is always a chance to admire the exquisite work of French masters on 18th-century Sèvres porcelain. The country's best collection of paintings and graphics by A.P. Bogolyubova has long attracted fans visual arts. As well as the works of world-famous masters: V.E. Borisova-Musatova, P.N. Kuznetsova, K.S. Petrova-Vodkina.

I can talk about the natural beauty of the Saratov region for a very long time. But only by feeling its invisible atmosphere of peace can you fully indulge in spiritual relaxation. Saratov.

Upper Volga (from the source to the mouth of the Oka) - Tver, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo and Nizhny Novgorod regions;

Middle Volga (from the right tributary of the Sura to the southern edge of the Samara Luka) - Chuvashia, Mari-El, Tatarstan, Ulyanovsk and Samara regions;

Lower Volga (from the confluence of the Kama [officially, but not hydrologically] to the Caspian Sea) - the Republic of Tatarstan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Volgograd region, Republic of Kalmykia and Astrakhan region.

After the construction of the Kuibyshev reservoir, the border between the middle and lower Volga is usually considered to be the Zhigulevskaya hydroelectric station above Samara.

Attractions

Almost all regional and capital cities are major centers of educational tourism: Kostroma with the magnificent Ipatiev Monastery; rapidly developing Nizhny Novgorod with a complex of medieval Kremlin buildings, a unique monument to Valery Chkalov and a permanent exhibition of Russian weapons produced during the war; the capital of Chuvashia, Cheboksary, where everyone will be shown the monument and house-museum of the legendary V. I. Chapaev; ancient Kazan, the capital of now sovereign Tataria; The birthplace of the organizer and inspirer of the October Revolution, V.I. Lenin, is the city of Ulyanovsk, where the largest memorial and museum complex still operates.

The tourist will also remember the magnificent embankments of Samara, the longest pedestrian street in Russia in Saratov, and the well-preserved Astrakhan Kremlin. It is impossible to pass by the majestic Motherland monument on Sapun Mountain in the hero city of Volgograd without heartfelt trepidation.

In the Volga region there are many places associated with the names of I. A. Goncharov, N. G. Chernyshevsky, A. M. Gorky, I. I. Shishkin, A. D. Sakharov and other outstanding people of the Russian state.

Geographical information

Volga basin

The Volga originates on the Valdai Hills (at an altitude of 228 m) and flows into the Caspian Sea. The mouth lies 28 m below sea level. The total fall is 256 m. The Volga is the world's largest river of internal flow, that is, not flowing into the world ocean.

The river system of the Volga basin includes 151 thousand watercourses with a total length of 574 thousand km. The Volga receives about 200 tributaries. The left tributaries are more numerous and have more water than the right ones. After Kamyshin there are no significant tributaries.

The Volga basin occupies about 1/3 of the European territory of Russia and extends from the Valdai and Central Russian Uplands in the west to the Urals in the east. Main feeding part drainage area The Volga, from the source to the cities of Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan, is located in the forest zone, the middle part of the basin to the cities of Samara and Saratov is in the forest steppe zone, the lower part is in the steppe zone to Volgograd, and to the south - in the semi-desert zone. The Volga is usually divided into 3 parts: the upper Volga - from the source to the mouth of the Oka, the middle Volga - from the confluence of the Oka to the mouth of the Kama, and the lower Volga - from the confluence of the Kama to the mouth.

The source of the Volga is a spring near the village of Volgoverkhovye in the Tver region. In the upper reaches, within the Valdai Upland, the Volga passes through small lakes - Maloe and Bolshoye Verkhity, then through a system of large lakes known as the Upper Volga lakes: Sterzh, Vselug, Peno and Volgo, united in the so-called Upper Volga reservoir.

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SOURCE OF MATERIALS AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads.

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Area - 536 thousand km2.
Composition: 6 regions - Astrakhan, Volgograd, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk and 2 republics - Tataria and Kalmykia.

Natural conditions are favorable: (right bank, more elevated), soft, large massif. But an uneven supply of moisture is characteristic - there are droughts and hot winds along the lower Volga.

The Volga region ranks second after oil and gas production; large oil refineries and a large number of industrial complexes are concentrated in the region. Powerful petrochemical hubs in Samara, Kazan, Saratov, Syzran produce a variety of chemical products (plastics, polyethylene, fibers, rubber, tires, etc.). The Volga region also specializes in diversified industries, primarily transport. The region is called the automobile “shop” of the country: Togliatti produces Zhiguli cars, Ulyanovsk produces UAZ all-terrain vehicles, Naberezhnye Chelny produces heavy-duty KAMAZ vehicles. The Volga region produces ships, airplanes, tractors, trolleybuses, and machine tool and instrument making is also developed. Large centers are Samara, Saratov, Volgograd. The energy complex, including cascades of hydroelectric power stations on the Volga and Kama, is important; Thermal power plants using their own and imported fuel and nuclear power plants (Balakovskaya and Dmitrovradskaya).

The Volga region is the most important region in Russia. The northern part of the region is a supplier of durum wheat, sunflower, corn, beets, and meat. In the south, rice, vegetables, and melons are grown. The Volga River is the most important fishing area.

Excessive concentration of petrochemical production and other industrial enterprises, the regulation of the Volga created an extremely difficult environmental situation in the Volga region.