Sentences with comparative and superlative adverbs. Lesson summary "Degrees of comparison of adverbs, their formation."

Qualitative adverbs in the Russian language have two forms of degree of comparison - comparative and superlative. The comparative degree of adverbs also has two forms - simple and compound, and the superlative - only complex. Let's take a closer look at examples of their use in speech.

COMPARATIVE DEGREE OF ADVERBS

The simple comparative degree of an adverb is formed using the suffixes – EE (- EY), -E

There is no difference between the use of the suffixes – EE or – EY

Fun - more fun (more fun)
slowly – slower (slower)
boldly - bolder (brave)

The turtle moves slower than the hedgehog. – - The turtle moves more slowly than the hedgehog.

The suffix –E is used if the word stem contains alternating consonant letters:

Louder - louder
Long - longer
Richer - richer
Rarely - less often
You laugh louder than me. – – You are laughing louder than me.

In addition, there is also an alternative comparative degree of the adverb, which is formed using the prefix –PO.

Expensive - more expensive
Hard - heavier

These shoes cost more than my suit. – – These shoes are more expensive than my costume.

To indicate the comparative quality of an adverb, you can also add the conjunction THAN. In this case, then you need to pay attention to the correct use of case endings.

→ Adverbs are exceptions in which not the base, but the whole word changes:
Little is less
Much more
Good is better
Bad is worse

There are more museums in Moscow than in St. Petersburg.
– There are more museums in Moscow than in Saint Petersburg.

The compound comparative degree of an adverb is formed using the words MORE, LESS
Noisy - noisier

Sad - less sad

This engine is noisier than that one. – - This engine runs noisier than that one.

SUPERLATIVE ADVERBS
This degree is formed using
→ combinations of words LEAST, MOST (sometimes MAXIMUM) + adverbs

Most accurate, least complicated, most convenient

It is very important to understand a foreigner’s speech as accurately as possible. – - It is very important to understand accurately the speech of a foreigner. → simple comparative degree
adverbs + words ALL, ALL

We use ALL when comparing similar items (better than other chefs, as in the example shown)
What I like most is swimming. – – Most of all I like to swim.
My least favorite thing is ice cream. – – The last thing I like is ice cream.

We use TOTAL when we need to compare:
actions (mostly swimming, not singing)
various items (least of all ice cream, not chocolate)

Degrees of comparison have qualitative adjectives and adverbs with -о, -в, formed from them.
An adjective or adverb in the form of a comparative degree denotes a quality inherent in a given object or action in to a greater extent than other objects or actions.
Comparative forms are formed in two ways:

1. simple - using the suffixes -ee(s) and -e: fast - quickly - faster (colloquial faster), easy - easy - easier; for example: Somehow everything is more friendly and stricter, somehow everything is dearer to you. And more dear than an hour ago (Tvard.); If you carry less, you walk easier (M.G.);
2. complex - using words more, less: stronger, less dexterous. In some cases, comparative forms are formed from other roots: good is better, bad is worse.

The complex comparative degree is formed by all qualitative adjectives, the simple comparative degree is formed by not all adjectives and adverbs (cruel - more cruel, timid - more timid).
The comparative degree can have the prefix po-: sharper, quieter.
The comparative degree of an adverb and the comparative degree of an adjective differ only in a sentence: the comparative degree of an adverb refers to the verb and is a circumstance, for example: The shadow falls longer from the mountain (Tutch.), and the comparative degree of an adjective refers to a noun (or pronoun) and acts as a predicate or definitions, for example: Now the forest is fragrant, the shadow of the night is lush (Fet).
Notes 1. Individual adjectives, as well as adverbs, form comparative forms using the suffixes -ee and -e: more, more. The first forms are more often used in book speech, and the second - in colloquial speech, although sometimes the forms in -e, on the contrary, are colloquial, non-literary: bolder, louder. Literary forms are more lively, louder. Possible formations with the prefix: larger, more vertebral. 2. When forming forms of the comparative degree from adjectives with a base on g, k, x, d, t, cm, consonants alternate: dear - more expensive, distant - further, deaf - more remote, young - younger, rich - richer, simple - simpler .
The superlative degree indicates the most high degree quality.
Simple superlative forms of adjectives are formed using the suffixes -eysh-, -aysh-: strong - the strongest, thin - the thinnest. Sometimes with the addition of the prefixes pre-, nai-: the longest, the most talented.
Complex forms have additional words most, most or all, everything: close - the closest, the closest; kind - kinder than everyone else; darling - cutest of all. All qualitative adjectives have complex superlative forms, but simple ones are not always possible. They do not have simple forms, for example, the adjectives narrow, tired, fighting, friendly and some others.
Adverbs in the superlative form are extremely rare in use and are perceived in modern Russian as obsolete: nizhayshe, humbly. For example: I would strictly forbid these persons to approach the capitals for a shot (Gr.).
Exercise 414. Form the simple comparative degree from the following adjectives.
Sample. Bold - bolder, narrow - narrower.
Handsome, affectionate, kind, quiet, distant, bad, good, decent, comfortable, black, short.
Exercise 415. Form the following adjectives, where possible, into comparative and superlative forms (simple or complex). Indicate words that do not have certain forms.
Green, red, dark, smart, sharp, rich, dilapidated, cool, young, early, small, tall, short, ruddy, friendly, stunted, bulky, unsteady, muddy, tenacious, sluggish, arrogant, big-eyed, complex, dexterous.
Exercise 416. Form a simple comparative degree from the following words. Compose with each formed words(as an adjective or adverb) sentences and write them.
Sample. Warm - warmer. The weather was getting warmer. Today he greeted me warmer than yesterday.
Frequent, large, simple, lively, interesting.
Exercise 417. Read the sentences and determine which parts of speech the highlighted words given in comparative form belong to.
1. Kashtanka grumbled, took on a very brave look and, just in case, came closer to the stranger (Ch.). 2. And the sooner the fire burned out, the more visible the moonlit night became (Ch.). 3. He [Emelyan] sang with his hands, his head, his eyes... he sang passionately and with pain, and the more he strained his chest to tear at least one note out of it, the more silent his breathing became... (Ch.). 4. All that remained from the fire were two small red eyes, which became smaller and smaller (Ch.). 5. And now she. . . seemed to him as if shorter, simpler, more tender (Ch.). 6. He walked faster (M.G.). 7. And for some reason it suddenly became darker (M.G.). 8. The hunchback’s blue eyes became larger, rounder and sadder (M.G.). 9. I used to be smarter (M.G.). 10. Varavka snored wetly and for some reason seemed smaller than he was during the day (M.G.). I. The waves looked at us over the sides and made an angry noise; The further we were taken into the strait, the higher they became. A roar could already be heard in the distance, wild and menacing... And the boat was rushing faster and faster... Every now and then we fell into deep holes and flew up onto mounds of water, and the night became darker and darker, the clouds descended lower (M.G.) .
Exercise 418. Rewrite the sentences, underlining the comparative forms. Determine what parts of speech these are.

1. But now grandfather was more lively, quicker, and easier than his father at work (Gladk.). 2. Kuzyar was thin and efficient, and Naumka was taller and had long arms (Gladk.). 3. “I must admit, I thought that you, Polyanitsa, were smarter,” Davydov said with regret (Shol.). 4. I saw it for the first time Central Russia. I liked her more than Ukraine. It was more deserted, more spacious and more remote (Paust.).

1. The sun was brighter, the fields smelled stronger, the thunder was louder, the rain was heavier and the grass was taller. And the human heart was wider, the grief was sharper, and the earth was a thousand times more mysterious, motherland- the most magnificent thing that we have been given for life (Paust.). 6. Voices were heard from the fog, but much muffled than before (Paust.). 7. The largest and most beautiful oystercatchers (Ars.) stayed closer to the sea.

1. Taiga seemed even more gloomy to me (Ars.). 9. Taking our knapsacks, we walked another half a kilometer and, choosing a more level place on the river bank, became a bivouac (Ars.). 10. You were kinder than her, and warmer, and brighter (Sim.). 11. And I know: in many ways he was more impeccable and stronger (Tvard.). 12. I know, if the separation, the bitterest of separations, had not happened, I could be proud of this one thing: this was my first friend (Tvard.).

Exercise 419. Read carefully and indicate the peculiarities of using the highlighted words.
A vain reflection of the life of the past, she was still dead, still hopeless for the heart of forever extinct eyes (L.). He walked somehow woodenly, in the manner of toy soldiers, without bending his knees (Ch.). His gait became more and more wooden (Cor.). ... The autocrat's eagle took off, stretched out, blacker than before, angrier, more eagle-like... (V.M.). On such an impenetrable blizzard evening, success was decided not by who was ironier or more accurate, but by who was luckier (Leon.).

Prepositions are function words that are used with words that change according to cases, and serve, together with endings, to connect words.
Prepositions are used with nouns, cardinal numbers and pronouns: put on the table, sit at the table; add to three, divide by two; stay with me, come to me. Prepositions in a sentence do not play an independent role and are not its members.
Prepositions can be used with one case, for example: without, to - without conversation, to the forest; with two, for example: on, in - on the sofa, on the sofa, in the house, in the house; with three, for example: from, to - from the finger; (size) with a finger, with a finger; waist-deep, around the city, upon arrival.
Note. The prepositions according to, contrary to, thanks to are used only with dative case. For example: according to the contract, contrary to instructions, due to good weather. The prepositional combination according to is used with the instrumental case, for example: according to the agreement.
Exercise 420. Rewrite the sentences, underlining the prepositions. Indicate with what cases they are used.
1. The guns are firing from the pier (P.). 2. The smile disappeared from Lisa’s face (T.). 3. They lay head to head and side to side (L.T.). 4. They were lying under the tree paper bags with gifts (A.N.T.). 5. Divide the land along the river into summer cottages(Ch.). 6. The boy, pushed from behind, approached the porch (Fad.). 7. As soon as the sailor was led into the odorous, hot darkness of the hut, he immediately collapsed onto a plank cot (Cat.).
Exercise 421. Rewrite the sentences using the correct case form of the words in brackets.

1. According to the (order) of the boss, the workshop began work on time.
2. The student completed the exercise according to (spelling rules). 3. Contrary to the old man’s (prediction), the sky quickly became cloudy. 4. Thanks to (the care and attention of public organizations), the children received a new stadium for the holiday.

Qualitative adverbs are the richest semantic group of adverbs in quantitative terms. These adverbs, as a rule, are motivated by adjectives and inherit from them not only the lexical meaning of the root, but also degrees of comparison. The forms of comparative degrees of adverbs largely coincide with the forms of comparative degrees of adjectives.

Degrees of comparison of adverbs Comparative

1) simple (synthetic) – louder, faster;

2) analytical – louder, faster.

Excellent

1) simple (synthetic) – absent;

2) analytical – louder, louder than everyone else; more quickly, faster than everyone else.

The comparative simple form of adverbs is formed using suffixes - e:loud - louder;-her:strongly - stronger;-she:early - earlier.

Some adverbs have two variant comparative forms: far - further, further; early - earlier, earlier; late - later, later. It is possible to add a prefix By-:higher - higher; slowly - slow down.

The analytical form of the comparative degree is formed, like that of adjectives, by joining the positive degree of the word more (most):more loudly, most loudly. Regarding the inclusion of the word less There are different opinions. V.V. Vinogradov wrote: “... combinations of adjectives with the word less(due to the absence of correlative forms of the superlative degree) do not merge into a grammatical whole, are not “morphologized”. They retain the character of free syntactic chaining. Less acts only as an antonym to more" [Vinogradov, 1972, p. 203–204].

The opinion that only the word can act as a component of the analytical form more, is based on the fact that the comparative degree expresses greater intensity of the attribute, and the word less destroys this theory.

It is possible to form suppletive comparative forms: x good is better, little is less.

There is an opinion that analytical forms of the comparative degree have not only adverbs of qualitative characteristics, but also some adverbs ending in -ski, in...ski, in...ohm, For example: friendly - more friendly.

Superlative forms of adverbs are formed in the same way as adjectives - with the help of suffixes -ayshe, -ayshe, but are found extremely rarely, in a small group of words: most strictly, most deeply, most humbly, most reverently, most respectfully, highest, sweetest, most humble, most detailed, closest. These obsolete forms are used for stylistic purposes.

Analytical forms have components: 1) the form of a comparative degree and words all, all: fastest, most convenient; 2) positive form of adverb and word most: most understandable.

1. Degrees of quality of adverbs

Like adjectives, adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives express the degree of quality without comparison using suffixes of subjective assessment and special prefixes.

The degrees of quality of adverbs are formed:

1) using suffixes - onk-(-enk-), -ovat-(-evat-), -onechk-(-enechk-), -okhonk-(-yokhonk-):quietly, a long time ago, lightly, quietly, close etc. In this case, some of the suffixes are used to strengthen the attribute ( often, quickly etc.), the other - to express the weakening of the sign ( too little, too early);

2) using attachments pre-, once-, all-, archi-, super-:calm, beautiful, extremely modern, extremely elegant;

3) by repeating adverbs: far, far, quickly, quickly etc.

Word formation of adverbs

Adverbs are formed from adjectives, nouns, participles, gerunds, etc. The most productive are suffixal and prefix-suffixal methods of word formation. Let's briefly look at the main methods.

1. Suffixation. The most productive way is to form adverbs using a suffix -O from adjectives: freely, quickly, moderately, difficultly, conveniently, daily, highly, faithfully, deftly, fervently, undeservedly, stubbornly, sadly, cheerfully.

From adjectives to skiy, -tskiy adverbs with a suffix are formed -And: brotherly, friendly, barbaric, bossy, brave.

Adverbs defiantly, threateningly, irritatingly, excitingly, pleadingly, lovingly and so on, having the suffix -e, are motivated by the corresponding present participles of the active voice.

Adverbs can be motivated by nouns ( in the afternoon, in the morning, in spring, sometimes, at a trot, on horseback, around, instantly, home, single file), numerals ( five, three times, once), verbs ( silent, jogging, alert), adverbs ( not enough, often, briefly, a long time ago, quietly, waddle). In some cases, word formation is closely intertwined with adverbialization - the replenishment of adverbs due to transition from other parts of speech. Thus, nouns have undergone adverbialization eveningohm , springO th, in which the former ending has turned into a suffix.

2. Prefixation. Adverbs are formed from corresponding adverbs using prefixes Not- (not far, not for long), behind-(before dark, in advance), before- (until now); from pronouns ( forever, to here, from here).

3. Prefixation with suffixation. Adverbs can be motivated by adjectives ( businesslike, still, apparently, comradely, like a dog, manually, in the distance, locked up, dry, again, occasionally, to the right, tipsy, rashly, old-fashioned), pronouns ( in our opinion, in my opinion), nouns ( really, draw, half, above, on top, in front, next morning, married), numerals ( three of us, ten of us, nine of us), verbs ( at a glance, at a glance), adverbs ( for a long time, a lot).

4. Addition: half-lying, half-joking.

5. Suffixation with addition: in passing, on its own.

6. Prefixation with suffixation and addition: half-heartedly, in a low voice, at exorbitant prices.