1. Productive capacity enterprises: concept, types, stages of planning

2. Calculation production capacity

3. Production capacity Russian Federation

4. Technical condition of production facilities

Productive capacity - this is the maximum possible output of a production unit (industries, enterprises, its divisions, workplace) for a certain .

Productive capacity enterprises: concept, types, stages of planning

The volume of the main production assets and the degree of their use is determined by the production capacity of the enterprise.

The production capacity of an enterprise (workshop or production site) is characterized by the maximum amount of products of the appropriate quality and range that it can produce per unit of time with full use of fixed production assets under optimal operating conditions.

The simplest and most accurate meters of production capacity are natural units. Production capacities are measured, as a rule, in the same units in which it is planned to manufacture this product in physical terms (tons, pieces, meters). For example, the production capacity of mining enterprises is determined in tons of mining, metallurgical enterprises - in tons of metal smelting and rolled products; machine-building plants - in pieces of manufactured machines; capacity of sugar refineries and other food processing enterprises industry- in tons of raw materials processed into finished products.

During each planning period, production capacity may change. The longer the planned period, the higher such changes. The main reasons for the changes are:

Installation of new pieces of equipment to replace obsolete or emergency ones;

Depreciation of equipment;

Commissioning of new capacities;

Change in equipment productivity due to intensification of its operation mode or due to a change in the quality of raw materials, etc.

Equipment (replacement of nodes, blocks, transport elements, etc.);

Changes in the structure of raw materials, composition of raw materials or semi-finished products;

Duration work equipment during the planned period taking into account stops for repairs, preventive maintenance, technological breaks;

Production specialization;

Mode work equipment (cyclic, continuous);

Repairs and ongoing maintenance.

The following factors influence the value of production capacity:

1. Technical factors:

The quantitative composition of fixed assets and their structure;

Qualitative composition of fixed assets;

Degree of mechanization and automation technological processes;

The quality of the raw material.

2. Organizational factors:

Degree of specialization, concentration, cooperation of production;

Level companies production, labor and management.

3. Economic factors:

Forms of remuneration and incentives for employees.

4. Social factors:

Qualification level of employees, their professionalism;

General education level of training.

Production capacities can be considered from different positions, based on this, they determine the theoretical, maximum, economic, practical capacity.

The calculation of production capacity is carried out in units of product measurement. The capacity of a larger production unit is determined by the capacity of its leading unit: the capacity of a site is determined by the capacity of the leading group of equipment; workshop capacity - according to the leading section; the capacity of the enterprise - according to the leading shop. The leading division is considered to be the one in which a significant part of the production fixed assets is concentrated, performing the main technological operations for the manufacture of products. The sum of the capacities of individual enterprises for the same type of product is the production capacity industries for this type of product.

When calculating production capacity, data on:

production fixed assets;

the mode of operation of the equipment and the use of space;

progressive standards for the productivity of equipment and the labor intensity of trade items;

workers' qualifications.

If the productivity of the equipment is known, then the production capacity is determined as the product of the passport productivity of the equipment per unit of time and the planned fund of the time of its operation; in the conditions of multi-product production - as a quotient from dividing the fund of equipment operation time by the complexity of the set trade items produced on this equipment.

The degree of use of production capacity is characterized by the coefficient of use of production capacity, which is equal to the ratio of the annual money issue products to average annual power of this year. To ensure the planned volume of production and determine the need for natural growth, a balance of production capacities is drawn up.

Production capacity calculation

Productive capacity industries industry, enterprises, its divisions, the maximum possible release high quality products or the volume of processing of raw materials per unit of time (usually within a year). In the socialist countries, production capacity is determined in terms of the range and quantitative ratios established by the plan, taking into account the fullest use of production equipment, areas, advanced technology and firms labor. The calculation of the production capacity of the enterprise is carried out in units of measurement of products adopted in the plan. The simplest and most accurate are natural units of measurement (in products, parts, pieces, tons). According to the capacity of the leading group of equipment, the capacity of the section is determined, according to the leading section - the capacity of the workshop, according to the leading workshop - the capacity of the enterprise. The calculation takes into account measures to eliminate bottlenecks. A significant part of the production fixed assets is concentrated in the leading division, the main technological operations for the manufacture of products are performed. The sum of the capacities of individual enterprises for the same type of product is the production capacity of the industry for this type of product.

To calculate the production capacity, the following initial data: production fixed assets, equipment operation mode and space utilization, progressive equipment productivity and labor intensity standards trade items, qualification of workers. If the productivity of the equipment is known, then the production capacity is determined as the product of the passport productivity of the equipment per unit of time and the planned fund of the time of its operation; in conditions of multi-product production - as a quotient of dividing the fund of equipment operation time by the labor intensity of a set of trade items (parts) manufactured on this equipment.

Production capacity is a dynamic value, changing with the development of technology, the growth of labor efficiency, the improvement of the company's production and labor, and the increase in the cultural and technical level of workers. According to the methodology in force in the industry of the USSR, the production capacity is set on January 1 of the accounting year (input) and on January 1 of the next year (output). The average annual power is also determined. With a uniform increase in power during the year, its average annual value is equal to half the sum of the input and output powers. In other cases, the average annual production capacity is determined as the sum of the capacity at the beginning of the year and the average annual capacity added minus the average annual capacity retired.

The degree of production capacity utilization is characterized by the capacity utilization factor, which is expressed as the ratio of the annual issue of securities of the product to the average annual capacity of the given year. To ensure the planned volume of production and determine the need for an increase in the capacity of the growth i balance production capacity.

Production capacity Russian Federation

Power industry Russian Federation is one of the largest energy complexes in the world, almost completely equipped with domestic equipment, using its own fuel resources, covering the needs countries in electrical and thermal energy and providing electricity. At the end of 2000, the total installed capacity of all power plants in the Russian Federation was 213.3 thousand MW, including thermal - 147.3 thousand MW (69.0%), hydraulic - 44.3 thousand MW (20.8% ), nuclear - 21.7 thousand MW (10.2%). Of the total capacity of thermal stations, the capacity of cogeneration plants (CHP) is 56.8%, condensing (CPP) - 42.3%.

The technical basis of the Russian electric power industry is 432 public power plants with an installed capacity of 196.2 thousand MW, including 334 TPPs with a capacity of 131.0 thousand MW, 98 HPPs with a capacity of 44.0 thousand MW and 10 nuclear power plants with a capacity of 21.2 thousand MW. MW.

At the end of 2000, the total installed capacity of power plants producing electricity in the network of the UES of the Russian Federation, amounted to 192.2 thousand MW, including thermal (TPP) - 68%, hydraulic ( hydroelectric power station) - 21%, nuclear (NPP) - 11%.

In the last decade, in the context of a fall in the industrial production index and a corresponding decrease in consumption by 20% electricity and its production, the use of installed capacity by all types of AO-energo power plants is extremely low: in 2000, the total level of installed capacity use was 47.92%, including 46.32% for TPPs, hydroelectric power station- 42.50%, for nuclear power plants - 69.07%. For stations of the federal level, this indicator was equal for TPPs - 38.15%, for HPPs - 54.85%.

Technical condition of production facilities

Regulators underestimate the economically justified level of tariffs for electricity and thermal energy, and, as a result, lending to consumers with cheap energy, led to underinvestment in the electric power industry in the field of updating production capacities. As a result of physical depreciation technological equipment The available capacity of power plants for general use does not exceed today 163.5 thousand MW, and the used capacity - 140.0 thousand MW.

The volume of equipment that has exhausted its park resource is growing sharply (the park resource is understood as the minimum reliable service life at which equipment failure will not occur). By 2001, 30% of steam turbines at TPPs with a total capacity of 39.6 thousand MW had exhausted their fleet life. By the end of 2005, 45% of TPP steam turbines with a total capacity of 59.3 thousand MW will be depleted, by 2010 - 62% of TPP steam turbines or 80.5 thousand MW, and by 2015 - 72% of steam turbines or 94 .6 thousand MW.

For HPPs, where turbine equipment with a total capacity of 21.6 thousand MW (50% of their installed capacity) has already reached its standard service life, a technical re-equipment concept has been developed that provides for refurbishment or comprehensive reconstruction. According to preliminary estimates, the refurbishment will extend the life of the HPP by 15 years at a cost of only 15%-25% of the cost of a comprehensive reconstruction

Sources

bse.sci-lib.com Great Soviet Encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

cis2000.ru Computer Information Systems

Encyclopedia of the investor. 2013 .

• Reference book of a technical translator - industry, enterprise, its subdivisions calculated, the maximum possible volume of output per unit of time with the fullest use of existing equipment and areas, work force, with this ... ... Economic and Mathematical Dictionary

Productive capacity- - the estimated maximum possible output of products per unit of time under certain conditions. [GOST 14.004 83] Term heading: Economics Encyclopedia headings: Abrasive equipment, Abrasives, Roads ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials

Productive capacity- 34. Production capacity Estimated maximum possible output of products per unit of time under certain conditions

Is a certain product (work, service). The main limitation of the volume of production in the company are production capabilities.

A specific expression of the production capabilities of each enterprise is the determination of the optimal volume of production, its production capacity. Under optimal production volume production is understood as such a volume that ensures the fulfillment of concluded contracts and obligations for the production of products (performance of work) in deadlines, with a minimum of costs, with the highest possible efficiency.

AT market conditions productive capacity determines the annual supply of the enterprise, taking into account the availability and use of resources, the level and change in current prices.

It also calculates break even- the minimum volume of production at which the enterprise pays for its costs, but at the same time does not receive profit. The greater the difference between the volume of actual production and the break-even point, the higher the profit of the enterprise.

Based on the results of studying the market situation and sales of products in accordance with the profile of the enterprise, its divisions and their development, a production program is developed. This is one of the sections of the business plan of the enterprise, which contains the planned production volumes in physical and value terms. The basis for the formation of the production program is a long-term production plan being developed.

Manufacturing program is developed as a whole for the enterprise and for the main workshops, broken down by months, quarters, and, if necessary, determined by the content of contracts with customers, with the establishment of specific deadlines for fulfilling orders. The production program is developed for the entire expanded range and range of products and must ensure the unconditional fulfillment of all contracts and orders for all the parameters provided for by them: volumes, deadlines, quality indicators, etc. The general indicator of the enterprise's production program is sales volume or sold products. The first term is used in world practice, the second in domestic. The volume of sales more objectively reflects the result of the activity of the enterprise, both producing goods and producing services. Index products sold in accordance with the logic, it should be applied only to enterprises in the sphere of material production that produce products. In a market economy, most enterprises create products and perform services, so the sales volume indicator is applicable to all enterprises.

Volume of sales is the cost of goods and services produced and sold by the enterprise for a certain period of time. The volume of sold products is one of the main indicators by which the results of the production and economic activities of the enterprise are evaluated.

Marketable products is the cost finished products, obtained as a result of the production activities of the enterprise, completed works and services intended for sale to the outside. In enterprises with a short duration production cycle work in progress is maintained at a constant level, gross and marketable products are equal. At enterprises with a long production cycle (for example, shipbuilding), these indicators differ significantly.

Gross output- characterizes the entire volume of work performed by the enterprise for a certain period of time (month, quarter, year). Gross output includes both finished and unfinished products, as well as work in progress.

net production is the newly created value in the enterprise. It includes wages issued in the form of wages, wages not paid, but included in the cost of goods in the form of tax and various charges, as well as profit. Net output does not include the transferred value created at other enterprises (payment for raw materials, materials, energy, fuel and depreciation deductions from fixed assets).

Production capacity of the enterprise

The volume and degree of their use determine the value of the production capacity of the enterprise.

Production capacity of the enterprise- this is the maximum possible output per unit of time in physical terms in the nomenclature and assortment established by the plan, with full use of production equipment and areas, taking into account the use of advanced technology, improving the organization of production and labor, ensuring high product quality.

Production capacity is a dynamic value and therefore must be balanced with the production program. When planning production capacity, it is necessary to take into account the requirement to achieve a balance between supply and demand for products or services. So, when demand exceeds supply, it is necessary to plan a corresponding increase in production capacity in projects.

Production capacity also characterizes the technology and organization of production at the enterprise, the composition and qualifications of personnel, as well as the growth dynamics and development prospects of the enterprise. Production capacity is a calculated value and is determined based on the following provisions.

1. The production capacity of the enterprise is determined in physical terms in the range of products manufactured by the plant. Power is calculated in units of measurement of products adopted in the plan (contract).
2. The calculation of production capacity is carried out for all production units of the enterprise in the sequence: from the lowest production level to the highest; from a group of technologically similar equipment to production sites; from sections to workshops, from workshops to the plant as a whole.
3. To calculate the capacity, the main production assets are used; mode of operation of equipment and use of space; norms of labor intensity of products and productivity of equipment.

The power value of the leading subdivision of this stage determines the power value of the subdivision of the next stage; according to the capacity of the leading section, the capacity of the workshop is determined, and according to the capacity of the leading workshop, the capacity of the plant. The leading subdivision is considered to be the one in which the main technological operations for the manufacture of products are carried out, where the largest share of total living labor is expended and where a significant part of the fixed production assets of the enterprise is concentrated. The “bottleneck” is understood as separate workshops, sections, groups of equipment, the capacities of which do not correspond to the capacities of the departments, according to which the capacity of the entire enterprise, workshop, section is set.

In addition to the above calculations of the enterprise's capacity, they make up the "Balance of production capacity", which indicates the volume of production; production capacity at the beginning of the year; increase in capacity due to expansion, reconstruction, organizational and technical measures, changes in the range; decrease in capacity due to changes in the range, retirement of production facilities; capacity at the end of the year; average annual capacity, capacity utilization factor.

• composition and number of installed machines, mechanisms, units, etc.;
• technical and economic standards for the use of machines, mechanisms, units, etc.;
• the degree of progressiveness of technology and production technology;
• equipment operating time fund;
• the level of organization of production and;
• production area of ​​the enterprise (main workshops);
• the planned nomenclature and assortment of products that directly affect the labor intensity of production with this equipment.

When determining the composition of the equipment, all equipment of the main production by types, installed at the beginning of the year, as well as those that should be put into operation in the planned year, are taken into account. The calculation of capacity does not include reserve equipment, experimental sites, as well as equipment used for vocational training.

The possible productivity of the equipment, taken into account when calculating the production capacity, is determined on the basis of progressive standards for the use of each type of this equipment.

Determining the equipment operating time fund is specific for enterprises with discontinuous and continuous production processes. For enterprises with a continuous production process, it is calculated based on the full calendar operating time of the equipment, minus the hours allocated in the repair plan. It should be noted that when calculating the production capacity, equipment downtime caused by the lack of raw materials, materials, electricity or organizational reasons, as well as time losses associated with correcting defects in the manufacture of products, are not taken into account.

Production capacity is divided into design, input, output, average annual. The design production capacity is established by the project for the construction, reconstruction and expansion of the enterprise. Input (incoming) production capacity is the capacity at the beginning of the year, showing what production capabilities the enterprise has at the beginning of the planning period. Output (outgoing) production capacity is the capacity at the end of the year. It is defined as the sum of the input and commissioned capacities during the planned period minus the capacity retired during the same period.

The level of utilization of production capacities is characterized by a number of indicators. The main one is the capacity utilization factor, which is defined as the ratio of annual output to the average annual capacity of a given year. Another indicator - the equipment load factor - is defined as the ratio of the actually used time fund (in machine hours) of all equipment to the available time fund for the same range of equipment for the same period. This metric identifies redundant or missing hardware.

1. Improving the use of the equipment fleet, including reducing the length of stay in the installation, increasing the share of operating equipment.
2. Improving the use of the fund of operating time of a piece of equipment, including increasing the shift ratio; downtime reduction; reduction of time for planned repairs.
3. Increasing the productivity of equipment, including reducing the cost of auxiliary time, reducing the cost of main machine time by increasing the operating speed, intensifying work processes.

At present, the improvement in the use of production capacities is associated with an increase in the quality and competitiveness of products, an improvement marketing activities, expanding sales of products.

1.4. Production capacity of the enterprise

The essence of the concept of production capacity

AT modern conditions the output program of any enterprise is determined on the basis of:

The total demand for their products;

its production capacity.

Production capacity of the enterprise(workshops, sites) is the potentially maximum possible annual (quarterly, monthly, daily, shift) output of products, works, services (or extraction, processing of raw materials) of the required quality with a given nomenclature and assortment based on progressive standards for the use of equipment and production areas taking into account the implementation of measures for progressive technology, advanced organization of labor and production.

When planning and analyzing the activities of an enterprise, there are three main types of production capacity: prospective, design and operating.

The prospective production capacity reflects the expected changes in the technology and organization of production, the range of main products included in perspective plans enterprises.

The design production capacity is the possible volume of output of products of a conditional nomenclature per unit of time specified during the design or reconstruction of an enterprise, workshop, site. This volume is fixed, as it is designed for a constant conditional range of products and a constant mode of operation. However, over time, as a result of reconstruction and technical re-equipment, the introduction of new advanced technology and best practices in the organization of labor and production, the initial design capacity will change, but will be fixed as a new design capacity. This is a very important indicator of the orientation of the organization of production to achieve high performance. This is due to the fact that in project documentation, as a rule, design solutions are laid down that are the highest at the time of project development.

The current design capacity of an enterprise, workshop, site reflects its potential ability to produce the maximum possible amount of products during the calendar period, provided for by the plan for the production of commercial products of a given range and quality. It has a dynamic character and changes in accordance with the organizational and technical development of production. Therefore, it is characterized by several indicators:

Power at the beginning of the planning period (input);

Power at the end of the planned period (output);

Average annual power.

The input production capacity of an enterprise (workshop, site) is the capacity at the beginning of the planning period, usually at the beginning of the year. output production capacity is the capacity at the end of the planning period, which is defined as algebraic sum input power, which was in effect at the beginning of the year (as of January 1), and new power, introduced during the year and retired in the same year. The average annual production capacity is the capacity that an enterprise (workshop, site) has on average per year, taking into account the growth and disposal of available capacities.

Production capacity is measured in the same units as the production program (pieces, tons, meters, etc.). For example, the capacity of a tractor plant is determined by the number of tractors in pieces, the capacity of a coal mine is determined by the amount of coal in tons. In an enterprise where the quality of raw materials affects the volume of finished products, its capacity is measured in units of processed raw materials. Thus, the production capacity of a sugar factory is measured in tons of processed beets, dairy plant- in tons of processed milk.

The production capacity of an enterprise is a variable value. It changes over time, that is, it increases or, conversely, decreases. Many factors influence the change in production capacity. We list the main ones:

The structure of fixed production assets, specific gravity their active part;

The level of progressiveness of technology in the main production processes (the more advanced the production technology, the greater the production capacity);

The productivity of technological equipment (the more perfect the machines and equipment and the higher their productivity per unit of time, the greater the production capacity);

The level of specialization of the enterprise (an increase in the level of specialization contributes to an increase in the production capacity of the enterprise);

The level of organization of labor and production; this is a very important factor affecting production capacity, i.e., their direct dependence is observed;

The level of qualification of personnel of the main production units (the dependence is manifested in the fact that the higher the qualification of workers, the less defects, breakdowns, downtime of equipment and the higher its productivity);

The quality of the objects of labor, i.e., the higher the quality of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products, the less labor and time will be required for their processing, and, therefore, more products can be produced per unit of equipment operation time.
In addition to these factors, production capacity is also significantly affected by the level of organization of production and labor in auxiliary and serviced units - tool, repair, energy, transport facilities.

Production capacity calculation

In the context of the transition to market economy it is impossible to organize production without preliminary development of a business plan. One of the sections of such a strategic document is a production plan, which should contain a calculation of the production capacity of the enterprise's divisions. Such calculations are an important component of business planning, in particular the plan industrial production. Calculations of production capacity allow objectively:

Plan the volume of production;

Identify possible reserves for the development of production;

Justify the economic feasibility of specialization of production and cooperation of enterprises;

Plan directions for the development of the production capacity of the enterprise.

The production capacity of the enterprise is determined by the capacity of the leading workshops, and the capacity of the workshop is determined by the capacity of the leading sections, units, and leading groups of equipment. The leading groups include equipment that performs the bulk of the work - in terms of complexity and labor intensity. The leading workshops are understood as:

In which the largest part of the main production equipment is concentrated;

Occupying the largest share in the total labor intensity of manufacturing products.

When choosing the main leading link, it is necessary to take into account the specifics industrial enterprise. For example, in mining industry the capacity of the mine in the underground method of mining is determined by the possibilities of mine lifting. At metallurgical plants, these are blast furnaces, rolling mills.

Production capacity is calculated based on:

Nomenclatures, structures and quantities of manufactured products;

The number of units of available equipment at the disposal of the enterprise;

The operating time fund of the equipment;

Labor intensity of manufactured products and its planned reduction;

Progressive technically sound equipment performance standards;

Reporting data on the implementation of production standards. Production capacity is calculated sequentially

from lower level to the highest, i.e. from the productivity (capacity) of groups of technically homogeneous equipment to the capacity of the site, from the capacity of the site to the capacity of the workshop, from the capacity of the workshop to the capacity of the enterprise.

The production capacity of a workshop (section) equipped with the same type of equipment and producing the same products is determined by the formula

where P is the standard annual productivity of one machine (unit); Ut - average coefficient overfulfillment of norms; n is the average annual fleet of this type of equipment; Fe - effective annual

time fund of one machine (unit); t w - the norm of time for processing (manufacturing) of a unit of production, h.

If a workshop (site) is equipped with different types of equipment, the production capacity is determined by the productivity (throughput) of the fleet of leading equipment groups that characterize the profile of this unit.

The production capacity of an enterprise (workshop, site) is a dynamic category that changes during the planning period. These changes are due to the following factors:

Depreciation and, consequently, write-off and rejection of equipment;

Commissioning of new equipment to replace worn-out equipment;

Equipment upgrades during overhaul, which can change its performance;

Reconstruction and technical re-equipment of the entire enterprise or its individual production units, etc.

In order to plan production, it is necessary to monitor and update the actual capacity of the enterprise in a timely manner. This is done with the help of average annual production capacities - retired and commissioned.

The average annual retiring capacity (Msrem) is defined as the sum of the retiring production capacity (Mrem) multiplied by the number of months (ni) remaining from the time of retirement until the end of a given year, divided by 12:

The average annual input production capacity (Ms input) is defined as the sum of new capacities (Mn) (in comparable units of physical or monetary terms), multiplied by the number of months of their use until the end of the year (n), divided by 12:

Taking into account the noted indicators, in addition to the production capacity at the beginning of the year (input capacity MW), its increase or decrease during the year is determined in i-th month(Mg-), as well as output power(Mout), i.e. power at the end of the year:

The unevenness of power changes during the year makes it necessary to determine its average annual value:

The average annual capacity is found by subtracting from the average annual retiring capacity available at the beginning of the year and adding the average annual increase in capacity during the year.

Example. At the beginning of the planning period (year) Мin = 1000 units. In March, the capacity was decommissioned by 50 units, in July - by 100 units. In April, a capacity of 150 units was put into operation, in August - another 150 units.

Average annual production capacity

Msg \u003d 1000 + / 12 \u003d 1000 + 850/12 \u003d 1071 units.

Output capacity of the enterprise at the end of the planned period (year)

Mout \u003d 1000 + 150 + 150 - 50 - 100 \u003d 1150 units. Average annual decommissioned (retiring) production capacity

Msvyb \u003d (50 9 + 100 5) / 12 \u003d 950/12 "79 units. Average annual input production capacity

MSinput \u003d (150 8 + 150 4) / 12 \u003d 1800/12 \u003d 150 units.

As noted, the average annual capacity of the enterprise is used to justify the production plan. The level of its use is determined by the production capacity utilization factor (qt), which is calculated by dividing the planned (or actual) volume of products (works, services) produced by the enterprise (shop, section) or the volume of processed raw materials (Vf) for a given year (month) by the average annual planned (actual) or, respectively, the average monthly production capacity (Mav):

According to the calculations of production capacities, reporting and planned balances of production capacities are compiled (Table 2).

table 2

BALANCE OF PRODUCTION CAPACITIES

(conditional example)

When compiling the balance for the reporting year, the capacity at the beginning of the reporting year is taken according to the range and in the range of products of the year preceding the reporting year, and the capacity at the end of the year - according to the range and in the range of products of the reporting year.

When developing a balance sheet for the planned period, the capacity at the beginning of the period is taken according to the nomenclature and in the range of products of the reporting year, and the capacity at the end of the period (year) - according to the nomenclature and in the range of products of the planning period (year).

As practice shows, it is very difficult to calculate the production capacity. The calculation results often take up 200,300 pages of text, tables, and graphs; more than 1,000 man-hours are needed to compile them. The production capacity calculated in this way is one of its variants with a minimum amount of computational work.

As noted, production capacity is affected by a large number of factors. At the same time, the nature of their influence is different and changes significantly. For specific conditions, you can calculate nth quantity production capacity values. The problem is reduced to determining the optimal value of production capacity by examining the function for extremality. It is difficult to solve this problem by conventional methods. Therefore, to find the optimal production capacity of a site, workshop, enterprise, linear programming methods are used.

When considering the factors affecting production capacity, the following feature is revealed in their relationship: they all determine the fund of working time, machine intensity, labor intensity of products and employment of equipment in the production of products of a certain quality and certain type. The fundamental dependence of the production capacity (Mpr) on these factors has the following fundamental form:

where n is the number of product types; B - fund of working time of a production unit (technological line, unit), h; ti is the time spent on manufacturing a unit of the /th type of product in one cycle, h; qi - the volume of products of the /-th type, produced per unit of time (per one cycle), pieces; ni is the share of products of the /-th type in the total output of products (for one cycle).

The analysis of the above dependence shows that the production capacity is significantly affected by the fund of operating time of production equipment, which depends on the mode of operation of the enterprise. The concept of the operating mode of the enterprise includes the number of work shifts, the length of the working day and work shift.

Depending on the losses of time taken into account when calculating production capacity and planning, funds of equipment operation time are distinguished: calendar, nominal (mode) and actual (working), or planned.

The equipment operating time calendar fund (FC) serves as the basis for calculating other types of equipment use time fund and is defined as the product of the number of days in the current calendar period (Dk) by the number of hours per day:

Nominal (mode) fund of equipment operation time

(Fr) depends on the number of calendar days (Dk) and the number of non-working days per year (Dn), as well as on the accepted mode of shift work per day:

where t is the average number of hours of equipment operation per day on working days according to the adopted shift regime and taking into account the reduction in the duration of the shift on holidays, or

where Dp is the number of days off and public holidays in the planned period; t is the duration of the work shift, h; Dsp - the number of pre-weekend (pre-holiday) days with a reduced duration of the work shift in the current period; tsp is the time by which the duration of the work shift on pre-holiday and weekend days is shorter than on common days(in this industry), h; nc - the accepted mode of shift work of the enterprise.

In case of continuous operation without days off, the number of calendar days and 24 working hours per day are taken into account. The number of working days and the fund of working hours for equipment operating in seasonal conditions ( Agriculture, peat extraction), are taken based on the optimal duration of the working season (in accordance with the standards and technical projects).

For enterprises with a continuous production process, the fund of equipment operation time and production capacity are calculated based on a three-shift (or four-shift) operation mode. If the main workshops of the enterprise work in two shifts (or less than two shifts), the equipment operating time fund and production capacity are calculated based on a two-shift operation mode, and for unique and expensive equipment - from a three-shift operation mode.

The actual (working, standard) fund of equipment operation time (Fd) is equal to the difference between the regime (nominal) fund in the current period (Fr) and the sum of the time spent on repair, adjustment, readjustment, change of the equipment workplace during the year (O, h:

The time for repair, adjustment, readjustment and change of the workplace of the equipment is taken into account only when the specified operations are performed during working hours.

Production Capacity Efficiency Indicators

Indicators of the use of production capacity constitute a system of indicators expressing the degree of use of production capacity. They allow you to identify the reserves of production and are indicators of its effectiveness.

Let's consider two indicators that characterize the production capacity (see Table 2):

The utilization factor of the average annual capacity of the enterprise, equal to 0.98. It represents the ratio of the volume of planned output (1050 units) and the average annual production capacity (1071 units);

The coefficient of use of the design capacity of the enterprise, equal to 0.87. It is the ratio of the actual volume production products(1050 units) to the design capacity of the enterprise (1200 units).

A comparative analysis of the given coefficients indicates the presence of a reserve of production capacity at the enterprise. At first glance, this may indicate an unsatisfactory organization of production at the enterprise.

However, the following must be taken into account. In the conditions of market relations, in order to quickly respond to changes in consumer demand, enterprises need to have reserve capacity. This allows them to master new types of products at these reserve production capacities. This approach makes it possible to drastically reduce the time for the transition of production to the production of new products.

Production capacity directly affects the volume of products that an enterprise can produce, i.e. on the production program, and therefore is a powerful strategic tool in the competitive struggle.

What is "production capacity"?

AT general view production capacity can be defined as the maximum possible output in the appropriate period of time under certain conditions for the use of equipment and production resources (area, energy, raw materials, human labor).

In practice, there are several types production capacity:

• design;
• launcher;
• mastered;
• actual;
• planned;
• input and output;
• input and output;
• balance.

Productive capacity, as a rule, is measured in the same units in which the production of this product is planned in physical terms (tons, pieces, meters, etc.).

The more fully it is used in time, the more products are produced, the lower its cost, the more short time the manufacturer accumulates funds for the reproduction of products and the improvement of the production system: replacement of equipment and technologies, implementation of the reconstruction of production and organizational and technical innovations.

What factors influence the value of production capacity?

Production capacity is determined by the level of production technology, the range and quality of products, as well as the peculiarities of the organization of labor, the availability of the necessary resources, the level of specialization and cooperation, etc. Instability of factors affecting production capacity, gives rise to the multiplicity of this indicator, so they are subject to periodic review. The leading factor influencing production capacity and determining its value, is the equipment.

Productive capacity may change during each planning period. The longer the planning period, the higher the likelihood of such changes. The following main reasons for the change are identified production capacity:

• installation of new units to replace obsolete or emergency ones;
• depreciation of equipment;
• commissioning of new capacities;
• change in equipment productivity due to the intensification of its operation mode or due to a change in the quality of raw materials;
• modernization (replacement of nodes, blocks, etc.);
• changes in the structure of raw materials, the composition of raw materials or semi-finished products;
• the duration of the operation of the equipment during the planned period, taking into account the installations for repairs, preventive maintenance, technological breaks;
• production specialization;
• equipment operation mode;
• organization of repairs and routine maintenance.

What data do you need to have to calculate production capacity?

For calculation production capacity You will need the following initial data:

• the list and its number by type;
• modes of use of equipment and;
• progressive standards of equipment productivity and labor intensity of products;
• qualification of workers;
• the planned nomenclature and assortment of products that directly affect the labor intensity of products when this composition equipment.

What are the basic rules for calculating production capacity?

When calculating production capacity You must adhere to the following rules:

• Take into account all available equipment, regardless of its condition: operating or inactive due to a malfunction, under repair, in reserve or under reconstruction, idle due to lack of raw materials, energy, and equipment to be installed. Standby equipment intended to replace repaired equipment should not be taken into account when calculating power.
• When commissioning new capacities, it is envisaged that their operation begins in the next quarter after commissioning.
• Take into account the effective maximum possible fund of equipment operation time for a given shift mode.
• Apply advanced technical standards productivity of equipment, labor intensity of products, norms for output of products from raw materials.
• Focus on the most advanced ways of organizing production and comparable measures of equipment performance and capacity balance.
• When calculating production capacities for the planned period, proceed from the possibility of ensuring their full utilization.
• Provide the necessary reserves of capacity to quickly respond to changes in product market demand.
• When calculating power values do not take into account the downtime of equipment, which may be caused by shortages of labor, raw materials, fuel, electricity or organizational problems, as well as the loss of time associated with the elimination of defects.

How to calculate the value of production capacity?

Based on the calculation production capacity, as we have already said, they accept design or passport equipment performance standards and technically justified time standards. When established norms exceeded by workers, then the calculation of capacity is made according to the advanced standards achieved, taking into account sustainable achievements.

AT general case M is defined as the product of the passport productivity of equipment per unit of time H and the planned (effective) fund of its operation time T ef:

In turn, the effective working time fund of the equipment T eff is defined as the calendar fund of time T cal (the duration of the year is 365 days) minus weekends and holidays and the time between shifts T non-working, as well as equipment downtime in scheduled preventive repairs T ppr and equipment downtime due to technological reasons (loading, unloading, cleaning, washing, etc.) T tech:

Definition of specific values production capacity is carried out for each production unit (section, shop) taking into account the planned activities. According to the capacity of the leading group of equipment, the production capacity of the site is established, according to the leading section - workshop production capacity, according to the leading workshop - production capacity of the enterprise. When setting up production capacity, you can develop measures to identify "bottlenecks" in order to achieve the best balance of production production capacities production structures enterprises, incl. using parallel-sequential methods of product processing

How to determine the optimal value of production capacity?

To determine the most optimal production capacity You need to substantiate it. The most common method of economic justification of production capacity is the analysis of the critical point. This method is successfully used in capacity planning. When using this method, you need to plot the costs and revenues against the volume of output based on your production data:

The purpose of the analysis is to find the point (in monetary units or units of output) at which costs equal income. This point is a critical point (break-even point), from which the profit area lies to the right, and the loss area to the left. Critical point analysis is designed to justify capacity by selecting the volume of output that, on the one hand, will be optimal in terms of its implementation on the market, and, on the other hand, will provide the least total costs while achieving the best results.

Is it possible for a small enterprise to increase production capacity without significant financial investments?

Of course, many owners manufacturing enterprises have fairly limited financial resources and simply cannot afford to regularly purchase new, more powerful and modern equipment. However, issues of increasing production capacity needs to be addressed and preferably minimal cost. Therefore, we recommend that you carefully read the following table, in which we have tried to list various ways increase in production capacity, including those that do not require significant financial investments.

What is the production capacity of an enterprise? This concept includes the volume of the maximum probable output. In this case, certain conditions must be observed. Firstly, all released goods must certainly be of high quality. In addition, the equipment must be fully involved in the production process.

The calculation is made taking into account the introduced advanced technology and modern technology, at the most high level in the organization of all links, as well as under other optimal conditions.

Varieties of indicators

The production capacity of the enterprise is measured in the same units as the volume of production. These include the cost expression of output, conditionally natural and natural units. In the course of the enterprise's operation, the value of the production capacity indicator undergoes certain changes. This happens in connection with the commissioning of new equipment and the decommissioning of worn-out equipment. Such actions lead to a change in the quantitative values ​​of the volume of goods that are produced by the enterprise. There are only 3 types of power. All of them are classified as industrial. First of all, it is the input power. It is calculated at the beginning of the period for which planning is carried out. There is power output. It is calculated at the end of the scheduled period. And, finally, the third type is the average annual indicator.

Calculation of the value of production capacity

For proper planning the work of the enterprise is required to make a mandatory determination of the volume of products that will be produced by them. The production capacity of the enterprise is directly dependent on the capacity of the leading divisions. These include those sections or workshops that are entrusted with the task of performing the most massive, responsible and labor-intensive work. If you take engineering industry, then the leading divisions of its enterprises are assembly and machine shops. For metallurgy, these are open-hearth, blast furnaces and melting furnaces.

Conditions for calculation

When determining the volume of finished products, some points must certainly be taken into account:

1. The production capacity of the enterprise is calculated from the bottom up. This chain moves from homogeneous equipment to a specific production site. After grouping all the information, the calculation covers each workshop and ends with the entire enterprise.
2. When calculating the value of the production capacity of each unit, the norms for piece time, as well as output, are taken into account. At the same time, the entire range of manufactured products is taken into account in special formulas.

3. The volume of finished products is determined on the target date. This is necessary due to the variability of the indicator during decommissioning or commissioning of equipment, and also due to the need to apply new process conditions, etc.
4. The calculation for assembly shops is required to be made not according to the equipment available in them, but according to their production area.
5. The preliminary determination of the volume of output should not take into account the loss of working time caused by certain shortcomings in the technical and organizational support of the production process. Marriage is not taken into account. Only those inevitable losses of time that are within the approved standard are subject to accounting.

Special cases

In practice, situations arise when the production capacity of individual units differs from the capacity of the leading link. In this case, discrepancies can be both up and down. In this situation, there are divisions of the enterprise that are not synchronized in terms of capacity.

In the event that calculations indicate an excess of this indicator of one of the divisions over the same indicator of the leading link, certain measures should be taken immediately. The administration of the enterprise must either maximize the use of the excess capacity available, or agree that the reserve equipment will be located in this unit. If the calculations made indicate a larger indicator of production capacity at the main leading link, then the problem of the so-called bottleneck arises. Then the manager must decide to expand the problematic unit. For this purpose, additional jobs can be introduced, the time of using the equipment can be increased, or one-time orders are transferred to the side.

Calculation sequence

Determining the volume of products produced using the equipment available at the enterprise goes through the following stages:

The indicator of production capacity is calculated for the leading group of machines and equipment operating in the leading section;
- the capacity of the enterprise determined by the calculation is analyzed to identify bottlenecks of the entire production complex;
certain management decisions are made to eliminate problem areas;

Newly appeared bottlenecks are installed;
- calculation of the value of production capacity;
- coefficients are established that characterize the use of the entire production capacity, both for individual units and for the enterprise as a whole.

Production capacity indicators

The maximum probable volume of finished products is calculated under the condition of the best organization of labor and under ideal conditions for the flow of the technological process. In reality, this is impossible to achieve. That is why the actual volume of output is always lower than that which corresponds to the calculated indicator. To adjust planning, it becomes necessary to determine the level of use of the enterprise's capacities. In quantitative terms, this value is equal to the ratio of the actual annual output to the indicator of output determined for the same period. The level obtained in the calculation, showing the percentage of use of the entire production capacity, directly depends on the internal and external factors that manifest themselves in relation to the technological process. The first of them include those that are directly related to the release of products (modernization of equipment, mode of operation, etc.). BUT external factors represent the state of the market, the competitiveness of goods, the demand for them, etc.

Conditions for increasing the volume of output

In market conditions, the most important factor in increasing the efficiency of an enterprise is an increase in the use of production capacities. However, this makes sense only when the entire volume of goods produced will be used consumer demand. Otherwise, there will be an overstocking of the enterprise with products.

If the market is well developed and the demand for products is high, then eighty to eighty-five percent of the production capacity can be used. If a the necessary conditions are not fulfilled, then the value of equipment involvement in the technological process can fall to a factor of 0.3.

A parameter indicating the possibility of growth

The production potential of an enterprise is an indicator that characterizes the ability of an enterprise to produce goods. Some economists consider this concept analogous to production capacity. However, there is no consensus on this issue. In separate works, the production potential is considered as a certain set of enterprise resources without taking into account technological processes. In another interpretation, this concept takes into account only those resources, the use of which contributes to the reproduction of material wealth.