Simple sentence syntax and punctuation. Simple sentence syntax

Syntax of simple and complex sentences.

Punctuation of simple complicated and complex sentences.

Phrase.

Review the following topics.

1.Phrase. Types of phrases.

2. Ways to connect words in a phrase

coordination

control

adjacency.

3. Semantic and grammatical connection of words in a phrase.

1. How does a phrase differ from a word and a sentence?

2. What components does a phrase consist of?

3. How are these components connected?

6. Provide a noun phrase.

1) write with chalk 2) suede shoes 3) teach literacy 4) good at home

7. Among these sentences, find a one-part sentence.

1) It’s raining. 2) What will we do? 3) I'm not feeling well. 4) Frost painted the windows.

8. Determine the type of offer: There was no walk due to frost.

1) definite-personal 2) indefinite-personal 3) impersonal 4) generalized-personal

9. Give an example that has an incomplete sentence.

2) Dad was reading a newspaper, and his son was reading a magazine. 3) Damp, cool, fresh.

4) Smells like smoke. Somewhere they are burning leaves.

10. Indicate the number of the proposal that includes the impersonal proposal.

1) He came to where he spent his childhood. 2) It was getting dark, warm dampness was wafting from the fields.

3) Bazarov brought a microscope with him and spent days fiddling with it.

4) Inspiration is a state of elation and at the same time a strict working state.

11. Which sentence corresponds to the characteristic: simple, narrative, non-exclamatory, one-part, impersonal.

1) They are making a snowman in the yard. 2) I’m not feeling well.

3) There is a forest at the edge of the field. 4) Soft silvery light streamed through the curtains.

Complex simple sentence.

Review the following topics.

1. Homogeneous members of the sentence. Generalizing words for homogeneous sentence members. Punctuation marks for homogeneous members of a sentence and a generalizing word.

2. Separate members sentences: separate definitions, separate applications, separate additions, separate circumstances. Clarification, explanation, accession. Punctuation marks for isolated parts of a sentence.

3. Introductory words and proposals, plug-in structures. Appeal. Punctuation marks for constructions that are grammatically unrelated to the members of the sentence.

Find answers to the following questions.

1. What conjunctions can join homogeneous members of a sentence?

2. What kind of turnover is called isolated?

3.What words and constructions are not grammatically related to the sentence?

1. Explain punctuation.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is one of the most talented novelists, classics of Russian literature. He was born in the city of Orel, famous for its picturesque surroundings.

Turgenev's father was a kerasir colonel before his marriage. He married the middle-aged, ugly, but very rich landowner Varvara Nikolaevna Lutovinova for convenience. When the Turgenevs settled on the estate, the tyrant landowner gave free rein to his harsh, unbridled temper. He caused a lot of grief and difficult experiences to those around him: his wife, his children, and the serf servants.

Ivan Sergeevich’s mother, a rude and domineering woman, was hardly inferior to her husband in cruelty and hot temper. Constant shouting, punishment with rods, abuse of serf servants - this is what the future writer had to observe more than once in childhood.

The home education of children was carried out exclusively under the guidance of foreign tutors: the French, Germans, and Swiss. Everything Russian, according to landowner custom, was expelled with contempt, considering such an upbringing to be unsuitable for any of the children. Fortunately, one serf (his memory will always live in the history of literature) managed to instill in the boy a love for Russian writers in time. A reader himself, he said to Turgenev: “Is it possible, dear Vanya, to write in any language as strongly as Derzhavin and Kheraskov write in Russian?”

Turgenev received further education, first at a boarding school, then at the university. He was mainly interested in the humanities: history and philosophy, ancient languages ​​and literature. In Berlin, Turgenev became close friends with the most prominent representatives of Russian social thought of that time: Granovsky, Bakunin, Stankevich - and under their influence he became a Westernizer. This movement, as is known, opposed itself to Slavophilism, or Slav-loving, and was more liberal, and therefore freer from the extremes of serfdom.

2. Place punctuation marks. Parse two sentences.

1) Throwing the knapsack off his shoulders, Lyonka put his head on it and, looking a little at the sky through the foliage above his face, fell fast asleep, hidden from view by the shadow of the fence. 2) We got up at five o’clock in the morning without having had time to sleep, and stupid and indifferent at six we sat down at the table to make pretzels from dough. 3) Hundreds of shells and mines, whistling and howling, tearing up the air, flew from behind the heights, exploded near the very trenches, throwing up black fountains of earth and smoke splashing with fragments, plowing up and down the winding line of defense, which was already completely dotted with craters. 4) Old tourist guides, or guidebooks as they were called, strongly recommended traveling around the Vladimir land. 5) Returning, he ordered his carriage to be brought in and, despite Kirill Petrovich’s strenuous requests to stay overnight, he left immediately after tea.

6) It was a village outside the city on a bare, treeless, low place.

3. Think about where the punctuation marks should be in the diagrams for sentences with homogeneous members.

1) or O or O or 2) O but O 3) and O and O and O and O 4) O O O or O

5) © : O O O and O 6) and O and O and O - © 7) O namely O O O and O

Difficult sentence.

Review the following topics.

1.Types of complex sentences: allied and non-union complex sentences.

2. Conjunctive sentences: compound and complex sentences.

3. Complex sentence. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence.

4. Complex sentence: types of subordinate clauses (clauses attributive, explanatory, adverbial). Types of adverbial clauses. A complex sentence with several subordinate clauses. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence

5. Non-union proposal. Semantic relations between simple ones non-union proposal. Choosing a sign in a non-union sentence.

6. Complex sentences with different types communications. Punctuation in such sentences.

7. Direct and indirect speech. Dialogue. Punctuation marks in sentences with direct speech and in dialogue.

Find answers to the following questions.

1. How is it different? difficult sentence from simple?

2. What is the means of connecting simple sentences in complex conjunction and non-conjunctive sentences?

3. What is the difference between compound and complex sentences?

4. What are the differences between subordinating conjunctions and allied words?

5. On what basis are subordinate clauses divided into attributive, explanatory, and adverbial clauses? What is common between the classification of subordinate clauses and the classification of secondary members of a sentence?

Do the following exercises.

1. Place punctuation marks, determine the type of subordinate clauses in complex sentences.

1) You could hear the pine trunks creaking faintly from the upper air flow and one distant grasshopper cracking without waiting for darkness. 2) As long as I forget Russian in my soul happy day when Davydov shook my hand with a friendly hand. 3) On Clean Ponds there was our library, our shooting range, our club without walls where our pioneer affairs were decided and our district military registration and enlistment office from where in 1941 we went to war. 4) Lelka is so carried away with her work that she does not notice how the gate opens and someone enters the front garden. 5) Over tea, mother said that at night there was a strong frost in the entryway, the water in the tub froze, and when they go for a walk, Nikita needs to put on a cap. 6) Throughout the whole summer, he came to us two or three times a week and I got used to him, so that when he didn’t come for a long time, it seemed awkward to live alone and I was angry with him and thought that he was doing a bad thing by leaving me. 7) A strange incident happened at the fair; everything was filled with rumors that a red scroll had appeared between the carts. 8) A few moments later I get up and see my Karagyoz flying with his mane fluttering.

2.Execute parsing the specified proposal.

A poet can then be national when he describes a completely foreign world, but he looks at it through the eyes of his national element, through the eyes of the entire people, when he feels and speaks in such a way that it seems to his compatriots that they themselves feel and speak it.

3. Select the numbers in place of which you would put punctuation marks. Additionally, indicate the numbers corresponding to a) colon, b) dash.

No matter how much I travel through our steppes (1) no matter how dark the moonless nights are sometimes (2) I have never yet had the opportunity to lose my way (3) and experience the situation (4) of a lost person (5) but I have experienced another misfortune ( 6) I was caught in a snowstorm in the steppe (7) and I became acquainted with all its horrors.

But nothing (8) is more terrible than this steppe monster (9) from which not everyone can escape unharmed (10) since it strangles everything (11) that gets in its way. The heart sinks in the most timid person (12) accustomed to all kinds of adversity (13) the blood involuntarily (14) stops in the veins (14) and it is not frost (15) but fear that causes such a state (16) because (17) cold during snowstorms is never very large.

In fact (18) no matter how brave the traveler (19) he becomes afraid (20) when the furious (22) uncontrollable wind begins to rage (21) when the snow blinds his eyes (24) when everything around him in the vast expanse is dressed in white darkness (25) through which nothing is visible (26) and (27) when there is no way forward (28) or back (29) because (30) everything is covered with snow powder. And all around there was nothing (31) not a soul (32) not the sound of a human voice.

4. Determine what type of complex sentences each of the schemes belongs to. Complete the matching task.

1) , . 2) , and . 3) , (, and : . 5) , (), and .

6) - , (), ().

A) compound sentence b) complex sentence

c) a complex sentence with a coordinating and non-conjunctive connection

d) a non-conjunctional complex sentence e) a complex sentence with a non-conjunction and subordinating connection g) complex with subordinating and coordinating connections.

Complete a series of test tasks.

1. What numbers should be replaced by commas in a sentence?

Pisarev (1) who wrote his famous article about Pushkin (2) expressed (3) the view of a certain part of the Russian people.

1) 1,2,3,2 4) 2,3

2. Indicate the sentence without a punctuation error.

1) All natural phenomena: solar heat, wind, rain - can be called geological agents.

2) All natural phenomena - solar heat, wind, rain can be called geological agents.

3) All natural phenomena: solar heat, wind, rain can be called geological agents.

4) All natural phenomena - solar heat, wind, rain - can be called geological agents.

3.Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas?

The boys grabbed their hands (1) and (2) constantly stumbling (3) and (4) getting bruises (5) rushed to run under the protection of a huge oak tree (6) standing on the shore.

1) 2,3,5 2) 1,2,5, 3) 2,3,4,5 4) 2,5,6

4. Indicate the sentence with a punctuation error.

1) Both figures were intelligent and pleasant and for some reason reminded me of Turgenev.

2) All furniture: sofas, tables, chairs - was made of mahogany.

3) Both elk and deer are found in our forests.

4) Boys usually dream of becoming pilots or sailors.

5. What numbers should be replaced by commas in sentences?

From somewhere beyond the Volga they found clouds (1) and (2) although they did not bode well (3) the travelers nevertheless moved on.

1) 2,3 2) 1,3 3) 1,2,3 4) 1,2,3,4

I read so much (1) that (2) when I heard the bell ringing on the front porch (3) I didn’t immediately understand (4) who was ringing (5) and why. 1)1,3,4 2)1,2,3,4 3)1,3,5 4)2,3

6. Which sentence does not have a dash? (No punctuation marks are placed.)

1) In the grass, in the dogwood bushes and wild rose hips in the vineyards and trees, cicadas were everywhere.

2) It began to get light and it was possible to see individual objects.

3) Youth is like the song of a lark at dawn.

4) Evgeniy said mine threateningly.

7. Do the ratio exercise. (There are no punctuation marks.)

2) The sun was leaning towards the west and its oblique hot rays unbearably burned my body and cheeks.

A) The sentence is simple with homogeneous members connected in pairs, a comma is not placed before the conjunction I.

B) A complex sentence with pairs of homogeneous members, a comma is placed only before the second I, connecting two independent clauses.

Every logically complete thought is expressed in words, that is certain parts speeches that make up a sentence (зnuntiвtif). Thus, parts of speech - i.e. words in a certain form - act as members of a sentence, which are main and secondary. The main members of the sentence - the subject (subiectum) and the predicate (praedicвtum) - form the syntactic basis of the sentence and determine it main meaning. Therefore, when parsing a sentence, the main members must be found first. The secondary members of the sentence are: definition, addition, circumstance. They are introduced into the sentence structure using three types syntactic connection: coordination, control and adjacency.

The Latin sentence, as a rule, is two-part, i.e. contains two main members: subject and predicate. The subject can be a noun:

Epistula non erubescit (the letter does not blush); adjective or participle:

Contentus abundat (the contented has in abundance); numeral:

Tres faciunt collegium (three make up a collegium);

pronoun: Quisquis suae fortunae faber est (each smith of his own destiny);

infinitive: Errare humanum est (to err is human);

separate offer:

ui quaerit, reperit (who seeks, finds).

The subject expressed by the name is used in the nominative case. The predicate can be simple or compound. A simple verbal predicate is expressed by the personal form of the verb. It agrees with the subject in person and number: Varietas delectat (variety pleases). Medicus curat, natura sanat (the doctor heals, nature heals). Habent sua fata libelli (books have their own destiny).

A compound predicate is a combination of a connective with a nominal part, which is most often expressed by a noun or adjective: Historia est magistra vitae (history is the teacher of life). Sapientes sunt beati (the wise are happy).

The nominal part agrees with the subject in gender, number, case, if it is expressed by an adjective or participle; in case, if expressed as a noun.

In Latin, the nominal part is always placed in the nominative case.

Repetitio est mater studiorum (repetition is the mother of learning). Alea jactaest (the die is cast).

The linking verb in a compound nominal predicate, unlike the Russian language, is required: Scientia potentia est (knowledge is power). Esse can only be omitted in proverbs and sayings: Salus populi suprema lex (The good of the people is the highest law).

A Latin simple sentence is usually two-part: its grammatical center consists of two main members of the sentence - the subject (subjectum) and the predicate (praedicatum).

The roles of subject and predicate in a Latin sentence can be the same parts of speech as in a Russian sentence. The case of the nominal subject is nominatfvus. As for the predicate, they differ:

• 1. A simple predicate, expressed in the personal form of the verb, containing both the lexical meaning and the signs of the corresponding grammatical categories: agricdla arat the farmer plows, agricolae arant the farmers plow; in terra est vita there is life on earth; in luna non est vita there is no life on the moon.
• 2. A predicate compound, which includes: a verbal copula (copula) - predominantly the finite form of the verb esse to be and the nominal part of the predicate, which is the main expression of its lexical meaning. As a nominal part of a compound predicate, a noun or adjective is used (other parts of speech are rare): rosa est planta rose (is) a plant; a rose is a plant; rosa est pulchra the rose is beautiful.

A noun in the role of a nominal part of a compound predicate agrees with the subject in case (nominatfvus), an adjective also in gender and number.

The connective expressed by the verb esse in a Latin sentence is, as a rule, obligatory, whereas in a Russian sentence it is used very rarely in the present tense. Wed. scientia potentia est knowledge is power; terra est sphaera earth - ball.

In sayings, proverbs, etc. expressions, the connective may be omitted, for example: Aurora musis arnica Aurora is a friend of the muses (i.e., the morning hours are most favorable for creative work).

If in Russian the copula is expressed by the form of the verb “to appear,” then the nominal part of the predicate is placed in the instrumental case: rosa est planta rose is a plant.

IN German in such cases, as in Latin, nomiinatfvus is the only possible construction: Die Rose ist eine Pflanze.

The personal pronoun very rarely appears as the subject in a Latin sentence, unlike in Russian: laboro I work, laboras you work; laborvatis you are working.

A personal pronoun is also placed as a subject in the Latin language if logical stress falls on this pronoun (in particular, with emphasized opposition):

Ego laboiro I work (me, not anyone else).

Ego laboiro, tu non laboras I work, (but) you don’t work.

The order of words in a Latin sentence is determined by the inflectional structure of the Latin language. A rich system of declension and conjugation allows you to express syntactic role words by morphological means, and not by a rigid word order, as is the case in languages ​​with an analytical system (English, French, and to a large extent German). Latin language allows, in principle, free word order, in which the place of a word in a sentence does not affect its basic syntactic functions.

The more usual arrangement of words, characteristic of a narrative sentence that is emotionally neutral, is usually called direct.

With direct word order, the subject (or group of subjects) is at the beginning of the sentence, and the predicate (or group of the predicate) is at the end of the sentence. If there is a direct object, it is placed before the control verb - the predicate (in Russian - vice versa): Filia rosas amat daughter loves roses. The indirect object is also placed in front of the control verb - the predicate (in Russian - usually the other way around: puellis narrare tell girls. If there are direct and indirect objects that depend on the same verb - the predicate, the indirect object is placed in front of the direct object:

Magistra puellis fabulam narrat - the teacher tells the girls a fairy tale.

Definition expressed by an adjective or possessive pronoun, placed in direct word order, usually after the defined one: rosa pulchra beautiful rose, filia mea my daughter.

Sample direct location members of the proposal

Filia mea filiae tuae rosam pulchram dat. My daughter gives your daughter a beautiful rose.

The arrangement of words in which their more usual order is violated (i.e., during inversion - “rearrangement”) is called inverse. When words are arranged in reverse, the special semantic importance of a particular member of the sentence is indicated unusual place it in a sentence, often by bringing it forward.

Rosas filia amat daughter loves roses (and not any other flowers).

Amat filia rosas loves daughter rose.

Fabulam magistra narrat the teacher tells the tale (not the true story).

Puellis magistra fabulam narrat the teacher tells the girls (not the boys) a fairy tale.

The word order in Latin sentences can be free. But most often the subject is located at the beginning of the sentence, and the predicate at the end. Those. Russian phrase I read every day interesting books in Latin it looks more natural in this form: I read interesting books every day. It is less natural to say in Latin: every day my friend reads interesting books. But any free and even intricate word order is used in poetic speech if it allows it to be organized rhythmically depending on the length of the syllables (stress). If the predicate has different objects, then the direct object is placed closer to it. (That is, it is more natural to say in Latin, I bring books to the library, than to express it this way: I bring books to the library).

When the usual word order changes, semantic emphasis appears on those members of the sentence that are located closer to its beginning or end.

In Latin, agreement between subject and predicate in meaning is often used, i.e. according to categories that may not be formally expressed in the sentence. (For example, when agreeing on numbers, the Russian expression part (of them = guests) left in Latin may look like this: one part left, the other part (them, i.e. guests) remained.

When agreeing on gender, in Russian we also say mayor head in the meaning of leader, although the word head is formally feminine and requires agreement goroda, which deprives the sentence of any reasonable meaning. Russian expression The first chapter of the book was the author’s best success - it has a natural agreement in gender, and the expression head of the delegation received the word consistent with the meaning of the word leader (= head). Such agreement, perhaps, will not seem like a mistake even if the actual leader (head) of this delegation was a woman).

If the subject in Latin is expressed by several homogeneous members, then the predicate can be consistent with different of them without inviolable rules. Most often, agreement for several persons is based on the masculine gender (this tradition is inherited from Latin in Italian) (brother and sister, they both (not both) were sitting on the bench). It is more common to agree on the first person (I) than on the second or third (you or he). (In Latin it is more natural to go I and you than to go you and I). If we are talking about the second and third persons, then agreement is more natural on the second (you) than on the third (he). (In Latin, you and he go more naturally than he and you go). In this case, the homogeneous member of the subject with which the predicate agrees is placed closer to the predicate. (That is, in Latin it is better to say sister and brother, they are both, than brother and sister, they are both).

The nominal part of a plural predicate can be used in the neuter gender, even if there are no neuter words among the homogeneous members of the subject. More often this rule is used with inanimate objects as the subject. The neuter meaning in this case expresses its ancient collective meaning. (The book lists the most picturesque mountains, forests, rivers - cf.: The book lists all the most picturesque: mountains, forests, rivers).

The demonstrative pronoun as a subject must agree with the nominal part of the predicate in gender and number. (In Russian it is permissible to say: these (are) my friends, but in Latin it must be expressed: these (are = the essence) are my friends). Relative pronouns often agree with the nominal part of the predicate subordinate clause. (An expression such as he received fame, which was the result of advertising in Latin can look like this: he received fame, which was the result of advertising).

Latin sentences, like Russian ones, may not have a subject (they are called one-part sentences). In this case, the predicate can be impersonal (it is raining - pluit), indefinitely personal in 3 l. pl. numbers (they say - dicunt) or in 3 l. units numbers of the passive voice (pugnatur - there is a battle). Impersonal and indefinitely personal sentences are also superficially similar to those in which the personal form of the predicate clearly implies a pronoun as the subject, but this pronoun itself is omitted in the sentence precisely because of such an unambiguous hint (ridebis - you will laugh). As already mentioned, Latin verbs may not require pronouns as subjects.

Latin predicates can be expressed by the personal form of the verb, the nominal part of speech, or the nominal part together with an auxiliary linking verb (scribendi recte sapere est et principium et fons - to be wise, (in this) is the beginning and source of sound writing). When translating into Russian, the linking verb is usually omitted.

Syntax of phrases and simple sentence

Syntax is a bridge across the abyss Syntax (from the Greek “order”, “structure”) is a branch of the science of language that studies the structure of coherent speech, shows the system of syntactic units, the connections and relationships between them, by what means they are combined into a syntactic whole.

Methods of connecting words in a sentence Coordination is a type of connection in which the dependent word is placed in the same forms as the main one (luxurious bouquet, second number). Control is a type of connection in which the dependent word is in a fixed form and does not change when the main word changes (come to the house, love you). Adjunction is a type of connection in which the dependent word is connected with the main word only in meaning (hard to say, very interesting)

Secrets of the sentence A sentence is a syntactic unit, the structure of which includes at least one grammatical stem. It expresses a complete thought.

A simple sentence is one in which there is one grammatical basis. It can consist of two main members of a sentence - subject and predicate: Where does the Motherland begin? (M. Matusovsky); ════════ ───── from one subject: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy; ─── ───── ───── ───── from one predicate: It’s getting dark. It's getting colder. It's dark outside. ═══════ ═════════ ════

Simple sentences can be One-part Two-part Main member predicate Main member subject

The main members of the sentence The subject is main member sentences, denoting the subject referred to in the sentence, and answering the question: who? What? In its structure, the subject can be simple (expressed in one word) or compound (several words). The predicate is the main member of a sentence, denoting an action, state or attribute of the subject and is grammatically related to it. Answers the question: what does an object do? what is being done with it? what is he like? who is he? what is he?

Isolation is the semantic and intonational selection of sentence members in order to give them a certain semantic and syntactic independence in the sentence. Separate members of the sentence

Separate definitions are expressed by participle phrases, single and homogeneous participles and adjectives, as well as phrases consisting of adjectives or nouns with dependent words. Isolated adverbials can be expressed by participial phrases, single gerunds, as well as nouns with prepositions despite, according to, thanks to, in spite of, because of, etc. Isolated additions are most often expressed by nouns with prepositions except, besides, over, except, including, etc.

The role of address is usually performed by a noun in the nominative case (with or without dependent words) or another part of speech in the meaning of a noun (adjective, participle, etc.). An address can be at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of a sentence. An address is a word or combination of words that names the one to whom or what one is addressing in speech.

Introductory words are words and phrases that express the speaker’s attitude to the content of the sentence or to the way of expressing this content, which are not members of the sentence and are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence. Introductory words B oral speech they are distinguished by intonation; in writing, by punctuation: commas.

Learn Russian - for years in a row, With soul, with zeal, with mind! A great reward awaits you, And that reward is in him! Thank you for the lesson!

A simple sentence is one that has only one grammatical basis. The grammatical basis can consist of two main members - subject and predicate: Heart. The sunflower is dormant.

A simple sentence, the grammatical basis of which consists of one main member, is called monosyllabic: the street was getting dark and dark. One-part sentences should not be confused with incomplete ones, in which the main member of the sentence may be missing: On the other side is my destiny, on the seventh side is grief.

Main members of the proposal

Subject- this is the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting the subject referred to in the sentence, and answers the question: who? What? In its structure, the subject can be simple (expressed in one word) or compound (several words).

Ways to express the subject:

• Nouns, pronouns in the nominative case: In the sky the sun is among the fields.
• Indefinite form of the verb: And crying is also happiness.
• Adjective and participle: Then my eldest screams.
• Numeral: Both felt good only with each other.
• Phraseological combinations: Indian summer hung on the branches like yarn.
• Proper names: B blue sky The Milky Way shows the way.
• In indecipherable phrases: Each of us will die for our freedom.
• With official words and shouts: A victorious “hurray” swept over the steppe.

Predicate- this is the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting an action, state or attribute of the subject and is grammatically related to it. Answers the question: what does an object do? what is being done with it? what is he like? who is he? what is he?

In its structure, the predicate can be simple and compound.

Simple predicate- the personal form of the verb, conveys the grammatical meanings of time, method, type, person, number. A simple predicate can be expressed:

• Infinitive: I tell her, and she laughs and sobs.
• In a commanding way (meaning an unexpected action): Let society judge between us!
• Truncated verb (meaning a sharp one-time action): Believe me, the ax in my hands is just for myself - jump! jump! jump!

A compound predicate consists of two components:

1. Auxiliary linking verb: to be, to become, to be able...

2. Noun or infinitive: He will be a military man. According to the nature of the second component, a distinction is made between a compound nominal and a compound verbal predicate. IN compound predicates auxiliary verbs are ambiguous.

A compound nominal predicate consists of a linking verb and a noun, pronouns, numerals, participles, gerunds, and adjective: You have become a friend, brother and sister of the poor. And I became invisible. The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate can be expressed by all parts of speech belonging to the noun (noun, participle, numeral, pronoun, phraseological unit).

A noun in a predicate with a copula can be in both the nominative and instrumental cases: Aeneas was an agile guy. The copulas are the verbs to be, to become, to constitute, to be considered, to be called, to remain, to represent, to appear like.

A composed verb predicate consists of an auxiliary personal verb and an infinitive. The auxiliary verb conveys the grammatical meaning - manner, tense, person, number, and the infinitive names a specific action: The sunrise began to smolder. There must be a path here.

Dash between subject and predicate

Between the subject group and the predicate group, a dash is placed in place of the missing (zero) connection:

• If the subject and predicate are expressed as nouns in the nominative case: Language is a cosmic phenomenon.
• If the subject and predicate are expressed as numerals: Twice two is four.
• If one of the main members is expressed by an infinitive, and the second by a noun in the nominative case: And giving help is an empty concern.
• If both main members of the sentence or one of them is expressed by an indefinite form of the verb: To get married is not to stand for an hour in rainy weather.
• In front of the particles, this, then, here, means, or when they can be placed: Football in the fog, where the player, like a mime, is then, maybe, then the oldest of pantomimes.

There is no dash:

• When the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun: I am the son of my people.
• Between the subject and the predicate, an expressed noun, if plug-in constructions appear between them: He may also be a blacksmith.
• When the predicate includes words like: Winter sun like a widow's heart. His eyes are like cornflowers in the rye.
• If the predicate comes before the subject: Life is a good thing after all.
• If there is no share before the nominal part: Youth is riot, and old age is not joy.
• If the predicate is expressed by an adjective, participle: Russia is dear and close to my heart.