Errors in speech, grammar,
ethical, factual...

Getting ready to check essays on the Unified State Exam

We must admit:
poor education among today's youth.

(From an essay on the Unified State Exam)

Speech errors

Errors associated with incorrect or less successful use of words or phraseological units are classified in school practice as speech errors.

Unified State Exam experts evaluate compliance with speech (lexical) norms according to criterion 10: if more than three errors are made in the work, the examinee receives zero points instead of the possible two. Graduates violate the communicative accuracy of statements, using words and phraseological units in a meaning that is unusual for them or without due consideration of stylistic or emotionally expressive nuances of expressions:

This word has no prototype in Russian. People who are stuck in laziness lose a lot. Our officials are sucking up to the mayor. These examples expose the poet as a romantic. Slava appears in this text as a workaholic patriot. Laziness is the monster of modern youth. Numerous examples mixing paronyms, that is, words with the same root or similar sounding: different meanings

The book gives hormonal education to a person. She has always been a closed, hidden person. Crystal honesty. He did not want to be treated for alcohol. The book should be treated with great care, it deserves it. The author maliciously denounces indifferent people.

Pleonasm is a mistake consisting of using an extra word; it is also often found in the essays of graduates: German Germany. The working proletariat. In a rural village. You need to read each book thoughtfully and carefully. But these heroes only talk and chatter. An interesting problem is revealed and touched upon here.The mother stood quietly and silently. These fashionistas are only interested in dresses and outfits. Flattering compliments. Money penalty. more understanding. Each word has its own unrivaled history.

Very little time is devoted to the study of phraseological units in the school curriculum - as a result, students have a very vague idea of ​​​​the norms for using stable combinations. They do not know the meaning of phraseological units well, often distort their composition, which leads to the destruction of the two-dimensionality of the image underlying it;

There is a contradiction between images and context, which allows us to understand the expression literally:

One can only agree with this position with a squeaky heart.

These children were deprived of joy.

A difficult fate has befallen our people.

The children were poor; they ate bread and salt.

Low bow to those who fought.

A joke was played on him.

This act was the last straw that overflowed the barrel of gunpowder.

To prevent such hooliganism, it is necessary to strengthen and enlarge the internal organs.

Stylistic errors Most speech errors constitute errors that are actually stylistic. These are anachronisms, that is, errors due to a mixture of vocabulary from different historical and social eras: Marmeladov once had a job, but then he was laid off. Errors resulting from confusion of expressions are also stylistic. different styles , unmotivated use of dialectal, colloquial expressions, which contradicts the norms of the literary language:–I slightly disagree with the author's point of view. Gogol showed Plyushkin with a similar miserliness. We need to fill our heads with knowledge. Catherine II sought to ensure that philosophers and writers glorified her name throughout the world.

The author’s position is expressed by a proverb that reads: “People are greeted by their clothes.” It was as if I looked in the mirror and saw myself. Based on the above, Tendryakov concludes...... I think that we should not be angry with the Ukrainians and even the Estonians.

Grammatical errors

Criterion 9 assesses compliance with grammatical norms in the texts of examination essays. Grammatical errors are caused by violations of the norms of word formation (word formation errors), form formation (morphological errors), norms of syntactic connection of words in phrases and sentences, as well as simple sentences as part of complex ones (syntax errors).

Word formation errors- this is the result of word creation in violation of norms: words are formed according to non-existent literary language models or does not take into account that the totality of actually existing lexemes does not completely coincide with the system of words that could be in the language, but they are not used in speech:

Shyness, shame, shame at the poor appearance of the mother. Bribery is the scourge of our time.

Mistakes of heroes. The main problem is the timidity of the young teacher. Dealing with impudence is difficult. Vernacular words. Social order. Along the asphalt path. Since childhood, she had a penchant for music. The warriors showed tenacity and courage. We must understand that all this was not done in vain. The steadfast character of the characters evokes respect. L. Tolstoy called the people pushers of history. It is known that Gumilyov ridiculed Akhmatova’s talent.

Defects in the formation of forms of certain parts of speech are also varied and numerous.

At first, Petrusha Grinev was also an undergrowth.

A worse example cannot be given.

In those years, Russia was hungry and poor.

Vysotsky’s work cannot be confused with anyone else.

You can talk about the fate of both sisters.

The veteran wanted words without falsehood.

The television news constantly reports violence against people.

We learn about their plans.

A person was needed who could help in this matter.

Gogol also wrote about the greatness of the Russian people.

Let's remember Gorky's Larra - he is also proud and selfish.

What kind of courage one must have to sing like that before death!

Vadim was haunted by remorse, but not for long.

Youth is a good time. Young, walking.

I was overcome by heart-fluttering thoughts.

Recently, the Estonian Seimas approved a resolution to demolish the monument to the liberating soldier.

The Russian language is incomprehensible.

This was the most wonderful way out of the situation. Among there are violations of control norms, norms of agreement between the predicate and the subject, incorrect word order in a sentence, confusion of direct and indirect speech, errors in construction complex sentence:

Upon arrival in Britain, he himself immediately goes to London.

From a backward country, Russia has become a great power.

Russian youth are ready to lie down on the embrasure to prevent this.

Those who love literature know this name.

Good triumphs over evil - even fairy tales convince us of this.

D. Likhachev focuses attention on the problem of nationalism.

Not only he, but even all of us together could not do anything.

To confirm this, I will cite the following episode.

Cultural monuments that should be proud of, not destroyed, are being destroyed. Travel is not only a source of information, but also a component of history.

A good example This problem is our public transport.

For the scientist's feat he was awarded the order.

I am sincerely surprised and admired by the writer's talent.

Violations are especially common in sentences with participial phrases:

Commenting on this text, it seems to me that the author loves to travel.

After visiting the museums, the traveler became bored looking at all these physical treasures.

Without caring about the monuments of small nations, they can disappear from the face of the earth.

Sitting by the river, I like to watch the life of ducks.

Without developing your talent, you can ruin it.

Since 2006, the grading system for long-response items has included two additional ones: K–11 – Compliance with ethical standards and K–12 – Maintaining factual accuracy in background material.

Ethical mistakes

In the first case we mean a special type of speech errors - ethical. Not often, but there were works in which the manifestation of verbal aggression and hostility was recorded, statements were found that humiliated human dignity, expressing an arrogant and cynical attitude towards human personality:

This text infuriates me.

Mikhalkov is a writer himself, so he encourages everyone to read books.

The works of Tver graduates are also not completely free from shortcomings of this kind:

You have to be completely crazy to read books today.

But you can’t be too kind, because you yourself will end up without pants.

Ageev is a very bright writer of his time, the writer’s story is an example of human stupidity.

I'm tired of these pensioners: they all cry; but if you don’t like it, let them go to the next world.

Why school program forces you to read all the junk that is called the classics?

While studying at school, I, like all modern youth, was engaged in nonsense.

It is ethically incorrect to call a writer only by his first name and patronymic: Alexander Sergeevich believed...; evaluate actions leniently famous writers: Dmitry Likhachev expressed his thoughts quite clearly. I would like to thank the author of the text for the ability to convey my thoughts.

The use of crude jargon is also considered an ethical error: Small nations gave our country a lot of things, knowledge, and we, like the last pigs, turned our backs on them. If I had been there, I would have given this cupcake a bite to eat for such an attitude towards my mother.

Factual errors

Maintaining factual accuracy in background material is also assessed against a specific criterion. This refers to errors when retelling the content literary works , confusion in dates historical events , V titles of works , the names of the characters, the names of their authors, inaccuracies in quoting, etc.: The book means a lot to me, because Lenin said: “Live forever, learn!” Bazarov was a nihilist and therefore killed the old woman with an ax. The soldiers who defeated fascism returned to peaceful life and continued to write: “Moscow, how much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart!” Having killed a moneylender for money, Raskolnikov also kills her pregnant sister Lizaveta. Happiness for Oblomov, as you know, was loneliness and indifference. In Turgenev’s story “Crime and Punishment”...... The examinees distorted the name of the writer V. Tendryakov as follows: Tundrikov, Trendyakov, Trundikov,

although it was in the text before the eyes of the writers. Exercise.

Find and correct speech errors.

Examples of sentences for finding and qualifying speech errors:

Bulgakov regretted that the White army failed.

This young man repels everyone with his selfishness and selfishness.

The young teacher had no choice but to show his enormous knowledge.

This fact made a huge impression on me.

The main feature of Russia has always been respect for rank.

Nowadays, no one does anything selflessly and for free.

This man was a nobleman from the core to the bones.

This is the main problem inherent in the text.

After reading the text, you clearly understand and see the problem that the author conveys to us.

Chess develops combativeness and memory.

We are advised to listen to Mozart's music to improve mental performance.

The name of my favorite writer Gogol burns like a hot coal in the fire of world literature.

A high school student, ashamed of his mother's poverty, lies to the boys that she is his former governess.

Vadichka burned with shame in front of his comrades, but still approached his mother.

This problem is provoked by the active development of science.

It was fate.

She wanted to help her family and her father.

School years were not wasted in vain.

Nowadays people read a book out of necessity.

The negative material presented in the article can be used when preparing future graduates for exams.

N.M. SERGEEVA,
Tver

Word - important element our Everyday life and, in particular, speech. This unit can rightfully be called extremely diverse and voluminous. With its help, we not only give names to phenomena and objects, but also convey our thoughts and feelings. By remembering the main ones, you can avoid them in the future and make your communication style cleaner.

When we decide what word to say, there are several aspects to consider. These primarily include stylistic coloring, appropriateness of use and level of compatibility with other components of the sentence. If you break even one of these rules, the likelihood of saying something wrong increases significantly.

We monitor the value

Examples of speech errors are often associated with the fact that the speaker does not understand the meaning of a word and uses it in a situation that is not suitable for this. Thus, in the phrase “the fire grew more and more intense,” the verb was used incorrectly. It has two meanings.

The first of them is “to heat up, to warm up to high temperature”, and the second is “get excited”. In this situation, it would be much more logical to use the word “flare up.” It just conveys the meaning that the author tried to put into the phrase.

Irrelevance

Speakers often use significant and function words without taking into account their semantics. You often see these in the media. Examples of them can be from the category “thanks to the tornado, several thousand people died.” The preposition with which this phrase begins must be used only in situations where we want to talk about what caused a desirable, rather than destructive, result.

The nature of this error is hidden in the semantic abstraction of the word from the verb that gave impetus to its appearance. In the above case, instead of “thanks to” you need to say “as a result”, “due to” or “as a result”.

In any field of activity, speech errors are inevitable. Examples from life are often associated with the choice of words-concepts that have different base division. That is, we are talking about a combination of concrete and abstract vocabulary in one context. Thus, phrases in the style of “we will ensure a complete cure for drug addicts and other diseases” are often found. If we talk about an illness, we need to use its name, and not talk about the people who suffer from it. In this situation, it would be correct to use the word “drug addiction.”

At every step we are surrounded by speech and examples of them can be so ingrained in our lives that we may not even notice that we are speaking incorrectly. Such cases include the incorrect use of paronyms. Many people are confused about the concepts of “addressee” (the one to whom we are writing a letter) and “addressee” (sender, author). To avoid embarrassment, you just need to remember the meaning of such problematic words.

Incompatible

Another one eternal problem For many people, this is that they do not follow the phrases they pronounce. After all, when we choose a suitable word, it is necessary to monitor not only its literary meaning. Not all structures can be harmoniously connected to each other. To maintain speech balance, it is necessary to take into account semantics, stylistics, grammatical features of words and more.

You can come across a variety of sentences with speech errors. Examples might be something like this: “A good father needs to be a role model for his children.” In this case, the word “example” must be used.

Synonyms, homonyms, paronyms

Speech errors on television are often associated with the incorrect use of synonyms. Examples are often associated with the wrong choice of the emotional connotation of a word and the scope of its use: “ CEO made a mistake and immediately set about correcting it.” The neutral word “error” would be much better suited for this situation, instead of the chosen jargon.

Homonyms also often become the cause of incorrect statements. If you do not take them out of context, the meaning of such words will be quite clear. But there are times when they are used in a situation that is absolutely inappropriate for this. Having heard the sentence “The crew is in excellent condition now,” we will not be able to understand who or what we are talking about: the crew or the cart. In this situation, additional context is indispensable.

Types of speech errors (we will look at examples a little later) are often associated with the fact that speakers incorrectly use ambiguous words. To avoid such missteps, it is necessary to monitor how acceptable a certain word is for a particular situation.

Context plays a big role in this. It is with its help that you can understand the meaning of many words. Example - “she was singing so loud.” Without additional explanation, it is difficult to understand whether the heroine was carried away by the action she was performing or simply gained momentum.

Too much or too little

Examples of speech errors are also often associated with lexical incompleteness of the statement. This is an omission in a sentence of a word that logically should be there. Such a blunder is present in the proposal “not to publish statements on the pages of newspapers and television that could cause an aggressive reaction.” One gets the impression that the author is speaking “on the pages of television.”

New and old

Many types of speech errors with examples are associated with the use of inappropriate new ones and Often, authors unsuccessfully fit them into the context or come up with their own, inappropriate forms. Thus, in the sentence “This year more than twenty thousand rubles have been allocated,” the author’s neologism “ pothole repair” means “pothole repair,” which is impossible to understand without additional context.

Archaisms are words that have gone out of use. You also need to be careful with their use. Some insert them into texts that require the use of neutral vocabulary rather than outdated ones. “Currently there is a cleanup day at school” - this is a case when it would be better to say “now” to make the text more logical in style.

Foreign words

Examples of speech errors also often appear due to the incorrect use of words that came to our country from abroad. Many people manage to rush beautiful phrases of such origin, without even fully understanding their meaning and semantic nuances.

“My purchasing plan is limited due to the fact that I earn little.” This is a case where it was necessary to use a simpler formulation like the phrase “executes more slowly.”

Problems with vocabulary

Speech errors in literature, examples of which can be found in many books, are often associated with the wrong choice of vocabulary. These may be dialectisms, vernaculars, jargons and phraseological units that are not entirely suitable for a particular text. When choosing words from these groups, you need to monitor how harmoniously they fit into the overall context. You also need to adhere to one specific style of presentation in the narrative. If we want to say “I met a neighbor at the entrance,” we don’t need to call her a “scavenger” (dialectical).

In the sentence “I bought a thin TV,” it is better to use the neutral word “thin” or “bad” instead of vernacular, depending on what meaning you give to the text. Otherwise, the recipient of your speech may misunderstand what exactly you are saying.

The professional jargon “steering wheel” is appropriate in a driver’s dialogue, but not in the seller’s description of the interior of a new car model: “The chairs and steering wheel are upholstered in natural leather.” Phraseologisms also cause a lot of difficulties in correct use: “This man is constantly throwing pearls before swine.” This expression means “to invent, to lie,” but without additional context it can be interpreted literally.

Word- the most important unit of language, the most diverse and voluminous. It is the word that reflects all the changes taking place in the life of society. The word not only names an object or phenomenon, but also performs an emotional and expressive function.
And when choosing words, we must pay attention to their meaning, stylistic coloring, usage, and compatibility with other words. Since violation of at least one of these criteria can lead to a speech error.

The main causes of speech errors:








Outdated words.
Words of foreign origin.
Dialectisms.
Colloquial and colloquial words.
Professional jargon.
Phraseologisms.
Clichés and cliches.

1. Misunderstanding of the meaning of the word.

1.1. Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it.
Example: The fire grew hotter and hotter. The error lies in the wrong choice of word:
Inflame - 1. Heat to a very high temperature, become hot. 2. (trans.) To become very excited, to become overwhelmed by some strong feeling.
Flare up - start to burn strongly or well, evenly.

1.2. The use of significant and function words without taking into account their semantics.
Example: Thanks to a fire that broke out from a fire, a large area of ​​forest burned down.
In modern Russian, the preposition thanks retains a certain semantic connection with the verb to thank and is usually used only in cases where the reasons that cause a desired result are spoken of: thanks to someone’s help, support. The error arises due to the semantic distraction of the preposition from the original verb to thank. In this sentence, the preposition thanks should be replaced with one of the following: because of, as a result, as a result.

1.3. Selection of words-concepts with different bases of division (concrete and abstract vocabulary).
Example: We offer complete cure for alcoholics and other diseases.
If we are talking about diseases, then the word alcoholics should be replaced with alcoholism. An alcoholic is someone who suffers from alcoholism. Alcoholism is a painful addiction to drinking alcoholic beverages.

1.4. Incorrect use of paronyms.
Example: A person leads a festive life. I'm in an idle mood today.
Festive and festive - very similar words, single-rooted. But they have different meanings: festive – an adjective for holiday (celebratory dinner, festive mood); idle - not filled, not busy with business, work (idle life). To restore the meaning of the statements in the example, you need to swap the words.

2. Lexical compatibility. When choosing a word, you should take into account not only the meaning that is inherent in it in the literary language, but also lexical compatibility. Not all words can be combined with each other. The boundaries of lexical compatibility are determined by the semantics of words, their stylistic affiliation, emotional coloring, grammatical properties, etc.
Example: A good leader must set an example for his subordinates in everything.

You can show an example, but not a sample. And you can be a role model, for example.
Example: Their strong friendship, tempered by life's trials, was noticed by many.

The word friendship is combined with the adjective strong - strong friendship.
What should be distinguished from a speech error is the deliberate combination of seemingly incompatible words: a living corpse, an ordinary miracle... In this case, we have one of the types of tropes - an oxymoron.
IN difficult cases When it is difficult to determine whether certain words can be used together, it is necessary to use a compatibility dictionary.

3.Use of synonyms.
Synonyms enrich the language and make our speech figurative. Synonyms may have different functional and stylistic connotations. Thus, the words error, miscalculation, oversight, error are stylistically neutral and commonly used; hole, overlay - colloquial; gaffe – colloquial; blooper - professional slang. Using one of the synonyms without taking into account its stylistic coloring can lead to a speech error.

Example: Having made a mistake, the plant director immediately began to correct it.

When using synonyms, the ability of each of them to be more or less selectively combined with other words is often not taken into account.
Differing in shades of lexical meaning, synonyms can express varying degrees manifestations of a sign, action. But, even denoting the same thing, being interchangeable in some cases, in others synonyms cannot be replaced - this leads to a speech error.

Example: Yesterday I was sad.

The synonym sad is quite suitable here: Yesterday I was sad. But in two-part sentences these synonyms are interchangeable. I look sadly at our generation...

4. Use of homonyms.
Thanks to the context, homonyms are usually understood correctly. But still, in certain speech situations, homonyms cannot be understood unambiguously.
Example: The crew is in excellent condition.

Is the crew a cart or a team? The word crew itself is used correctly. But to reveal the meaning of this word, it is necessary to expand the context.
Very often, ambiguity is caused by the use in speech (especially oral) of homophones (sounding the same, but spelled differently) and homoforms (words that have the same sound and spelling in certain forms). So, when choosing words for a phrase, we must pay attention to the context, which in some speech situations is designed to reveal the meaning of the words.

5. Use of polysemantic words.
When including polysemantic words in our speech, we must be very careful, we must monitor whether it is clear exactly the meaning that we wanted to reveal in this speech situation. When using polysemous words (as well as when using homonyms), context is very important. It is thanks to the context that one or another meaning of a word is clear. And if the context meets its requirements (a semantically complete segment of speech that allows one to establish the meanings of the words or phrases included in it), then each word in the sentence is understandable. But it also happens differently.
Example: He's already sung.

It’s not clear: either he started singing and got carried away; or, after singing for a while, he began to sing freely, easily.

6. Verbosity.

The following types of verbosity occur:
1. Pleonasm (from the Greek pleonasmos - excess, excessiveness) - the use in speech of words that are close in meaning and therefore logically redundant.
Example: All guests received memorable souvenirs.

A souvenir is a keepsake, so memorable is an extra word in this sentence. A variety of pleonasms are expressions such as very huge, very tiny, very beautiful, etc. Adjectives denoting a characteristic in its extremely strong or extremely weak manifestation do not need to specify the degree of the characteristic.
2. Using unnecessary words. Superfluous not because their inherent lexical meaning is expressed in other words, but because they are simply not needed in this text.
Example: Then, on April 11, the Druzhba bookstore will take care of this so that you can smile.
3. Tautology (from the Greek tauto - the same logos - word) - repetition of words with the same root or identical morphemes. Not only students’ essays, but also newspapers and magazines are replete with tautological errors.
Example: Business leaders are business-minded.
4. Splitting the predicate. This is a replacement verb predicate synonymous verbal-nominal combination: fight - fight, clean - clean.
Example: The students decided to clean up the school yard.

7. Lexical incompleteness of the statement.
This error is the opposite of verbosity. An incomplete statement consists of missing a necessary word in the sentence.
Example: The advantage of Kuprin is that there is nothing superfluous.

Kuprin may have nothing superfluous, but this sentence is missing (and not even just one) word. Or: “... do not allow statements on the pages of the press and television that could incite ethnic hatred.” So it turns out – “television page”.
When choosing a word, it is necessary to take into account not only its semantics, lexical, stylistic and logical compatibility, but also its scope. The use of words that have a limited sphere of distribution (lexical new formations, obsolete words, words of foreign language origin, professionalisms, jargon, dialectisms) should always be motivated by the conditions of the context.

8. New words.
Poorly formed neologisms are speech errors.

Example: And last year, 23 thousand rubles were spent on pothole repairs after the spring thaw.

And only the context helps to understand: “pothole repair” is the repair of holes.
Outdated words.
Archaisms - words that name existing realities, but for some reason have been forced out of active use by synonymous lexical units - must correspond to the style of the text, otherwise they are completely inappropriate.
Example: Today there was an open day at the university.

Here obsolete word now (today, now, currently) is completely inappropriate.
Among the words that have fallen out of active use, historicisms also stand out. Historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the concepts they denote: armyak, camisole, bursa, oprichnik, etc. Errors in the use of historicisms are often associated with ignorance of their lexical meaning.
Example: The peasants cannot stand their hard life and go to the main governor of the city.

Governor is the head of a region (for example, a province in Tsarist Russia, states in the USA). Consequently, the chief governor is an absurdity; moreover, there could only be one governor in the province, and his assistant was called the vice-governor.

10. Words of foreign origin.

Now many people have an addiction to foreign words, sometimes without even knowing them exact value. Sometimes the context does not accept a foreign word.
Example: The work of the conference is limited due to the lack of leading specialists.

Limit - set a limit on something, limit it. Foreign word limit in this proposal should be replaced with the words: going slower, stopped, etc.

11.Dialectisms.

Dialectisms - words or stable combinations, which are not included in lexical system literary language and are part of one or more dialects of the Russian national language. Dialectisms are justified in artistic or journalistic speech to create speech characteristics of heroes. The unmotivated use of dialectisms indicates insufficient knowledge of the norms of the literary language.
Example: A scavenger came to see me and sat there the whole evening.

Shaberka is a neighbor. The use of dialectism in this sentence is not justified either by the style of the text or by the purpose of the statement.

12. Colloquial and colloquial words.

Colloquial words are included in the lexical system of the literary language, but are used mainly in oral speech, mainly in the sphere of everyday communication. Colloquial speech is a word, grammatical form or turn of phrase, predominantly of oral speech, used in a literary language, usually for the purpose of a reduced, rough characterization of the subject of speech, as well as simple casual speech containing such words, forms and turns. Colloquial and vernacular vocabulary, in contrast to dialect (regional), is used in the speech of the entire people.
Example: I have a very thin jacket.

Thin (colloquial) – holey, spoiled (thin boot). Errors occur in cases where the use of colloquial and colloquial words is not motivated by context.

13. Professional jargon.

Professionalisms act as colloquial equivalents of terms accepted in a certain professional group: typo - a mistake in the speech of journalists; steering wheel - in the speech of drivers, a steering wheel.
But the unmotivated transfer of professionalism into general literary speech is undesirable. Such professionalisms as sewing, tailoring, listening and others spoil literary speech.
In terms of limited use and the nature of expression (joking, reduced, etc.), professionalisms are similar to jargon and are integral part jargons - peculiar social dialects characteristic of professional or age groups people (jargon of athletes, sailors, hunters, students, schoolchildren). Jargon is everyday vocabulary and phraseology, endowed with reduced expression and characterized by socially limited use.
Example: I wanted to invite guests to the holiday, but the hut doesn’t allow it.

Khibara is a house.

14. Phraseologisms.

It must be remembered that phraseological units always have a figurative meaning. Decorating our speech, making it more lively, imaginative, bright, beautiful, phraseological units also give us a lot of trouble - if they are used incorrectly, speech errors appear.
1. Errors in learning the meaning of phraseological units.
1) There is a danger of literal understanding of phraseological units, which can be perceived as free associations of words.
2) Errors may be associated with a change in the meaning of a phraseological unit.
Example: Khlestakov throws pearls before swine all the time, but everyone believes him.

Here the phraseology “throwing pearls before swine”, meaning “to talk about something in vain or to prove something to someone who is not able to understand it,” is used incorrectly – in the meaning of “inventing, weaving fables.”
2. Errors in mastering the form of phraseological units.
1) Grammatical modification of a phraseological unit.
Example: I'm used to giving myself full reports.

The form of the number has been changed here. There is a phraseological unit to give account.
Example: He constantly sits with his hands folded. Phraseologisms like folded arms, headlong, headlong retain in their composition the old form of the perfective participle with the suffix -a (-я).
Some phraseological units use short forms adjectives, replacing them with full forms is erroneous.
2) Lexical modification of a phraseological unit.
Example: It's time for you to take charge of your mind.

Most phraseological units are impenetrable: an additional unit cannot be introduced into the phraseological unit.
Example: Well, at least hit the wall!

Omitting a phraseological unit component is also a speech error.
Example: Everything returns to normal!..

There is a phraseological unit that goes round and round. Substitution of a word is not allowed.
3. Changing the lexical compatibility of phraseological units.
Example: These and other questions play a big role in the development of this still young science.

There has been a mixture of two stable expressions: it plays a role and it matters. We can say this: questions have great importance... or questions play a big role.

15. Clichés and cliches.

Officeisms are words and expressions, the use of which is assigned to formal business style, but in other styles of speech they are inappropriate and are cliches.
Example: There is a lack of spare parts.
Stamps are hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. Words, phrases and even whole sentences become cliches, which appear as new, stylistically expressive means of speech, but as a result of too frequent use they lose their original imagery.
Example: A forest of hands went up during the vote.
A type of stamps are universal words. These are words that are used in the most general and vague meanings: question, task, raise, provide, etc. Usually, universal words are accompanied by standard prefixes: work - everyday, level - high, support - warm. There are numerous journalistic cliches (field workers, a city on the Volga), and literary cliches (an exciting image, an angry protest).

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Modern linguists approach the definition of the concept of “speech error” in different ways: by a speech error they understand an unsuccessfully chosen word, an incorrectly constructed sentence, a distorted form of a word, and in general any case of deviation from current language norms.

Most full definition speech errors and shortcomings are given in the works of Doctor of Sciences Professor Taisa Alekseevna Ladyzhenskaya, a leading specialist in the field of rhetoric and speech culture. By her definition, speech error- “this is a violation of the requirements correctness speech" and speech impediment– “this is a violation of recommendations related to the concept good speech, that is, rich, precise and expressive.” In other words, if you can’t say (write) like that, it’s a speech error, but if you can say (write) like that, in principle, it’s possible, but it will be inaccurate, meager, and inexpressive—it’s a speech defect.

Test yourself: you may find that you make (or don’t make, which is very encouraging!) mistakes in oral and written speech.

TO speech errors T.A. Ladyzhenskaya includes the following:

1. Misunderstanding of the meaning of a word, using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it. (He back started to command! Right : again, again. The fire is getting bigger got excited, was burning. Right: flared up.)
2. Mixing aspectual and tense forms of the verb. (In water jumping rats , ran Lapwings - time mixing. Right: jumping, running or jumped, ran. When arrived December, the weather is harsh changes – mixing of species . Right : or came, changed, or comes, changes.)
3. Poor use of pronouns resulting in unclear or ambiguous speech ( When the boy said goodbye to his father, he did not cry. It is unclear who did not cry, the boy or the father: say He You can talk about both. Right: Saying goodbye to his father, boy didn't cry. Or like this: When the boy said goodbye to his father, he did not cry(this is if we want to say that the father cried).
4. Unjustified use of colloquial and dialect words. (Kolya walked behind. Right: behind, behind.)
5. Confusion of paronymic words. (I was told to stay home, but I across refused. Right: flatly refused . This man is leading festive life. Right: I'm celebrating life.)
6. Pronominal doubling of the subject. (Olya - She was the youngest in the family. Correct: Olya was the youngest in the family.)

TO speech impediments all experts include the following:

1. Violation of the order of words in a sentence. ( The dog helped people dig snow with its paws and muzzle. A narrow strip only connects the island with the shore.)

2. Using an extra word. (He will come in the month of January. Better this way: He will come in January. All guests received memorable souvenirs. Needed: All guests received souvenirs. Souvenir already means " memorable gift».)

3. Failure to distinguish shades of meaning of synonyms or words with similar meanings. (The team lost and the goalkeeper was returning home with sad head. You need this: ... with drooping head. Yesterday I was sadly. Had sad.)

4. Violation of word compatibility (Soldiers fulfilled the oath. The oath cannot be fulfilled, but it can be take an oath, be true to your oath, A execute Can promise, task, order, order.)

5. Unjustified repetition of the same word within a sentence or in adjacent sentences. ( Birds birds are about to touch the water. Better this way: Birds rushed low and low over the river, it seemed that They are about to touch the water.) Note, however, that repetition is not always an indicator of a speech defect. It can enhance the author’s thought and give it a special emotional coloring. Compare: There is a certain level of happiness in life, from which we count, just as we count from sea level. (D.S. Likhachev)

6. The use of nearby or closely related words, or tautology. (This happening with me happened in summer. Better this way: case happened. The watchman was watching at night and slept during the day. It is better to replace one of two words: or the watchman was working or he was guarding. Today hunt something reluctance. Suggest your options for editing this sentence.)