EGP of Australia: features, characteristics, main features, pros and cons. Features of the EGP of Australia and Oceania

Australia is located in the southeast of the mainland Eurasia, Oceania - in the central part of the Pacific Ocean. Australia is washed by the waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The main feature of the economic and geographical position of Australia and Oceania is isolation, isolation from other continents. The Australian Union is the only state in the world that occupies an entire continent. In terms of territory size (7.7 million km2), it ranks 6th in the world after Russia, Canada, China, the USA and Brazil. From west to east, the Commonwealth of Australia stretches for 4.4 thousand km, and from north to south - for 3.1 thousand km. Australia almost in the center it crosses the Southern Tropic. The state is located in subequatorial (north), tropical (centre), subtropical (south) and temperate (southern Tasmania) climatic zones.At the beginning of the 17th century. The Dutch navigator W. Janszoon first discovered Australia, and after him, in 1770, James Cook, an English navigator, visited its shores and proclaimed Australia an English possession. The English Parliament passed a law establishing a convict settlement in Australia. For the period 1788-1850. 146 thousand convicts and 187 thousand people arrived on the continent. free settlers. It follows from this that the population of the country is mainly from Europe and forms the Anglo-Australian nation. The state of the Commonwealth of Australia is named after the continent on which over 99% of its territory is located, including about. Tasmania and many small islands. Australia is a federal state, part of the British Commonwealth, consisting of six states: New South Wales, Victoria, Queenland, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania. The head of state is the Queen of Great Britain, represented by the Governor-General, who is appointed on the recommendation of the Australian government. The formation of the state took place in 1901, when six separate English colonies were united into the Union of Australia, which received dominion status, and in 1931, under the Westminster status, Australia received complete independence from the mother country in external and internal affairs. Oceania is a collection of islands in the Pacific Ocean, which are of continental, coral, volcanic origin. The region is located in equatorial and tropical latitudes, except for the extreme northern and southern islands. The air temperature ranges from +23° to +30°C, precipitation falls from 3000 to 14000 mm per year. The exception is the continent of Australia - it is the driest continent on Earth. Deserts occupy vast areas and extend 2.5 thousand km from the coast Indian Ocean to the foothills of the Great Dividing Range, with a temperature of 35°C and 200-300 mm of precipitation. It was generally accepted that almost 1/3 of the continent was generally useless, unpromising from the point of view economic development. However, deposits were discovered in desert places iron ore, coal, manganese, lead-zinc ores, uranium, bauxite, gold, etc. minerals, which has brought Australia to one of the first places in the world in terms of mineral wealth and as one of the largest producers and exporters of mineral raw materials. Australia has gone through a difficult path of economic development in a short period of time. From an agricultural and raw materials appendage of the metropolis, which the country was at the beginning of the 20th century, it has turned into an economically developed state. Industry, initially mining and then manufacturing, and partly agriculture began to develop at the level of technical development in England, which was the highest in the world at the time when the settlement of Australia began. In the person of settlers from England, Australia received highly qualified workers and engineers. At the same time, the fifth continent has remained one of the largest producers of agricultural raw materials (wool) and food (wheat, meat, sugar, fruits) for a hundred years; occupies one of the first places in the export of raw sugar and honey; First place in the world in terms of sheep population (200 million heads - 12 per person), export of wool and sheepskin, and is the world's largest exporter of beef, lamb and veal. More than 60% of the country's agricultural products are exported. The dairy industry, winemaking and brewing are also well developed.

84.Modern geographical, geopolitical, geo-economic and ecological-geographical position of the Russian Federation.Russian Federation(RF) is the largest state in the world in terms of territory. It covers the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia, thus being geographically a Eurasian country. The geopolitical position of Russia is interconnected by its economic-geographical position (EGP), i.e. position on the economic map of the world, reflecting the country’s position in relation to the main economic markets and centers of the world economy. The concept of EGP was first introduced into geographical science by the famous scientist N.N. Baransky (1881-1963). This concept is widely used to assess the place of countries on the world map, and in addition, to determine the relationship of any geographical object to others located outside it. The area of ​​Russia is 17.1 million km 2, which is almost 2 times larger than the PRC or USA. As of January 1, 2010, the population was 141.9 million people, and the population density was 8.3 people per 1 km 2. Russian Federation ranks 1st in the world in terms of territory, 9th in terms of population and 8th in terms of GDP, calculated in US dollars at purchasing power parity. The size of the territory is an important economic and geographical feature of any state. For Russia, the largest country in the world by area, it has far-reaching consequences of both geopolitical and economic significance. Thanks to the vastness of the territory, all necessary conditions rational geographical division of labor, the possibility of more free maneuver in the deployment of productive forces, the defense capability of the state increases, and other positive results are achieved in the field of economic and social development. The extreme northern point of the country is Cape Wings on Rudolf Island as part of the Franz Josef Land archipelago, and on on the mainland - Cape Chelyuskin; the extreme south - on the border with Azerbaijan; the extreme western - on the border with Poland near the Gulf of Gdansk on the territory of the enclave formed by the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation; the easternmost one is Ratmanov Island in the Bering Strait. Most of the territory of Russia is located between the 50th parallel and the Arctic Circle, i.e. located in middle and high latitudes. In this regard, only Canada can serve as an analogue among foreign countries. Maximum distance between the western (not counting the Kaliningrad region) and eastern borders - 9 thousand km, between the northern and southern - 4 thousand km. There are 11 time zones within Russia. The length of the borders is 58.6 thousand km, including land - 14.3 thousand km, sea - 44.3 thousand km. International legal registration and activities on the development of Russian state borders are carried out by Federal agency on the arrangement of the state border of the Russian Federation. International agreements on the state border have been concluded with China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Georgia, Finland and Norway. A complete list of countries adjacent to the Russian Federation is given in table. 2.1. Russia is the legal successor in many aspects of international relations former USSR and in this capacity serves as a permanent member of the UN Security Council and is a member of the most important international organizations. Geopolitical position of the country- this is its place on the political map of the world and its relationship to various states. The geopolitical position of Russia in modern conditions is determined by many factors at different levels - from global to regional. As a Eurasian country, Russia has ample opportunities for economic and political cooperation with foreign countries of various geopolitical orientations. Communications of global importance pass through its territory, providing transport links between the West and the East, the North and the South. Russia is a single economic space, within which the free movement of people, goods, services and capital is ensured, intra-district and inter-district connections are carried out, covering both material production and non-production spheres. This space is consolidated by a unified transport, energy and information systems, a unified gas supply system, various networks and communications, and other infrastructure facilities. The size of the territory determines the diversity of regional conditions and resources for economic activity. In terms of the scale of its natural resource potential, Russia has virtually no analogues. At the same time, most of the territory is located in temperate and cold agroclimatic zones. The need to travel vast distances poses serious problems for transport, which are aggravated by severe climatic conditions over a large part of the territory. In terms of transport accessibility, conditions are very differentiated. With large territorial spaces, despite the fact that this is generally considered a favorable condition for the development of the economy and ensuring the economic independence of the country, intensive economic development is possible only with a developed transport system. Significant differences in the degree of economic development of the territory, the level of provision with natural and labor resources are reflected in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the economy. The production potential of the European part is much greater, and the structure of the economy is much more complex and more diversified than in the eastern regions.

1. Based on the atlas map, tell us about the features of the economic and geographical position of Oceania.

Oceania is the largest cluster of islands in the central and southwestern parts Pacific Ocean on both sides of the equator in a water area of ​​10 million km2. They are usually divided into three groups: Melanesia - islands in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean (New Guinea, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Solomon Islands, Fiji, Bismarck Archipelago, etc.); Polynesia - islands in the central part of the Pacific Ocean (Marquesas, Tuamotu, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu, Hawaii, New Zealand etc.); Micronesia - islands in the western part of the Pacific Ocean (Marshall, Caroline, Mariana, Gilbert, Nauru, etc.). In general, Oceania includes 26 territories, some of which are independent states, and some of which are possessions developed countries. The independent state of Papua New Guinea, located in the eastern part of the island, belongs to Oceania, while the western part of the island is the territory of Indonesia and therefore belongs to the Southeast Asia region. The Hawaiian Islands occupy a special place in Oceania. Geographically, they belong to the Oceania region, but are a territory (50th state) of the United States. Oceanic countries are characterized by territorial disunity, a poor natural resource base, the predominance of the consumer agricultural sector, and specialization in the development of recreational and tourism industries.

2. What is the administrative-territorial structure of Australia?

Australia occupies an entire continent, the island of Tasmania and a number of small islands. Its official name is the Commonwealth of Australia, which indicates the federal structure of the country. It consists of six states, two separate territories, in addition, the capital Canberra forms a special administrative unit.

3. What are natural features Australia?

The natural appearance of Australia, which lies mainly in the tropics, is unique in many ways. It is the flattest continent in the world (mountains account for less than 5% of the country's area). It is characterized by an extremely dry climate (deserts occupy 2/5 of the territory) and poor surface water. To some extent, the deficit of surface waters is compensated by artesian waters. Frequent droughts, dust storms, forest fires, and catastrophic rainfall often damage the Australian economy.

4. What natural resources does the country supply to the world market?

The country is rich in mineral resources (bauxite, non-ferrous metal ores, coal) and supplies many of them to the world market.

5. How is Australia's population distributed? Explain this placement.

In terms of average population density (2 people per 1 km2), the country is inferior to all industrialized countries. More than 60% of the population lives in the two most economically developed states - New South Wales and Victoria, with 2/5 of the country's residents living in two agglomerations - Melbourne and Sydney. This is explained by the fact that it was from Sydney and Melbourne that the colonization of the mainland began, and during the years of the gold rush in Victoria there was a sharp increase in the population of the colony. In 1851, there were 437,655 people living on the mainland, of whom 77,345 (or 18%) were in Victoria. A decade later, the population of Australia had increased to 1,151,947 people, and the colony of Victoria had increased to 538,628 people (about 47%).

There are few indigenous people (aboriginals) left (about 200 thousand). The bulk of them live in Queensland and Western Australia, where they lead a traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle.

6. What are the features of the Australian economy?

The key role in the country's economy belongs to mining industry and agriculture (Fig. 89), which distinguishes Australia from other developed countries and brings it closer to Canada. Australia occupies a leading position in the world in the extraction of a number of metal ores (iron ore, zinc, lead). Her example shows that raw materials specialization is not yet a sign of backwardness. It is important that Australia has highly developed industries manufacturing industry (automotive industry, electronics and electrical engineering, production of agricultural machinery, etc.), the products of which exceed in value the products of the mining industry. A specific feature of Australia is its highly developed food (especially meat) industry, which is largely export-oriented. Agriculture is highly commercial, diversified, and has a pronounced export character. The most important branch of Australian livestock farming is sheep breeding (Australia ranks first in the world in terms of sheep population). In terms of the total value of agricultural exports, Australia is second only to the United States, and in terms of its value per capita it has no equal. The country exports wheat, meat, sugar, and sheep wool.

7. Choose the correct statement:

1) Main deposits coal in Australia are located in the east of the country.

2) Almost a third of the country is desert and semi-desert.

3) Australia's main natural wealth is forest resources.

4) Australian agriculture is highly commercial and diversified.

All except 3.

8. Match:

1) Broken Hill; 2) Canberra; 3) Sydney; 4) Wellington.

A) the capital of Australia; B) center of the mining industry; B) the capital of New Zealand; D) city-agglomeration.

1 - B, 2 - A, 3 - D, 4 - C

11. Compare the geographical location of Australia and Canada.

Canada is a North American country. Occupies the north of the mainland and adjacent islands. It borders the United States in the south and northwest, and also has maritime borders with Denmark (Greenland) in the northeast and France (Saint Pierre and Miquelon) in the east. . Washed by the Arctic, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. It is located in temperate and subarctic natural zones. Australia occupies an entire continent, remote from the centers of civilization. It is washed by the Pacific, Indian and Southern oceans. In the north, Australia has maritime borders with East Timor, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, in the northeast with Vanuatu, New Caledonia and the Solomon Islands, and in the southeast with New Zealand. Australia is located in 3 natural zones: subequatorial, tropical and subtropical.

Oceania is the world's largest collection of islands in archipelagos in the central and southwestern Pacific Ocean. The islands and archipelagos of Oceania are located in the vast area of ​​the Pacific Ocean between 29 0 N latitude. and 53 0 S. w. and 130 0 east. and 109 0 W. All of Oceania, except for two relatively large land masses - New Guinea (829 thousand sq. km.) and New Zealand (265 thousand sq. km.), consists of almost 7 thousand islands. Total area Oceania is only about 1.3 million square meters. km.

Melanesia, located in the western part of Oceania, includes New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, the D'Entrecasteaux Islands, the Louisiades Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, the Santa Cruz Islands, the New Hebrides, New Caledonia, the Loyalty Islands, the Fiji Islands and several others. The total area of ​​Melanesia (Black Island) is 969 thousand square meters. km, of which almost 6/7 is in New Guinea - this micro-continent of Melanesia.

Polynesia (multi-island), stretching from the extreme southwest to the eastern limits of Oceania, includes the islands: New Zealand, Tonga, Samoa, Wallis, Horn, Tuvalu, Tokelau, Cook, Tubuai, Societies, Tuamotu, Marquesas, Hawaiian Islands, Easter Island etc. The area of ​​Polynesia without New Zealand is only 26 thousand square meters. km, and 17 thousand of them are in the Hawaiian Islands.

Micronesia (small island), occupying northwestern part Oceania is a collection of small tiny islands and archipelagos, mainly of coral, but also of volcanic origin. The most important island groups of Micronesia are the Caroline, Mariana, Marshall and Gilbert Islands. The total area of ​​the islands of Micronesia is only about 2.6 thousand square meters. km, but these islands are scattered over a huge expanse of water with an area of ​​14 million square meters. km.

On most islands of Oceania, natural conditions are generally favorable for human life. It is not surprising that people populated almost all of Oceania, developed even the most remote and small pieces of land, having had a significant impact on the natural world of the islands over the past millennia.

The total population of Oceania is currently about 10 million people. Of these, 5 million live in Melanesia, 4.5 million in Polynesia and over 0.3 million in Micronesia.

Modern population Oceania has three main components. The first component is the indigenous people, whose ancestors settled the archipelagos of Oceania a thousand years ago. The second is for the newcomer population. These descendants come from Europe, Asia and America, whose migration continues to this day. And the third is the most diverse groups of mixed origin.

The basis of the modern political map of Oceania was formed as a result of the long and persistent struggle of the colonial powers for the division of ocean archipelagos and individual islands among themselves. Until the early 60s of our century, there was only one independent state in Oceania - New Zealand, created by colonists from England, Scotland and Ireland. In the last decade, in conditions general crisis capitalism and the collapse of the world colonial system in Oceania were intensified by the national liberation movement.

Oceania is an ethnographic concept rather than a geographical one. Many of the oceanic islands differ significantly from one another in their size, vegetation, soils, and natural resources. These differences are primarily related to their origin. Islands in the ocean are special natural-territorial complexes, including various rocks, fresh ground or surface water, soils, terrestrial vegetation and animal world. These are peculiar micromeres scattered on the surface of ocean waters and representing ecological systems.

By origin, the islands of Oceania belong to four types: volcanic, biogenic, geosynclinal and continental. Volcanic islands range in size from a few square kilometers to several thousand kilometers. Biogenic islands are formed by animal organisms. These are coral reefs, including. Geosynclinal islands, found in the western part of the ocean, continued earth's crust transitional continent. The mainland islands are entire mountainous countries.

Islands in Oceania washed by waters warm seas. Almost all of it lies in the tropical zone, and only New Zealand and its neighboring islands are in the subtropics. At the same time aquatic environment is diverse in its properties, and these differences are clearly manifested in the landscapes of the islands and affect the lives of the peoples inhabiting them. Water currents not only carry heat or cold, but also contribute to the dispersal of organisms. The main direction of movement of surface water masses in Oceania is from east to west. The waters of the seas and oceans washing the islands of Oceania are rich in biological resources. Significant mineral resources seabed.

Climate. Warm, even, mild - this climate can be characterized in Oceania. The position of the islands in equatorial and tropical latitudes determines high temperatures air. At the same time, winds from the ocean significantly soften the heat, so the climate of tropical islands is one of the most comfortable in the world. globe. It is no coincidence that the Pacific Islands attract huge numbers of tourists. In Oceania there are two climatic regions: trade wind and monsoon. The first occupies the eastern and central parts of this territory of the Pacific Ocean, the second - its western part, including the island of New Guinea.

And yet the climate is different on different islands. Within the vast expanse of Oceania, there are large differences in the temperature conditions of winter and summer, in the amount of precipitation and its consistency, and in the susceptibility of the islands to tropical hurricanes.

Subject: Oceania. Specifics of EGP. The role of New Zealand and the Pacific Island countries. Political map. Features of the development of small island states.

Target:

Educational: to form an idea of ​​the economic development of the territory of Oceania. To acquaint students with the features of EGP and the main features of nature. Solve a problem related to the characteristics of the population. Identify factors rapid growth economy and principles of coexistence in the region.

Developmental: to expand the geographical knowledge and horizons of schoolchildren on the topic “EGP of Oceania”, to show its attractiveness and uniqueness, its beauty and grandeur. Develop the ability to work with different sources geographical knowledge. Develop geographical thinking. To develop their cartographic literacy.

Educational: contribute to the development of national feelings, interest in learning about the lives of other peoples and countries. Develop responsibility, organization, independence, and communication skills.

Equipment: Map of Oceania, atlases, physical map world, handouts.

Lesson type: learning new knowledge.

Lesson progress

1. Organizational moment.

2. Communicating the topic, purpose, objectives of the lesson and motivational activities.

The topic of our lesson is Oceania. Oceania is a cluster huge number islands and archipelagos, concentrated mainly in the central and southwestern Pacific Ocean. These islands are divided by nature and population into three main groups: Micronesia (i.e. small islands), Melanesia (i.e. black islands) and Polynesia (i.e. many islands). The indigenous people of Oceania are the Papuans, Micronesians and Polynesians. The total population is about 3 million people.

3. Studying new material.

Oceania is a collection of islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. They are combined into such large groups:

Melanesia (New Guinea and nearby island groups)

Micronesia ( large number small islands north of Melanesia)

Polynesia (all other small islands)

New Zealand.

In total, there are 13 states in Oceania.

Geographical location

The islands of Oceania are located between the temperate latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere and the subtropical latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Often in geography, Oceania is considered together with Australia.

There is even a geographical name - Australia and Oceania. The total area of ​​Oceania is 1.24 million km2. The population is 10.6 million people.

Oceania is divided into three geographical region– Polynesia, Micronesia and Melanesia. Oceania is washed by numerous seas - the Coral, Solomon, New Guinea, Tasman Seas, the Koro and Fiji Seas, which belong to the Pacific Ocean, as well as the Arafura Sea (Indian Ocean).

Oceania Climate

Most of Oceania has a tropical climate. Most of the islands of Oceania are characterized by heavy rainfall. On the islands that are located closer to the tropical zone, the average annual temperature is 23 °C, on the islands near the equator - 27 °C.

Oceania's climate is also influenced by currents such as La Niña and El Niño. Most of the islands of Oceania are subject to negative impact active volcanoes, tsunamis and typhoons.

This region is characterized by sudden changes in weather conditions - droughts are replaced by torrential rains.

Population of Oceania

The majority of the population of the islands of Oceania is represented by indigenous people, which include Micronesians, Polynesians, and Papuans. Polynesians are mixed racial types - they show features of Caucasians and Mongoloids.

The largest Polynesian peoples are Hawaiians, Maoris, Tongans, and Tahitians. Each nationality has its own language, which is represented by an almost complete absence of consonants.

The racial type of Melanesians is Australoid. The linguistic fragmentation of the Melanesian tribes is very large - a common occurrence is that residents of neighboring villages cannot understand each other. Papuans inhabit some regions of Indonesia and New Guinea.

All Papuan languages ​​are very similar to each other. They are based on the English language, so often even residents of remote regions speak English perfectly.

Economy

The vast majority of Oceanian states have a very weak economy. The reasons for this are factors such as the remoteness of the islands from developed superpowers, limited natural resources, personnel shortage.

Many countries are in complete economic dependence from Australia and the USA. Agriculture is the basis of the economy. Among the most common agricultural crops are coconut palms, breadfruit, and bananas. Some states have fishing fleets.

Industry is developed only in three regions - New Guinea, New Caledonia and New Zealand.

NEW ZEALAND

New Zealand – this is the most environmentally friendly country on the planet, the land of green hills and the wonderful kiwi bird. A country where the north is warmer than the south. Where the sun goes counterclockwise towards sunset. The country that Jules Verne described in the novel “The Children of Captain Grant”, and Peter Jackson showed in the movie “The Lord of the Rings”.

New Zealand is located in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean on large islands (North, otherwise White, and South), separated by Cook Strait. It is completely surrounded on all sides by water and has no land borders with other countries. In addition to the large islands, New Zealand also includes a huge number of small ones (about 700), most of which are uninhabited. The largest of them are: Stuart, Auckland, Antipodes, Campbell, Bounty, Three Kings, Kermadec Island and the Chatham Archipelago.

New Zealand's closest neighbor, Australia, is 1,700 kilometers away, across the Tasman Sea. WITH north side neighboring island territories of New Caledonia, the Kingdom of Tonga and the Republic of Fiji Islands.

The capital of New Zealand, Wellington, is located in the south of the North Island. Largest cities, the territorial scale of which is inferior to the capital - Hamilton, Auckland, Christchurch. In terms of population, Auckland is the largest; there are three times more people there than in the capital.

The population of New Zealand mainly communicates in English, a small part of the population speaks the language of the Maori aborigines, of whom there are 15% in the country. The Maori language is incredible and seemingly impossible in its pronunciation. However, every tourist is sure to utter words in the Maori language more than once, because the vast majority of New Zealand's geographical names are spoken in it.

Nature and climate

Compared to other countries located within the Pacific Seismic Belt, the level of seismic activity in New Zealand is low. Although earthquakes and minor tremors occur quite frequently in some areas, they only rarely cause damage. Tremors measuring 7 on the Richter scale occur on average no more than once every 10 years.

The greatest seismic activity occurs on the North Island approximately east and south of the imaginary line between Whakatāne and Hawera, and on the South Island north of the line connecting Cape Fowlwind to the Banks Peninsula. The most destructive earthquake recorded in the vicinity of Napier was in 1931.

New Zealand is characterized by suddenly changing weather, as they say, all four seasons in one day. Rain and sun alternate each other several times a day. Thanks to this, there is always a feeling of freshness in the air, and light snow-white clouds always float in the sky.

The air temperature is relatively uniform throughout the year. It is neither very hot nor very cold here, with the exception of mountainous areas - where the air temperature at times drops to -2 °C, and sometimes to -12 °C. Precipitation in the mountains is exclusively snow. And the glaciers on the western slope descend almost to the Tasman Sea itself.

Summer in New Zealand lasts from January to February, these are the warmest months of the year, the air temperature at this time is +20...+30 °C. The further south you travel in the country, the lower the temperature will be. The coldest month is July, when the air temperature drops to +8...+10 °C on the North Island, and to +3...+6 °C on the South Island.

Despite the fact that the temperature conditions are quite moderate, ultraviolet rays you should be afraid here, especially from September to April from 10 to 16 hours, even in the shade.

In the 100 years after 1850, New Zealand was transformed from a forested country into a vast grassland. Now only 29% of its territory (7.9 million hectares) is occupied by forests, of which 6.4 million hectares are occupied by natural preserved forests and another 1.5 million hectares by artificial plantings (mainly pine trees Pinus radiata). Of the hundreds of tree species growing here, only a few have economic importance, including four species of conifers - Dacridium cypressum, Totara totara, paniculata and Dacridium - and one broad-leaved species - Nothofagus (southern beech). The famous and once widespread forests of New Zealand agathis now survive only in nature reserves in the northern part of the North Island.

During the European settlement of the country, large areas of New Zealand, especially on the South Island, were occupied by tall grass turf grasses. Today they are preserved only in the mountains, and on the plains they are replaced by pastures of introduced European cereals (tares, hedgehogs, fescue) and clover. In the east of the North Island, communities of the native grass Danthonia are still quite widespread.

In general, New Zealand soils are poor in humus and infertile. Everywhere, with the exception of periodically flooded and silted areas, large amounts of fertilizer are required to maintain productive pastures.

The most common zonal soil types in New Zealand are brown-gray, yellow-gray and yellow-brown. The first ones are typical for dry intermountain basins of the island. Southern with cereal vegetation, receiving less than 500 mm of precipitation. The areas they occupy are used mainly as sheep pastures and only occasionally for agriculture. In wetter areas, transitional from grass steppes to mixed forests, and in the lower part eastern slopes Yellow-gray soils are common in the mountains. They are more fertile and are used for intensive farming (eg on the Canterbury Plain) and as pasture. Wetter areas with dissected hilly terrain and forest vegetation are characterized by highly leached, poor yellow-brown soils. In some places in such areas, gleyic-podzolic soils (“pakihi”) are developed on the clayey weathering crust, as, for example, in Westland on the South Island, or subtropical clay soils, common under kauri pine forests in Northland. In the profile of such soils, at shallow depths, there is a dense waterproof horizon, which makes drainage and plowing difficult.

About 6 million hectares are occupied by a variety of azonal and intrazonal soils, the properties of which are determined by the parent rock. These are the fertile soils developed on volcanic ash in the central part of the North Island, peaty soils Waikato Valley, alluvial soils of river valleys, as well as soils of drained areas of the sea coast.

Almost half of the country's area (13 million hectares) is occupied by mountain soils, usually thin and underdeveloped, often gravelly. About 1.6 million hectares of them are in the upper mountain belt, practically devoid of vegetation. The soils on the slopes are susceptible to erosion, so burning and cutting down the forests and turf grasslands that covered them in many places led to disastrous results.

Attractions

Of course, the main attraction of the country is its unique nature. National parks on the North Island: Urewera, Whanganui, Egmont, Tongariro. National parks on the South Island: Fiordland (the country's largest park), Arthur's Pass, Abel Tasman, Paparoa, Nelson Lakes, Mount Cook, Mount Aspiring, Kaurangi, Westland. However, there is more to see in New Zealand besides the beauty of nature.

In Auckland, you can stroll through a unique ocean aquarium with huge predatory fish, spin on a 328-meter television tower, and visit an exclusive treehouse restaurant.

In Wellington - see a huge wooden building the size of a block or get lost among the many beautiful buildings on Cuba Street. You can ride over the city on a cable car tram.

You can visit the city of Napier, the only city in the world built in the style of the 30s of the 20th century. You can plunge into the neo-Gothic architecture of Dunedin buildings and walk along the steepest (35–40 degrees) street.

New Zealand has many museums, cathedrals and churches, and beautiful botanical gardens. The Maori people with their painted faces, rituals and dances of ancient tribes will also not leave you without impressions.

Fans of The Lord of the Rings trilogy can visit filming locations around Hamilton (Hobbiton), Taupo, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin.

4. Generalization and systematization of the studied material.

Task 1.

Think about what natural conditions contribute to the life of people on the islands of Oceania, and what complicate it?

Task 2.

What parts is Oceania divided into? Compare two oceanic regions with their population and economic characteristics using thematic maps.

Explain why New Zealand has become a highly developed country.

Task 3.

Working with the map.

Using the map and atlas maps, find Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia, all independent states and dependent territories. Determine which developed countries own the latter.

5. Lesson summary.

6. Homework.

Creative assignment: “Traditions and customs of New Zealand”, “New Zealand’s service sector - the path to prosperity.”

Area - 7.7 million km2. Population - 20.3 million people

The state is composed. Commonwealth - six states and two territories. Capital -. Canberra

EGP

. Australia (Australia) is the only country in the world that occupies an entire continent. Australia is located southeast of. Eurasia. She is washed by waters. Quiet and Indian Oceans. The main feature of the economic and geographical position of the country. Australia - isolation, distance from other continents. Technical progress in transport and communications has brought it closer to other continents. Relative proximity takes on a positive meaning. Australia to countries. South-Eastern and. Eastern. Asia and. Oceania. In terms of territory size, the country ranks sixth in the world. Russia,. Canada,. China. USA and Brazil. From the west to the east is the territory. Australia stretches for 4.4 thousand km, and from north to south - for 3.1 thousand km. km.

Australia is an economically highly developed country. In absolute size. GNP, it is included in the group of the first 15 countries in the world, while in the global division of labor it specializes in agricultural and raw materials

Australia is a member. UN,. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and other global and regional organizations

Population

. Modern population. Australia was formed by emigrants. Back to top European colonization About 300 thousand aborigines lived on the mainland, and now their number is more than 150 thousand people. They belong to the Australoid race and do not ethnically form a single whole. The Aborigines are divided into many tribes speaking different languages.

After. World War II. Australia accepted many so-called “displaced persons”, as well as people from the European south and east - Italians, Yugoslavs, Greeks, etc. Among them were more than 20 thousand Ukrainians. For lately Immigrants account for 40% of population growth. In recent decades, the country has suffered from increasing rates of illegal immigration from countries. South-Eastern and. Eastern. AsiaAsia.

The population is distributed very unevenly throughout the country. The main areas of greatest density are concentrated in the east and southeast, southwest and south. Here the population density is 25 - -50 people per 1 km2, and the rest of the territory is very sparsely populated (the density does not reach one person per 1 km2). In some inland desert areas. Australia has no population. In recent decades, there have been shifts in the distribution of the country's population, thanks to the discovery of new mineral deposits in the north and south. The Australian government encourages the movement of the population to the center of the continent, to underdeveloped areas.

By level of urbanization. Australia ranks among the first in the world - 90%. Among urban settlements. Australia is divided into three groups of cities: firstly, these are small mountain towns that are scattered throughout the continent and are its integral feature; secondly, these are state capitals that perform not only administrative and political functions, but also economic, commercial, scientific, cultural, thirdly, these are medium-sized centers that arose near the capitals, taking on the functions of centers of various industries.

Employment structure. Australia is typical for post-industrial countries. So, in agriculture employed - 3.6%, in industry - 26.4%, in the service sector - 70%. In 2005, unemployment was about 55%.

Natural conditions and resources

At 0.3% of the world population. Australia 5.8% of the earth's surface. Therefore, its provision with natural resource potential is 20 times higher than the world average, primarily mineral

resources. The discovery of new deposits brought the country to a leading position in the world in reserves and production of iron and lead-zinc ores, bauxite

The largest deposits of coal, oil and gas are located in the eastern part. Australia. In the western and northern parts of the country there are deposits of ore: iron, nickel, polymetals, gold, silver, copper, manganese. Bauxite deposits are concentrated on the peninsula. Cape York and the north-east. Northern Territory. With the exception of oil, the country fully meets its needs with basic raw materials for industry.

60% of the territory. Australia is occupied by drainage regions. The river network is the densest on the island. Tasmania is the country's deepest river. Murray with its tributaries. Darling and. Murrumbidgee. Rivers flowing down the eastern slopes. Big. The watershed ridge, short and fairly deep rivers of the central. Australia does not have a permanent flow. Most of the country's lakes, like rivers, are characterized almost exclusively by rainfall. They have neither a constant level nor a drain. In summer, the lakes dry up and become shallow salt marsh depressions.

Forest resources. Australia are insignificant. Forested areas, including the Scrabes, account for about 18% of the country's total area. Under the influence of economic activity, vegetation has changed enormously

The country's topography is a vast plateau, concave in the central part and raised at the edges. Mountains occupy 5% of the territory. There is a large depression in the center. The central lowland is an arid region. And Australia.

The northern and northeastern parts of the country are located in the tropical climatic zone. The largest part. Australia occupies a subtropical climate zone. Only the extreme south is included in the temperate climate zone. Australia is known as arid continent, however, areas with sufficient precipitation account for 1/3 of the total area. In arid areas there are significant reserves of groundwater.

Unique natural landscapes. Australia and the magnificent beaches of its east coast are the basis for the rapid development of environmental, tourist and sports (diving, yachting, windsurfing) tourism