What people sheltering in a shelter are prohibited from doing

a) smoke and drink alcohol; bring (bring) domestic animals into the building; bring flammable substances, explosive substances, substances with a strong or pungent odor, or bulky items;

b) there are no prohibitions; lead a normal lifestyle;

c) make noise, talk loudly, walk around unnecessarily, open doors and leave the building; use open flame lighting sources

1. 
   What is the procedure for carrying out rescue operations when a shelter with sheltered people is damaged?

a) first of all, it is necessary to make passages (passages) in the rubble;

b) disconnect damaged water supply, gas pipelines, power supply and sewage networks passing through the shelter or near it,

c) turn off damaged power supply networks passing through the shelter or near it

1. 
   Name the main methods of opening affected shelters.

a) clearing work can be carried out using engineering equipment or manually.

b) clearing debris from the main entrance; clearing littered emergency exit heads (hatches); making openings in the walls or ceilings of littered shelters; construction of openings in the walls of shelters from underground excavations.

c) through a hole punched in the roof of the shelter; bringing people out through neighboring basements after making an opening in the wall of the shelter adjacent to these premises.

1. 
   How is the evacuation of shelters carried out?

a) evacuation of those sheltering from a destroyed or littered shelter, if necessary, is carried out in personal protective equipment

b) carry out rescue formations in the following sequence: first, those who cannot get out on their own and children are brought to the surface, then the rest are evacuated.

c) transport

1. 
   What is the purpose of anti-radiation shelters?

a) protective structures of civil defense, providing protection from rare earth protection for 2 days

b) provide protection from hazardous substances;

c) provide protection from natural emergencies

1. 
   What rooms are suitable for radiation shelters?

a) PRU structures must withstand excess pressure of an air shock wave of up to 0.2 kg/cm 2 and the impact of falling building debris. PRUs also protect from light radiation and droplet liquid agents

b) with the presence of strong walls, ceilings and doors, the presence of hermetic structures and filter-ventilation devices

c) in the first floors of stone buildings, cellars

1. 
   Explain the design of free-standing radiation shelters.

a) ventilation, heating, cesspool, lighting, water supply

b) a place to sit;

c) a place to rest

1. 
   Name the simplest type of shelter.

a) a gap, a trench, various kinds of dugouts, adapted basements.

b) cellars, underground passages;

c) basements of industrial, residential and public buildings;

1. 
   When staying in simple shelters, do you need to use personal protective equipment?

a) Yes

1. 
   How will you choose a place to build simple shelters?

a) premises in the basements, ground floors and first floors of buildings, as well as cellars, cellars, undergrounds, vegetable stores, and they are built in cities and on sites when there is not a sufficient number of pre-built shelters.

b) The simplest shelters such as a crack, trench, trench, dugout, dugout

c) the place is chosen near housing or work

1. 
   Explain the structure of open and closed type slots?

a) The gap is a ditch 1.5 m deep, 2 m wide at the top, 1.8 m at the bottom. Usually the gap is built for 50 people.

b) The gap can be open or closed. It is a ditch 1.8-2 m deep, 1 - 1.2 m wide at the top, 0.8 m at the bottom. Usually the gap is built for 10-40 people. Along one of the walls there is a bench for sitting, and in the walls there are niches for storing food and containers. drinking water. A drainage ditch with a drainage well is installed under the floor of the crack.

c) Slots are arranged in the form of straight sections located at an angle to each other, the length of each of which is not more than 10 m. Entrances are made at right angles to the adjacent section. The construction of a gap begins with its layout and tracing. To break up the crack, pegs are driven in at the places where it breaks, and a rope (tracing cord) is pulled between them. Tracing involves digging out small grooves (grooves) along a stretched rope, indicating the contours of the crack. After this, remove the turf between the tracing lines and set it aside. First tear off the middle part. As it deepens, its walls are gradually leveled to required sizes, making them inclined.

Bibliography

1. 
   Atamanyuk V.G. and others. Civil defense: Textbook for universities. - M.: Higher. school, 1986. - 207 p.
2. 
   Belov S.V. Life safety / Ed. S.V. Belova. – M.: Higher. school, 2006. – 448 p.
3. 
   Kukin P.P., Lapin V.L. etc. Life safety: Tutorial for universities. – M.: graduate School, 2002. - 319 p.
4. 
   Mazurin E.P., Aizman R.I. Civil defense. Ed. ARTA. 2011.
5. 
   Rudenko A.P. and etc. Educational and methodological manual to conduct classes on civil defense with the population not engaged in production. - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1988. - 192 p.
6. 
   Rusak O.N. , Malayan K.R. , Zanko N.G. Life safety: Textbook for universities. – St. Petersburg: Lan, 2000. – 448 p.
7. 
   Semenov S.N. etc. Conducting classes on civil defense: Toolkit. - M.: Higher school, 1990. - 96 p.
8. 
   Shubin E.P. Civil defense /Ed. E. P. Shubina. - M.: Education, 1991. - 223 p.

Open slot for separation: 1-water collection well; 2- poles.

Open gap. The simplest shelter for personnel. Protects completely from small arms fire, shell fragments, mortar mines and aerial bombs; protects partially from the shock wave of the explosion of conventional and nuclear ammunition (reduces the radius of damage by the shock wave by 1.5-2 times). Protects against light radiation from a nuclear explosion, reduces the level of radioactive exposure by 3-4 times (when personnel are positioned lying at the bottom of the gap). In case of a direct hit from a shell, mine, or grenade, the protection level is 0.

An open target is a section of a trench 150 cm deep. It can come off as independent construction, and adjacent to a trench, trench for equipment or artillery. If you have time and energy, cool clothes and a bench for sitting can be arranged. If the gap is constructed as an independent structure, then on one side at an angle of 90 degrees a descent from the surface into the gap with five to six steps is equipped.

The capacity of the slot is not regulated, but in all cases its length cannot be less than 3 meters and it must accommodate at least 1/3 of the number of squad personnel. The volume of excavated soil is 7 cubic meters. meters. Labor intensity 12 people/hour.

Covered gap. It differs from an open slot in that it has an overlap made of poles or knurling and sprinkled with soil. The closed gap protects completely from small arms fire, shell fragments, mortar mines and aerial bombs; protects against the shock wave of the explosion of conventional and nuclear ammunition (reduces the radius of damage by the shock wave by 3-4 times). Completely protects against the light radiation of a nuclear explosion, reduces the level of radioactive exposure by 10-12 times, protects against the damaging effects of incendiary weapons and droplet-liquid toxic substances (such as mustard gas, lewisite). Fully protects against direct hits from hand grenades, grenade launchers of the GP-25 type (grenade launcher), AGS-17, shells with a caliber of up to 45 mm, mortar mines with a caliber of up to 50 mm.

The protective properties of the gap can be increased by the second and third layers of overlap and increasing the protective soil thickness. In this case, the gap will be able to protect against direct hits from shells with a caliber of up to 55-76 mm, mortar mines with a caliber of up to 82 mm, and the striking elements of cluster bombs.
If there is time and effort, cool clothes are arranged in the gap intended to accommodate the crew of a tank, armored personnel carrier or infantry fighting vehicle, bunks for one person are arranged and a simple stove is installed. In this case, one person lying down and one or two sitting can be accommodated in the gap, and the gap is used not only for shelter, but also for rest of personnel.

In a number modern instructions in terms of fortification, such a gap is often called a “separation dugout” (to some extent, this name is legitimate). The volume of excavated soil is 13.5 cubic meters. m. Labor intensity 20-28 people/hour. Consumption of poles is 0.5 cubic meters. meters or knurling 2.4 cubic meters. m, fortification wire 4 kg.

Read full summary

The simplest shelters are intended for mass shelter of people from the damaging factors of emergency sources. These are protective structures open type. These include open and covered, cracks (Fig. 5), pit and bulk shelters.

The cracks are torn off using earthmoving machines (trench excavators) or manually.

In soft soils, to protect the steep cracks from destruction, they are covered with boards, backing or other local materials.

The cracks tear off a broken outline with a length of faces (straight sections) of 10-15 m, the distance between adjacent cracks should be at least 10 m.

Open cracks are dug up to a depth of 1.5 m, a width at the top of 1.1-1.2 m and a width at the bottom of 0.5-0.6 m.

When constructing a closed gap from an open one, its depth is increased by 0.2-0.3 m. The length of the gap is determined at the rate of 0.5 m per person being covered.

The entrance to the gap is equipped at an angle of 90°, made in the form of an inclined stepped descent with a door. Ventilation ducts made of boards are installed at the ends of the crack. When sheltering in a gap, 10 or more people are provided with two entrances.

The walls of the gap are made inclined. The angle of inclination depends on the strength of the soil. In weak soils, the walls of the crack are strengthened with clothes made of poles, slabs, thick boards, brushwood, reinforced concrete structures and other materials. Along one of the walls there is a bench for sitting, and in the walls there are niches for storing food and containers with drinking water. A drainage ditch with a drainage well is installed under the floor of the crack.

The procedure for equipping the cracks involves first cutting open cracks for 10-15 hours, and then, within 10-15 hours, equipping the open cracks with steep clothing and covering them with logs (slabs, elements of corrugated steel, etc.), laying over the overlap of any waterproof material and sprinkling with soil.

The slots should be located outside the areas of possible rubble during explosions, i.e. at distances from buildings no less than half their height (but no closer than 7 m), and if there is free territory - even further. At the same time, they should be located as close as possible to the locations of people who will use the cracks.

The blocked cracks will also protect against direct contact of radioactive, toxic substances and bacterial agents on people’s clothing and skin, as well as against damage from debris from collapsing buildings. At the same time, even when blocked, they do not provide full protection from toxic substances and bacterial agents. Therefore, respiratory protective equipment should be used, and skin protection in open crevices.

To protective structures closed type Collective protection includes shelters in which protection is provided by supplying purified outdoor air to the premises using filter ventilation units or regenerating internal air.

Closed-type buildings with individual protection include anti-radiation shelters (PRU), into which the air is supplied unpurified, and, if they appear in the outside air, people use personal protective equipment for protection.

Sheltering of personnel of economic facilities and the population in the AP is the main and most important reliable way protecting people in emergency situations.

To shelter people, shelters and anti-radiation shelters are mainly used, which provide accommodation and life support for people. However, simple shelters can be used for their short-term protection.

Use of underground and basement structures to protect the population

The shelter is put into operation only after acceptance by the commission acting in accordance with the “Instructions for the acceptance and operation of civil defense shelters.”

For each shelter, a passport, plan, reference card and diagram of evacuation routes for people from the shelter are drawn up, as well as maintenance rules and an equipment sheet.

The shelter plan indicates:

· ventilation ducts in walls and air intake systems;

· water supply, sewerage, heating, electric lighting networks;

· locations of disconnecting devices;

· emergency exit;

· thickness and materials of walls and ceilings of the shelter;

· area and internal cubic capacity of premises;

· table of the maximum permissible time for sheltered persons to remain at a constant (without ventilation) volume of air, depending on the occupancy of people.

The location card shows the location of the shelter and nearby non-collapsed landmarks, which can be used to quickly find a blocked shelter.

The evacuation diagram outlines several possible exit routes from the shelter area outside the city. One copy of the documentation is stored directly in the shelter, the second - in the civil defense department of the facility.

During periodic inspection of the condition of the shelter, at least once a quarter, and also immediately after filling with shelter, it is checked for leaks. The degree of tightness is determined by the amount of air pressure, and the test itself is carried out in the following sequence: all are closed entrance doors, shutters and hatches, overpressure valves are locked; sealed valves and plugs are closed exhaust system ventilation; supply system the air supply is switched on to operate in pure ventilation mode; the amount of air supplied to the shelter is determined; The air pressure in the shelter is measured.

The air pressure is measured with an inclined pressure gauge type TNZh-1 (liquid draft pressure gauge); it must be at least 5 mm of water. column in all shelter ventilation modes.

If the amount of backpressure turns out to be insufficient, then the location of air leakage is determined by the deflection of the candle flame.

It is necessary to systematically check the condition of all shelter equipment and maintain it in accordance with technical requirements and troubleshoot.

The organization of maintenance of shelters is entrusted to the service of shelters and shelters of the civil defense facility. Each shelter is assigned a service unit (group) of 5-7 people. The flight (group) commander is the commandant of the shelter. At the warning signal from the civil defense control authorities, the unit (group) arrives at the shelter and organizes the work of receiving those being sheltered. At the signal “Close protective structures” or when the shelter is full, the doors and shutters are closed and the shelter is supplied with air in pure ventilation mode.

In the shelter, it is necessary to strictly adhere to the established regime and daily routine. Those being sheltered must unquestioningly follow all orders of the commandant and the duty officer. Those being sheltered are not allowed to walk around the shelter premises unless necessary, smoke, independently turn on and off lighting, units and systems, or open and close doors. It is prohibited to light candles kerosene lamps and homemade lamps.

Consumption of food and water supplies is allowed only by order of the commandant (senior) of the shelter.

The exit of those taking refuge from the shelter is carried out on the instructions of the commandant (senior). Before entering a contaminated area, you must wear personal protective equipment (PPE). Before returning, radioactive dust must be removed from personal protective equipment, outerwear and shoes. Carefully remove skin protection, outer clothing, and, if possible, shoes and leave them in the vestibule.

The simplest shelters include open and covered cracks (Fig. 3). The cracks are built by the population themselves using locally available materials. The simplest shelters have reliable protective properties. Thus, an open slit reduces the probability of damage by a shock wave, light radiation and penetrating radiation by 1.5-2 times, and reduces the possibility of exposure in a radioactive contamination zone by 2-3 times. The blocked gap protects from light radiation completely, from a shock wave - 2.5-3 times, from penetrating radiation and radioactive radiation- 200-300 times.

The gap is initially arranged open. It is a zigzag trench in the form of several straight sections no more than 15 m long. Its depth is 1.8-2 m, width at the top is 1.1-1.2 m and at the bottom up to 0.8 m. The length of the gap is determined by calculating 0.5-0.6 m per person. The normal capacity of the slot is 10-15 people, the largest is 50 people. The construction of the gap begins with laying out and tracing - indicating its plan on the ground. First, a base line is drawn and a total length cracks. Then half the width of the slot along the top is laid off to the left and right. Pegs are hammered in at the kinks, tracing cords are pulled between them and grooves 5-7 cm deep are torn off. Digging begins not across the entire width, but slightly inward from the tracing line. As you deepen, gradually trim the slopes of the crack and bring it to the required size. Subsequently, the walls of the crack are reinforced with boards, poles, reeds or other available materials. Then the gap is covered with logs, sleepers or small reinforced concrete slabs. A layer of waterproofing is laid on top of the coating, using roofing felt, roofing felt, vinyl chloride film, or a layer of crumpled clay is laid, and then a layer of soil 50-60 cm thick. The entrance is made on one or both sides at right angles to the crack and equipped with a hermetic door and vestibule, separating the room for those being covered with a curtain of thick fabric. An exhaust duct is installed for ventilation. A drainage ditch is dug along the floor with a drainage well located at the entrance to the gap.

Conclusion

This paper examines a range of issues related to the accumulation of civil defense protective structures, their maintenance, operation and use in peacetime and wartime.

The problem of engineering protection of the population, in terms of providing it with protective structures, has always been relevant throughout the entire period of formation and development of civil defense. Depending on the type and degree of military threats and dangers, it underwent certain quantitative and qualitative changes, the categories of the population sheltered in protective structures and the degree of their protection in these structures were specified.

The main measures to improve the efficiency of engineering protection of the population in the near future are determined by the "Fundamentals of a unified public policy in the field of civil defense for the period until 2010", approved by the President Russian Federation 5 January

2004 No. Pr-12. These are:

improving the engineering protection of the population, improving the maintenance and use of civil defense protective structures in peacetime;

maintaining civil defense protective structures in readiness,

ensuring the protection of workers and employees (working shifts) of the most important facilities and population from dangers;

adaptation in peacetime and in times of threat of underground premises, subways and other underground structures for sheltering the population;

preparation for the construction during a threatened period of the missing protective structures of civil defense with simplified internal equipment and shelters of the simplest type.

Further improvement of engineering protection should be inextricably linked with the development of new approaches to its organization, taking into account modern conditions and requirements. Today's approaches are based on the "Basic principles of protecting the population from weapons mass destruction", adopted in 1963. Over a more than 45-year period since the adoption of these principles, significant changes have occurred in the forms and methods of conducting modern wars, socio-economic conditions and capabilities of our state. This objectively calls for a revision of views on the protection of the population at the place of their work and residence in major cities and beyond, the development of new types of protective structures with protective properties adequate to modern threats and dangers.

Yu. G. Afanasyev, A. G. Ovcharenko, L.I. Trutneva

Biysk Technological Institute (branch)

Barnaul 2003

Introduction

Protection of the population and productive forces countries from weapons of mass destruction, as well as natural disasters, industrial accidents is the most important task of the Office of Civil Defense and emergency situations. To solve this problem, it is necessary to create at economic facilities and in populated areas various types protective structures to shelter people. Protective structures can be built in advance and upon special instructions. As a rule, free-standing or built-in structures in the basement of the building are built in advance and are designed for a long service life. In peacetime, it is possible to use these structures for various economic purposes such as household premises, classrooms, garages, etc. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure the possibility of using protective structures for their intended purpose in the shortest possible time.

Currently, the effectiveness of protecting people from modern means defeat depends not only on the readiness to receive people and the technical serviceability of protective structures equipped with sophisticated equipment, but also on the training of personnel to maintain protective structures. Service staff protective structures must be able to different situations accept correct solution and complete all the tasks that arise.

Responsibilities for planning, organizing and providing shelter for people are assigned to the relevant services of shelters and civil defense shelters. They must develop basic planning documents, distribute protective structures between workshops, departments, and services of economic facilities, outline routes of approach to shelters or shelters, and become familiar with the procedure for sheltering everyone who will use them.

Before drawing up documents, the capacity and protective properties of structures are clarified. If there is a shortage, basements and other premises are identified that can be adapted for protective structures. Determine locations for the construction of prefabricated shelters. Protective structures are distributed according to population size, taking into account the possibility of their rapid filling with people from nearby houses. Main principle– minimum time to approach protective structures.

To maintain protective structures at the site, formations are created. The personnel of these formations are responsible for preparing the structure to receive people, organizing its filling, correct operation during the stay of people in it and for evacuating them from the shelter in the event of its failure.

1. Theoretical part

Civil defense protective structures are designed to protect people from modern weapons. They are divided into shelters, anti-radiation shelters and simple shelters.

Shelters

1.1.1 Construction of shelters

Shelters provide the most reliable protection people from shock waves, light radiation, penetrating radiation and radioactive contamination during nuclear explosions, from toxic substances and bacterial agents, as well as from high temperatures and harmful gases in fire zones.

Modern shelters are technically complex structures equipped with a complex of various engineering systems and measuring instruments, which must provide the required standard conditions for the life support of people during the estimated time.

Based on capacity, shelters can be divided into the following types: low-capacity shelters (15-600 people), medium-capacity shelters (600-2000 people), large-capacity shelters (over 2000 people).

Depending on the location, shelters can be built-in or free-standing. Built-in shelters include shelters located in the basement floors of buildings (Figure 1), and free-standing ones include those located outside buildings (Figure 2).

In addition, buried rooms (basements, tunnels), underground workings (mines, mines, etc.) can be adapted for shelters. The shelter (Figure 3) consists of a main room, a mother and child room, a medical station, airlock chambers (vestibules), a filter-ventilation chamber, a sanitary unit, and has two exits. Entrances are equipped with security-hermetic doors. The built-in shelter must also have an emergency exit. A room (gateway) is provided at one of the entrances, which ensures the preservation protective properties shelter when people are allowed into it after other entrances are closed. Security-hermetic doors are installed in the gateway openings.

Shelters use filter-ventilation units with electric or manual drive. With the help of such installations, the outside air is purified from radioactive, toxic substances and bacterial agents and supplied to the shelter.

The shelter is equipped with water supply, sewerage, heating and lighting systems, and a radio and telephone are installed. The main room should have benches for sitting and bunks for lying on. People in the compartments are accommodated in places for sitting 0.45 x 0.45 m per person and for lying on tiers of bunks measuring 0.55 x 1.8 m per person.

The capacity of the protective structure is determined based on the norm of 0.5 m2 in a compartment per person. The height of the room must be at least 2.2 m, the total air volume per person is 1.5 m3.

Each shelter must be equipped with a set of means for conducting reconnaissance in contaminated areas, equipment, including emergency equipment, and emergency lighting.

It is necessary to constantly monitor the serviceability of shelter equipment.

1 – protective-hermetic doors; 2 – airlock chambers; 3 – WC; 4 – room for people to rest; 5 – emergency exit; 6 – filter-ventilation chamber; 7 – first aid station; 8 – food pantry

Figure 3 - Built-in shelter plan

1.1.2 Bringing protective structures to readiness

All protective structures must be kept in constant readiness to receive people. In peacetime, shelters are used for the economic needs of the enterprise (warehouses, labor protection office, civil defense class, etc.).

When bringing protective structures into readiness, the following steps are carried out: preparatory work. First of all, the approaches to protective structures are cleared, signs are installed - signs and light signals “Entrance”. All entrances and exits are opened to ventilate the premises. All equipment and property stored in peacetime is removed from them. Engineering and technical equipment is being reactivated. The ventilation system, heating, water and energy supply, radio and communications, shut-off devices (taps, valves, switches, etc.) are checked.

Bunks and benches are installed, drinking tanks are filled with water, and food is stored with a three-day supply. Diesel power station replenished with a three-day supply of fuels and lubricants. At the same time, the serviceability of protective and hermetic devices (doors, shutters, gates) is checked, and shelters are replenished with the necessary equipment.

1.1.3 Procedure for filling shelters and staying in them

When the civil defense headquarters reports the appropriate danger signals, the population should move to the nearest shelter in an organized manner. You need to take with you: personal protective equipment, documents for all family members (passports, military IDs, diplomas, birth certificates for children, etc.), money, jewelry, food supplies in the form of dry rations (for 2 - 3 days) and water (1.5 - 2 liters for each family member).

The filling of shelters is carried out in an organized, fast and without panic manner. Those being sheltered in the shelter are placed on benches and bunks. Those who arrive with children are placed in separate sections or in the mother and child room. The elderly and sick are placed closer to the air distribution ventilation pipes. This work is carried out by the unit for filling and placing sheltered people. After filling the shelter, by order of the group commander, the flight personnel close the protective-hermetic doors and emergency exit shutters.

Latecomers fill the shelter through a special airlock.

In protective structures, the premises are cleaned twice daily by the forces of those sheltered by order of the senior groups. Maintenance of equipment and cleaning of technical premises is carried out by the shelter maintenance team.

Those taking refuge in a shelter are obliged to:

Follow the rules internal regulations, all orders of the personnel of the shelter service level;

Maintain calm, prevent cases of panic and violations of public order;

Follow safety regulations;

Assist the maintenance team in emergency response and damage repair;

Maintain cleanliness in the premises.

Those sheltering in protective structures are prohibited from:

Smoking and drinking alcohol;

Bring (bring) pets into the building;

Bring flammable substances, explosive substances, substances with a strong or pungent odor, or bulky items;

Make noise, talk loudly, walk around unnecessarily, open doors and leave the building;

Use light sources with open fire.

Exit from shelters is carried out only with the permission of the commandant (senior) after clarification of the situation (radiation, chemical, biological and fire).

Organization and conduct of rescue operations in case of damage to shelters

To successfully carry out rescue operations in the source of nuclear damage, it is first necessary to make passages (passages) in the rubble. This work must be carried out as quickly as possible to ensure the timely entry of rescue teams to the littered or damaged shelters.

Before starting work on opening shelters, it is necessary, if possible, to turn off damaged water supply, gas pipelines, power supply networks, sewerage systems passing through or near the shelter, which can create additional danger for those taking refuge, as well as for personnel of non-military civil defense formations conducting rescue operations. In case of malfunction ventilation equipment and lack of air supply, it is necessary to urgently make a hole in the wall of the shelter and organize the supply of purified harmful substances air compressors/

Depending on the nature of the destruction of the buildings under which the shelters are located, the following methods of opening them can be used: clearing debris from the main entrance; clearing littered emergency exit heads (hatches); making openings in the walls or ceilings of littered shelters; construction of openings in the walls of shelters from underground excavations.

Opening of shelters by clearing the blockage of the main entrance is carried out in the case when there are no emergency exits and when the nature of the destruction of buildings allows the use of this method. When clearing, the entrance is first cleared of heavy collapsed structures using truck cranes or manually, then from small debris and the doors are opened. Opening shelters by clearing debris from the head of an emergency exit is used in those shelters where there are emergency exits (Figure 5). Clearing work can be carried out using engineering equipment or manually. When working manually, it is enough to clear the exit hole in the head from the blockage or clear the hatch through which those taking refuge can escape.

In some cases, the evacuation of those being sheltered can be carried out through a punched hole in the ceiling of the shelter.

Depending on the current situation, other methods can be used to rescue people from blocked shelters. For example, the removal of people through adjacent basements after making an opening in the wall of the shelter adjacent to these rooms.

The task of the rescue formation commander is to choose the most appropriate method of opening a littered shelter. At the same time, in the event of a shelter being blocked or damaged, without waiting for outside help, work should be organized to ensure a way out of the shelter, with the involvement of people in it who are able to work.

Evacuation from the shelter is carried out by rescue teams in the following sequence: first, those who cannot get out on their own and children are brought to the surface. Particular attention is paid to children during evacuation. Then the rest are evacuated. If necessary, victims are provided with first aid on the spot.

Evacuation of those sheltering from a destroyed or littered shelter, if necessary, is carried out in personal protective equipment.

1.2 Anti-radiation shelters

Radiation shelters protect people from radioactive contamination and light radiation and reduce the impact of the shock wave of a nuclear explosion and penetrating radiation. They are usually equipped in the basement or ground floors of buildings and structures.

It should be remembered that different buildings and structures attenuate penetrating radiation in different ways: the premises of the first floor of wooden buildings weaken penetrating radiation by 2 - 3 times; premises of the first floor of stone buildings - 10 times; premises on the upper floors (except for the topmost) multi-storey buildings- 50 times; middle part basement of a multi-story stone building - 500 - 1000 times. Most suitable for anti-radiation shelters interior spaces stone buildings with main walls and small area openings. If there is a threat of radioactive contamination, these openings are sealed with available materials: bags of soil, bricks, etc.

If necessary, separate anti-radiation shelters are constructed.

1.3 The simplest shelters

The most accessible means of protection against modern weapons are the simplest shelters. They weaken the effects of shock waves and radioactive radiation, protect against light radiation and debris from collapsing buildings, and protect against direct contact with clothing and skin of radioactive, toxic and incendiary substances.

The simplest shelter is an open gap (Figure 9), which is opened with a depth of 180 - 200 cm, a width of 100 - 120 cm at the top, and 80 cm at the bottom with an entrance at an angle of 900 to its longitudinal axis. The length of the gap is determined at the rate of 0.5 m per person being covered.

Subsequently, the protective properties of the open gap are enhanced by installing steep layers, covering with soil filling and a protective door. This type of shelter is called a covered gap.

In order to weaken the damaging effect of the shock wave on those taking cover, the gap is made zigzag or broken. The length of the straight section should be no more than 15 meters. It must be remembered, however, that the cracks, even if blocked, do not provide protection against toxic substances and bacterial agents.

When using them, if necessary, you should use personal protective equipment: in closed gaps - usually respiratory protection, in open gaps, in addition, skin protection.

The location for the construction of the gap should be chosen mainly in areas without hard soils and coatings. In cities, it is best to build gaps in squares, boulevards and large courtyards, in rural areas- in gardens, vegetable gardens, vacant lots. You cannot build cracks near explosive workshops and warehouses, tanks with highly toxic substances, near high-voltage electrical lines, main gas, heat and water pipelines.

Figure 10 - Covered gap

When choosing a location for a gap, one must also take into account the influence of topography and precipitation on the nature of possible radioactive contamination of the area. Sites for them should be selected in areas not flooded by groundwater, flood and storm water, in places with stable soil (preventing landslides). The distance between adjacent slots must be at least 10 meters.

The construction of the gap should begin with its layout and tracing - designating the plan of the gap at the selected location. At the boundaries of the future crack and at the places where it breaks, stakes are driven in, tracing cords are pulled between the stakes, along which grooves are torn off with shovels. The layout of the gap must be done in such a way that surface water flowed freely to the sides without falling into the gap. When digging a gap, the soil is thrown out on both sides, at a distance of no closer than 50 centimeters from the edges. This will make it possible to subsequently lay the gap covering elements on solid, stable soil.

At one of the walls, cracks at a depth of 130 - 150 centimeters make a seat 85 centimeters wide. It is advisable to cover the seat with boards (boards). Cracks in the walls create niches (recesses) for storing food and water supplies. It is advisable to make the floor in the gap plank, but you can limit yourself to earthen.

It is advisable to make the entrances to the gap 2 - 2.5 meters long, stepped, located at right angles to the gap.

To enhance the protection of people in the closed gap from the shock wave and to prevent the penetration of radioactive substances into it, the entrances to it should be equipped with doors or covered with attached shields.

To protect against fire, all exposed wooden parts of the cracks are covered with fire retardant compounds(lime coating - 62% slaked lime, 32% water and 6% table salt).

Covered gaps must be ventilated. To do this, install an exhaust duct in the crack on the opposite side of the entrance.

The box should be brought out to a height of 150 - 200 centimeters. There should be means of lighting in the blocked gap.

Work on the construction of cracks should be carried out at an accelerated pace in order to provide them to the entire population in need of protection within the shortest possible time after the danger of an enemy attack appears.

1. 4 Protective properties of the area

The protective properties of the area depend on the topography, the shape of local objects and their location relative to the explosion.

The best protection is provided by narrow, deep and winding ravines, quarries and especially underground workings. Hills with steep slopes, embankments, pits, low stone fences and other shelters of this type are also good protection from the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. Small recesses, hollows, and ditches have some protective properties.

Forests weaken the effect of all damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. They reduce the impact of the shock wave and penetrating radiation; reduce radioactive contamination; weaken the effects of light radiation. However, it should be remembered that light radiation causes a fire in the forest. Young deciduous forests are least susceptible to fire; it should be used primarily for protection purposes. Since a strong shock wave breaks and destroys trees, it is best to be located in clearings, clearings and clearings covered with bushes.

If at the time of a nuclear explosion you find yourself outside a shelter or shelter, you must quickly lie down on the ground face down, using low stone fences, ditches, ditches, pits, stumps, road embankments and railways(Figure 11). You cannot take cover near the walls of buildings and structures - they may collapse.

During a flash, you should close your eyes - this can protect them from damage by light radiation. To avoid burns open areas The body must be covered with some kind of cloth. When the shock wave passes, you need to stand up and put on personal protective equipment. If they are not there, you should cover your mouth and nose with any bandage (handkerchief, scarf, etc.) and shake off dust from your clothes.

2. Practical work

Topic: Collective means of protection

Goal of the work:

Study the structure, protective properties of shelters, anti-radiation shelters, shelters of the simplest type and the rules of behavior in them;

Work out standards No. 1 and No. 2;

Material support:

Equipped shelter;

Personal protective equipment (GP-5 gas masks);

Posters.

Completing of the work:

Study the structure of shelters, the procedure for filling and staying in them (clause 1.1.1, clause 1.1.3);

Master the skills of carrying out rescue operations when shelters are damaged (clause 1.1.4);

Study the device, purpose and rules of conduct in

anti-radiation shelters (clause 1.2);

Study the structure, purpose and rules for using shelters of the simplest type (1.3);

Study and master the protective properties of the area (clause 1.4);

Development of standards No. 1 and No. 2 (Tables 2.1, 2.2).

3. Test questions

What collective protection means do you know?

Give a classification of shelters by capacity.

What types of shelters are there by location?

Explain the structure of the shelter.

What are the seating standards for one person?

What are the seating standards for lying on tiers per person?

For what purposes are shelters used in peacetime?

List the procedure for bringing protective structures into readiness.

What should you take with you when going to a shelter?

How do latecomers get to the shelter?

Name the main responsibilities of those sheltering in a shelter.

What is it prohibited for those taking refuge in a shelter to do?

What is the procedure for carrying out rescue operations when a shelter with sheltered people is damaged?

Name the main methods of opening affected shelters.

How is the evacuation of shelters carried out?

What is the purpose of anti-radiation shelters?

What rooms are suitable for radiation shelters?

Explain the design of free-standing radiation shelters.

Name the simplest type of shelter.

When staying in simple shelters, do you need to use personal protective equipment?

How will you choose a place to build simple shelters?

Explain the structure of open and closed type slots?

How to use the protective properties of the area from the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion?

Bibliography

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4. Civil defense / Ed. E. P. Shubina. - M.: Education, 1991. - 223 p.

5. Semenov S.N. and others. Conducting classes in civil defense: Methodological manual. - M.: Higher school, 1990. - 96 p.

6. Rusak O.N. , Malayan K.R. , Zanko N.G. Life safety: Textbook for universities. – St. Petersburg: Lan, 2000. – 448 p.

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