What does kilowatts in the column affect? How to choose the right gas water heater, taking into account all the parameters
Greetings to all readers! Anyone who has ever chosen a speaker system has thought about the power of the speakers in watts - what this parameter is and how it affects the volume of the equipment.
Today I will tell you how sound in speakers is measured, what volume depends on, and how to find out sufficient parameters for a room of a certain size.
Effect of total output power on volume
Oddly enough, the high power of the equipment does not always mean that it will play loudly and “meaty”. When choosing speakers for your computer, you should remember that watts, roughly speaking, is the amount of energy consumed by the equipment.
Depending on the efficiency of the system (and it can sometimes be extremely low), the final volume can be significantly adjusted.
Sound volume is a subjective characteristic. It is measured by intensity, which is proportional to the square of the sound pressure amplitude. It is affected by the sensitivity of the human ear.
Different people may perceive the same frequency ranges differently. In addition, sensitivity decreases with age.
General output power is not the only parameter that affects sound pressure. The volume of the system as a whole also depends on the sensitivity of the speakers and the power of the amplifier.
The lower the sensitivity of the speaker, the more powerful the amplifier will be required to activate it.
Measuring systems
Despite the above, the most effective tool for marketers when selling PC speakers remains power, expressed in watts.
Until recently, about 20 years ago, only old acoustics produced by Soviet industry and Chinese equipment, which was beginning to capture world markets, were available on the market.
High-quality European and American electronics were simply not supplied to us due to the sky-high cost, inaccessible to the vast majority of customers.
The passport of Soviet, and subsequently Russian electronics, indicated the rated power, which continues to be considered one of the most objective parameters. This characteristic is determined at the middle position of the volume control.
The Chinese have traditionally indicated PMPO - the maximum power that a speaker can theoretically withstand without mechanical damage, and the amplifier can “pass” through itself without burning out or melting the filling.
It was not uncommon to see a proud 500 Watt sticker on a miniature speaker. Naturally, not a single such system was equipped with a power supply capable of accumulating such an amount of energy.
This calculation system was called “Chinese watts”. According to the results of numerous tests, this figure was 20–30 times higher than the rated power. On this moment, fortunately, PMPO is almost never used, and the characteristics of Chinese electronics indicate the rated power.
This is understandable: apart from China and some other Asian countries, almost no one produces equipment today. It no longer makes sense to fight for the market with the help of such cunning manipulations - it has long been captured and monopolized.
Other standards
In this topic it is impossible not to mention the DIN 45500 standard, which first classified the concept of Hi-Fi equipment.
According to accepted standards, DIN Power is measured here by applying a signal with a frequency of 1 kHz to the linear input for 10 minutes.
When 1% THD is reached, power is measured. This system is completely identical to the Japanese EIAJ. DIN Music Power is another parameter, the maximum signal that the equipment will withstand without damage for a long time.
This indicator meets IEC Power, according to the International Electrotechnical Committee standard IEC 268–5. The duration of the load is 100 hours.
RMS is the maximum sinusoidal power, that is, the one with which the device can operate for an hour without damage. Typically this value is 150–200% more than the Soviet rated power and 20–25% more than DIN Music Power. AES2-1984 is close to this standard, according to which measurements are taken over a two-hour period.
How to determine the appropriate power
So, we come to the main question: the total power of the speakers - what is it and how does it affect the sound quality. Total power – the sum of the powers of the subwoofer and satellites in the speaker system. For what area of the room which acoustics are best suited can be determined according to the following principle:
- For an office and other workplace - no more than 20 Watts, so as not to disturb colleagues;
- For the room standard size– from 20 to 50 Watt;
- For a living room, home theater or game room - from 50 to 150 watts.
It makes no sense to take more powerful speakers - anyway, you won’t be able to use them “to their fullest” without disturbing your neighbors in the house. If you live in the private sector and prefer very loud music, you can take at least 300 Watt speakers, put them outside and delight the residents of the neighborhood with your musical preferences.
And this is a purely subjective characteristic, therefore, even when buying sophisticated speakers from a world-famous brand, do not be lazy to conduct a test listening - in case you don’t like the frequency range.
About the main parameters and technical characteristics of speakers for PC. Also on this topic, I advise you to read about audio speakers for PCs and about the development of acoustic speakers. I would be grateful if you share this post on in social networks. Till tomorrow!
In a high-quality audio system, the main role is played by stereo or multi-channel speaker systems.
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Thanks to them, electrical impulses are converted into sounds in the acoustic range different frequencies. For some, the pure sound of musical instruments that is as close as possible to the original is important, but for others, the voice of the vocalist, film actors, or teacher from educational video courses comes first.
How important is the sound system?
It is the basis for the entire audio system.
It is preferable to start selecting a suitable audio system with acoustics.
Moreover, for everyone they will be a priority different variants equipment. The choice is influenced by such factors as the “tailoredness” of such a system to those genres that the future owner likes and the price category.
For lovers of the most accurate sound, hi-fi speaker systems are suitable.
Despite the myths, not every expensive audio equipment offers the mentioned capabilities.
When exclusivity comes first, the audio market provides fans of high-quality sound with Hi-End audio equipment.
Reference! High End is a marketing term that refers to the elite quality of software and hardware that enhances sound. Accordingly, the price of such audio systems does not scare only ardent music fans or lovers of non-serial audio equipment who have a good financial condition.
Types acoustic systems
There are several categories of speaker systems, each of which is capable of satisfying specific customer needs. Based on basic differences, there are 5 basic classification groups.
- The principle of equipment installation. Acoustic systems are divided into floor-standing and bookshelf depending on their size. The former are preferable for large premises such as cinemas. Using them at home for a TV or computer is unprofitable. It is best to use bookshelf speakers.
- Number of speakers. Otherwise, this is called division by the number of sound bands. The manufacturer may include from 1 to 7 speakers. The most optimal option for the budget is 3 speakers, where one band is responsible for low frequencies, another for middle frequencies and a third for high frequencies.
- The presence or absence of a sound amplifier in the speakers. In the first case they are called active, in the second - passive. Passive options are much more common. They are preferred by audiophiles due to the crossover filter and, accordingly, higher sound quality due to frequency separation.
- By design, speakers are divided into planar, dynamic, electrostatic and other types, and in some cases the equipment does not fall into any category.
- Design. Speakers can have a closed or open body; a good addition would be a bass inverter - a pipe in the column tuned to certain frequency and amplifying sounds within its boundaries. Thanks to this hole, lower frequencies are reproduced than with conventional equipment. If the pipe is bent inside the body, increasing its length, power and range of reproducible low frequencies, you will get speakers with an acoustic labyrinth. They are more expensive and require greater precision in manufacturing.
Areas of use of acoustic systems
The first and main area of application is home use.
This includes the need for high-quality sound for greater immersion in video games, power and strength of sound for watching TV, clarity and proximity to the original sound for music lovers of various genres.
Fans of high-quality music in the car are recommended to purchase multi-band audio systems.
Moreover, for better sound, high-frequency and mid-frequency elements of the Car system are located in the front of the car. Low-frequency speakers are often assigned to the rear of the car.
Concert versions of acoustic systems are designed not only to provide sound access to any point in a large room or hall, but also to satisfy the sound quality requirements of many listeners. The most common concert audio packages include monitors for nuanced sound, front speakers for high-density direct sound, and center speakers for vocals.
Speakers 1 kW
A separate category is recording studios. They prefer studio monitors that are capable of reproducing sound with all its pros and cons, which ultimately contributes to the creation of a purer and more authentic-sounding track.
Regardless of where the speaker system will be used, it is recommended to first determine the criteria by which suitable equipment will be selected.
With their help, you will be able to get equipment that will bring you as close as possible to the sound of your dreams.
My dear organizers of parties, concerts, bikefests and openairs. The other day I was talking about looking for a one-time job as a sound engineer, but today let’s talk about something else. About that same musical concert complex, which is otherwise called equipment, acoustics, portals, FOH and other less specific words. That is, about what looks into the hall, at the viewer. About what the viewer is listening to. More precisely, how to choose this device among the many offers.
Would you know how many times I have heard from a customer phrases like “We need at least three (five, ten, twenty) kilowatts of sound!” This is my favorite phrase. The only funnier thing is “We pay per kilowatt.” Having heard it, I understand that here he is, a sucker and everyone is milking him. Because he pays “per kilowatt”. And kilowatts are the same favorite object of manipulation among distributors as cards among magicians.
First, you need to remember once and for all and write on your forehead in capital letters: VOLUME AND POWER ARE DIFFERENT THINGS. The pros say: “Irons are measured in kilowatts.” Because loudness is determined by the PRESSURE OF ACOUSTIC WAVES, which is created by acoustics. Loudness, let it be known, is measured not in watts (power), but in decibels (sound pressure). Power directly affects current consumption only.
Of course, to be completely honest, we must remember that pressure does not come from anywhere; in order for the speakers to sound, you need to apply some force, and it seems that the higher the power, the louder it should be. But no, there is no direct correlation here. For example, the top speakers of the Italian brand RCF in the REC CS215 (1300 W) speakers produce a peak pressure of 139 dB. And the JBL SRX725 (1200 W), which is similar in design, is only 136 dB. Do you know what this means? That the volume of one REC CS215 speaker will be equal to two JBL SRX725. In the first case 1300 watts, in the second 2400 watts. Because to increase sound pressure by 3 dB you need to apply twice the power.
What are we paying for?
I may greatly surprise you, but the power of absolutely identical acoustic systems can be different, it all depends on what standard is measured by. It all depends on the measurement standard. For example, in the nineties, the country was flooded with Chinese radios, on the speakers of which 500 watts, 700 watts, 2000 watts were written. Of course, citizens accustomed to measuring acoustic power in the RMS system were very puzzled by the PMPO watts.
Today, the AES speaker power measurement standard is becoming increasingly widespread in the world, the numerical value of which is usually 1.3 times greater than RMS (although it may coincide). There are other standards for measuring power and each time the numbers will be different.
That's not all! Power in acoustics can be long-term on a sine wave, long-term on a musical signal, and peak. It differs by 2 and 4 times. For example, 100 watts long-term = 200 watts musical = 400 watts peak. Same speaker system. Have you eaten? Just in case, the amplifier can actually be several times more powerful than the acoustics.
Oh, aren't you full? Well, I'll add some extra. In addition to the power of the speakers, there is also the power of the amplifiers. The same amplifier can output 100 watts into 8 ohms, 180 watts into 4 ohms, and 300 watts into 2 ohms. At the same time, two-channel (and single-channel amplifiers have not been made for a long time) amplifiers can operate in a bridge, with one output. And this in this case is 600 watts at 4 ohms and 1200 at 2 ohms. Guess the first time which power is more profitable to indicate to the rental company when paying “per kilowatt”?
Continue? If you please. The power of active speaker systems, in contrast to passive ones, is indicated by the manufacturer based on the power of the built-in amplifier. It’s easy to use an 800-watt amplifier unit in a speaker system with a power of 200 watts across the speakers. Take for example the Electrovoice ZX-A1. And rest assured, if you pay for power, the rental company will indicate exactly 800 watts. This is such a managerial thing.
AND ALL THESE POWERS ARE IN THE DOCUMENTATION FOR THE EQUIPMENT, THAT IS, THEY ARE DECLARED BY THE MANUFACTURER! No cheating by and large No.
Now let's do the math. Suppose you are ready to pay a thousand rubles for a “kilowatt of sound,” and we are a smart-ass rental company. You require a minimum of 8 kilowatts for open air. We take a pair of conventional kilowatt speakers (1000 W RMS x 8 Ohm) and a conventional kilowatt amplifier (1000 W x 8 Ohm x 2 channels). We want to indicate the peak speaker power of 4 kW x 2 = 8,000 rubles, but we want the amplifier power at 2 ohms in the bridge - 12 kW = 12,000 rubles. Everything is fine, pay up, you loser! The main thing is that there is enough pressure, that is, volume.
And there are a lot of such features! Here, for example, is a typical case that I once analyzed in detail. Another example of a very cunning approach to marketing
We have a set of 2 active subwoofers MACKIE SRM1801, 2 speaker systems MACKIE SRM450 v2, Soundcraft epm 12 mixing console, HP pavilion dv 9000 laptop, TC Electronic M 350 effects processor and SHURE PGX24/SM58 radio microphone. They want 8,500 rubles for rent.
Acoustically, the set is announced by the landlord as 3 kW. Blatant lie. Are we counting?
Let's start with the calculation "as stated". 2x400+2x1000=2800. Well, almost 3000 watts, right? But let’s not rush, now let’s do the math without managerial cunning...
So, satellite MACKIE SRM450 v2. Manufacturer's specification http://www.mackie.com/products/srm450v2/pdf/srm450v2_om.pdf The RF driver power is 150 W, declared by the lessor - again, "fucking and profocation."
Subwoofer MACKIE SRM1801 with one 18" speaker with 3" coil. For reference, a 3" coil physically cannot be created for speakers with a power of more than 500 W. This is exactly what the manufacturer's specifications confirm http://www.mackie.com/Products/srm1801/pdf/SRM1801_SS.pdf For the illiterate: Rated Power - 500 watts RMS. And managerial 1000 watts is the power of the active subwoofer amplifier unit.
So, we REALLY have 2x400 + 2x500 = 1800 watts RMS.
Against the backdrop of the last example, I wanted to joke.
On some resources, power is measured by adding the power of amplifiers (this is how it is indicated in the manufacturer’s specifications). Let me also measure how much power I have in one of my kits? With those same cunning-ass managerial methods. Let me remind you, this is a triamp set consisting of a pair of EV ZX5 http://electrovoice.com.ua/zx5-90 and a pair of TH 15" subwoofers with speakers http://beymapro.ru/products/item-162.htm Well, let's have a laugh?
Based on the sum of the peak RMS speakers (nominal power x 4) - a pair of EV ZX5 and a pair of Beyma 15P1200ND subwoofers will be: 2160 x 2 + 4800 x 2 = 13.920 watts.
NOTHING SO, ALMOST 14 KILOWATTS! But who measures the power of satellites by the sum of the power of the speakers? Even the manufacturer takes into account the power of the filter, so we will calculate according to the declared peak power of the speaker. Total 2400 x 2 + 4800 x 2 = 14.400.
There is another smart-ass managerial way to measure the power of a device: by the power of the amplifiers. This sums up the maximum declared power at the minimum permissible load. Well, you can count it that way. In the triamp I have 3 2SC amplifiers, and in the following: RMX 2051 HD - 2 x 1000W x 2 ohms; RMX 3051 HD - 2 x 1500W x 2 ohm; RMX 5050 HD 2 x 2600W x 2ohm. Let's sum it up and we get 2x1000 + 2x1500 + 2x2600 = 10.200 watts Well, of course, ten and a little kilowatts is not 14, not serious.))) And if you count 2 ohms in the bridge? But here it’s already wow, almost 41 kilowatts.
How do you weigh?
In general, keep this in mind, friends. Remember, when they call you crazy numbers, and instead of sound pressure (real volume) they use the concept of “device power” and “kilowatts of sound” - they are going to fuck you. Whether to lubricate yourself with Vaseline or put the impudent person in his place is up to you to decide.
To choose gas equipment must be approached from a safety and reliability perspective. Buying a cheap water heater can have fatal consequences for its owner. It is necessary to familiarize yourself with the basic requirements for servicing gas equipment. Do you agree?
We'll tell you how to choose geyser to purchase the ideal unit. Our proposed article describes all the criteria that can influence the choice of gas wall-mounted equipment. We present popular models among consumers from proven manufacturers.
General principle operation and design are typical for all models instantaneous water heaters on gas. Propane enters the column through a pipe. A valve is installed in the pipe to regulate the gas supply.
Water is supplied to the adjacent pipe in the gas water heater. A control valve and sensor are installed in the pipe. When the sensor is triggered, gas flows through the pipe into the burner. The gas ignites in the burner.
In old Soviet models the gas had to be ignited manually. Modern ones use three methods of igniting gas:
- From a piezoelectric element.
- From batteries.
- From a hydro generator.
Piezo ignition involves pressing a button every time you use a gas water heater (if you use gas sparingly). This is inconvenient, but more reliable than using automatic ignition, where the gas is ignited by a spark supplied by candles.
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The membrane in the block rises under the pressure of water and puts pressure on the rod, which turns on the gas. If there is traction, it turns on gas-burner. Water passes through the tank and heats up.
What elements should you pay attention to?
When choosing a column, you should give preference to models with a copper heat exchanger. It can be covered with solder, but should not be made of thin tin. Most often, models from Chinese manufacturers have tin heat exchangers. The service life of such speakers does not exceed three years.
Regardless of the ignition method, an automatic gas water heater begins to work when water passes through the water block. If problems arise with the spark supply, then the reason, first of all, should be looked for in the block (+)
Low cost is achieved due to the cheap quality of the metal, which burns out over time. This leads to the need to purchase a new gas water heater.
Another important characteristic of the heat exchanger is the internal diameter of the tubes. The wider the tube, the less often it is necessary to clean the heat exchanger from scale and small debris from old water pipes.
This is what a low-quality heat exchanger looks like, which is installed on cheap models of instantaneous water heaters. Inside it is clear that the metal is not made of copper and is an alloy of unknown origin
Also important detail is the column water block. This element must be made of metal. There are models made of plastic.
This is what a high-quality heat exchanger looks like, one that will last more than five years. Visually you can see that it is made of copper and has sufficient thickness. Some manufacturers coat this element with solder or other coating.
Since the block also contains a mesh filter that needs to be changed, frequent unscrewing spoils the plastic thread and leads to the need to completely replace the water block.
What parameters should you use when choosing?
Before you choose the best option or a private home, you need to decide on the volume of water that comes from the tap. You need to determine how many liters per minute flows out of the tap. To do this, the easiest way is to use a water meter if it is installed on a pipe in the apartment.
To do this, you need to record the readings on the meter. Next, you need to record the time and full power open the tap, draining the water for exactly one minute. After this, you need to close the tap and record the readings on the meter again. Then it is necessary to subtract the primary indicators from the final indicators. The resulting number will help you choose the model you need in terms of performance.
If the resulting value is less than 10 liters, then there is no point in buying models with a capacity of 13-15 or more liters. If the house has old pipes in which the pressure often decreases, then a model with a reduced threshold is needed, otherwise the water heater will turn off when the water pressure decreases.
For regulation of water and gas supply
According to the method of controlling the water temperature, geysers are divided into manual and automatic. Models with a manual setting method are cheaper than models with an automatic one.
Manual regulation implies the presence of two valves on the body of the geyser. An increase in gas supply leads to more intense combustion and heating of water. If increasing the gas supply is not enough for optimal heating, it is possible to reduce the pressure of water entering the column.
The disadvantage of these models is the lack of flame modulation in the heating pad. When two water intake points are used simultaneously, the water temperature will change. This is uncomfortable, especially if a person is taking a bath at this time
Models with electronic ignition maintain the temperature set by the user. This is achieved by modulating the flame in the burner, depending on the pressure of the water used. Maximum deviation from specified temperature regime is between 1 and 3 degrees Celsius.
It is very important that the water is heated smoothly when turned on, without sudden jumps. If the burner first heats up very much and then lowers the temperature, you will have to wait for the water temperature to normalize. This increases water consumption.
Guidelines for gas ignition method
Speakers that are lit by a piezoelectric element are more reliable than their automatic counterparts. Models with a piezoelectric element allow you to manually control the gas supply to the column, unlike automatic igniters. These models have the ability to leave the flame on the pilot burner in normal mode.
This allows you to avoid re-igniting the column each time you use it. The flame is maintained in the pilot burner and ignites the main heating element when the sensor detects water flow.
The location of the ignition button differs in speakers from different manufacturers. In some models, in addition to pressing the button, you have to move the slider
Water heaters that receive a spark from a battery-powered igniter cannot be installed in rooms with high humidity. Condensation forms inside the plastic battery case. Over time, metal parts become damp and need to be completely replaced.
It is advisable to change the batteries themselves as needed. With constant use of the device, the frequency of replacement increases. It is better to use high-quality batteries, they last for a year or more
Columns fired by a hydrogenerator are noisy. They make a small whistle, reminiscent of the wind. In expensive models, this problem is solved by soundproofing the case. These water heaters also turn on when the hot tap opens. Visually, the hydrogenerator does not stand out, as it is installed in the water heater housing.
According to the method of removal of combustion products
Flow-through gas heaters require combustion products to be removed. The safest way to withdraw carbon monoxide is a chimney with a pipe outlet to the street.
The more powerful, the wider the diameter of the chimney pipe. If a water heater is purchased to replace a failed device, then you need to measure the diameter of the installed pipe so that there is no need to dismantle the old one.
On Russian market you can find models of flow-through gas water heaters without chimney. Placing them in a confined space is hazardous to health. It is highly undesirable to install them in rooms without ventilation holes in the walls.
Their installation in the bathroom is prohibited, as there is a risk of carbon monoxide poisoning. Distinctive feature These models are low power. The article we recommend will familiarize you with it.
According to the method of oxygen supply
In budget models of geysers, there is no bottom cover on the body, or there are ventilation holes on the device body.
The disadvantage of this device is that combustion waste partially enters the apartment through these openings. In addition to carbon monoxide, propane may leak
In expensive models, a different oxygen supply device is used. It is a pipe that comes out of the column at its bottom. Additionally, the speaker body is closed with a lower and upper cover, which does not allow carbon dioxide get into the apartment. The effect is achieved through convection.
How to determine the required power?
Water heaters low power(17-19 kW) are intended for systems with small and servicing only one point of consumption. They are installed in houses with old pipes.
There is no point in purchasing a more powerful column if the system flows less than 10 liters of water per minute. It's a waste of money
If the apartment has good water pressure (10-14 liters per minute), then you can choose a gas water heater for two supply points hot water. Medium power water heaters (20-24 kW) may react poorly when the pressure in the system decreases if there is not enough pressure to turn on automatic system gas ignition.
High power geysers (28-31 kW) are not intended for apartments. They are used in private country houses. Some manufacturers produce modular columns that are specifically designed to work as a single water heating system.
Ratings of the best speakers
All categories contain three best models with similar characteristics. , the most reliable in operation, is presented in the article. The information we collect and systematize is based on the opinions of users.
The comparison of water heaters is made based on three criteria:
- For one water supply point.
- For two water supply points.
- Original design.
The best speakers for one water supply point
This rating includes models with prices up to 20,000 rubles. All models are equipped with a gas leakage protection function. They also additionally have a frost protection mode, which prevents damage to the device during a long period of absence of heating.
Low-power unit – Mora Vega 10
The model has low power and is intended for installation in an apartment. The heat exchanger is made of copper, with sufficient wall thickness. European build quality guarantees a long service life.
When a breakdown occurs, it is difficult to obtain spare parts, but they rarely occur. The device operates at a pressure of 0.20. The power of this model is 17.3 kW
Ignition occurs automatically from batteries. The gas supply is adjusted mechanically until the desired temperature is achieved. Chimney diameter – 110 mm. The model is produced in the Czech Republic.
Equipment for a small family Bosch W 10 KB
The water heater has low power and is intended for installation in an apartment. The heat exchanger is made of copper, with sufficient wall thickness.
IN Lately The company reduces the cost of production, which affects the quality of parts. The device operates at a pressure of 0.20. The power of this model is 17.4 kW
Ignition occurs automatically from batteries. The gas supply is adjusted mechanically until the desired temperature is achieved. Chimney diameter – 110 mm. The model is produced in Portugal.
The undisputed leader – Gorenje GWH 10 NNBW
This model has low power and is intended for installation in an apartment. The heat exchanger is made of copper, with sufficient wall thickness.
Recently, the company has been reducing the cost of production, which affects the quality of parts. The heat exchanger tubes have a small diameter, so it is necessary to install filtration at the water inlet to the column
The device operates at a pressure of 0.20. The power of this model is 20 kW. Ignition occurs automatically using batteries. The gas supply is adjusted mechanically until the desired temperature is obtained on the screen. Chimney diameter 110 mm. The model is produced in Portugal.
The best speakers for two water supply points
All presented models are in the price category up to 25,000 rubles, and also work perfectly on natural and liquefied gas. All water heaters are equipped with gas leakage protection. There is an automatic system that turns off the gas supply when the device overheats.
You will learn why, besides overheating, and what should be done in this case, from the article we have proposed.
Medium power equipment Mora Vega 13
This water heater has medium power and is designed for installation in apartments and private houses. Can run on liquefied gas. The heat exchanger is made of copper, with sufficient wall thickness.
European build quality guarantees a long service life. When a breakdown occurs, it is difficult to obtain spare parts, but they rarely occur. The device operates at a pressure of 0.30. The power of this model is 22.60 kW
Ignition occurs automatically, using batteries, but there are options with piezo ignition. The gas supply is adjusted mechanically until the desired temperature is achieved. Chimney diameter – 113 mm. The model is produced in the Czech Republic.
Budget representative – Bosch WRD 13-2G
The water heater has an average power and is intended for installation in apartments and private houses. The heat exchanger is made of copper, with sufficient wall thickness.
Recently, the company has been reducing the cost of production, which affects the quality of parts. The model does not have a top or bottom cover. The device operates at a pressure of 0.35. The power of this model is 22.60 kW
Ignition occurs automatically, using batteries. The gas supply is adjusted mechanically until the desired temperature is achieved. Chimney diameter – 113 mm. The model is produced in Portugal.
Popular option – Beretta Idrabagno Aqua 14i
This model has medium power and is intended for installation in apartments and private houses. The heat exchanger is made of copper, with sufficient wall thickness.
Ignition occurs from batteries. The gas supply is adjusted mechanically until the desired temperature is achieved. Chimney diameter 113 mm. The model is made in Italy.
Speakers with the most original design
In addition to technical characteristics, consumers often choose equipment based on appearance. It is important for buyers how the device will fit into the interior of the room where it is planned to be installed.
This list contains models with the most striking and memorable designs.
Zanussi GWH 10 with interesting decor
This model has more than 10 types of front panel designs covered with a thin layer of glass. Regardless of design, all speakers have the same technical characteristics.
The water heater burner is ignited by batteries. The gas supply is adjusted mechanically until the desired temperature is obtained on the screen. Chimney diameter – 110 mm. The manufacturer is located in Italy, and assembly takes place in China.
Oasis 20 VG/ OG/ EG/ MG/ ZG
This model has 5 types of front panel designs. Regardless of design, all speakers have the same technical characteristics. The heat exchanger is made of copper, but the wall thickness is small.
The water heater operates for no more than three years and often breaks down before the end of the warranty period. The device operates at a pressure of 0.15 and copes with providing one water intake point. The power of this model is 20 kW
The water heater burner is ignited by batteries. The gas supply is adjusted mechanically until the desired temperature is obtained on the screen. Chimney diameter -110 mm. The manufacturer is located in Germany, and assembly takes place in China.
Custom design Atlan 1-10 LT
This model has 15 types of front panel designs. Regardless of design, all speakers have the same technical characteristics. The heat exchanger is made of copper, but the wall thickness is small.
The quality of the water heater is very low. Its service life often does not exceed the warranty. The device operates at a pressure of 0.20. The power of this model is 20 kW and copes with providing one water intake point (+)
The water heater burner is ignited by batteries. The gas supply is adjusted mechanically until the desired temperature is obtained on the screen. Chimney diameter – 110 mm. The manufacturer is located in China, assembly takes place there.
Conclusions and useful video on the topic
The video shows common breakdowns of gas water heaters:
Why is it dangerous? self installation geyser:
After choosing a water heater, you need to order installation at the manufacturer’s service center. Only in this case is the guarantee for the geyser valid. This practice applies to all major suppliers.
Saving on installation leads to waste on repairs, which you will have to pay for yourself. The column must be registered with the gas service, since it must be inspected by specialists once a year.
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EVERYTHING, WE'VE PERVISEDClearly, without an amplifier there is no life. We begin to choose and, naturally, the first thing we look at is the maximum (we already know what it is) power, what are we fighting for? How to choose it will be a separate and unexpectedly short conversation. But first, let's determine where this power comes from. What makes a separate amplifier such a qualitatively different device compared to the inherited amplification channels built into the head unit? From the previous issue of “V.V.” It became clear: it’s all about nutrition. The amplifier creates an alternating voltage at the output with a swing, from top to bottom, no greater than the supply voltage of the output stages. For the radio amplifier, this is the voltage on board, 12 V when the car is turned off, about 14 V when running. Home component external amplifier - power source. It receives a constant voltage from the on-board network, turns it into an alternating voltage of a fairly high frequency (tens of kilohertz), the alternating voltage can already be increased using a transformer, which is what the amplifier’s power supply does, and then, already increased, it is rectified again and supplied to the amplifier itself. To how many volts the voltage was inflated during this activity, at such a height the ceiling of the output voltage swing will pass. What follows is simple arithmetic. Let’s assume that out of 12 V on-board the power supply has created 50. In reality it will be two voltages of different polarities, 25 V each, it’s more convenient. This means that the output voltage swing (in each direction) will be no more than 25 V minus some pennies lost in the transistors. The maximum power output is 25 squared divided by the load resistance. This is according to Ohm's law, it is inexorable. It comes out to a little more than 150 watts. Only this is the peak value, on the RMS scale - exactly half as much, about 75 W. The numbers are quite real, there are plenty of such amplifiers. Can you get more out of this amp? The first stage of “afterburner” in many models will occur by itself, as soon as you start the engine. For many amplifiers, the output voltage of the power supply is not stabilized and is in proportion to the input. And when, with the engine running and the generator running, the voltage on board becomes not 12, but, on a well-regulated machine, 14.4 V, the voltage at the output of the power source will increase from 50 to 60 V, and the “ceiling” for the output voltage of the amplifier will also rise , and the maximum power will increase to 108 W. Wow, that's a raise, right? Just don’t rejoice too much just yet. Will this make the amplifier play louder? Why is this, exactly? The overall gain, from the signal source to the output, remained the same, it does not depend on the power supply (and if it suddenly did, the component responsible for this would urgently request permanent registration in the trash can), which means it will be as it played. Another thing is that if previously distortion appeared at some volume, when at the peaks of the signal the output voltage tried to jump over the bar set by the power source, now this moment will move to the area of higher volume. How far will it move? Let's figure it out. One and a half decibels. One click of the volume, or even not a single one, it depends on the step of the control.
What have we gained compared to " past life"When there was no amplifier at all? There seems to be a lot of watts. And in decibels of the maximum undistorted volume, again, it seems, not very much: 5.4 dB. But this is only “seemingly”, as we will see later, happiness is not just in clicks of the volume control. It is still necessary to organize some kind of harmony between the powers. Look, for example, at what power the acoustics have, and select an amplifier based on that, right?
I did this on purpose, for the purpose of provocation. We talked about how you can ruin acoustics with insufficient power in the last issue, now let's try to do it with too much power. It will be much more difficult, I warn you.
Let's return once again to the phrase that I have said (and written) many times on various occasions, the last time in the last issue. Here it is: “And when we talk about the power of an amplifier, we are talking about what IT GIVES. And when we talk about the power of the speaker, it’s about what HE TAKES.” The maximum power of an amplifier is the one it cannot provide more than, because it begins to distort the signal, and that is not what we bought it for. The maximum power of the acoustics, therefore, is the one it cannot take more than, because WHAT? Does the signal also begin to distort? And it begins to do this at once and little by little, not at all like an amplifier; acoustics do not have a hard limit. In ancient times, there was a Soviet standard by which the so-called rated power of speakers was standardized. There was a reservation special conditions, frequency band and so on, in general, the power was considered such that nonlinear distortion did not exceed 10%. The best bass speaker of that time was called 6GD2, the first number is just the rated power. There were 4 more gas engines, 3 gas engines, and so on, and then they adopted the definition of rated power, which no longer depended on distortion, but on survivability, and all these gas engines at once grew fat to 10, 20, 75, and the like. These GOSTs ordered us all to live a long time, and now power is determined differently, and it is very important to understand this in order to treat this indicator with the attitude it deserves.
I’ll ask you to type this in red, if I forget, you can use a pencil yourself, okay?
The power indicated on the acoustics is not the one at which it should work, but the one that destroys it.
Of course, there must be a relationship between the capabilities of acoustics and the resources of the source of this probable destruction, but this is a relationship, not an identity. Imagine: you bought a car with a maximum speed of 200 km/h. And you got tires with a speed rating of T (190 km/h). What, you can't drive? At 191 km/h all four wheels are in tatters? Or, on the contrary, the tires have a Z speed index (240 or more), and you are knocked off your feet when choosing the right car for such tires. Unreal.
Nevertheless, one often hears (and even reads) how acoustics are selected for an amplifier (and vice versa), looking first at the power, and then at everything else.
So let's do this one last time so as not to return to the question. The numbers on the speaker, accompanied by the words Power, without indicating what is meant by this, do not mean anything, it is part of a modern but deep-rooted tradition. If the speaker manufacturer is at least relatively correct in the figures he gives, then he can indicate the long-term power, and this is the maximum non-destructive (or minimally destructive, don’t forget about this) power supplied to the speaker for half an hour according to the scheme: a minute works - two resting. At the same time, a noise signal is supplied, passed through a filter that cuts off everything below 40 Hz and everything above 4 kHz, so this has almost nothing to do with the tweeter. Now, if the acoustics survived these most difficult half an hour in its life, the used power value is recorded. If it died, it is taken from previous experience with less power. Short-term power is such that it will not destroy the speaker (or will destroy it, but in last moment) after 60 cycles “we yell for a second - we rest for a minute.” All the described procedures imply bringing the acoustic sample under test as close as possible to the edge of the grave, so use them as a guide standard indicator for someone who paid for the acoustics out of his own pocket, it’s somehow not very reasonable. The only type of indicator that even slightly resembles the possible real use of its legal property is rated noise power according to the IEC 268-5 standard, when the acoustics must remain alive after 8 hours of continuous operation on the already mentioned noise signal. It is almost never indicated.
The landmarks here should be different; you shouldn’t look for them on boxes with acoustics.
LINKS, WHERE ARE YOU?
Our in-house experts in acoustics tests have repeatedly recommended (when manufacturers were completely losing their shame and it was unthinkable to remain silent) to measure up to indicators that at least roughly indicate the area possible values. For 6-inch component acoustics, the limits of reasonable risk lie somewhere at 40 and 90 W (this is wide, you already need to look at the design features inside), for 5-inch ones - naturally lower, 30 - 70 W. These are the rated noise power values we consider. You may disagree, but refuting experiments - at your own expense, please.
The numbers, in principle, resemble the common values of the maximum output power of widely used amplifiers, so the simplest, bordering on primitivism, answer to the question of matching the power of the amplifier with the power of the acoustics is already ready: a typical amplifier is suitable for working with typical acoustics. Anyone - with anyone. In principle, if you don’t want to worry, you can use it. But the answer is too simple to in any way claim to be exhaustive, that’s clear.
A slightly more common answer can be found in the experience of the superbisons of the acoustics world. The undoubted superbuffalo is the JBL company, which has equally succeeded in acoustics for home, stage, car and intended for sounding rooms and open spaces. The company's technical circular contains the following recommendation: in the case where the volume level is under control (it explains: this means a home or studio, but not a word about a car), the maximum amplifier power (RMS) can be twice the rated noise power. In cases where control is not perfect (this is about sound systems), parity must be maintained.
Then you need to look at the realities of life. In life, as I have reason to believe, both the amplifier and the acoustics will be used to reproduce music, and not test signals that are only very roughly similar to music. A music signal is not a sine wave or even noise, it is a signal with a large difference between the average value and the peak value. Short-term signal peaks, with rare exceptions, do not threaten the health of the acoustics, which mainly have to resist thermal load, and the heat generated at the voice coil is a function of the average level of the input signal. I had to see in the documentation of the most serious acoustics manufacturers how, next to the very real (and with all regulatory data) long-term power figures, the values of withstand power at short-term (say,
10 ms) peaks. The numbers sometimes reached hundreds of watts, and this is no longer marketing, this is a fact, even a very powerful one, but a very short burst of signal will not destroy the speaker. But the amplifier has a fundamentally different view of level peaks. If the signal level exceeds the maximum power level even for a millisecond, it will be mercilessly decapitated, that is, it will go further along the wires to the acoustics in a distorted form, compared to the original source. This cannot be allowed. And here it makes sense to look at your musical tastes.
TASTES DO NOT MEASURE
Why so? You can also try. I ran a number of musical fragments through the computer and chose ones that were quite indicative in terms of the ratio of average (dangerous for acoustics) and peak (which should be feasible for the amplifier) power. The signal level was measured in decibels relative to the maximum recorded on the disk, but for clarity, I recalculated everything as a percentage of the maximum power. The first picture is 60 seconds of “Procession of the Dwarves” (6th track “Let’s Test!”). If the system is configured so that the largest peaks of the signal do not exceed the amplifier's output power, then in general the speakers will receive about one and a half percent of this power during this minute. Even in those 12 seconds, when the orchestra is completely relaxed, the thermal load will be no more than half the power.
A minute of activity of the Yamato drummers (remember when they came to Moscow?). The signal level is chosen to easily miss the peak of activity at 21 seconds. As a result, the average power of the entire fragment is less than a percent of the maximum, and its most intense part is one tenth of the maximum.
Third example: “In the Pocket” (Kai Eckhardt, “NAIM Sampler”, track images/smiley_icons/icon_cool.gif. The average power is 13% of the maximum, and turning up the volume in a sincere attempt to ruin the acoustics will mean cutting off the numerous peaks caused by skillful drummer's job.
Don't listen to audiophile delights? We won't force you. Here is a fragment of the soundtrack of the punk rock band Kurban (Turkish and, by the way, quite interesting). Here already - yes, the guys on stage do not rest, and the average power for a long time is about 40, or even more percent of the maximum. But the guidelines, in principle, remain the same as those proposed by the bright heads from JBL, God bless them. It’s just that rock music falls into the category of “flawed control,” which is logical.
An attentive reader may be puzzled here: “Wait a minute, it turns out that we listen to music on one or two, many - ten watts, connected to the acoustics? Why then does it play loudly? You heard it yourself: it’s loud.” I’ll answer: why shouldn’t she play loudly? After all, you can easily manage decibels (even those who couldn’t before). We take any acoustics from any of our past tests and look at the sensitivity indicator. Well, let's say 87 dB, that's the average typical value. This sound pressure will be created by this acoustics at a distance of 1 m with a power of 1 (one and only) Watt supplied to it. This, by the way, is no longer quiet. In order for this acoustics to create a sound pressure level of 90 dB, standard for control listening in a sound recording, it only needs 2 W. Apply 10 W and get 97 dB. It's quite loud. Moreover, keep in mind that we have at least two such speakers, and they sound not in a quiet room, but in the cabin, where there are much fewer losses, and the reflected sounds come to us. What then, you ask, will the speaker do when those same hundred peak, say, watts come to it? Exactly what it should: briefly, within a fraction of a second, it will scream at 107 dB. Give him these 100 watts continuously, in the form of noise or, worse, a tone, and this scream will be his death cry. And so - everything is under control, don’t worry.
In acoustics, everything is measured differently than in the ordinary world. There are several reasons for this, some explanations can take you to the paradise of science, we will not touch them. Others are amenable to simple interpretations. Or they can simply be taken on faith, whichever is more convenient for you.
Human hearing cannot add and subtract. Just multiply and divide. Evolution (or the Creator, take your pick) arranged it this way, as it seems to me, guided by technical expediency. Hearing operates over a huge range of volumes. The sound pressure (measurable, as is known) corresponding to the pain threshold exceeds the sound pressure of the hearing threshold by ten million times (in words, so as not to count zeros). Hearing adapted to this by becoming (by the will of evolution or the Creator) logarithmic. People came up with logarithms later, but they sit in our heads by nature. The logarithmic nature of hearing is that it evaluates the difference in loudness not by how much greater the sound pressure is, but by how many times greater it has become. So (if we now remove all the intermediate chapters of history) a unit of measurement was invented on which absolutely everything in acoustics and electroacoustics is based - the decibel. Who knows everything about this, do not read further, however, I asked about this when I opened this series of publications.
I give the rest, no matter how many there are, the opportunity to master operations with decibels in five minutes and subsequently do it easily and gracefully. So: a decibel is a unit that, if added, means “multiply”, and if subtracted, means “divide”. For example: sound pressure is 3 dB higher. This means double. Another 3 dB? Twice more. More by 1 dB is approximately 1.25 times. 10 dB more - ten times. And vice versa: subtract 3 dB from the sound pressure, and this will mean that it has been halved.
It is enough to remember a few important values so that from them, like bricks, you can form an idea of what this or that value indicated in decibels means.
Here you are:
Power or sound pressure
differ inVoltage
varies in1 dB 1.25 times 1.13 times, just a penny 3 dB 2 times about one and a half times 6 dB 4 times 2 times 10 dB 10 times about 3 times 12 dB 16 times 4 times 20 dB 100 times 10 times That's all: you meet, for example, somewhere around 18 dB, you estimate that it is 12 + 6, take the “times” for these two terms and multiply. You multiply, that’s the whole trick. In our example, 16 by 4 gives 64. Just pay attention: when comparing sound pressures and powers, you need to take “times” from the left column, and when comparing voltages, say, from the right one, this is a trick due to the fact that an increase in voltage, to for example, at the output of the amplifier, doubling the power leads to a fourfold increase in power (the voltage is squared there), and the decibels are the same, there are 6 of them. However, in the future we will mainly operate with powers and sound pressures, so the right column will remain in reserve for now .
What does decibel mean to the ear? A difference in volume of 1 dB (this is for most head units - one click of an encoder or volume button) is heard only by immediately comparing how it was and how it is now. Conduct an experiment: listen to the sound at a volume of, say, 15 on the display, and then 16, get out of the car for half a minute, and let your friend (or even a friend) cover the display with his palm (or palm), and you determine: it’s 15 or 16 ? If at the same time you pass by the cash register less often than five times out of ten (even on the same fragment), it means that your head unit has a volume step of 2 dB, this also occurs. Although there are, of course, talents.
3 dB is perceived as a noticeable change in volume. Not “big”, but simply noticeable. And here comes some bad news that you might have already guessed. The sound pressure created by the acoustics and the power supplied to the acoustics in order to create it live in the same column of our cheat sheet. Consequently, in order to obtain a noticeable change in volume, the supplied power must be doubled. This is what causes all the problems with power. Mainly because of this...
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