Gaius Julius Caesar was one of the first to try to restore order in the cities. As an ancient Roman ruler, Caesar recent years During his reign, he issued a decree according to which one-way traffic was introduced on the streets of Rome. The passage of private chariots and carts was prohibited from sunrise until almost sunset. Guests of the city were forced to leave their vehicles outside Rome and travel on foot. Compliance with this regulation was monitored by a special service.

Representatives of the Roman “road inspection” had the right to regulate disputes and conflicts that often arose between cart owners.

During medieval times, traffic in cities became busier. Even simple horse-drawn carriages driving along the narrow streets of cities often collided with each other. Medieval rulers, by their decrees, introduced certain rules for mounted and pedestrian citizens. Restrictions on the speed of movement were introduced and the order of travel was determined. There were also penalties that were harshly applied to violators. However, these rules applied only to certain areas and were not universal.

New time - new solutions

Those rules traffic, as everyone is accustomed to presenting them today, originated in England only at the end of the 19th century. In 1868, a mechanical semaphore containing a colored disk was installed in one of the London squares. The semaphore could only be controlled manually. Its wings were designed so that they could take two positions. If the wing was horizontal, movement was prohibited. The lowered wing made it possible to move, but with extreme caution.

This prototype of a modern traffic light was very far from perfect. The design of the device was unsuccessful. Just the grinding of the chain that set the semaphore in motion was so terrible that people shied away from it in fear. On top of that, after some time the semaphore simply went off for an unknown reason, injuring a nearby peace officer.

The first road signs can be called special signs, which indicated the direction of movement and the distance to a certain point.

How modern traffic rules were created

In 1909, a conference was held in Paris at which it was decided to introduce uniform traffic rules for Europe. This event was facilitated by a sharp increase in the number of motor vehicles, an increase in traffic intensity and vehicle speed. The Convention on Road Traffic, adopted at an international forum, introduced some.

The first uniform signs indicated an uneven or winding road, as well as the presence of a railroad crossing and a pedestrian crossing.

In subsequent decades, traffic rules have been significantly enriched and supplemented with new provisions. The main goal The developers of the rules were to create uniformity and ensure safety for all road users. Gradually, those traffic rules appeared that every competent driver and pedestrian knows today.

Encyclopedic YouTube

• 1 / 5

  The first known attempts to streamline urban traffic were made back in Ancient Rome by Guy Julius Caesar. By his decree in the 50s BC. e. One-way traffic was introduced on some city streets. From sunrise until the end of the “working day” (about two hours before sunset), the passage of private carts, chariots and carriages was prohibited. Visitors were required to leave their transport outside the city and move around Rome on foot or by hiring a palanquin. On the roads of the empire, driving on the left was adopted, allowing one to leave the right (armed) hand free. It was then founded special service to oversee compliance with these rules, it recruited mainly former firefighters from among freedmen. The main responsibilities of such traffic controllers were to prevent conflicts and fights between vehicle owners. Many intersections remained unregulated. Noble nobles could ensure unhindered passage through the city - they sent walkers ahead of their carriages, who cleared the streets for the owner to pass.

  IN medieval Europe The right-hand route of knights was adopted, which remains in effect to this day in most countries, including Russia. Driving on the left, in force in the UK, India, Japan, Burma and Cyprus, originates from the rules governing the movement of ships.

  The modern history of traffic rules begins in London. On December 10, 1868, a mechanical railway signal with a colored disc was installed on the Square in front of Parliament. Its inventor is John P. Knight ( John Peake Knight) - was a specialist in railway semaphores. The device was manually controlled and had two semaphore wings. The wings could take different positions: horizontal - a “stop” signal; and lowered at an angle of 45 degrees - you can move with caution. With the onset of darkness, a rotating gas lamp was turned on, which gave signals in red and green light. A servant in livery was assigned to the semaphore, whose duties included raising and lowering the boom and turning the lantern. However, the technical implementation of the device was unsuccessful: the chain rattled lifting mechanism was so strong that passing horses shied away and reared up. Having not worked for even a month, on January 2, 1869, the semaphore exploded, and the policeman who was with it was injured.

  In 1865, the British Parliament passed a law according to which the speed of transport was limited to 6 km/h, and a person had to walk in front of the car waving a red flag. The last clause was abolished in 1878. According to other sources, the “red flag” rule was abolished only in 1896, along with an increase in the speed limit to 23 km/h and the abolition of the requirement to have a crew of three (driver, assistant and fireman) for light-engine vehicles (up to 3 tons of curb weight) horseless vehicles, that is, the difference between cars and locomotives was legally recognized, which gave impetus to the development of the British automobile industry. The speed limit was raised again in 1903, and the laws of 1896 and 1903 were finally repealed in the UK only in 1930.

  The prototypes of modern road signs can be considered signs that indicated the direction of movement to a populated area and the distance to it. The decision to create uniform European traffic rules was made in 1909 at a world conference in Paris, due to the increase in the number of cars, speeds and traffic intensity on city streets. It was determined road signs, close to modern ones - “Railway crossing with a barrier”, “Intersection of equivalent roads”, “Rough road” and “Dangerous turn”.

  Statistics

  The most common traffic violations It is generally accepted: exceeding the speed limit, disorderly parking and aggressive driving (sudden lane changes, cutting off), etc.

  see also

  	in Wikisource
  	Traffic regulations on Wikimedia Commons
  	Traffic regulations in Wikinews

  Ancient Rome

  The first known attempts to streamline urban traffic were made in ancient Rome by Gaius Julius Caesar. By his decree in the 50s BC. e. One-way traffic was introduced on some city streets. From sunrise until the end of the “working day” (about two hours before sunset), the passage of private carts, chariots and carriages was prohibited. Visitors were required to leave their transport outside the city and move around Rome on foot or by hiring a palanquin. At the same time, a special service for supervising compliance with these rules was established; it recruited mainly former firefighters from among freedmen. The main responsibilities of such traffic controllers were to prevent conflicts and fights between vehicle owners. Many intersections remained unregulated. Noble nobles could ensure unhindered passage through the city - they sent walkers ahead of their carriages, who cleared the streets for the owner to pass.

  Modernity

  Story modern rules traffic originates in London. On December 10, 1868, a mechanical railway signal with a colored disc was installed on the square in front of Parliament. Its inventor, J.P. Knight, was a specialist in railway semaphores. The device was manually controlled and had two semaphore wings. The wings could take different positions: horizontal - a “stop” signal and lowered at an angle of 45 degrees - you can move with caution. With the onset of darkness, a rotating gas lamp was turned on, which gave signals in red and green light. A servant in livery was assigned to the semaphore, whose duties included raising and lowering the boom and turning the lantern. However, the technical implementation of the device turned out to be unsuccessful: the grinding of the lifting mechanism chain was so strong that passing horses shied away and reared up. Having not worked for even a month, on January 2, 1869, the semaphore exploded, and the policeman who was with it was injured.

  The prototypes of modern road signs can be considered signs that indicated the direction of movement to a populated area and the distance to it. The decision to create uniform European traffic rules was made in 1909 at a world conference in Paris, due to the increase in the number of cars, speeds and traffic intensity on city streets. The next important step was the adoption of the “Convention for the Introduction of Uniformity in Road Signaling” in 1931 in Geneva, at the Road Traffic Conference, in which, among other countries, the Soviet Union took part.

  Contents of the traffic rules of the Russian Federation

  1. General provisions
  2. General responsibilities of drivers
  3. Application of special signals
  4. Responsibilities of pedestrians
  5. Passenger Responsibilities
  6. Traffic lights and traffic controller signals
  7. Use of hazard warning lights and warning triangles
  8. Start of movement, maneuvering
  9. Location of vehicles on the roadway
  10. Travel speed
  11. Overtaking, oncoming traffic
  12. Stopping and parking
  13. Driving through intersections
  14. Pedestrian crossings and stopping places for route vehicles
  15. Traffic over railway tracks
  16. Driving on motorways
  17. Traffic in residential areas
  18. Priority of route vehicles
  19. Use of external lighting devices and sound signals
  20. Towing of motor vehicles
  21. Training ride
  22. Transportation of people
  23. Cargo transportation
  24. Additional requirements for the movement of bicycles, mopeds, horse-drawn vehicles, as well as the passage of animals
  Appendix 1. Road signs (according to GOST R 52289-2004 and GOST R 52290-2004) Appendix 2. Road markings and their characteristics (according to GOST R 51256-99 and GOST R 52289-2004)

  Basic provisions for the approval of vehicles for operation and responsibilities officials on ensuring road safety

  Application. List of faults and conditions under which the operation of vehicles is prohibited

  see also

  Links

  • Resolution of the Council of Ministers - Government of the Russian Federation on traffic rules (including Traffic Rules Russian Federation and Basic provisions for the admission of vehicles to operation and the responsibilities of officials to ensure road safety) Official source.

  Notes

  Wikimedia Foundation.

  2010.

  See what “Road Rules” are in other dictionaries: - Traffic Laws, establishing a uniform traffic order throughout the Russian Federation. [GOST R 22.0.05 94] Technogenic topics emergencies Generalizing terms, terms and definitions of concepts necessary for... ... Technical Translator's Guide

  The "traffic rules" request is redirected here; see also other meanings. Traffic rules (abbreviated as traffic rules) is a set of rules governing the responsibilities of road users (vehicle drivers, passengers, pedestrians... ... Wikipedia

  In the USSR, a normative act establishing traffic regulations. P.D.D. are mandatory for all road users: drivers, pedestrians, and passengers. P.D.D. are valid not only in relation to the streets and... ...

  A unified traffic order throughout the Russian Federation, established by normative act. Source: Directory of road terms... Construction dictionary

  Basic requirements for traffic participants to ensure transport safety. facilities and pedestrians on city streets and roads. In the USSR, P.D.D. determine the order of movement and are obligatory for all persons and organizations. P. d. d. contain: General requirements By… …

  This article or section describes the situation in relation to only one region (Russia). You can help Wikipedia by adding information for other countries and regions. When driving on public roads... Wikipedia

  Road safety is a set of measures aimed at ensuring the safety of all road users. According to Russian legislation, road safety is this process, reflecting... ... Wikipedia

  A system of organizational and technical measures aimed at increasing traffic speed and safety. The essence of R.D.D. is to oblige, prohibit or recommend that drivers and pedestrians take actions in... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

  A set of measures to ensure rational use bandwidth streets and roads, convenience and safety of traffic on them. R.D.D. is carried out using technical equipment. activities (marking streets and roads, installing road signs and... ... Big Encyclopedic Polytechnic Dictionary

  Huge flow of cars on the streets Russian cities It has long become commonplace, not frightening or surprising to anyone. Today, the vast majority of the country's residents of any gender strive to obtain a driver's license and diligently study the rules of the road. At the same time, few people know that Tsar Ivan III was the first to try to regulate the behavior of cab drivers and riders on the roads of Russia back in the fifteenth century. He streamlined the movement of horse-drawn horses along postal routes for those who followed long distances. And at the end of the seventeenth century, Peter the Great contributed to its rules, forbidding fast driving around Moscow. He also introduced right-hand traffic and established a police department that monitored compliance with traffic rules in Russia.

  A little later, Tsarina Anna Ioanovna created a decree according to which cab drivers exceeding the prescribed speed were fined, flogged and even sent to hard labor as punishment for this. Then the rules were constantly changed, supplemented, acquiring more and more new details. The number of private cab drivers in the big cities of Russia was growing, they needed to be controlled, and therefore licenses for cabs were invented. Horse-drawn cars with numbers appeared on the streets, which were only allowed to be driven by sober and tidy people who had the appropriate permit. New rules for crossing intersections arose, accompanied by a ban on leaving carts anywhere.

  In the nineteenth century, the first cars, originally called “self-propelled carriages,” appeared on the roads. They were not able to develop a decent speed, moving no faster than three kilometers per hour, but after that road traffic began to require more careful organization. As a result, in 1900 in St. Petersburg, the authorities approved a new set of traffic rules, some of which still exist today. Their mandatory items became the registration of cars, provision of vehicles with state license plates and its annual inspection by a special commission. The numbers were only valid for a year at that time. Drivers constantly paid for them new registration, and the money went to the treasury and was considered a transport tax. It is interesting that in different cities the license plates on cars had different dimensions.

  Russian citizens who have reached the age of twenty-one and are well literate could obtain a driving license. They took the exam in educational institutions who trained drivers. Traffic rules in those days, they provided for sound signals when approaching railway crossings, reducing speed or stopping when passing intersections, which at the same time were crossed by horse-drawn carriages. When stopping, cars had to be parked near the sidewalks so that they were lined up in the direction of travel. We drove a car with right side, overtaking was allowed on the left side, but driving on it for a long time was prohibited.

  The maximum speed when driving cars in Moscow was limited to 25 kilometers per hour, in St. Petersburg - 20 kilometers per hour, trucks could drive in large cities of Russia at a speed of no more than 12 kilometers per hour. Moreover, on especially busy streets they moved only at a speed of 10 kilometers per hour. Violation of the rules was punishable by a fine of up to one hundred rubles or arrest for 14 days. Driving while intoxicated resulted in a driver's license being revoked. On roads with outposts, it was necessary to pay a fee for travel, that is, they were toll roads.

  The first “traffic cops” appeared in St. Petersburg at the beginning of the twentieth century. The police were given white canes, which they used to signal drivers. When the cane rose up, the carriage drivers, car owners, and cyclists stopped. Signs on Russian roads began to be installed around the same time in accordance with a convention adopted in France in 1909. It determined the appearance of the signs, the responsibilities and rights of pedestrians and drivers.

  Since then, the traffic rules have been amended several times. In 1940, unified regulations for the USSR on traffic rules were adopted, and in 1957 they changed, eliminating some restrictions and establishing driving rules for individual republics. Regulations have appeared on appearance cars and the procedure for conducting exams, which was last determined in March 2016. Now the set of tasks for these exams is determined by the state inspector for road safety of the Russian Federation. According to such regulations, anyone who has Russian citizenship and those who temporarily reside in Russia can apply to take the exams. They have the right to declare this through the federal state system www.gosuslugi.ru or www.gibdd.ru. An application at the regional level is also submitted through the website www.gibdd.ru, and our website allows you to test your knowledge and determine the degree of preparedness for the exams. We provide a range of services that give users the opportunity to replenish their knowledge and thoroughly study all the nuances of driving cars on the roads of Russia and abroad.

  NON-PROFIT EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION "RUSSIAN TECHNICAL SCHOOL"

  "TRAFFIC LAWS "

  
  

  “General provisions. Basic concepts and terms"

  Lesson #1

  In this lesson we will get acquainted with the basic concepts and terms that you will encounter when studying the Rules of the Road. In the text of the Rules, for ease of use of the Rules, terms are given in alphabetical order. We will generalize the terms according to their semantic affiliation and consider them in connection with each other or the object with which these terms are inextricably linked. We will study some of the terms in other lessons, in the context of these lessons.
  After studying this section of the Rules, we must interpret and understand all the terms found in the Rules uniformly, which will be the key to successfully mastering the material in subsequent lessons.

  Let's start with the term " ROAD» which should be understood “...a strip of land or the surface of an artificial structure adapted and used for the movement of vehicles...” .

  Vehicles traveling on roads are treated as " MOTOR VEHICLES", driven by a motor (cars, buses, motorcycles, mopeds, tractors), and not mechanical, VEHICLES, which can be any “devices designed for the transport by road of people, goods or equipment installed on it” (e.g. bicycles and horse-drawn carts). They move along the roads and pedestrians.
  Under the term " A PEDESTRIAN"The rules mean" ...a person who is outside a vehicle on a road, or on a pedestrian or bicycle path and is not working on it. Persons using wheelchairs are treated as pedestrians without engine driving a bicycle, moped, motorcycle, carrying a sled, cart, baby or wheelchair, as well as using roller skates, scooters and other similar means for transportation ».
  Pedestrians are "ROAD TRAFFIC USERS" on a par with vehicle drivers and their passengers. All “...road users are required to know and comply with the requirements of the Rules that apply to them...” , and “...act in such a way as not to create a danger to traffic and not cause harm...”, “... persons who violate the rules are liable in accordance with current legislation...” .
  « PASSENGER" - a person who is in a vehicle (other than the driver), enters or exits it.
  « DRIVER» - a person driving a vehicle, a driver leading pack animals, riding animals or a herd along the road. A driving instructor is treated as a driver ».

  To TRAFFIC, was orderly and safe - the roads are asphalted, on road surface apply road markings, install road signs, provide lighting, and otherwise equip them.
  The road includes:

  one or more roadways;

  dividing strips.

  • sidewalks;

    tram rails;

  Drawing "Road". A AndB– roadways;IN – dividing strip with axial fencing of roadways in the opposite direction (A and B);ABOUT -1 – 4 – traffic lanes; 1.2.1 – type of horizontal road marking (solid line – indicates the edge of the roadway).

  ROADWAY roads “...designed for the movement of trackless vehicles”.
  The roadway is divided into "TRAFFIC LANE". The number of lanes on the road is determined by the markings that are applied to the road surface and/or signs 5.15.1 - 5.15.2 “direction of traffic along lanes/strip”,
  and if there are no markings or signs, then by the drivers themselves, taking into account the width of the roadway and the dimensions of their vehicles. Because “Right-hand traffic for vehicles is established on the roads of the Russian Federation” - then the side intended for oncoming traffic on two-way roads is considered to be half the width of the carriageway located on the left.
  If the roadway is divided into lanes by marking lines, drivers must drive their vehicles strictly along the designated lanes in one row. It is prohibited to cross solid marking lines (except for the solid line separating the roadway from the side of the road). You can drive over broken marking lines, but this should only be done when changing lanes to perform a maneuver (for example, overtaking, passing, turning, turning, etc.).

  If the road has a median, the median will “split” the road into two carriageways. It turns out that a road without a dividing strip has one carriageway, with a dividing strip - two carriageways, with two dividing strips - three carriageways, etc.
  SEPARATION STRIPE – “a road element identified structurally or using markings 1.2.1...” (see picture “Road”).
  IN SETTLED AREAS, by which the Traffic Rules mean not just any built-up residential buildings territory, and - "built-up area, Entries to and exits from which are indicated by signs 5.23.1 - 5.26" ,

  some streets may have a boulevard layout - when there is a zone in the middle of the street green spaces, used for walking and relaxing by citizens - according to the traffic rules, called pedestrians. The boulevard, like the median strip, also divides the road into two carriageways. If a road has one or more “back-ups,” the sections between the carriageways of such roads will also have the “status” of a dividing strip. It should be understood that the dividing strip does not necessarily divide the road into carriageways in opposite directions of movement.

  Part of the roadway may be allocated for the movement of cyclists or route vehicles.

  CYCLING LANE, as a rule, is located on the right of the roadway, separated from the rest of the roadway by a solid marking line and indicated by signs 5.14.2 and 5.14.3.

  
  Cyclist lanes are permitted only for bicycles and mopeds. Other vehicles are prohibited from using this lane.

  The dedicated lane for route vehicles is separated from the rest of the roadway by a continuous or broken line marking. The marking 1.23.1 is applied to the road surface in the form of a capital letter “ A" The lane is indicated by signs 5.11 and 5.14. Before entering a road with a lane for route vehicles, signs 5.13.1 or 5.13.2 are installed.

  
  

  Driving in the lane is permitted only for route vehicles, passenger taxis, school buses and cyclists. If the lane for route vehicles is separated from the roadway by a broken marking line, then the lane can be entered to disembark and pick up a passenger, provided that no interference is created for route vehicles.

  « ROUTE VEHICLE – a public vehicle (bus, trolleybus, tram) intended for transporting people on roads and moving along a set route with designated stopping places.”
  Taxi, for example, although it carries passengers, it is not a route vehicle because it has neither an established route nor designated stops.
  Minibus taxi moves along a set route, but can stop not only at stops, but also outside them, and therefore, unlike a regular passenger taxi, it is “two-faced”.
  Let us clarify that stops for trackless vehicles are indicated by sign 5.16 and markings 1.17.

  Perhaps you have a question about the advisability of the need to understand the “dual status” of the minibus. But the fact is that public vehicles that have the status of a route vehicle have some “benefits” and advantages over others vehicles, for example, - the right to move in the lanes allocated for them. Also route vehicles are not covered by signs - 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.18.1, 3.18.2, 3.19, 3.27, 4.1.1 - 4.1.6.

  
  Also, in populated areas, the entrances to and exits from which are indicated by signs 5.23.1 and 5.23.2 The rules require giving way to route vehicles starting from the designated stop (clause 18.3 of the traffic rules). In the context of clause 18.3 of the Rules, the “changeable status” of a minibus taxi acquires a certain meaning. The minibus departs from the designated stop - we give way. If he doesn’t drive away from the stop, he must yield to us.

  The intersection (junction) of roads at the same level is called CROSSROADS. Intersections are not exits from SURROUNDING TERRITORIES such as residential areas marked with signs 5.21, 5.22, courtyards, parking lots, gas stations, enterprise areas, etc.

  You will be informed of your approach to the intersection by signs 1.6, 2.3.1 – 2.3.7, as well as “plate” 8.1.2 installed together with sign 2.4.

  
  
  
  There are intersections adjustable And unregulated.
  Traffic at signalized intersections is regulated by traffic lights or REGULATOR – a person vested with the appropriate powers in accordance with the established procedure.
  If there is no traffic light, does not work, or operates with a constant flashing yellow signal, as well as if there is no traffic controller at the intersection, the intersection is uncontrolled.
  Roads at an uncontrolled intersection may be main And secondary(in relation to the main one) or equivalent.

  THE MAIN ROAD - a road marked with signs 2.1, 2.3.1 – 2.3.7 or 5.1 in relation to the one being crossed (adjacent), or a hard surface road (asphalt and cement concrete, stone materials, etc.) in relation to a dirt road, or any road in relation to to exit from adjacent territories".

  
  On the main road, the right of way at unregulated intersections has been granted.
  Non-main roads (secondary to the main one) are indicated by signs 2.4 and 2.5. When entering an intersection from a secondary road, you must give way to vehicles entering the intersection from the main road.
  The signs above are called priority signs. « Priority signs establish the order of passage of intersections, intersections of roadways or narrow sections of the road" when traffic lights and traffic controllers are not working or are missing. When traffic lights are working or a traffic controller is present, priority signs do not work (that is, drivers, even with signs, must be guided by the signals of the traffic light or traffic controller). In the absence of priority signs and provided that the surface of the roads being crossed is “equal” (that is, when all roads are paved or all are unpaved), the intersection should be considered an intersection equivalent expensive Driving through such intersections is carried out according to the rule “ right hand “- the one who has interference on the right concedes. By “interference” in this context we mean any vehicle with which travel is carried out.
  Sign 1.6 warns you when approaching the intersection of equivalent roads.
  

  "ROADBACK - an element of the road adjacent directly to the carriageway at the same level with it, differing in the type of surface or highlighted using markings 1.2.1 or 1.2.2...”.

  
  

  In these pictures, the shoulder is the part of the road that lies to the right of the line markup 1.2.1 or 1.2.2. Marking 1.2.1 (solid line) indicates the edge of the carriageway of multi-lane roads (picture on the left), and marking 1.2.2 (broken line) indicates the edge of the carriageway of two-lane roads (picture on the right).

  Driving of motor vehicles on the roadside is prohibited, but there are some exceptions. For example, when turning outside the intersection, if the width of the roadway and the dimensions of the vehicle do not allow for a U-turn “...from the extreme left position, it is allowed to be made from the right edge of the roadway ( or from the right side)..." (clause 8.8 of the traffic rules).
  The shoulder is used for stopping and parking vehicles.

  In more or less large populated areas, roads have sidewalks.
  « SIDEWALK – element of the road intended for pedestrian traffic and adjacent to the roadway or bicycle path or separated from them by a lawn ».
  You can use the sidewalk to stop and park a vehicle only if there are appropriate signs permitting such an action. For example, sign 6.4 (Parking) with the simultaneous use of one of the signs 8.6.2, 8.6.3, 8.6.6, 8.6.7, 8.6.8, 8.6.9 (Method of parking a vehicle).

  
  The most interesting thing is that if there is a combination of these signs, vehicle drivers are required to park only in the manner shown on the plate and nothing else. In this case, the specified methods of parking are permitted only passenger cars and motorcycles (i.e., trucks any size and any load capacity, buses and other motor vehicles are prohibited from parking on the sidewalk Always). In the absence of permitting signs, it is prohibited to park any vehicles on the sidewalk.

  Part of the sidewalk, if it is wide enough, can be given over to a bicycle path. From the roadway BIKE LANE(as opposed to a bicycle lane) is separated structurally (i.e., by a curb, guardrail, or otherwise). The bicycle path is marked with sign 4.4.1. The movement of any other vehicles and pedestrians on the bicycle path is prohibited. A bicycle path can also be laid outside the sidewalk.

  
  A pedestrian path may be installed instead of a sidewalk.
  « FOOTPATH – a strip of land equipped or adapted for pedestrian traffic or the surface of an artificial structure, marked with sign 4.5.1 ».

  Bicycle and pedestrian paths can be combined into a bicycle and pedestrian path.
  BICYCLE PEDESTRIAN PATH shared by cyclists and pedestrians. A bicycle and pedestrian path can be divided into two parts by a continuous marking line. In this case, one part of the track is used for movement only cyclists, and the other for traffic only pedestrians. The bicycle and pedestrian path is indicated by signs 4.5.2 – 4.5.7.

  
  For the movement of pedestrians through the roadway, they are equipped with pedestrian crossings.
  « CROSSWALK» - a section of the roadway, tram tracks, marked with signs 5.19.1, 5.19.2 and (or) markings 1.14.1 and 1.14.2 and allocated for the movement of pedestrians across the road. In the absence of markings, the width of the pedestrian crossing is determined by the distance between signs 5.19.1 and 5.19.2 ».

  
  A pedestrian crossing is a section of the road when driving along which both pedestrians and drivers should be especially careful. A pedestrian entering an unregulated pedestrian crossing has priority (advantage) over vehicles. The driver will be warned about approaching a pedestrian crossing by sign 1.22.
  To better mark a pedestrian crossing, signs 5.19.1 and 5.19.2 can be framed with reflective edging yellow color, and a single-section traffic light with a yellow signal, operating in a constant flashing mode, is installed above the pedestrian crossing.
  There are rules to remember at a pedestrian crossing:
  - at a pedestrian crossing and 5 meters away before him - stopping is prohibited;
  - Reversing is prohibited at a pedestrian crossing;
  - U-turns are prohibited at a pedestrian crossing;
  - it is prohibited to drive onto a pedestrian crossing if there is a traffic jam behind it that will force the driver to stop at the pedestrian crossing;
  - if a vehicle stops or slows down in front of an unregulated pedestrian crossing, then drivers of other vehicles moving in the same direction are also required to stop or slow down. It is allowed to continue driving only if there are no pedestrians at the pedestrian crossing or giving way to them.

  « GIVE WAY (do not interfere)» - requirement meaning that a road user must not start, resume or continue moving, or carry out any maneuver if this may force other road users who have obligations in relation to him advantage, change direction or speed."

  The mentioned term “Advantage” is the opposite in meaning and application to the term “Give way”. " ADVANTAGE (Priority)» - the right to priority movement in the intended direction in relation to other road users ».
  A clear understanding of your “rights and responsibilities” when performing maneuvers and driving around other road users is the key to the safety of all participants. Whoever must give way is obliged to do so. Whoever has an advantage must (but is not obligated) to take advantage of it. Let's explain the latter. Knowing your advantage, drivers expect clear, fast and competent actions from you. Your delay, uncertainty or inaction leads to increased tension and misunderstanding between road users, which can lead to an accident. Having a priority - you must implement it. But there are situations when it makes sense to give up priority in favor of another road user. For example, release a truck that does not fit into a turn and is blocking traffic, allow a passenger car to turn left or turn around, waiting for this opportunity on a narrow road and having gathered behind it a string of cars waiting for this vehicle to be able to perform its maneuver or, being a pedestrian at a pedestrian crossing, to allow at least one car to pass through the many that pass through this endless line of people during rush hour. When giving up your priority to someone else, you must be sure that other road users understand your intentions and actions and that these actions will not lead to trouble. The rules require “...act in such a way as not to create a danger to traffic or cause harm...” .

  And finally, the last element of the road, mentioned in the definition of the term “Road”, but not yet considered by us - tram rails.
  The term “tram tracks” is not included in the Traffic Rules. But on the roads of populated areas, and sometimes on country roads, tram tracks take their place as an integral part of the road, along with its previously discussed elements - roadways, roadsides, sidewalks and medians. According to the established tradition, dating back to the late 20s of the 19th century, tram tracks are most often laid in the middle of the roadway. It is more comfortable.
  If there are tram tracks to your left, located on the same level with roadway, The rules allow the use of paths for movement in the same direction subject to the unconditional and simultaneous fulfillment of two conditions: 1) driving onto the tram tracks is permitted only if all other lanes are occupied and 2) the movement of the tram must not be interfered with. Driving into oncoming traffic is prohibited.

  The tram has an advantage over trackless vehicles with equal rights to movement. That is, when traveling with a tram, the “right hand” rule we previously formulated does not apply. It may be easier for you to remember in which cases the tram gives way. Let's list these cases:
  - when the tram leaves the depot;
  - when the tram moves “under the arrow” (an additional section of the traffic light) with a red signal in the main section, and you are driving on a green signal in the main section;
  - when the tram is on a secondary road and you are on the main road;
  - when the tram is stopped at a red traffic light, and you are driving at a green signal. And these are all cases. The advantage of trams over trackless vehicles is due to O the tram's longer braking distance.

  As it turned out, roads are different - wide and narrow, single or multi-lane, urban (laid in populated areas) and suburban, hard-surfaced or unpaved, with one-way or two-way traffic, etc. The rules in force on these different roads are also may vary. The most advanced roads are given the status of a motorway.

  "Highway" - road marked 5.1 and having for each direction of movement roadways separated from each other by a dividing strip (and in its absence, by a road fence), without intersections at the same level with other roads, railway or tram tracks, pedestrian or bicycle paths.”
  Highways that fall just a little short of perfection are given the consoling status of “Road for Cars” and a 5.3 sign. The same rules apply on motorways and roads for cars, except for the speed limit. On highways the speed limit is up to 110 km. at one o'clock. On roads marked with 5.3 – up to 90 km. per hour - that is, the same as on all other country roads.
  There are some restrictions on these roads. Here are some of them. Prohibited:
  - turning around and entering gaps in the dividing strip;
  - reversing;
  - stopping outside special parking areas marked with signs 6.4 and 7.11.

  In our lesson we have already heard the terms STOP And PARKING. Let's look at these terms in more detail.
  Under STOP is understood “intentionally stopping the movement of a vehicle for up to 5 minutes, as well as for longer if this is necessary for boarding or disembarking passengers, or loading or unloading a vehicle” .

  "PARKING" – intentional stopping of the movement of a vehicle for a period of more than 5 minutes for reasons not related to the embarkation or disembarkation of passengers, or the loading or unloading of the vehicle.”

  “By default” - that is, in the absence of any restrictions in the form of prohibitory signs, markings or places where stopping and parking is prohibited by the Rules, stopping and parking are permitted on the right side of the road on the side of the road, and in its absence - near the edge of the roadway, or near the sidewalk - which is the same thing.
  On the left side of the road you can stop or park your car only in locality, the entrances and exits from which are indicated by signs 5.23.1 – 5.23.2 and 5.24.1 – 5.24.2, provided that the road has one lane in each direction and does not have tram tracks in the middle (that is, on a narrow road ), as well as on a one-way road marked with signs 5.5 and 5.6. Vehicles are allowed to be parked in one row, parallel to the edge of the roadway (sidewalk). Motorcycles without sidecars, mopeds and bicycles can be parked in two rows.
  It is allowed to park vehicles at an angle to the roadway if there are so-called “pockets” (widenings of the roadway) And corresponding markings in this “pocket”.

  In places where stopping and parking are not prohibited and are not limited in any way, you can stand indefinitely and, from a layman’s point of view, it doesn’t matter to both the driver and other road users and non-road users what is happening in this moment- stopping or parking.
  A slightly different situation arises when stop carried out where prohibited parking. For example, in the coverage area of ​​sign 3.28 or in the coverage area of ​​marking 1.10.
  This sign and markings prohibit parking, but do not prohibit stopping. By stopping we mean “intentionally stopping the movement of a vehicle for up to 5 minutes, as well as for longer if this is necessary for boarding or disembarking passengers, or loading or unloading a vehicle.” To many this wording seems non-specific and vague – like this - “... for up to 5 minutes, and also for longer if necessary ..." Let's try to decide. If you stopped within the coverage area of ​​the specified sign or marking for the purpose of disembarking - boarding a passenger or loading - unloading a vehicle and carry out these actions - the stop can last exactly as long as you need. If the stop was made for the sake of the stop itself, that is, you do not plan to pick up or drop off a passenger, but stopped to talk on the phone, buy flowers at a roadside kiosk, etc. – your stop time is limited to five minutes. Excuses like: “I’m waiting for a passenger, he (or she) is about to come” are unlikely to serve as an excuse for a traffic police officer.

  There is another term associated with the terms “stop” and “parking”.

  « FORCED STOP» – stopping the movement of a vehicle due to its technical malfunction or danger created by the cargo being transported, the condition of the driver (passenger) or the appearance of an obstacle on the road ».

  And immediately about the obstacle, since this term has already been uttered.
  « LET» - a stationary object in a traffic lane (faulty or damaged vehicle, defect in the roadway, foreign objects, etc.) that does not allow further movement along this lane.
  A traffic jam or a vehicle stopped in this lane in accordance with the requirements of the Rules is not an obstacle ».
  So there you go! A forced stop is possible in the place where it occurred, even if stopping is not permitted at that place. It's nothing you can do. Circumstances may exceed any rules, so the Rules do not in any way regulate the choice of a place for a forced stop.
  But, if it so happens that a forced stop occurs where stopping is prohibited, the driver is obliged to: 1) immediately turn on the hazard warning lights,
  2) put up a warning triangle
  and 3) take all possible measures to remove the vehicle from the roadway to a safe place on the side of the road or to the edge of the roadway.

  By participating in totality public relations, arising in the process of moving people and goods with the help of vehicles and without them within the boundaries of roads , which are referred to in the Rules TRAFFIC, it is impossible to do without changing lanes, advancing, overtaking, detours and other maneuvers. Let's define these terms.

  "REBUILDING" - leaving an occupied lane or occupied row while maintaining the original direction of movement» .

  "ADVANCE" - movement of a vehicle at a speed greater than the speed of a passing vehicle» .

  

  The figure shows a passenger car ahead of two trucks with his change of lane to the adjacent lane and subsequent return to the previously occupied lane.

  "OVERTAKE" - advance of one or more vehicles associated with entering a lane (side of the roadway) intended for oncoming traffic and subsequent return to the previously occupied lane (side of the roadway)» .

  
  Before performing any maneuver, the Rules oblige you to give signals with turn signals in the appropriate direction. Signals must be given well in advance of the maneuver and cease immediately after its completion. Exact time“advance” giving of a light signal is not regulated by the Rules. Optimal time- from three to seven seconds before the start of the maneuver, but more is possible. Much depends on the traffic situation. It is important to warn other road users in a timely manner about your intentions and actions and not mislead them with a signal that is too early or late, or a signal given “in the wrong place,” or a signal that is not turned off in time.
  In case of malfunction of light indicators or their absence, signals are given by hand.

  You have to drive a car at all times of the year, time of day, as well as in various weather and visibility conditions.
  The rules require a distinction between terms such as, Night time And.

  « LACK OF VISIBILITY» - road visibility is less than 300 m in conditions of fog, rain, snowfall, etc., as well as at dusk ».

  

  Poor visibility in foggy conditions Limited visibility of the road around a sharp bend

  « NIGHT TIME» - the period of time from the end of evening twilight to the beginning of morning twilight ».

  « LIMITED VISIBILITY» - driver visibility of the road in the direction of travel, limited by the terrain, geometric parameters of the road, vegetation, buildings, structures and other objects, including vehicles ».

  Understanding the terms is necessary to understand the Rules. For example, overtaking is prohibited in conditions limited visibility. Precisely limited, not insufficient. And the rules oblige the headlights to be turned on in the dark and in conditions insufficient visibility. Precisely insufficient, but not limited. The rear fog lamp is allowed to be turned on only in conditions of insufficient visibility, and in other visibility conditions (darkness and limited visibility) - it is absolutely prohibited. That is, the difference in terms should be clear to us.
  In order not to get confused and remember better, let’s try to understand that the term “” is associated with bad weather conditions - rain, snow, etc. And the term “” is associated with the surrounding natural and man-made landscape, as well as buildings, vehicles, etc., which in themselves can be clearly visible, but the visibility of the road in the direction of travel is limited (obstructed).

  There are sections of roads when driving through which you need to concentrate your attention as much as possible. Such areas include intersections, pedestrian crossings and railway crossings. They are united by the commonality of rules that apply in their “territory”. It is prohibited at intersections, pedestrian crossings and railway crossings. , stop, reversing And reversal, and entry on any of these sections of the road, if a traffic jam has formed behind it, which will force you to stop there. The same restrictions apply to bridges, overpasses, overpasses and under them, and in the tunnels. And these same restrictions, minus the prohibition of overtaking and the prohibition of entry in the presence of congestion, apply to bus stops.
  At road intersections, pedestrian crossings, railway crossings, bridges, overpasses, overpasses and under them, as well as in tunnels and at bus stops, other restrictions apply. We have listed the rules - common to “these places”. It's easier to remember that way.

  Let's say a few words about the railway crossing.

  « RAILROAD CROSSING» - crossing the road with by rail on the same level " Railway crossings can be regulated or unregulated, with or without a barrier, with a single-track or a multi-track railway. About approaching railway crossing warning signs 1.1 and 1.2, as well as signs 1.4.1 – 1.4.6. The width of the crossing corresponds to the distance between signs 1.3.1 or 1.3.2 installed before the crossing on its opposite sides. Traffic through controlled crossings is regulated by traffic lights.

  
  

  And a few more terms and explanations for them.

  « BIKE" - a vehicle that is propelled, usually by the muscular energy of the cyclist, using pedals and handles, and may also have an electric motor with a rated maximum power not exceeding 0.25 kW, which is automatically switched off at speeds exceeding 25 km/h.

  « MOPED» - a two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, the maximum design speed of which does not exceed 50 km/h, having an engine internal combustion with a working volume not exceeding 50 cubic meters. cm, or an electric motor with a power of 0.25 - 4 kW. Quadricycles with similar technical characteristics are considered equal to mopeds.

  « MOTORBIKE» - a two-wheeled mechanical vehicle with or without a side trailer (cradle), the engine displacement of which exceeds 50 cubic meters. see or the maximum speed of which, with any engine, exceeds 50 km/h. Tricycles and quadricycles with a motorcycle-type seat and a motorcycle-type steering wheel and having a mass not exceeding 400 kg are considered motorcycles.

  Bicycles can move:
  - along the bike lane and bike path;
  - in one row – in the absence of a lane for cyclists and a bicycle path;
  - on the side of the road– in the absence of a lane for cyclists, a bicycle path or the impossibility of moving along the right edge of the roadway;
  - on the sidewalk or pedestrian path– in the absence of a lane for cyclists, a bicycle path, or the inability to move along the right edge of the roadway or along the side of the road.

  Mopeds can move:
  - in the bike lane;
  - along the right edge of the roadway in one row – in the absence of a lane for cyclists;
  - on the side of the road– provided that the movement of pedestrians is not interfered with.

  Bicycles and moped drivers " ...it is prohibited to turn left and turn around on roads with tram traffic and on roads with more than one lane for traffic in a given direction ».

  Motorcycles, unlike mopeds, are full-fledged mechanical vehicles, but due to their small dimensions, the concept of a traffic lane does not exist for them. That is, unlike cars, as many motorcycles as can fit can move parallel to one lane in the same direction.