Metallurgical complex of Russia - the main centers of metallurgy and problems. Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy of the Urals, message, briefly

Russia is one of the world's largest producers of iron ore. More than 70% of explored reserves and about 80% of predicted iron ore resources are concentrated in the European part of the country. Metallurgical enterprises of the Urals, Siberia and the Far East, accounting for more than 65% of all production capacity, are experiencing an acute shortage of local commercial iron ores. The quality of mineral raw materials in the Urals and in the regions of Siberia is inferior to world standards. More than 50% of ore production in Russia is provided by enterprises in the Belgorod and Kursk regions (region of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly - KMA), and iron ore deposits of the European North (Murmansk region and Karelia) - up to 25%. The iron ore base of the Russian ferrous metallurgy is represented by the following deposits. In the Northern region there are the Olenegorskoye, Kovdorskoye and Kostomuksha deposits. These deposits supply the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant's need for iron ore raw materials.

Ferrous metallurgy is one of the most energy-intensive industries. In terms of fuel consumption, it is second only to the energy industry (thermal power plants and thermal power plants of energy systems) and is the main consumer of coking coal mined in the country.

Many metallurgical processes are carried out using high temperatures oh and
associated with thermal energy costs. The required temperatures are reached
by burning fuel or using electricity.

Based on their state of aggregation, they distinguish between solid, liquid and gaseous fuels, and according to the method of production – natural and artificial. Artificial fuel is obtained as a result of targeted processing of natural fuel.

Metallurgy strives to use only high-quality fuel with
high calorific value and low ash content. These requirements are best met natural gas. Fuel oil, coke and high-calorie coal.

Natural gas is the most convenient type of fuel. It is easy to transport and supply to places of consumption using pipelines. Gas does not require any preparation before combustion.

Coke refers to artificial species fuel. It is obtained by dry distillation of special types of coal in hermetically sealed chambers - coke oven batteries. Coke is the most expensive and scarce type of fuel. It is used only in cases where lumpy and durable materials are processed (for example, in shaft furnaces).

Coal- is classified as a mineral. Its reserves are scattered all over the world. Coal is formed from plants that died many years ago, or rather millions of years ago. As soon as the air stops flowing to these plants, their decay is interrupted, and under the influence of temperatures and soil pressure, coal is gradually formed. Coals have a high calorific value, contain up to 32% volatile substances, and therefore ignite well. When coal is heated to high temperatures, it produces coke, which is used to produce cast iron.

The largest coal basins in Russia in terms of the volume of coal deposits produced are the Tunguska, Kuznetsk, and Pechora basins.

2. Metallurgical bases of Russia.

There are three metallurgical bases on the territory of Russia - Central, Ural and Siberian. These metallurgical bases have significant differences in raw materials and fuel resources, the structure and specialization of production, its capacity and organization, the nature of intra- and inter-industry as well as territorial connections, the level of formation and development, their role in the all-Russian territorial division of labor, in economic relations with near and far abroad. These bases differ in the scale of production, technical and economic indicators of metal production and a number of other characteristics.

2.1 Ural metallurgical base

The oldest and largest center of ferrous metallurgy in the country. In 2001, Ural metallurgists celebrated their 300th anniversary. And the very first metallurgical plant in the Urals began operating in 1631. Charcoal metallurgy prevailed until 1932, then they switched to Kemerovo coke. In 1930 the second main coal and metallurgical base (after the South) was created - the Ural-Kuznetsk Combine. Now the Ural metallurgical base uses coal from Kuzbass, mainly imported ore from the KMA and the Kola Peninsula. Strengthening our own raw material base is associated with the development of the Kachkanar and Bakal fields. Many iron ores of the Urals are complex and contain valuable alloying components. There are reserves of manganese ores - the Polunochnoe deposit. Over 15 million tons of iron ore are imported annually.

The quality profile of Ural metallurgy is very high, which largely depends on the specifics of raw materials. 9

The Urals is one of the main production regions steel pipes for oil and gas pipelines. The pipe rolling complex is strategically important for Russia. It is represented by four large plants: Sinarsky (production volume - over 500 thousand tons), which produces all oil pipes, Seversky, Pervouralsky (production volume - over 600 thousand tons), in addition to steel pipes, also producing aluminum pipes for the automotive industry and refrigerators, and Chelyabinsk (over 600 thousand tons). The Vyksa Metallurgical Plant also produces more than 600 thousand tons. pipes The pipe market is complex, saturated, and extremely fiercely competitive. The plants' products are exported to Hungary, Israel, Iran, and Turkey.

The Urals are the only region in the country where natural alloy metals are smelted (Novotroitsk).

Currently, a powerful oxygen converter shop, a 2000 broadband mill, is being built at Magnitka. The Nizhny Tagil plant created a large-scale production of transport metal (rails, wheels, profiles for car building). This is the only enterprise in the country for the production of broadband beams. In the Urals Lately The production of pipes for the oil and gas industry has increased manifold gas industry(Pervoiralsk, Chelyabinsk)

The Urals are better provided with technological fuel than other regions due to the coking coals of Kuzbass and Karaganda, and in the future Pechora, natural gas of Western Siberia, local ore deposits and ore of the Kustanai region.

The largest centers of ferrous metallurgy have formed in the Urals: Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novotroitsk, Yekaterinburg, Serov, Zlatoust, etc. Currently, 2/3 of iron and steel smelting occurs in the Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions. With significant development of pigment metallurgy (steel smelting exceeds pig iron production), the main role is played by enterprises with full cycle. They are located along Eastern slopes Ural mountains. The Western slopes are largely home to pigment metallurgy. Metallurgy of the Urals is characterized high level concentration of production. The Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works occupies a special place. It is the largest producer of iron and steel not only in Russia, but also in Europe.

2.2 Central metallurgical base

The Central Metallurgical Base is an area of ​​early development of ferrous metallurgy, where the largest reserves of iron ore are concentrated. The development of ferrous metallurgy in this area is based on the use of the largest iron ore deposits of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA), as well as metallurgical scrap and imported coking coal = Donetsk, Pechora and Kuznetsk.

The intensive development of metallurgy in the center is associated with the extraction of iron ore. Almost all ore is mined open method. The main iron ore reserves of KMA in category A+B+C are about 32 billion tons. General geological reserves of ores, mainly ferruginous quartzites with an iron content of 32-37%, reach a million tons. Large explored and exploited KMA deposits are located in the Kursk and Belgorod regions (Mikhailovskoye, Lebedinskoye, Stoilenskoye, Yakovlevskoye, etc.). The ores lie at a depth of 50 to 700 m. The cost of 1 ton of iron in commercial ore is half lower than in Krivoy Rog ore and lower than in Karelian and Kazakh ores. KMA is the largest area for open-pit iron ore mining. In general, crude ore production accounts for about 39% of Russian production.

The central metallurgical base includes large enterprises of the full metallurgical cycle: Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works (Lipetsk), and Novotula Plant (Tula), Svobodny Sokol metallurgical plant (Lipetsk), Elektrostal near Moscow (high-quality metallurgy) . Small metallurgy has been developed at large machine-building enterprises. The Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant for the direct reduction of iron was put into operation (Belgorod region). The construction of this plant is the world's largest experience in introducing a blast-free metallurgical process. The advantages of this process: high concentration of interconnected production - from pelletizing raw materials to releasing the final product; high quality metal products; continuity technological process, which facilitates the connection of all technological sections of metallurgical production into one highly mechanized line; much high power enterprise that does not require coke for steel smelting.

The zone of influence and territorial connections of the Center also includes the metallurgy of the North of the European part of Russia, which accounts for more than 5% of the balance reserves of iron ore Russian Federation and over 21% of crude ore production. Quite large enterprises operate here - the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant, the Olenegorsk and Kostomuksha Mining and Processing Plants (Karelia). The ores of the North, with a low iron content (28-32%), are well enriched and have almost no harmful impurities, which makes it possible to obtain high-quality metal.

2.3 Siberian metallurgical base

The metallurgical base of Siberia 1 is in the process of formation. Siberia and the Far East account for approximately one-fifth of the cast iron and finished rolled products produced in Russia and 15% of the steel. This metallurgical base is characterized by relatively large balance reserves (category A+B+C) of iron ores.

The basis for the formation of the Siberian metallurgical base is the iron ores of Gornaya Shoria, Khakassia and the Angara-Ilim iron ore basin, and the fuel base is the Kuznetsk coal basin. Modern production here is represented by two large enterprises: the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant (with full cycle production) and the West Siberian Plant, as well as a ferroalloy plant (Novokuznetsk). Pipe metallurgy, represented by several conversion plants (Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Guryevsk, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, Komsomolsk-on-Amur), also developed. The mining industry is carried out by several mining and processing enterprises located in the Kuzbass, Mountain Shoria and Khakassia (Western Siberia) and the Korshunovsky Mining and Processing Plant in Eastern Siberia.

The ferrous metallurgy of Siberia has not yet completed its formation. Therefore, based on efficient raw material and fuel resources, it is possible in the future to create new centers.

2.4 Main trends and forecast parameters for the development of the metallurgical complex.

The main trends in the development of the Russian metallurgical complex in last years correspond to a certain extent to the global ones. The most important of them:

• constant growth in production and consumption of metal products;
• increase in the volume of export-import transactions in value terms;
• resource saving and reduction environmental impact against the backdrop of a global increase in the cost of energy resources and environmental protection requirements;
• entry of industry enterprises to IPO 2;
• acquisition by companies of assets of related metal-consuming industries and infrastructure facilities (energy facilities, ports, etc.);
• increasing the quality characteristics of products and improving their range;
• consolidation of manufacturing companies and their expansion beyond the borders of their countries in line with the globalization of the world economy.

In addition, in the Russian metallurgical industry there continues to be a trend towards business diversification with the creation of large vertically and horizontally integrated structures with suppliers of raw materials and consumers of products. However, at the same time, the opposite direction is also developing - even large structures “get rid” in some cases of insufficiently efficient production units, the modernization of which requires significant funds. In addition, due to the high energy intensity of metal production, a trend is emerging and strengthening for metallurgical companies to acquire energy assets.

It is the largest producer of iron and steel not only in Russia, but also in Europe.

Ural metallurgical base

The metallurgy of the Urals is characterized by a high level of concentration of production, with the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works occupying a special place. The Ural metallurgical base is the oldest and largest center of ferrous metallurgy in the country. The metallurgical base of Siberia is in the process of formation. The share of Ural metallurgy accounts for 52% of cast iron, 56% of steel and more than 52% of rolled ferrous metals from the volumes produced on a large scale former USSR. It is the oldest in Russia.

One of the features of the location of metallurgical enterprises is its unevenness, as a result of which metallurgical complexes are located in “clumps”. Modern production is represented by two large ferrous metallurgy enterprises: Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant (KM K OJSC) and West Siberian Metallurgical Plant (ZSMK).

The ferrous metallurgy of Siberia and the Far East has not yet completed its formation. It is most profitable to create metallurgical enterprises near raw materials (Ural, Norilsk) or energy bases (Kuzbass, Eastern Siberia), and sometimes - between them (Cherepovets). When locating a metallurgical enterprise, the availability of water, transport routes, and the need for environmental protection are also taken into account.

Therefore, processing enterprises must be created in areas where such ores are mined. The production of heavy metals, due to the low metal content in ores, is confined to the areas where they are mined. The Ural metallurgical base is a leader in the production of ferrous metals. The Ural base is different great variety non-ferrous metallurgy industries. But more than 1/3 of non-ferrous metal ores are imported to the Urals.

The Central Metallurgical Base contains the bulk of the country's iron ore reserves. Almost all ore is concentrated within one of the world's largest deposits - KMA. Iron ore is also mined on the Kola Peninsula and in Karelia (Kostomuksha). Aluminum metal is smelted in Volkhov and Kandalaksha. It is developing on Kuznetsk coal and iron ore deposits of the Angara region and Gornaya Shoria. They are used by two metallurgical enterprises in Novokuznetsk.

Currently, the metallurgy of the Urals is being reconstructed. The intensive development of metallurgy in the Center is associated with the relatively cheap extraction of iron ore. Almost all ore is mined by open pit mining. The Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant for direct reduction of iron was put into operation (Belgorod Region). The ores of the North, with a low iron content (28-32%), are well enriched and have almost no harmful impurities, which makes it possible to obtain high-quality metal.

The basis for the formation of the Siberian metallurgical base is the iron ores of Gornaya Shoria, Khakassia and the Angara-Ilim iron ore basin, and the fuel base is the Kuznetsk coal basin. Pipe metallurgy, represented by several conversion plants (Novosibirsk, Guryevsk, Krasnoyarsk, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, Komsomolsk-on-Amur), also developed.

Small metallurgy has been developed at large machine-building enterprises. The construction of this plant is the world's largest experience in introducing a blast-free metallurgical process. In general, crude ore production is about 80 million tons, i.e. about 39% of Russian production. Metallurgical enterprises are not evenly distributed throughout the country. These bases differ in the scale of production, technical and economic indicators of metal production and a number of other characteristics.

The overwhelming majority of the metal is produced by Magnitogorsk, Novo-Tagil, and other giant plants built during the first five-year plans (Ural-Kuznetsk complex). The scale of development of metallurgical processing in the Central region is much more modest than in the Urals (22% of cast iron, 16% of steel, 17% of finished rolled products and 15% of all-Russian pipes). With the significant development of pigment metallurgy (steel smelting exceeds pig iron production), the main role is played by enterprises with a full cycle.

Its largest enterprises are located in Chelyabinsk, Pervouralsk and Kamensk-Uralsk. Ferrous metallurgy- one of the most important industries National economy Russia. The central metallurgical base covers almost the entire European part of the country. The center has sharply increased its importance in recent years, has overtaken the Urals in the production of rolled metal, and in the near future may even overtake the Urals in the production of ferrous metals.

Ferrous metallurgy

The largest metallurgical centers The Urals are Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk and Novotroitsk. Important centers of metallurgy in the Urals are Yekaterinburg, Perm, Izhevsk and Zlatoust. The Siberian base occupies the southern part of Western and Eastern Siberia and is of great future importance, based on its own resources.

The largest center of the Siberian metallurgical base is Novokuznetsk

The emerging Far Eastern metallurgical base, which has significant resources for the development of the industry, is represented by one pig metallurgy center in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. During the lesson, users will be able to get an idea of ​​the topic “Geography of the metallurgical complex.” Iron ore and coal are sent to a metallurgical plant, where they are smelted into metal. The oldest and most important ferrous metal production region is the Urals. 40% of steel and rolled products produced in our country are produced here.

The largest metal production center here is the city of Cherepovets. Based on Kuzbass coal and its own iron ore, a large metallurgical plant was formed here in Novokuznetsk. The second branch of the metallurgical complex is non-ferrous metallurgy. Non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia is developing using its own raw materials, because Russia is one of largest countries on reserves of non-ferrous metal ores.

The largest mining enterprises are the Kachkanarsky Mining and Processing Plant (GOK) and the Baikal Mining Administration. The Urals is one of the main regions for the production of steel pipes for oil and gas pipelines; the largest enterprises are located in Chelyabinsk, Pervouralsk, Kamensk-Uralsk.

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Overview of the Russian metallurgical industry

Ferrous metallurgy

Ferrous metallurgy includes sub-sectors:

1. Extraction of non-metallic raw materials for ferrous metallurgy: refractory clays, flux raw materials, etc.
2. Production of ferrous metals, including steel, cast iron, rolled metal, ferrous metal powders, blast furnace ferroalloys.
3. Pipe production: production of steel and cast iron pipes.
4. Coke and chemical production: production of coke, coke oven gas, etc.
5. Secondary processing of ferrous metals: cutting of scrap and waste of ferrous metals.

Ferrous metallurgy enterprises can have a full cycle (production of cast iron, steel and rolled products), belong to pigment metallurgy (only steel and rolled products, without the production of cast iron) or small metallurgy (machine-building plants producing steel and rolled products).

Ferrous metallurgy enterprises are located close to sources of raw materials. Metallurgical plants producing iron and steel are located near iron ore deposits and forests (since iron recovery requires charcoal). When constructing metallurgical enterprises, the availability of electricity is also taken into account, natural gas and water.

Ural metallurgical base

Sources of ore: Kachkanar deposits, Kursk magnetic anomaly, Kustanai deposits (Kazakhstan).

The largest full-cycle enterprises: Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (the largest in Russia), Chelyabinsk Iron and Steel Works (Mechel OJSC), Nizhny Tagil Iron and Steel Works (EVRAZ), Ural Steel Works (Novotroitsk, Metalloinvest holding), Beloretsky metallurgical plant (Mechel OJSC), Ashinsky metallurgical plant, A.K. Serov metallurgical plant (Serov; UMMC holding), Chusovsky metallurgical plant (United Metallurgical Company holding).

The largest processing metallurgy enterprises: Viz-Stal LLC (Ekaterinburg, former Verkh-Isetsky Metallurgical Plant), IzhStal (Izhevsk, Mechel OJSC), Chelyabinsk Pipe Rolling Plant (ChTPZ holding), Chelyabinsk Ferroalloy Plant plant (the largest in Russia for the production of ferroalloys), Serov Ferroalloy Plant, Pervouralsk New Pipe Plant (ChTPZ holding), Ural Pipe Plant (Pervouralsk), Zlatoust Metallurgical Plant, Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant.

Central metallurgical base

Ore sources: Kursk magnetic anomaly, deposits of the Kola Peninsula.

The largest full-cycle enterprises: Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant (JSC Severstal), Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant, Kosogorsk Metallurgical Plant (Kosogorsky Metallurgical Plant).

Metallurgical bases of Russia

Tula), Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant (Stary Oskol).

The largest processing metallurgy enterprises: Cherepovets Steel-Rolling Plant (JSC Severstal), Oryol Steel-Rolling Plant, Electrostal Metallurgical Plant (Elektrostal), Hammer and Sickle Metallurgical Plant (Moscow), Izhora Pipe Plant (St. -Petersburg, OJSC "Severstal"), Vyksa Metallurgical Plant (Vyksa, Nizhny Novgorod Region, JSC "OMK").

Siberian metallurgical base

Sources of ore: deposits of Gornaya Shoria, Abakan deposits, Angaro-Ilim deposits.

The largest full-cycle enterprises: Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Plant (EVRAZ), West Siberian Metallurgical Plant (Novokuznetsk, EVRAZ), Novokuznetsk Ferroalloy Plant.

The largest metallurgical enterprises: Novosibirsk Metallurgical Plant named after Kuzmin, Sibelektrostal Metallurgical Plant (Krasnoyarsk), Guryevsky Metallurgical Plant (ITF Group holding), Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky Metallurgical Plant.

Non-ferrous metallurgy

Non-ferrous metallurgy includes the following processes:

• Extraction and enrichment of non-ferrous metal ores.
• Smelting of non-ferrous metals and their alloys: heavy (copper, zinc, lead, nickel, tin) and light (aluminum, magnesium, titanium).

Enterprises for the production of heavy non-ferrous metals are located near sources of ore, since they do not require a large amount of energy. Enterprises producing light non-ferrous metals are located near sources of cheap energy.

Copper

The largest enterprises: Buribaevsky GOK, Gaisky GOK (UMMC holding), Karabashmed, Krasnouralsk copper smelting plant, Kirovgrad copper smelting plant, Mednogorsk copper and sulfur plant (UMMC holding), Ormet (Gazprom), Polymetal production (UMMC holding "), Safyanovskaya copper (UMMC holding), Svyatogor (UMMC holding), Sredneuralsky copper smelter (UMMC holding), Uralelectromed (UMMC holding).

Lead and zinc

The largest enterprises: Bashkir copper-sulfur plant, Belovsky zinc plant, Gorevsky GOK, Dalpolimetal, Ryaztsvetmet, Sadonsky lead-zinc plant, Uchalinsky GOK, Chelyabinsk electrolyte-zinc plant, Electrozinc.

Nickel and cobalt

The largest enterprises: MMC Norilsk Nickel (owned by the Interros company), Rezhnikel Production Association (Gazprom), Ufaleynickel, Yuzhuralnickel.

Tin

The largest enterprises: Far Eastern Mining Company, Dalolovo (NOK company), Deputatskolovo, Novosibirsk Tin Plant, Khingan Olovo (NOK company).

Aluminum

Largest enterprises: Achinsk Alumina Refinery (RusAL Holding), Boguslav Aluminum Smelter (SUAL Holding), Belokalitvinsk Metallurgical Production Association (RusAL Holding), Boksitogorsk Alumina Refinery, Bratsk Aluminum Smelter (RusAL Holding), Volgograd Aluminum Smelter , Volkhov aluminum smelter, Irkutsk aluminum smelter (SUAL holding), Kamensk-Ural metallurgical plant (SUAL holding), Kandalaksha aluminum smelter (SUAL holding), Krasnoyarsk aluminum smelter (RusAL holding), Mikhalyum (holding "SUAL"), Nadvoitsky Aluminum Plant (SUAL Holding), Novokuznetsk Aluminum Plant (RusAL Holding), Samara Metallurgical Plant (RusAL Holding), Sayan Aluminum Plant (RusAL Holding), Stupino Metallurgical Company (" Gazprom"), Ural Aluminum Plant (SUAL holding), Foil Rolling Plant.

Tungsten and molybdenum

The largest enterprises: Hydrometallurg, Zhirekensky GOK, Kirovgrad Hard Alloy Plant, Lermontov Mining Company, Primorsky GOK, Sorsk GOK.

Titanium and magnesium

The largest enterprises: AVISMA, VSMPO, Solikamsk magnesium plant.

Rare earth metals

The largest enterprises: Zabaikalsky GOK, Orlovsky GOK, Sevredmet (ZAO FTK).

Source: Industrial portal Metaprom.ru.

Main metallurgical base is a group of metallurgical enterprises that use common ore or fuel resources to meet the metal needs of the country's economy.

There are three metallurgical bases on the territory of Russia: Ural, Central and Siberian. Each of them has its own characteristics regarding the provision of raw materials, fuel, electricity, set and capacity of production.

Several main bases of non-ferrous metallurgy have been formed on the territory of Russia. Their differences in specialization are explained by the dissimilarity of the geography of light metals (aluminum, titanium-magnesium industries) and heavy metals(copper, lead-zinc, tin, nickel-cobalt industries). Plants for processing non-ferrous metals: Kirovsky, Kolchuginsky, Kamensk-Uralsky, Krasny Vyborgets produce 73% of rolled heavy non-ferrous metals and their alloys. OJSC MMC Norilsk Nickel and Uralelectromed concentrate 79% of copper output, OJSC MMC, Norilsk Nickel and Kola MMC – 91% of nickel. OJSC AVISMA is practically the only enterprise producing titanium sponge, OJSC VSMPO - producing rolled titanium, OJSC Novosibirsk Tin Plant - producing tin. The location of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises depends on many economic and natural conditions, especially from the raw material factor. In addition to raw materials, the fuel and energy factor plays a significant role. Due to the low energy demand, the production of heavy non-ferrous metals is confined to the areas where raw materials are extracted.

In terms of reserves, mining and enrichment of copper ores, as well as copper smelting, the leading place in Russia is occupied by the Ural region. economic region, on the territory of which the Krasnouralsk, Kirovograd, Sredneuralsk, and Mednogorsk plants are distinguished.

The lead-zinc industry as a whole gravitates towards areas where polymetallic ores are distributed. Such deposits include Sadonskoye (North Caucasus), Salairskoye (Western Siberia), Nerchenskoye (Eastern Siberia) and Dalnegorskoye (Far East).

The centers of the nickel-cobalt industry are the cities of Norilsk (Eastern Siberia), Nickel and Monchegorsk (Northern economic region).

Ferrous Metallurgy of Russia

To obtain light metals it is required a large number of energy, therefore the concentration of enterprises smelting light metals near sources of cheap energy is the most important principle their placement.

The raw materials for aluminum production are bauxites from the North-Western region (the city of Boksitogorsk), the Urals (the city of Severouralsk), nephelines from the Kola Peninsula (the city of Kirovsk) and the south of Siberia (the city of Goryachegorsk). From this aluminum raw material, aluminum oxide - alumina - is isolated in mining areas. Smelting aluminum metal from it requires a lot of electricity, so aluminum smelters are built near large power plants, mainly hydroelectric power stations (Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, etc.).

The titanium-magnesium industry is located primarily in the Urals, both in areas of raw material extraction (Bereznikovsky magnesium plant) and in areas of cheap energy (Ust-Kamenogorsk titanium-magnesium plant). The final stage of titanium-magnesium metallurgy - processing of metals and their alloys - is most often located in areas where finished products are consumed. OJSC Sevuralboxitrude, OJSC Severonezhsky Bauxite Mine, OJSC Timan Bauxites concentrate 91% of the raw materials for aluminum production. The Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayan and Novokuznetsk aluminum smelters produce 74% of primary aluminum, the Samara and Kamensk-Ural metallurgical plants, the Stupinsky Metallurgical Plant, and the Belokalitvinsk Metallurgical Association produce 83% of rolled aluminum.

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Introduction

Ferrous metallurgy covers the entire process from the extraction and preparation of raw materials, fuel, and auxiliary materials to the production of rolled products with products for further processing.

The actual metallurgical cycle is the production of cast iron, steel and rolled products. Enterprises producing cast iron, steel and rolled products are classified as full-cycle metallurgical enterprises.

Enterprises without iron smelting are classified as so-called pigment metallurgy. “Small metallurgy” is the production of steel and rolled products at machine-building plants. The main type of ferrous metallurgy enterprises are combines. Raw materials and fuel play an important role in the deployment of full-cycle ferrous metallurgy, and the role of combinations of iron ores and coking coals is especially important. A peculiarity of the location of industries is their territorial discrepancy, since iron ore reserves are concentrated mainly in the European part, and fuel reserves - mainly in eastern regions Russia. Combines are created near raw materials (Ural) or fuel bases (Kuzbass), and sometimes between them (Cherepovets). When placing, the provision of water, electricity, and natural gas is also taken into account. Three metallurgical bases have been created in Russia: Ural, Central and Siberian.

The Ural metallurgical base uses its own iron ore (mainly from the Kachkanar deposits), as well as imported ore from the Kursk magnetic anomaly and partly from the ore from the Kustanai deposits in Kazakhstan. Coal is imported from the Kuznetsk and Karaganda basins (Kazakhstan). The largest full-cycle plants are located in the cities of Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, etc.

The Central Metallurgical Base uses iron ores from the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, the Kola Peninsula and scrap metal Central Russia, as well as imported coking coal from the Pechora and Kuznetsk basins, and partly from Donbass (Ukraine). Large full-cycle plants are represented in the cities of Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Tula, Stary Oskol, etc.

The Siberian metallurgical base uses iron ores from Gornaya Shoria, Abakan, Angaro-Ilim deposits and coking coal from Kuzbass. Full-cycle plants are represented by the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant and the West Siberian Metallurgical Plant, located in the city of Novokuznetsk.

The purpose of this work is to consider the issue of economic and geographical characteristics of the Siberian metallurgical base

1. The importance of ferrous metallurgy in the economic complex of Russia

The ferrous metallurgy of Russia includes enterprises and organizations for the extraction and processing of ore and non-metallic materials; production of cast iron, steel, rolled products, pipes, hardware, ferroalloys, refractories, coke, and a number of types of chemical products; procurement and processing of scrap and ferrous metal waste; repair of mechanical and power equipment; transportation of in-plant cargo, as well as scientific and design organizations.

A peculiarity of the industry is the relatively strict connection of enterprises with a full metallurgical cycle to sources of raw materials or metal consumption centers. Enterprises in the industry are located in twenty regions of the Russian Federation. The top ten leading metallurgical regions include Vologda, Chelyabinsk, Lipetsk, Sverdlovsk, Belgorod and Kemerovo regions. More than 70% of industry enterprises are city-forming and significantly influence the economy and social stability of the regions.

Ferrous metallurgy occupies a leading position in the country's economy. The industry's enterprises account for more than 8% of the all-Russian foreign exchange earnings. In the industrial structure, the share of ferrous metallurgy in terms of production volume is 7%, number of personnel - 5.3%, fixed assets - 6.2 percent. The production of ferrous metallurgy products consumes 7% of fuel, 17% of electricity, 20% of raw materials, 23% of railway transportation. Industry enterprises provide up to 6% of tax revenues in budget system Russia, 12.0 billion rubles - into extra-budgetary funds and are second only to the fuel and energy complex of Russia. In terms of the volume of exports of ferrous metals (about 10% - 28.0 million tons), Russia ranks first in the world. There are three metallurgical bases on the territory of Russia - Central, Ural and Siberian. These metallurgical bases have significant differences in raw materials and fuel resources, the structure and specialization of production, its capacity and organization, the nature of intra- and inter-industry, as well as territorial connections, the level of formation and development, the role in the all-Russian territorial division of labor, in economic relations with near and far abroad. These bases differ in the scale of production, technical and economic indicators of metal production and a number of other characteristics.

The Ural metallurgical base is the largest in Russia and is second only to the Southern metallurgical base of Ukraine within the CIS in terms of ferrous metal production volumes. On the scale of Russia, it also ranks first in the production of non-ferrous metals. The share of Ural metallurgy accounts for 52% of cast iron, 56% of steel and more than 52% of rolled ferrous metals of the volumes produced on the scale of the former USSR. It is the oldest in Russia. The Urals use imported Kuznetsk coal. Its own iron ore base is depleted; a significant part of the raw materials is imported from Kazakhstan (Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskoye deposit), from the Kursk magnetic anomaly and Karelia. The development of our own iron ore base was associated with the development of the Kachkanar titanomagnetite deposit ( Sverdlovsk region) and the Bakal siderite deposit, which account for more than half of the region’s iron ore reserves. The largest mining enterprises are the Kachkanar Mining and Processing Plant (GOK) and the Bakal Mining Administration.

– The Central Metallurgical Base is an area of ​​early development of ferrous metallurgy, where large reserves of iron ore are concentrated. The development of ferrous metallurgy in this area is based on the use of the largest iron ore deposits of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, as well as metallurgical scrap and imported coking coals - Donetsk, Pechora and Kuznetsk.

The intensive development of metallurgy in the center is associated with the extraction of iron ore. Almost all ore is mined by open pit mining. The main reserves of iron ore of the Kursk magnetic anomaly are about 32 billion tons. General geological reserves of ores, mainly ferruginous quartzites with an iron content of 32–37%, reach a million tons. Large explored and exploited deposits are located in the Kursk and Belgorod regions (Mikhailovskoye, Lebedinskoye, Stoilenskoye, Yakovlevskoye, etc.). The ores lie at a depth of 50 to 700 m. The cost of 1 ton of iron in commercial ore is half lower than in Krivoy Rog ore and lower than in Karelian and Kazakh ores. The Kursk magnetic anomaly is the largest area for open-pit iron ore mining. In general, crude ore production accounts for about 39% of Russian production (as of 1992).

The zone of influence and territorial connections of the Center also includes the metallurgy of the North of the European part of Russia, which accounts for more than 5% of the balance reserves of iron ore of the Russian Federation and over 21% of raw ore production. Quite large enterprises operate here - the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant, the Olenegorsk and Kostomuksha Mining and Processing Plants (Karelia). The ores of the North, with a low iron content (28–32%), are well enriched and have almost no harmful impurities, which makes it possible to obtain high-quality metal.

– The metallurgical base of Siberia is in the process of formation.

2. Siberian metallurgical base

The Siberian base of ferrous metallurgy is the youngest base, formed on the territory of the West Siberian and East Siberian economic regions already in Soviet period. Its basis is the Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Plant and the West Siberian Plant - both full cycle, located in Kuzbass.

Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Plant (JSC NKMK) is an enterprise of the vertically integrated mining and metallurgical company Evraz Group S.A. (Evraz Group S. A), one of the fifteen leaders in the global steel industry. The plant was founded on May 5, 2003 on the basis of the production facilities of the legendary KMK, which has been supplying its products to different parts of Russia and abroad for more than seventy years.

NKMK is the city-forming enterprise of Novokuznetsk, located in the Kemerovo region, in the central part of the Kuznetsk coal basin on the left bank of the Tom River. Novokuznetsk is a large industrial and cultural center of Western Siberia with a population of 560 thousand people, 11.5 thousand of whom work at the plant. Novokuznetsk Iron and Steel Works is the leading manufacturer of rail products in Russia and the only enterprise producing tram rails.

One of the main competitive advantages NKMK – the ability to produce more than 150 types of steel for rail and structural grades.

NKMK's main products are railway rails, including those with low-temperature reliability, for high-speed lines, increased wear resistance and contact endurance, as well as other elements of the superstructure of the railway track.

NKMK's share in domestic rail production is about 70%, and in the world - about 9%. According to research by the All-Russian Research Market Research Institute (Moscow), OJSC NKMK is among the top five largest manufacturers in terms of rail product output, along with enterprises in China (in the cities of Anshan, Dalian, Baotou) and Russia (Nizhny Tagil). Being the only manufacturer in the country of the entire range of rail assortments and a monopolist in the market of tram rails, NKMK acts as the general supplier of rail products for OJSC Russian Railways. railways", the volumes of railway transportation are impressive: 20% of world freight turnover and 15% of world passenger traffic. In general, the product range of NKMK products includes more than 100 units. These are long products (circles, plowshare billets), billets for rolling, channels, angles, steel grinding balls, hot-rolled sheets, pig iron and foundry, coke products, pipe billets, as well as ship steel for the needs of river shipbuilding.

The ferrous metallurgy of the Ural economic region is represented by all stages of production, from the extraction and enrichment of iron ore to the smelting of cast iron, steel and rolled products. This is one of the most important sectors of market specialization in the Ural region. In the structure of fixed assets of the Urals, the share of ferrous metallurgy accounts for approximately 1/3.

As already noted, the Urals does not cover its needs for iron ore with its own production; ores are additionally imported from the Kursk magnetic anomaly, from the Kola Peninsula (at a distance of 3000-3500 km), as well as from Kazakhstan (Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskie), which is much closer. However, the problem of supplying the metallurgy of the Urals with iron ore raw materials is complicated by the transition of the Karaganda Metallurgical Plant (Kazakhstan) to supply from the Sokolovsko-Sarbaisky Mining and Processing Plant. Therefore, the task is to more fully develop our own iron ore resources. On the basis of the Kachkanar group of deposits, one Kachkanar mining and processing plant operates, and a second one is being built. The production of the Bakal and Orsko-Khalilovsky ores is increasing, and in the future the mining of ores located at significant depths (Serovskoye, Glubocheskoye and other deposits) will be carried out. Great importance is also attached to the intensification of geological prospecting work in the north of the Ural Mountains.

Manganese ores have not yet been mined in the Urals, although their reserves are quite significant - 41.3 million tons (North Ural manganese basin in the Sverdlovsk region). Until recently, ferromanganese and silicomanganese were supplied from Ukraine, and commercial ore from Kazakhstan.

The Urals also have reserves of chromite ores (Saranovsk group of deposits), but they are used for the production of refractories due to the low content of chromium oxide and high silicon content. Chromites from Kazakhstan are used to smelt ferrochrome.

There are no coking coals in the region, so the technological fuel is imported and comes from the Kuznetsk coal basin. In order to reduce the needs of the Urals for coking coal, it is planned to use new technologies more widely: use natural and associated gas, non-coking coal, etc.

The Urals are distinguished by a high level of concentration and combination of ferrous metal production. The main type of enterprises is full cycle, producing cast iron, steel and rolled products. The largest of them - Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Orsko-Khalilovsky (Novotroitsk) plants and the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant - produce almost 80% of the pig iron and 70% of the steel smelted in the region. Other full-cycle enterprises are located in Chusovoy, Serov, Alapaevsk, Beloretsk and other centers.

Pipe metallurgy is also significantly developed in the Urals, mainly at old factories, which dominate in number in the region. Ferroalloys are also produced, both blast furnace (Chusovoy) and electrothermal smelted (Chelyabinsk); pipe rolling (Pervouralsk, Chelyabinsk). Only in the Urals there is smelting of naturally alloyed metals (Novotroitsk). The metal produced by Ural enterprises is of high quality and relatively low cost.

However, there are serious problems in the industry. The structure of rolled products produced in the region needs to be improved. The mechanical engineering industry of the Urals is a large consumer of rolled products, but over 1/3 of rolled products have to be imported from other regions. There is a shortage of rolled sheets, alloyed rolled products, etc.

A high concentration of metallurgical production has, in addition to positive aspects (reducing production costs, etc.), also extremely negative consequences: a sharp deterioration ecological situation, problems of water supply, population settlement, transport, etc. Therefore, further increasing the capacity of metallurgical enterprises is inappropriate, especially in the Southern Urals, where the main production is currently concentrated and there is a lack of water resources.

An important direction for the further development of ferrous metallurgy in the Urals is the technical re-equipment of existing enterprises and the accelerated implementation of scientific and technical progress achievements. The construction of oxygen-converter shops is underway at the Magnitogorsk and Nizhny Tagil plants, electric steelmaking plants with continuous casting machines at the Orsko-Khalilovsky plant, the Chelyabinsk, Serov, and Alapaevsk plants. All pipe factories are being reconstructed.

Ural.
Ferrous metallurgy. It is based on its iron ore resources; there is not enough coal - it is brought from the Kuznetsk basin. The metal is used at the largest enterprises in the Urals (they produce tanks, tractors, agricultural machinery, equipment for resource extraction) and is supplied to central areas countries (European part). centers: Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk, Asha, Chusovoy, Serov, Nizhny Tagil, Kyshtym.
Non-ferrous metallurgy.
Copper ore smelting (Karabash, Kamensk-Uralsk, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Kirovograd, Revda, Krasnouralsk), aluminum smelting (Krasnoturinsk, Yekaterinburg), nickel - Orsk, lead, zinc - Chelyabinsk. Color metallurgy is based on its resources. The smelted metals are used at local machine-building enterprises.
European Center. Ferrous metallurgy is mainly of the conversion type (scrap metal is smelted in Elektrostal, Vyksa, Moscow, Orel), full-cycle, the largest plants in Tula, Stary Oskol, Lipetsk work on imported raw materials - coal from Siberia, Donbass, the Komi Republic; iron ores are brought from the Kursk magnetic anomaly (our own).
Non-ferrous metallurgy - copper ores are smelted in Moscow.
All products of metallurgical enterprises are used in the central regions for the manufacture of products machine-building complex(combines, cars, buses, wagons, railway electric locomotives, diesel locomotives, trolleybuses, river and sea vessels, etc.)
European North. Ferrous metallurgy in Cherepovets is one of the largest Russian iron smelting enterprises, working on imported raw materials.
The metal is sent to the central regions, to the European North and to St. Petersburg for mechanical engineering and marine shipbuilding. Particle metallurgy in St. Petersburg.
Non-ferrous metallurgy operates on its own raw materials. Aluminum is smelted in Nadvoitsy, Kandalaksha, Volkhov, Boksitogorsk; copper - Velikiy Novgorod, Monchegorsk, nickel - Mochegorsk. Melted ores are sent to machine-building plants in the central and southern regions of Russia.
Siberia.
Ferrous metallurgy - Belovo. Non-ferrous metallurgy. Specializing in the smelting of aluminum ores - Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk, Achinsk, Belovo, Shelekhov - use their own resources and cheap energy from hydroelectric power stations. Lead and zinc are smelted in Novokuznetsk, copper and nickel in Norilsk. All enterprises use local raw materials; smelted metals are exported to enterprises in the Urals and central regions.
Far East - a metallurgical base is being formed. This area mainly contains mining and processing plants. Mined: tin, lead, zinc, gold. Lead and zinc are smelted in Dalnegorsk, and iron ore is smelted in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Products are exported to China, Japan, South Korea and to the European part of Russia.

It is the largest in Russia and is second only to the southern metallurgical base of Ukraine within the CIS in terms of ferrous metal production volumes. On a Russian scale, it also ranks first in the production of non-ferrous metals. The share of Ural metallurgy accounts for 52% of cast iron, 56% of steel and more than 52% of rolled ferrous metals of the volumes produced on the scale of the former USSR. It is the oldest in Russia. The Urals use imported Kuznetsk coal. Our own iron ore base is depleted, so a significant part of the raw materials is imported from Kazakhstan (Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskoye deposit), from the Kursk magnetic anomaly and Karelia. The development of our own iron ore base was associated with the development of the Kachkanar titanomagnetite deposit (Sverdlovsk region) and the Bakal siderite deposit ( Chelyabinsk region), which account for more than half of the region's iron ore reserves. The largest mining enterprises are the Kachkanar Mining and Processing Plant (GOK) and the Bakal Mining Administration. The largest centers of ferrous metallurgy have formed in the Urals: Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Yekaterinburg, Serov, Zlatoust, etc. Currently, 2/3 of iron and steel smelting occurs in the Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions. The metallurgy of the Urals is characterized by a high level of concentration of production, with the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works occupying a special place. It is the largest producer of iron and steel not only in Russia, but also in Europe.

The Urals is one of the main regions for the production of steel pipes for oil and gas pipelines; the largest enterprises are located in Chelyabinsk, Pervouralsk, Kamensk-Uralsk.

The main enterprises of the Ural metallurgical base are the following: OJSC Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (MMK), Chelyabinsk Iron and Steel Works (Mechel Steel Group company), Chusovsky Metallurgical Plant (ChMZ), Gubakhinsky Coke Plant (Gubakhinsky Coke).

The largest metallurgical base country is the Urals. Almost 1/2 of Russia's cast iron, steel and rolled products are produced here. Imported coal (from Kuzbass and Karaganda) and ore from Kazakhstan, KMA and Magnitogorsk are used as raw materials. Most of The metal is smelted at giant enterprises in Magnitogorsk. Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk, Novotroitsk.

The Ural metallurgical base uses its own iron ore (mainly from the Kachkanar deposits), as well as imported ore from the Kursk magnetic anomaly and partly from the ore from the Kustanai deposits in Kazakhstan. Coal is imported from the Kuznetsk and Karaganda basins (Kazakhstan). The largest full-cycle plants are located in the cities of Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, etc.

Ural metallurgical base ranks first in Russia in terms of production volumes black And non-ferrous metals. Enterprises Ural metallurgy About 52% of iron and 56% of steel are produced. Ural metallurgical base It is also the oldest in Russia. Industrial plants and factories are forced to use imported ore because the local iron ore base is depleted. Own iron ore from Kachkanar deposits does not cover the needs of the metallurgical industry located in the Urals. Ore is brought from Kazakhstan, the Kursk magnetic anomaly and Karelia.

In the Urals, large centers of ferrous metallurgy were formed near cities such as Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novotroitsk and Yekaterinburg. About two-thirds of all steel and cast iron production in Ural metallurgical base falls on the Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions. Full-cycle enterprises are located along the Eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains. Particle metallurgy is located on the western slopes. I would like to note located here Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, which ranks first in Russia in iron smelting. In general, if we look at the enterprises located in the Urals, we will see that most of them produce pipes for oil and gas pipelines.

The Ural metallurgical base includes only one economic region - the Ural region. It is the largest in Russia and is second only to the southern metallurgical base of Ukraine within the CIS in terms of ferrous metal production volumes. On the scale of Russia, it also ranks first in the production of non-ferrous metals. The share of Ural metallurgy accounts for 52% of cast iron, 56% of steel and more than 52% of rolled ferrous metals of the volumes produced on the scale of the former USSR. It is the oldest in Russia. The Urals use imported Kuznetsk coal. Its own iron ore base is depleted; a significant part of the raw materials is imported from Kazakhstan (Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskoye deposit), from the Kursk magnetic anomaly and Karelia. The development of its own iron ore base was associated with the development of the Kachkanar titanomagnetite deposit (Sverdlovsk region) and the Bakal siderite deposit, which account for more than half of the region’s iron ore reserves. The largest mining enterprises are the Kachkanar Mining and Processing Plant (GOK) and the Bakal Mining Administration.

The largest centers of ferrous metallurgy have formed in the Urals: Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novotroitsk, Yekaterinburg, Serov, Zlatoust, etc. Currently, 2/3 of iron and steel smelting occurs in the Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions. With the significant development of pigment metallurgy (steel smelting exceeds pig iron production), the main role is played by enterprises with a full cycle. They are located along the Eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains. The Western slopes are largely home to pigment metallurgy. The metallurgy of the Urals is characterized by a high level of concentration of production. The Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works occupies a special place. It is the largest producer of iron and steel not only in Russia, but also in Europe.

The Urals is one of the main regions for the production of steel pipes for oil and gas pipelines. Its largest enterprises are located in Chelyabinsk, Pervouralsk and Kamensk-Uralsk. Currently, the metallurgy of the Urals is being reconstructed.