Why the Crimean Tatars were evicted in 1944. Wasserman - why the deportation of the Crimean Tatars was not genocide

The deportation of the Crimean Tatars, which these days marks 75 years, originates in the resolution of the State Defense Committee of the USSR dated May 11, 1944, which stated: “During the Patriotic War, many Crimean Tatars betrayed their Motherland, deserted from the Red Army units defending Crimea, and went over to the enemy’s side, joined the volunteer Tatar military units formed by the Germans that fought against the Red Army; During the occupation of Crimea by Nazi troops, participating in German punitive detachments, the Crimean Tatars were especially distinguished by their brutal reprisals against Soviet partisans, and also helped the German occupiers in organizing the forced abduction of Soviet citizens into German slavery and the mass extermination of Soviet people.

The Crimean Tatars actively collaborated with the German occupation authorities, participating in the so-called “Tatar national committees” organized by German intelligence, and were widely used by the Germans to send spies and saboteurs to the rear of the Red Army. “Tatar national committees”, in which the main role was played by White Guard-Tatar emigrants, with the support of the Crimean Tatars, directed their activities towards the persecution and oppression of the non-Tatar population of Crimea and worked to prepare the violent annexation of Crimea from the Soviet Union with the help of German armed forces.”

Taking this into account, the State Defense Committee ordered that all Crimean Tatars be sent to the Uzbek SSR as special settlers by June 1. Those deported were allowed to take with them personal belongings, clothing, household equipment, dishes and food, but not more than 500 kg per family. The rest of the property, including agricultural implements, buildings, outbuildings, furniture and personal lands, as well as all livestock and draft animals remained in Crimea. Since the vast majority of Crimean Tatars were rural residents (according to the 1939 census, 72.7%), it was completely unclear how they would settle in a new place without livestock and agricultural tools. True, the mentioned resolution ordered the NKVD of the USSR, the People's Commissariat for Agriculture, the People's Commissariat of Meat and Milk Industry, the People's Commissariat of State Farms and the People's Commissariat for Transport of the USSR by July 1 to submit to the Council of People's Commissars "proposals on the procedure for returning the livestock, poultry and agricultural products received from them to special settlers using exchange receipts." But providing an offer does not mean immediately returning everything listed to the special settlers. After all, no one was going to transport what was left in Crimea to Uzbekistan. The Tatars were going to be settled “in state farm settlements, existing collective farms, subsidiary agricultural farms of enterprises and factory villages for use in agriculture and industry.” But the villages were already overcrowded with residents of the occupied and front-line territories evacuated to Uzbekistan. The decree obliged each family to issue 5 thousand rubles on credit in installments for 7 years for the construction of houses and outbuildings, but nothing could be built with such a meager amount, especially in Uzbekistan, where all building materials were in great short supply. In practice, a significant part of the deportees were doomed to live in tents and dugouts.

Historians are still debating how widespread collaborationism was among the Crimean Tatar population, and what were the true reasons for the deportation. On the eve of the GKO resolution, on May 10, the head of the NKVD, Beria, sent a report to Stalin, where he stated that 5,381 enemy agents, “traitors to the Motherland, accomplices of the Nazi occupiers and other anti-Soviet elements,” had been arrested in Crimea. Also seized were 5,395 rifles, 337 machine guns, 250 machine guns, 31 mortars and many grenades and rifle cartridges. At the same time, it was by no means asserted that all or at least the majority of those arrested were Crimean Tatars and that it was from them that the specified weapons were confiscated. However, Beria reported: “Through investigative and intelligence means, as well as statements from local residents, it was established that a significant part of the Tatar population of Crimea actively collaborated with the Nazi occupiers and fought against Soviet power. More than 20 thousand Tatars deserted from the Red Army units in 1941, betrayed their Motherland, went into the service of the Germans and fought against the Red Army with arms in hand.”

This point sounded menacing, but, if you look at it, it didn’t contain anything particularly seditious. When Manstein's 11th German-Romanian Army broke into Crimea at the end of October 1941, the 51st Separate Army defending it was surrounded and almost completely destroyed. Only a few were able to cross the Kerch Strait to Kuban. Most of the soldiers and commanders of the 51st Army were mobilized in Crimea. A significant part of them simply went home after the collapse of the Soviet defense. And many local natives, having been captured, were soon released, giving an undertaking to no longer fight against Germany and its allies. This is how 20 thousand “deserters” appeared from among the Crimean Tatars. But there were several times more of the same “deserters” from among Russians, Ukrainians, Armenians and representatives of other nationalities in Crimea. Yes, a much smaller proportion of Tatars joined the Soviet partisan detachments of Crimea than, for example, Russians and Ukrainians. But the same collaborationist self-defense units and police battalions were created not only in Tatar, but also in other villages of Crimea.

However, Beria, having listed all the sins of the Crimean Tatars that were repeated in the GKO resolution, proposed to send them to Uzbekistan. But it would be naive to think that Stalin made the decision to deport the Crimean Tatar population because he received a corresponding report from Beria. In fact, the sequence was the opposite. First, Stalin decided to deport the Crimean Tatars, and then Beria, on his orders, drew up a report on their collaboration and the need to deport them to Uzbekistan, so that the State Defense Committee’s deportation resolution would look like a reaction to the report of the head of the NKVD.

The paradox was that the bulk of those Tatars who served in collaborationist formations and most actively collaborated with the German and Romanian occupiers had by that time been evacuated to Romania. Later, already in Germany, the Tatar Mountain Jaeger Brigade of the SS No. 1 was formed, in which there were about 2,400 Crimean Tatars. In addition, 831 Crimean Tatars were sent as “hiwis” (unarmed “volunteers”) to the 35th SS Police-Grenadier Division. Therefore, those who were subject to deportation were mainly those who remained neutral during the occupation or even helped the Soviet partisans. Also subject to deportation were those Crimean Tatars who, at the time the resolution was issued, were serving in the Red Army.

In general, the level of collaboration among the Crimean Tatars was no higher than that of a number of other peoples of the USSR. Latvia contributed two full-blooded and fully combat-ready SS divisions to the SS, and Estonia contributed one such division. Also in Western Ukraine, the SS division “Galicia” was formed, the majority of whose personnel, however, quite soon went over to the UPA partisans. In addition, the scope of the anti-Soviet partisan movement in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Western Ukraine, it would seem, gave Stalin a reason for the same complete purge of rebellious peoples, as happened with the Tatars in the Crimea, and even earlier - with the Chechens, Ingush and others other peoples of the North Caucasus. However, Stalin did not clean up the newly annexed western territories so thoroughly. There were probably two factors stopping him. Firstly, many more people would have to be deported – up to 10 million people. Secondly, Soviet propaganda trumpeted with all its might, including in the international arena, that the peoples actually enslaved by Stalin as a result of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact allegedly voluntarily became part of the Soviet Union. If they had to be completely deported, this would seriously worsen the foreign policy position of the USSR.

Regarding the deportation of the Crimean Tatars, the opinion is sometimes expressed that this was done in order to create “California in Crimea” - Crimean autonomy for Soviet Jews. This assumption does not seem reasonable. "California in Crimea" was a purely propaganda project aimed at extorting money from wealthy American Jews, supposedly to finance future Jewish colonization in Crimea. In fact, already in 1943, a struggle began in the USSR with cosmopolitans and, above all, with Jews, whom they tried to no longer promote to leadership positions. In such conditions there could be no talk of Jewish autonomy in Crimea. And the corresponding project was submitted to the government by Solomon Mikhoels and the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee after the deportation of the Tatars was carried out.

Some Russian historians argue that Stalin seriously feared that Turkey might enter the war on the side of Germany, and therefore hastened to clear Crimea of ​​pro-Turkish Tatars. I note that only a madman could think that in May 1944 Turkey would become Hitler’s ally. On the contrary, in the spring and summer of 1942, Stalin was seriously planning to attack Turkey. Corresponding plans were developed at the headquarters of the Transcaucasian Military District, and the transfer of troops began. However, the defeat of the Red Army in the Crimea and near Kharkov and the subsequent German offensive in the North Caucasus then saved Turkey from the Soviet invasion. However, the “Turkish trace” in the Crimean Tatar deportation seems the most promising, but only in connection with Stalin’s plans to include Turkey in his sphere of influence, without stopping at war with it. As is known, Stalin tried to implement this plan in 1945-1946, but was forced to retreat due to the firm position of the USA and England. In light of the upcoming war with Turkey, Crimea, which in this war would play the role of an “unsinkable Soviet aircraft carrier,” really made sense to clear the Tatars loyal to Turkey.

On the morning of May 18, the deportation began, and on May 20, by 16.00, it was already over. More than 32 thousand soldiers of the NKVD troops took part in it. The deportees were given up to half an hour to get ready, after which they were transported by truck to the railway stations. The NKVD telegram addressed to Stalin indicated that 183,155 people were deported over three days. In the next few weeks, the total number of deportees exceeded 210 thousand people due to those recalled from the Red Army and deported from territories outside of Crimea. According to official data, 191 people died during transportation. In November 1944, there were 193,865 Crimean Tatars in places of eviction, of which 151,136 were in Uzbekistan, 8,597 in the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and 4,286 in the Kazakh SSR. The rest were distributed “for use at work,” the rest were distributed “for use at work" in Molotov (10,555), Kemerovo (6,743), Gorky (5,095), Sverdlovsk (3,594), Ivanovo (2,800), Yaroslavl (1,059) regions of Russia. In Uzbekistan alone, 16,052 Crimean Tatars died in the first 6 months of their stay. About 16 thousand more Tatars died during the famine of 1946-1947. The Crimean Tatar community accounts for a significantly larger number of deportees. According to the National Movement of Crimean Tatars, a total of 112,078 families or 423,100 people were expelled from Crimea, which is double the NKVD data. However, this contradicts the 1939 census data, according to which 218,879 Crimean Tatars lived in Crimea. Even if we accept a possible 4% undercount of the population by this census and a population growth of approximately 4.5% in 1939-1941, the number of Crimean Tatars, excluding losses in the war, hardly exceeded 238 thousand people by the end of 1941. At least 3.3 thousand Crimean Tatars were evacuated with the Germans. Taking into account those who died in the ranks of the Red Army, as well as during the fight against partisans in Crimea (on both sides), the number of 210 thousand deportees seems quite realistic.

Although the Crimean Tatars were partially rehabilitated in 1967, their return to Crimea began only in 1989, when a resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was issued condemning the deportations of the Crimean Tatar and other peoples. In fact, the Crimean Tatars spent almost all their time within the USSR in the position of “unreliable people.” And in today’s Russia they don’t really believe in their loyalty.

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The mass return of the Crimean Tatars began with the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 666 of July 11, 1990.

According to it, Crimean Tatars could receive land plots and building materials in Crimea for free, but at the same time they could sell previously received plots with houses in Uzbekistan, so migration in the period before the collapse of the USSR brought great economic benefits to the Crimean Tatars.

Finally, in November 1989, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR recognized the deportation of the Crimean Tatars as “illegal and criminal.”

The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in its Decree No. 493 of September 5, 1967 “On citizens of Tatar nationality living in Crimea” recognized that “after the liberation of Crimea from Nazi occupation in 1944, facts of active cooperation with the German invaders of a certain part of the Tatars living in Crimea were unreasonably attributed to the entire Tatar population of Crimea.”

Only on April 28, 1956, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Crimean Tatars were released from administrative supervision and the special settlement regime, but without the right to return property and return to Crimea. The bulk of able-bodied migrants were sent to work both in agriculture and in industry and construction. The shortage of labor during the war was felt almost everywhere, especially in the collection and processing of cotton. The work that special settlers received was, as a rule, difficult, and often dangerous to life and health. More than a thousand of them, for example, worked at an ozokerite mine in the village of Shorsu, Fergana region. The Crimean Tatars were sent to build the Nizhne-Bozsu and Farkhad hydroelectric power stations; they worked on the repair of the Tashkent railway, at industrial plants, and chemical enterprises. Living conditions in many areas were unsatisfactory.

“It is interesting that initially Uzbekistan agreed to host only 70 thousand Crimean Tatars, but later it had to “reconsider” its plans and agree with the figure of 180 thousand people, for which purpose a special settlements department was organized in the republican NKVD, which was to prepare 359 special settlements and 97 commandant's offices. And although the time of resettlement of the Crimean Tatars, in comparison with other peoples, was relatively comfortable, the data on morbidity and high mortality speak quite clearly about what it was like for them in the new place: about 16 thousand back in 1944 and about 13 thousand. in 1945,” notes Pavel Polyan’s book “Not of my own free will...”

The transfer of 71 echelons to the east took about 20 days. In a telegram dated June 8, 1944 addressed to Lavrentia Beria, People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Uzbek SSR Yuldash Babajanov reported: “I am reporting on the completion of the reception of trains and the resettlement of special settlers of the Crimean Tatars in the Uzbek SSR... In total, special settlers of families were accepted and resettled in Uzbekistan - 33,775 people - 151,529, including men - 27,558, women - 55,684, children - 68,287. 191 people died en route in all echelons. Distributed by region: Tashkent - 56,362 people. Samarkand - 31,540, Andijan - 19,630, Fergana - 19,630, Namangan - 13,804, Kashka-Darya - 10,171, Bukhara - 3,983 people. The resettlement was mainly carried out on state farms, collective farms and industrial enterprises, in empty premises and due to the compaction of local residents... The unloading of the trains and the resettlement of special settlers took place in an orderly manner. There were no incidents."

A group of Crimean Tatars who arbitrarily seized land on the collective farm "Ukraine" in the Bakhchisarai region, 1989

After the eviction of the Crimean Tatars, according to the commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, there remained: 25,561 houses, 18,736 personal plots, 15,000 outbuildings, cattle and poultry: 10,700 cows, 886 young animals, 4,139 calves, 44,000 sheep and goats, 4,450 horses. 43,207 pcs. The total number of dishes and other various products is 420,000.

As indicated in the book by Natalya Kiseleva and Andrei Malgin “Ethnopolitical processes in Crimea: historical experience, modern problems and prospects for their solution,” special orders were issued on the fronts for the dismissal of Crimean Tatars from the ranks of the Red Army, who were also sent to a special settlement.

Private and non-commissioned officers, and most junior officers, suffered this fate. Only senior officers, as a rule, did not leave the army and continued to be at the front until the end of the war.

Viktor Chernov/RIA Novosti

Following the Tatars, on the basis of GKO Resolution No. 5984ss of June 2, 1944, 15,040 Greeks, 12,422 Bulgarians, 9,621 Armenians, 1,119 Germans, Italians and Romanians, 105 Turks, 16 Iranians, etc. were evicted from the Crimea to the republics of Central Asia and the region of the RSFSR. (total 41,854 people). In total, by the end of 1945, according to the NKVD of the USSR, there were 967,085 families in the special settlement, numbering 2,342,506 people. “In addition, the regional military registration and enlistment offices of Crimea mobilized 6,000 Tatars of military age, who, according to the orders of the Head of the Red Army, are sent to Guryev, Rybinsk, Kuibyshev. Of the 8,000 special settlers sent on your instructions to the Moskvugol trust, 5,000 people are also Tatars. In total, 191,044 persons of Tatar nationality were taken out of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic,”

- also noted in the report of Kobulov and Serov.

As the leaders of the operation noted in their report, during the eviction, 1,137 “anti-Soviet elements” were arrested, and a total of 5,989 people. 10 mortars, 173 machine guns, 192 machine guns, 2,650 rifles, and 46,603 kg of ammunition were seized.

On May 20, state security commissioners Kobulov and Serov reported to Beria: “The operation to evict the Crimean Tatars, which began with your instructions on May 18, ended today at 16:00. 180,014 people were evicted, loaded into 67 trains, of which 63 trains, numbering 173,287 people, were sent to their destination, the remaining 4 trains will be sent today.”

“On the eve of the liberation of Crimea by Soviet troops, the Germans tried to take my father to work in Germany, but he fled, then hid, and on May 18, 1944, the NKVD troops deported him,” TASS quotes Crimean Tatar Rustem Emirov as saying. “They didn’t explain anything to anyone about why or why they were expelling us.” On my mother’s side and on my father’s side, during the Great Patriotic War, her and my uncles went missing; where they are buried is still unknown.”

From the book of historian Kurtiev: “According to official documents of the USSR State Defense Committee, material and medical support along the route and in places of special settlements was sufficient.

However, in reality, according to the recollections of the deported Crimean Tatars themselves, living conditions, food, clothing, medical care, etc. were horrific, which caused mass deaths of people in special settlements.” It was so crowded that people could not stretch their legs. At stops they lit fires and looked for water. Trains left without announcement. Some people, having collected water, managed to return and run to the carriage, others did not and disappeared without a trace.

Those who died on the road were thrown out along the train, without being allowed to bury.

In turn, Beria sent a telegram to Joseph Stalin and Vyacheslav Molotov, in which he reported on the progress of the deportation. This is what followed from the text: “The NKVD reports that today, May 18, an operation to evict the Crimean Tatars has begun. 90,000 people have already been transported to the railway loading stations, 48,400 people have been loaded and sent to places of new settlement, and 25 trains are under loading. There were no incidents during the operation. The operation is ongoing."

Bogdan Kobulov and Ivan Serov telegraphed their boss Lavrentiy Beria about how the operation was progressing. “In pursuance of your instructions, today, May 18 of this year, at dawn, an operation to evict the Crimean Tatars was launched. As of 20:00, 90,000 people were transported to the loading stations, of which 17 trains were loaded and 48,000 people were sent to their destinations. 25 trains are under loading. There were no incidents during the operation.

RIA Novosti/RIA Novosti “During the eviction, our train stood for a long time at Seitler station,” recalled Jafer Kurtseitov. - They threw war invalids into it, who were drawn to their native villages after the liberation of Crimea, like our uncle Benseit Yagyaev, who served in the aviation, arrived from the hospital on May 17, and on May 18, along with everyone else, was thrown into a cattle car of our train.”

As Osmanova recalled, the soldiers explained to some that they were not being taken to be shot, but would be evicted. But their family was evicted so cruelly that they were not even allowed to take anything with them except one bag of wheat.

They ate this wheat all the way.

“On May 18, 1944, at dawn, a strong knock woke up the whole family - this is the Crimean Tatar Ninel Osmanova. “Mom didn’t have time to jump out of bed when the doors opened and Soviet soldiers with machine guns in their hands ordered us to go out into the yard.

Mom began to gather the crying children, and soldiers with rifles began to push us out of the house. Mom thought they were going to shoot us. When we went out into the yard, there was a cart there, they put us in and took us out of the village into a ravine. Our fellow villagers and their families were already sitting there.” “In conditions of extreme insufficiency of food, drinking water, and lack of sanitary conditions, people got sick, died of hunger and widespread infectious diseases. In the first year, my younger sister Shekure Ibragimova died from hunger and inhuman conditions; she was 6 years old. In September 1944, I fell ill with malaria,” Urie Borsaitova shared her experience.“On the train’s route, people died from hunger, disease, lack of medical care, and experienced moral suffering,” recalled Crimean Tatar Urie Borsaitova, quoted by krymr.com, in 2009. She and her numerous relatives were taken away from the station in Yevpatoria. — In the freight cars for transporting livestock, the walls and floors were dirty, and there was a smell of manure.

Up to 45-50 people or 8-10 families of Crimean Tatars were placed in one carriage.

After 19 days of travel, the train arrived at the Golodnaya Steppe station. We were sent to the place of settlement - the Kirov collective farm, Mirzachul district, Tashkent region, Uzbekistan. Our family was settled in an old dugout without windows or doors, the roof was made of reeds.” “Accustomed to executions and destruction during the German occupation, people thought about the worst. They took the Koran with them and prayed. After all, just yesterday everyone happily greeted the soldiers of the liberators and treated them to what they had.”

And again let us turn to the work of local historian Kurtiev “Deportation. How it happened”: “Elderly people, women and children, pushed with rifle butts, were driven into dirty freight cars, the windows of which were shrouded in barbed wire.

Inside, the cars were equipped with 2-tier wooden bunks. There were no toilets or water.” In case of disobedience, people are unceremoniously beaten.

Armed resistance, as in other similar operations, ended with the liquidation of the “rebel” on the spot.

Aleksey Vesnin, a fighter of the 222nd separate rifle battalion of the 25th rifle brigade of the NKVD troops, who was 19 years old during the operation, subsequently wrote his memoirs about the events, published under the title “Fulfilling the order.” “At four in the morning we started the operation. We entered houses, lifted the owners out of bed and announced: “In the name of Soviet power! For treason against the Motherland, you are deported to other regions of the Soviet Union.”

People perceived this team with humble submission,” said Vesnin.

Said Tsarnaev/RIA Novosti

People perceived this team with humble submission,” said Vesnin.

The first batches of people are collected outside the villages, where trucks have already arrived. Having barely had time to dress and hastily collect the essentials, women, old people and children are put into the back and taken to the nearest railway stations.

The trains are waiting there, surrounded by armed fighters.

Let us note that officially, according to the State Defense Committee decree of May 11, special settlers were allowed to take with them personal belongings, clothing, household equipment, dishes and food in quantities of up to 500 kg per family.

Who is deliberately distorting the facts here? Most likely, as usual, the truth is somewhere in the middle. Those who survived the deportation often said that in reality the authorities did not always follow their own decrees...

“In the name of Soviet power, for treason against the Motherland, you are being deported to other regions of the Soviet Union,”- with such a phrase, according to the historian Kurtiev, the elder of each group invariably “greeted” the amazed owners of the home.

This is how Aleksey Vesnin, a soldier of the 222nd separate rifle battalion of the 25th rifle brigade of the NKVD troops, recalled the beginning of the operation in his work “Deportation. How it happened,” historian Kurtiev quoted: “We walked for several hours and early in the morning of May 18th we reached the village of Oysul in the steppe. 6 light machine guns were placed around the village.”

The operation to expel Crimean Tatars from Crimea has begun! Groups of NKVD officers and soldiers, accumulated in populated areas, go home and hit people with rifle butts on doors and windows.

Wikimedia Commons

A word from the Crimean Tatar historian Refat Kurtiev: “The following were involved in the action: 19 thousand people assisting the NKVD, 30 thousand workers of the NKVD and NKGB. The operatives were assisted by about 100 thousand military personnel of the Soviet army.

To carry out the order mobilely, troikas were formed from the military resources involved: three military personnel were assigned to one operative. Thus, for every Crimean Tatar, be he an old man or a baby, there was more than one punisher.”

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Some researchers claim that in some settlements security officers and soldiers began implementing evictions late in the evening of May 17 and “worked” diligently all night. Allegedly, in Simferopol, the first locations of the operation were Grazhdanskaya Street and the nearby Krasnaya Gorka streets. Then it was the turn of the residents of Simeiz. One of the sources gives a story about the deportation in the village of Ak-Bash, where NKVD and NKGB officers arrived in five trucks.

“Some fry meat, some potatoes, some pasties. And the soldiers are so happy; during the three years of war, each of them missed home-cooked food,” recalled local resident Sabe Useinova.

At 7 o’clock in the evening, well-fed Red Army soldiers “scattered” throughout the village, driving people out into the street with rifle butts, while Sabé’s husband stood with his hands raised. Then everyone was herded to the village square, loaded into cars and not allowed to leave until dawn on May 18th. Well, then everything went as usual.

Kurtiev: “When thousands of sons of the Crimean Tatar people fought and died on the fronts of the Patriotic War and during the occupation, the smoke of burned villages still smelled in Crimea, the tears of mothers did not dry up for the dead, tortured, shot, burned and driven away to Germany, when the battles were still going on for the complete liberation of Crimea from the Nazis, Soviet punitive forces were preparing the deportation of the Crimean Tatars.”

Crimean Tatar local historian Refat Kurtiev, who devoted many years to studying the problem, noted that a significant part of the population actually fought the Germans in the same way as other peoples of the USSR. “The war came to the Crimean peninsula on June 22, 1941 at 3:13 a.m. with the bombing of Sevastopol. The German army, after 3 months of battles with the Soviet army, approached Perekop. Soon Crimea was occupied (10/18/1941-05/14/1944), the researcher wrote in his book “Deportation. How it was". — During this period, the Crimean Tatar people fully experienced all the horrors of war: 40 thousand went to the front, the Nazis burned more than 80 Crimean Tatar villages, 20 thousand young people were driven to Germany (of which 2,300 people were in German camps). By the time of the liberation of Crimea, 598 Crimean Tatar partisans were fighting the fascist invaders in the forests.”

“The deportations caused noticeable damage to the country’s economy: the work of many enterprises was suspended, entire agricultural areas fell into disrepair, the traditions of transhumance livestock farming, terrace farming, etc. were lost. The psychology of the deported peoples, their attitude to the socialist system, underwent a radical change, and international ties collapsed,” - noted historian Nikolai Bugai in his book “Joseph Stalin to Lavrentiy Beria: “They must be deported.”

After the Great Patriotic War, in March 1949, the security forces of the USSR began implementing Operation Surf to deport residents of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania who were found to have connections with the nationalist underground. Almost 100 thousand anti-Soviet citizens of the Baltic states were forcibly evicted from their usual places to Siberia.

Gazeta.Ru wrote about these events in.

People perceived this team with humble submission,” said Vesnin.

At the end of December last year, 75 years have passed since the forced deportation of Kalmyks, whom the Soviet authorities cruelly punished for collaborating with individual representatives of the people during the German occupation. More than 90 thousand people were put into railway carriages for transporting livestock in a few hours and sent from Kalmykia to Siberia and Central Asia.

By the summer of 1944, the total number of those evicted had grown to 120 thousand due to Kalmyks from other regions and the military.

tuva.asia

Security officers began expelling Crimean Tatars from their homes at dawn on May 18. Well, while we are at night, we remember other nations who shared the same fate a little earlier. In the later stages of the Great Patriotic War, in 1943-1944, forced deportations of entire peoples to remote areas of the Soviet Union occurred one after another.

Evgeniy Khaldei/RIA Novosti The official view of the events of 75 years ago is currently undergoing serious adjustments.

On May 13, a commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR arrived in Crimea to organize the reception of household property, livestock, and agricultural products from special settlers. To assist the members of the commission, local authorities allocated up to 20 thousand people from among the party and economic assets of cities and districts for practical work on accounting and protecting abandoned property.

The commission developed instructions containing a list and quantity of essential items that a special settler could take with him, although in practice the requirements of the instructions were often not followed. Dozens of freight trains were formed at railway stations. Convoys were drawn to areas where Crimean Tatars were densely populated for the subsequent transportation of those evicted to their landing sites in trains. Units of the internal troops were dispersed throughout populated areas to organize the dispatch of people and subsequent clearing of the territory. In the mountainous forest area, SMERSH operatives were completing their final searches. According to Djilas, in 1943 or 1944, Stalin complained to Tito that US President Franklin Roosevelt was demanding that he create a kind of enclave of the Jewish diaspora in Crimea in exchange for Lend-Lease supplies.

Allegedly, without the appropriate guarantees from Stalin on this issue, the Americans even refused to open a second front. In general, the leader of the Soviet state had no choice but to liberate Crimea for the Jews, which required evicting the Tatars. It is alleged that the leaders of the USA and the USSR seriously discussed the candidacy of the head of the future territorial entity. Allegedly, Roosevelt insisted on Solomon Mikhoels, while Stalin proposed his longtime and faithful ally Lazar Kaganovich for this role.

Taking into account the above, the State Defense Committee decided:

“During the Patriotic War, many Crimean Tatars betrayed their Motherland, deserted from the Red Army units defending Crimea, went over to the enemy’s side, joined volunteer Tatar military units formed by the Germans that fought against the Red Army;

By the summer of 1944, the total number of those evicted had grown to 120 thousand due to Kalmyks from other regions and the military.

During the occupation of Crimea by fascist German troops, participating in German punitive detachments, the Crimean Tatars were especially distinguished by their brutal reprisals against Soviet partisans, and also helped the German occupiers in organizing the forcible abduction of Soviet citizens into German slavery and the mass extermination of Soviet people, it was said in a resolution of the State Defense Committee signed by its chairman Joseph Stalin. — The Crimean Tatars actively collaborated with the German occupation authorities, participating in the so-called “Tatar national committees” organized by German intelligence and were widely used by the Germans for the purpose of sending spies and saboteurs to the rear of the Red Army. “Tatar national committees”, in which the main role was played by White Guard-Tatar emigrants, with the support of the Crimean Tatars, directed their activities towards the persecution and oppression of the non-Tatar population of Crimea and worked to prepare the violent annexation of Crimea from the Soviet Union with the help of German armed forces.” As indicated in the collection of the Russian historian, the largest specialist on deportations in the USSR Nikolai Bugai, “Joseph Stalin to Lavrentiy Beria: “They must be deported,” events in the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic developed in a difficult situation. “The active actions of nationalist elements contributed to the fact that during the war years many of the Crimean Tatars found themselves in the service of the enemy and spoke out in his support, although a significant part of the Tatar population was loyal to the Soviet government,” the book notes. — Measures aimed at preventing hostile actions of nationalists, according to government services, were not enough, and on May 11, 1944, the State Defense Committee adopted resolution No. 5859ss on the eviction of the Crimean Tatars.

According to NKVD data sent to the head of the Soviet state, Joseph Stalin, 183,155 people were evicted.

Some Crimean Tatar organizations give a fundamentally different figure - 423,100 inhabitants, of which 377,300 were women and children. According to various estimates, as a result of the deportation, from 34 to almost 200 thousand people died. After the deportation of the Crimean Tatars as a result of the abolition of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Crimean region was formed on June 30, 1945. On May 18, 1944, the forced deportation of the Crimean Tatar population of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to Central Asia and remote areas of the RSFSR began by the NKVD and NKGB.

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As in the case of the deportation of other peoples accused of collaboration with the German occupiers and collaborationism during the Great Patriotic War, the operation was developed and personally supervised by one of the heads of the Soviet special services, Lavrentiy Beria.

Gazeta.Ru reproduces the tragic page of the Stalin era in historical online.

So, friends - today there will be a post about quite tragic events - it is exactly 75 years since Stalin’s genocide of the Crimean Tatars in . On May 18, 1944, the Crimean Tatars were deported in freight cars from Crimea to remote areas of the USSR - in particular, to sparsely populated areas of Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. The deportation was carried out by the punitive authorities of the NKVD, and the deportation order was signed personally. “But Stalin won the war!” — lovers of the USSR speak in the comments — “If Stalin had not sent people to concentration camps, then Hitler would have done it for him!” - Neo-Stalinists and conspiracy theorists echo them. However, the truth is that there can be no justification for this genocide - just as there is no justification for Stalin’s other crimes - such as deportation and. So, in today’s post I will tell you about the deportation of the Crimean Tatars - something that should not be forgotten today, so that it does not happen again amid cries of “we can do it again!” In general, be sure to go under the cat, write your opinion in the comments, and well

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Do not forget)

All this turned many Tatars against the Soviet regime - during the war, several thousand Tatars fought against the USSR with weapons in their hands - in fact, I touched on this issue a little in the post with - how and why people fought against the USSR. In the post-war years, this allegedly became the “official reason” for the deportation of the Crimean Tatars - although by the same logic it was possible to deport all Russians from Russia - at least 120-140 thousand of whom fought in Vlasov’s army alone (not counting other formations).

In fact, the Tatars were deported for completely different reasons - the Crimean Tatars were historically strongly associated with Turkey and were also Muslims - and Stalin decided to deport them precisely for this reason - since they did not fit into the picture of the “ideal USSR” in his head and were "superfluous people." This version is also supported by the fact that, along with the Tatars, other Muslim ethnic groups - Chechens, Ingush, Karachais and Balkars - were evicted from the areas adjacent to Turkey.

How exactly did the deportation take place?

NKVD soldiers broke into Tatar houses and declared people “enemies of the people” - supposedly because of “treason to the motherland” they would be evicted from Crimea forever. According to official documents, each family could take with them up to 500 kilograms of luggage - however, in reality, people managed to take much less, and most often they went into freight cars simply in what they were wearing - houses and abandoned things were looted by the military and NKVD soldiers.

People were transported by truck to the railway stations - later sending about 70 trains with the doors of freight cars tightly closed and nailed, overcrowded with people, to the east. During the movement of people to the east alone, more than 8,000 people died - most often people died from typhus or thirst. Many, unable to bear the suffering, went crazy.

In the first two years, about half (up to 46%) of all deported people died - unable to adapt to the harsh conditions of the lands to which they were sent. Almost half of these 46% were children under the age of 16 - they had the hardest time. People died from a lack of clean water, from poor hygiene - due to which malaria, dysentery, yellow fever and other diseases spread among the deportees.

Soviet concentration camps and erased memory.

There is one more very important point in this whole tragedy - which Russian sources are silent about. The settlements themselves where people were sent were not some kind of villages or cities. Most of all they looked like real concentration camps- these were special settlements fenced with barbed wire, around which there were checkpoints with armed guards.

The exiled Tatars were used for slave labor in the form of almost free labor - they worked for food on collective farms, state farms and industrial enterprises - the exiled Crimean Tatars were entrusted with the most difficult and dirty work, such as manually harvesting cotton treated with pesticides or the construction of the Farhad hydroelectric station.

In 1948, Soviet Moscow declared that this would always be the case - the Tatars were recognized as life prisoners and had no right to leave the territories of the special settlement camps. The Soviet government also constantly incited hatred towards the Crimean Tatars - the locals were told terrible stories that terrible “traitors to the motherland, cyclops and cannibals” were coming to them - from whom they needed to stay away. According to eyewitness accounts, many local Uzbeks then felt the Crimean Tatars to find out if they were growing horns?

In 1957, the USSR began to erase all memory of the Crimean Tatar people. By this year, all publications in the Crimean Tatar language were banned, and from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia about the Crimean Tatars - as if they never existed.

Crimes without statute of limitations. Instead of an epilogue.

All the time that happened from the moment of deportation, the Crimean Tatars fought for their right to return to their homeland - constantly reminding the Soviet authorities that such a people exist, and it will not be possible to erase the memory of them. The Tatars held rallies and fought for their rights - and finally, in 1989, they achieved the restoration of their rights, and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in November 1989 recognized the deportation of the Crimean Tatars illegal and criminal.

As for me, these crimes of the Soviet government have no statute of limitations and are no different from Hitler’s Holocaust - he also chose an “undesirable people” and tried to destroy them and all the memory of them.

The good thing is that the USSR itself recognized these actions as crimes. The bad thing is that now there has been a reversal - many on the Russian side are now again looking at Stalin’s deeds and shouting “Krymnash!” and “we can repeat it” - apparently, these are the descendants of those who once built concentration camps for the Crimean Tatars and stood at checkpoints with machine guns...

Write in the comments what you think about all this.

On May 11, 1944, shortly after the liberation of Crimea, Joseph Stalin signed Resolution of the State Defense Committee of the USSR No. GOKO-5859:

“During the Patriotic War, many Crimean Tatars betrayed their Motherland, deserted from the Red Army units defending Crimea, went over to the enemy’s side, joined volunteer Tatar military units formed by the Germans that fought against the Red Army; During the occupation of Crimea by Nazi troops, participating in German punitive detachments, the Crimean Tatars were especially distinguished by their brutal reprisals against Soviet partisans, and also helped the German occupiers in organizing the forced abduction of Soviet citizens into German slavery and the mass extermination of Soviet people.

The Crimean Tatars actively collaborated with the German occupation authorities, participating in the so-called “Tatar national committees” organized by German intelligence and were widely used by the Germans to send spies and saboteurs to the rear of the Red Army. “Tatar national committees”, in which the main role was played by White Guard-Tatar emigrants, with the support of the Crimean Tatars, directed their activities towards the persecution and oppression of the non-Tatar population of Crimea and worked to prepare the violent separation of Crimea from the Soviet Union with the help of German armed forces.

Considering the above, the State Defense Committee
DECIDES:

1. All Tatars should be evicted from the territory of Crimea and settled permanently as special settlers in the regions of the Uzbek SSR. Entrust the eviction to the NKVD of the USSR. Oblige the NKVD of the USSR (comrade Beria) to complete the eviction of the Crimean Tatars by June 1, 1944.

2. Establish the following procedure and conditions for eviction:

a) allow special settlers to take with them personal belongings, clothing, household equipment, dishes and food in an amount of up to 500 kilograms per family.
Property, buildings, outbuildings, furniture and garden lands remaining on site are accepted by local authorities; all productive and dairy cattle, as well as poultry, are accepted by the People's Commissariat of Meat and Milk Industry, all agricultural products - by the People's Commissariat of Transport of the USSR, horses and other draft animals - by the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR, breeding cattle - by the People's Commissariat of State Farms of the USSR.
Acceptance of livestock, grain, vegetables and other types of agricultural products is carried out with the issuance of exchange receipts for each settlement and each farm.
Instruct the NKVD of the USSR, the People's Commissariat for Agriculture, the People's Commissariat of Meat and Milk Industry, the People's Commissariat of State Farms and the People's Commissariat for Transport of the USSR by July 1 this year. d. submit to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR proposals on the procedure for returning the livestock, poultry, and agricultural products received from them according to exchange receipts to special settlers;

b) to organize the reception of the property, livestock, grain and agricultural products left by special settlers in the places of eviction, send to the site a commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, consisting of: the chairman of the commission, Comrade Gritsenko (deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR) and members of the commission, Comrade Krestyaninov (member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture) USSR), Comrade Nadyarnykh (member of the board of NKMiMP), Comrade Pustovalov (member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Transport of the USSR), Comrade Kabanov (Deputy People's Commissar of State Farms of the USSR), Comrade Gusev (member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR).
Oblige the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR (comrade Benediktova), the People's Commissariat of the USSR (comrade Subbotina), the People's Commissariat of Transport and MP of the USSR (comrade Smirnova), the People's Commissariat of State Farms of the USSR (comrade Lobanova) to ensure the reception of livestock, grain and agricultural products from special settlers, in agreement with comrade Gritsenko , to Crimea the required number of workers;

c) oblige the NKPS (Comrade Kaganovich) to organize the transportation of special settlers from Crimea to the Uzbek SSR by specially formed trains according to a schedule drawn up jointly with the NKVD of the USSR. Number of trains, loading stations and destination stations at the request of the NKVD of the USSR.
Payments for transportation should be made according to the tariff for transportation of prisoners;

d) The People's Commissariat of Health of the USSR (Comrade Miterev) allocates one doctor and two nurses with an appropriate supply of medicines for each train with special settlers, within a time period in agreement with the NKVD of the USSR, and provides medical and sanitary care for special settlers en route; The People's Commissariat of Trade of the USSR (Comrade Lyubimov) must provide all trains with special settlers with hot meals and boiling water every day.
To organize food for special settlers on the way, allocate food to the People's Commissariat of Trade in quantities according to Appendix No. 1.

3. Oblige the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Uzbekistan, Comrade Yusupov, the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the UzSSR, Comrade Abdurakhmanov, and the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Uzbek SSR, Comrade Kobulov, until June 1 of this year. d. carry out the following measures for the reception and resettlement of special settlers:

a) accept and resettle within the Uzbek SSR 140-160 thousand people of special settlers - Tatars sent by the NKVD of the USSR from the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
The resettlement of special settlers will be carried out in state farm settlements, existing collective farms, subsidiary agricultural farms of enterprises and factory settlements for use in agriculture and industry;

b) in the areas of resettlement of special settlers, create commissions consisting of the chairman of the regional executive committee, the secretary of the regional committee and the head of the NKVD, entrusting these commissions with carrying out all activities related to the reception and accommodation of arriving special settlers;

c) in each area of ​​resettlement of special settlers, organize district troikas consisting of the chairman of the district executive committee, the secretary of the district committee and the head of the RO NKVD, entrusting them with preparing for the placement and organizing the reception of arriving special settlers;

d) prepare horse-drawn vehicles for transporting special settlers, mobilizing for this purpose the transport of any enterprises and institutions;

e) ensure that arriving special settlers are provided with personal plots and provide assistance in the construction of houses with local building materials;

f) organize special commandant's offices of the NKVD in the areas of resettlement of special settlers, attributing their maintenance to the budget of the NKVD of the USSR;

g) Central Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the UzSSR by May 20 this year. d. submit to the NKVD of the USSR Comrade Beria a project for the resettlement of special settlers in regions and districts, indicating the train unloading station.

4. Oblige the Agricultural Bank (Comrade Kravtsova) to issue special settlers sent to the Uzbek SSR, in the places of their resettlement, a loan for the construction of houses and for economic establishment of up to 5,000 rubles per family, with an installment plan of up to 7 years.

5. Oblige the People's Commissariat of the USSR (Comrade Subbotin) to allocate flour, cereals and vegetables to the Council of People's Commissars of the Uzbek SSR for distribution to special settlers during June-August. in monthly equal amounts, according to Appendix No. 2.
Distribution of flour, cereals and vegetables to special settlers during June-August. d. produce free of charge, in exchange for agricultural products and livestock accepted from them in the places of eviction.

6. Oblige the NPO (comrade Khruleva) to transfer within May-June this year. g. to strengthen the vehicles of the NKVD troops garrisoned in the areas of resettlement of special settlers - in the Uzbek SSR, Kazakh SSR and Kirghiz SSR, Willys vehicles - 100 pieces and trucks - 250 pieces that were out of repair.

7. Oblige Glavneftesnab (comrade Shirokova) to allocate and ship 400 tons of gasoline to the points at the direction of the NKVD of the USSR by May 20, 1944, and 200 tons to the disposal of the Council of People's Commissars of the Uzbek SSR.
The supply of motor gasoline will be carried out at the expense of a uniform reduction in supplies to all other consumers.

8. Oblige the Glavsnables under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (Comrade Lopukhov), at the expense of any resources, to supply the NKPS with 75,000 carriage planks of 2.75 m each, with their delivery before May 15 this year. G.; Transportation of NKPS boards must be carried out using your own means.

9. The People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR (Comrade Zverev) to release the NKVD of the USSR in May this year. 30 million rubles from the reserve fund of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR for special events.”

The draft decision was prepared by a member of the State Defense Committee, People's Commissar of Internal Affairs L.P. Beria. Deputy People's Commissars of State Security and Internal Affairs B.Z. Kobulov and I.A. Serov were entrusted with leading the deportation operation.

The bulk of the Crimean Tatar collaborators were evacuated by the occupation authorities to Germany, where the Tatar Mountain Jaeger Regiment of the SS was created from them. Most of those who remained in Crimea were identified by the NKVD in April-May 1944 and condemned as traitors to the Motherland. In total, about 5,000 collaborators of all nationalities were identified in Crimea during this period.

The deportation operation began early in the morning of May 18 and ended on May 20, 1944. To carry it out, NKVD troops (more than 32 thousand people) were involved. The deportees were given very little time to get ready. Officially, each family had the right to take up to 500 kg of luggage with them, but in reality they were allowed to take much less, and sometimes nothing at all. After this, the deportees were taken by truck to the railway stations.

On May 20, Serov and Kobulov reported in a telegram addressed to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L.P. Beria:

“We hereby report that started in accordance with your instructions on May 18 this year. The operation to evict the Crimean Tatars was completed today, May 20, at 16:00. A total of 180,014 people were evicted, loaded into 67 trains, of which 63 trains numbered 173,287 people. sent to their destinations, the remaining 4 echelons will also be sent today.

In addition, the district military commissars of Crimea mobilized 6,000 Tatars of military age, who, according to the orders of the Head of the Red Army, were sent to the cities of Guryev, Rybinsk and Kuibyshev.

Of the number of special contingents sent at your direction to the Moskovugol Trust, 8,000 people are 5,000 people. also constitute Tatars.

Thus, 191,044 persons of Tatar nationality were removed from the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.”

I have a neighbor. Crimean partisan. He went to the mountains in 1943, when he was 16 years old. This document will tell you about it better than I can.

From the stories of Grigory Vasilyevich:
“In 1942, the Tatars wanted to slaughter the entire Russian population of Yalta. Then the Russians bowed to the Germans so that they would protect them. The Germans gave the command not to touch...”
“I don’t know a single Tatar who was a member of the partisans...”
“On May 18, they told me that I would take the Tatars to Simferopol. I would do it again today...”
“The Tatars, who had taken refuge in the forests after the eviction, began to attack individual soldiers. The soldier would go into the bushes to take a leak, and the next day they would find him - suspended by his legs, and his penis in his mouth.... Then the troops were withdrawn from near Sevastopol and they marched through in a chain all the forests of Crimea. Whoever they found, they shot. The conversation was short and there was a lot of meaning..."

In general, everything happened like this:

On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, Crimean Tatars made up less than one-fifth of the peninsula's population. Here are the 1939 census data:
Russians 558481 - 49.6%
Ukrainians 154,120 - 13.7%
Tatars 218179 - 19.4%

However, the Tatar minority was not at all infringed upon in its rights in relation to the Russian-speaking population. Quite the contrary. The state languages ​​of the Crimean ASSR were Russian and Tatar. The administrative division of the autonomous republic was based on the national principle. In 1930, national village councils were created: Russian - 207, Tatar - 144, German - 37, Jewish - 14, Bulgarian - 9, Greek - 8, Ukrainian - 3, Armenian and Estonian - 2 each. In addition, national districts were organized . In all schools, children of national minorities were taught in their native language.

After the start of the Great Patriotic War, many Crimean Tatars were drafted into the Red Army. However, their service was short-lived. As soon as the front approached Crimea, desertion and surrender among them became widespread. It became obvious that the Crimean Tatars were waiting for the arrival of the German army and did not want to fight. The Germans, taking advantage of the current situation, scattered leaflets from airplanes with promises to “finally resolve the issue of their independence” - of course, in the form of a protectorate within the German Empire.

From among the Tatars who surrendered in Ukraine and other fronts, agent cadres were trained and sent to Crimea to strengthen anti-Soviet, defeatist and pro-fascist agitation. As a result, the Red Army units staffed by the Crimean Tatars turned out to be ineffective and after the Germans entered the peninsula, the vast majority of their personnel deserted. Here is what is said about this in the memo of the Deputy People's Commissar of State Security of the USSR B.Z. Kobulov and the Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR I.A. Serov addressed to L.P. Beria, dated April 22, 1944:

“...All those drafted into the Red Army amounted to 90 thousand people, including 20 thousand Crimean Tatars... 20 thousand Crimean Tatars deserted in 1941 from the 51st Army during its retreat from Crimea...” .

That is, the desertion of the Crimean Tatars was almost universal. This is confirmed by data for individual settlements. Thus, in the village of Koush, out of 132 people drafted into the Red Army in 1941, 120 people deserted.

Then the service to the occupiers began.

Crimean Tatars in the Wehrmacht auxiliary troops. February 1942

The testimony of German Field Marshal Erich von Manstein is eloquent: “... the majority of the Tatar population of Crimea was very friendly towards us. We even managed to form armed self-defense companies from the Tatars, whose task was to protect their villages from attacks by partisans hiding in the Yayla mountains.... The Tatars immediately took our side. They saw us as their liberators from the Bolshevik yoke, especially since we respected their religious customs. A Tatar deputation arrived to me, bringing fruits and beautiful handmade fabrics for the liberator of the Tatars, “Adolf Effendi.”

On November 11, 1941, so-called “Muslim committees” were created in Simferopol and a number of other cities and towns in Crimea. The organization of these committees and their activities took place under the direct leadership of the SS. Subsequently, the leadership of the committees passed to the SD headquarters. On the basis of Muslim committees, a “Tatar committee” was created with centralized subordination to the Crimean center in Simferopol with widely developed activities throughout the Crimea.

On January 3, 1942, the first official ceremonial meeting of the Tatar Committee took place in Simferopol. He welcomed the committee and said that the Fuhrer had accepted the Tatars' offer to come out in hand to defend their homeland from the Bolsheviks. Tatars who are ready to take up arms will be enrolled in the German Wehrmacht, will be provided with everything and receive a salary on the same basis as German soldiers.

After the approval of the general events, the Tatars asked permission to end this first ceremonial meeting - the beginning of the fight against the atheists - according to their custom, with prayer, and repeated the following three prayers after their mullah:
1st prayer: for the achievement of a quick victory and a common goal, as well as for the health and long life of the Fuhrer Adolf Hitler.
2nd prayer: for the German people and their valiant army.
3rd prayer: for the soldiers of the German Wehrmacht who fell in battle.

Many Tatars were used as conductors of punitive detachments. Separate Tatar units were sent to the Kerch Front and partially to the Sevastopol sector of the front, where they took part in battles against the Red Army.

Typically, local "volunteers" were used in one of the following structures:
1. Crimean Tatar formations within the German army.
2. Crimean Tatar punitive and security battalions of the SD.
3. Police and field gendarmerie apparatus.
4. Apparatus of SD prisons and camps.

Persons of Tatar nationality who served in punitive agencies and military units of the enemy were dressed in German uniforms and provided with weapons. Persons who distinguished themselves in their treacherous activities were appointed by the Germans to command positions.

Certificate from the High Command of the German Ground Forces dated March 20, 1942:
“The Tatars are in a good mood. German superiors are treated with obedience and are proud if they are recognized in the service or outside. Their greatest pride is to have the right to wear a German uniform."

A poster calling on the population to join the SS troops. Crimea, 1942

It is also necessary to provide quantitative data about the Crimean Tatars who were among the partisans. On June 1, 1943, there were 262 people in the Crimean partisan detachments, of which 145 were Russians, 67 Ukrainians and 6 Tatars.

After the defeat of the 6th German Army of Paulus at Stalingrad, the Feodosia Muslim Committee collected one million rubles among the Tatars to help the German army. Members of Muslim committees in their work were guided by the slogan “Crimea only for Tatars” and spread rumors about the annexation of Crimea to Turkey.
In 1943, the Turkish emissary Amil Pasha came to Feodosia, who called on the Tatar population to support the activities of the German command.

In Berlin, the Germans created a Tatar national center, whose representatives came to Crimea in June 1943 to familiarize themselves with the work of Muslim committees.

In April-May 1944, Crimean Tatar battalions fought against the Soviet troops liberating Crimea. Thus, on April 13, in the area of ​​the Islam-Terek station in the east of the Crimean Peninsula, three Crimean Tatar battalions operated against units of the 11th Guards Corps, losing 800 people as prisoners alone. The 149th battalion fought stubbornly in the battles for Bakhchisarai.

The remnants of the Crimean Tatar battalions were evacuated by sea. In July 1944, in Hungary, the Tatar Mountain Jaeger Regiment of the SS was formed from them, which was soon deployed into the 1st Tatar Mountain Jaeger Brigade. A certain number of Crimean Tatars were transferred to France and included in the reserve battalion of the Volga Tatar Legion. Others, mostly untrained youth, were recruited into the air defense auxiliary service.

After the liberation of Crimea by Soviet troops, the hour of reckoning came.

"By April 25, 1944, the NKVD-NKGB and Smersh NGOs arrested 4,206 people of the anti-Soviet element, of which 430 spies were exposed. In addition, the NKVD troops for the protection of the rear from April 10 to 27 detained 5,115 people, including 55 arrested agents of German intelligence and counterintelligence agencies, 266 traitors to the Motherland and traitors, 363 accomplices and henchmen of the enemy, as well as members of punitive detachments.

48 members of Muslim committees were arrested, including Izmailov Apas - chairman of the Karasubazar district Muslim committee, Batalov Balat - chairman of the Muslim committee of the Balaklava region, Ableizov Belial - chairman of the Muslim committee of the Simeiz region, Aliev Mussa - chairman of the Muslim committee of the Zui region.

A significant number of enemy agents, proteges and accomplices of the Nazi occupiers were identified and arrested.

In the city of Sudak, the chairman of the district Muslim committee, Umerov Vekir, was arrested, who admitted that, on instructions from the Germans, he organized a volunteer detachment from the kulak-criminal element and led an active struggle against the partisans.

In 1942, during the landing of our troops in the area of ​​​​the city of Feodosia, Umerov’s detachment detained 12 Red Army paratroopers and burned them alive. 30 people were arrested in the case.

In the city of Bakhchisarai, the traitor Abibulaev Jafar, who voluntarily joined the punitive battalion created by the Germans in 1942, was arrested. For his active struggle against Soviet patriots, Abibulaev was appointed commander of a punitive platoon and executed civilians whom he suspected of having connections with the partisans.
Abibulaev was sentenced to death by hanging by a military court.

In the Dzhankoy district, a group of three Tatars was arrested, who, on instructions from German intelligence, poisoned 200 Roma in a gas chamber in March 1942.

As of May 7 this year. 5,381 enemy agents, traitors to the Motherland, collaborators of the Nazi occupiers and other anti-Soviet elements were arrested.

Weapons illegally stored by the population included 5,395 rifles, 337 machine guns, 250 machine guns, 31 mortars and a large number of grenades and rifle cartridges...

By 1944, over 20 thousand Tatars had deserted from the Red Army units, betrayed their Motherland, went into the service of the Germans and fought against the Red Army with arms in hand...

Fighter of the Tatar “self-defense” detachment. Winter 1941 - 1942 Crimea.

Considering the treacherous actions of the Crimean Tatars against the Soviet people and based on the undesirability of further residence of the Crimean Tatars on the border outskirts of the Soviet Union, the NKVD of the USSR submits for your consideration a draft decision of the State Defense Committee on the eviction of all Tatars from the territory of Crimea.
We consider it advisable to resettle the Crimean Tatars as special settlers in the regions of the Uzbek SSR for use in work both in agriculture - collective farms, state farms, and in industry and construction. The issue of settling the Tatars in the Uzbek SSR was agreed upon with the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Uzbekistan, Comrade Yusupov.

People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L. Beria 05.10.44."

The next day, May 11, 1944, the State Defense Committee adopted resolution No. 5859 on “On the Crimean Tatars”:

“During the Patriotic War, many Crimean Tatars betrayed their Motherland, deserted from the Red Army units defending Crimea, went over to the enemy’s side, joined volunteer Tatar military units formed by the Germans that fought against the Red Army; During the occupation of Crimea by fascist German troops, participating in German punitive detachments, the Crimean Tatars were especially distinguished by their brutal reprisals against Soviet partisans, and also helped the German occupiers in organizing the forced abduction of Soviet citizens into German slavery and the mass extermination of Soviet people.

The Crimean Tatars actively collaborated with the German occupation authorities, participating in the so-called “Tatar national committees” organized by German intelligence and were widely used by the Germans to send spies and saboteurs to the rear of the Red Army. “Tatar national committees”, in which the main role was played by White Guard-Tatar emigrants, with the support of the Crimean Tatars, directed their activities towards the persecution and oppression of the non-Tatar population of Crimea and worked to prepare the violent separation of Crimea from the Soviet Union with the help of German armed forces.

Crimean Tatars in German service. Romanian uniform. Crimea, 1943. Most likely, these are policemen from the Schuma battalion

Taking into account the above, the State Defense Committee decides:

1. All Tatars should be evicted from the territory of Crimea and settled permanently as special settlers in the regions of the Uzbek SSR. Entrust the eviction to the NKVD of the USSR. Oblige the NKVD of the USSR (comrade Beria) to complete the eviction of the Crimean Tatars by June 1, 1944.

2. Establish the following procedure and conditions for eviction:
a) allow special settlers to take with them personal belongings, clothing, household equipment, dishes and food in an amount of up to 500 kilograms per family.

Property, buildings, outbuildings, furniture and garden lands remaining on site are accepted by local authorities; all productive and dairy cattle, as well as poultry, are accepted by the People's Commissariat of Meat and Milk Industry, all agricultural products - by the People's Commissariat of the USSR, horses and other draft animals - by the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR, breeding cattle - by the People's Commissariat of State Farms of the USSR.

Acceptance of livestock, grain, vegetables and other types of agricultural products is carried out with the issuance of exchange receipts for each settlement and each farm.

Instruct the NKVD of the USSR, the People's Commissariat for Agriculture, the People's Commissariat of Meat and Milk Industry, the People's Commissariat of State Farms and the People's Commissariat for Transport of the USSR by July 1 of this year. submit to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR proposals on the procedure for returning livestock, poultry, and agricultural products received from them according to exchange receipts to special settlers;

b) to organize the reception of the property, livestock, grain and agricultural products left by special settlers in the places of eviction, send a commission of the Council of People's Commissars to the place.

To oblige the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR, the People's Commissariat of Transport of the USSR, the People's Commissariat of Transport and Transport of the USSR, the People's Commissariat of State Farms of the USSR to ensure the receipt of livestock, grain and agricultural products from special settlers to send the required number of workers to Crimea;

c) oblige the NKPS to organize the transportation of special settlers from Crimea to the Uzbek SSR by specially formed trains according to a schedule drawn up jointly with the NKVD of the USSR. Number of trains, loading stations and destination stations at the request of the NKVD of the USSR. Payments for transportation should be made according to the tariff for transportation of prisoners;

d) The People's Commissariat of Health of the USSR allocates one doctor and two nurses with an appropriate supply of medicines for each train with special settlers, within a time period in agreement with the NKVD of the USSR, and provides medical and sanitary care for special settlers en route; The People's Commissariat of Trade of the USSR will provide all trains with special settlers with hot meals and boiling water every day.

To organize food for special settlers on the way, allocate food to the People's Commissariat of Trade in quantities according to Appendix No. 1.

3. Oblige the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Uzbekistan, Comrade Yusupov, the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the UzSSR, Comrade Abdurakhmanov, and the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Uzbek SSR, Comrade Kobulov, until June 1 of this year. carry out the following measures for the reception and resettlement of special settlers:

a) accept and resettle within the Uzbek SSR 140–160 thousand special settlers - Tatars sent by the NKVD of the USSR from the Crimean ASSR.

The resettlement of special settlers will be carried out in state farm settlements, existing collective farms, subsidiary agricultural farms of enterprises and factory settlements for use in agriculture and industry;

b) in the areas of resettlement of special settlers, create commissions consisting of the chairman of the regional executive committee, the secretary of the regional committee and the head of the NKVD, entrusting these commissions with carrying out all activities related to the reception and accommodation of arriving special settlers;

c) in each area of ​​resettlement of special settlers, organize district troikas consisting of the chairman of the district executive committee, the secretary of the district committee and the head of the RO NKVD, entrusting them with preparing for the placement and organizing the reception of arriving special settlers;

d) prepare horse-drawn vehicles for transporting special settlers, mobilizing for this purpose the transport of any enterprises and institutions;

e) ensure that arriving special settlers are provided with personal plots and provide assistance in the construction of houses with local building materials;

f) organize special commandant's offices of the NKVD in the areas of resettlement of special settlers, attributing their maintenance to the budget of the NKVD of the USSR;

g) Central Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the UzSSR by May 20 of this year. submit to the NKVD of the USSR Comrade Beria a project for the resettlement of special settlers in regions and districts, indicating the train unloading station.

4 To oblige the Agricultural Bank to issue special settlers sent to the Uzbek SSR, in the places of their resettlement, a loan for the construction of houses and for economic establishment of up to 5,000 rubles per family, with installments of up to 7 years.

5. Oblige the People's Commissariat of the USSR to allocate flour, cereals and vegetables to the Council of People's Commissars of the Uzbek SSR for distribution to special settlers during June-August of this year. monthly in equal amounts, according to Appendix No. 2.

Distribution of flour, cereals and vegetables to special settlers during June-August of this year. produce free of charge, in exchange for agricultural products and livestock accepted from them in the places of eviction.

6. Oblige NPOs to transfer during May-June this year. to strengthen the vehicles of the NKVD troops garrisoned in the areas of resettlement of special settlers - in the Uzbek SSR, Kazakh SSR and Kirghiz SSR, Willys vehicles - 100 pieces and trucks - 250 pieces that were out of repair.

7. Oblige Glavneftesnab to allocate and ship until May 20, 1944 to points at the direction of the NKVD of the USSR 400 tons of gasoline, and at the disposal of the Council of People's Commissars of the Uzbek SSR - 200 tons.

The supply of motor gasoline will be carried out at the expense of a uniform reduction in supplies to all other consumers.

8. Oblige Glavsnables under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, at the expense of any resources, to supply the NKPS with 75,000 carriage planks of 2.75 m each, with their delivery before May 15 of this year; Transportation of NKPS boards must be carried out using your own means.

9. The People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR to release the NKVD of the USSR in May of this year. from the reserve fund of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR for special events 30 million rubles.

Chairman of the State Defense Committee I. Stalin.”

Note: Norm for 1 person per month: flour - 8 kg, vegetables - 8 kg and cereals 2 kg

The operation was carried out quickly and decisively. The eviction began on May 18, 1944, and already on May 20, Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR I.A. Serov and Deputy People's Commissar of State Security of the USSR B.Z. Kobulov reported in a telegram addressed to People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L.P. Beria:

“We hereby report that started in accordance with your instructions on May 18 of this year. The operation to evict the Crimean Tatars was completed today, May 20, at 16:00. A total of 180,014 people were evicted, loaded into 67 trains, of which 63 trains numbered 173,287 people. sent to their destinations, the remaining 4 echelons will also be sent today.

In addition, the district military commissars of Crimea mobilized 6,000 Tatars of military age, who, according to the orders of the Head of the Red Army, were sent to the cities of Guryev, Rybinsk and Kuibyshev.

Of the number of special contingents sent at your direction to the Moskovugol Trust, 8,000 people are 5,000 people. also constitute Tatars.

Thus, 191,044 persons of Tatar nationality were removed from the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

During the eviction of the Tatars, 1,137 anti-Soviet elements were arrested, and in total during the operation - 5,989 people.
Weapons seized during the eviction: 10 mortars, 173 machine guns, 192 machine guns, 2650 rifles, 46,603 ammunition.

In total, during the operation, the following were seized: 49 mortars, 622 machine guns, 724 machine guns, 9,888 rifles and 326,887 ammunition.

There were no incidents during the operation.”

Of the 151,720 Crimean Tatars sent to the Uzbek SSR in May 1944, 191 people died en route.
From the moment of deportation to October 1, 1948, 44,887 people among those deported from Crimea (Tatars, Bulgarians, Greeks, Armenians and others) died.

As for those few Crimean Tatars who actually fought honestly in the Red Army or in partisan detachments, contrary to generally accepted opinion, they were not subject to eviction. There are about 1,500 Crimean Tatars left in Crimea

"Secret Field Police No. 647
No. 875/41 Translation to His Highness Mr. Hitler!

Allow me to convey to you our heartfelt greetings and our deep gratitude for the liberation of the Crimean Tatars (Muslims), who were languishing under the bloodthirsty Jewish-communist yoke. We wish you a long life, success and victory for the German army throughout the world.

The Tatars of Crimea are ready, at your call, to fight together with the German People's Army on any front. Currently, in the forests of Crimea there are partisans, Jewish commissars, communists and commanders who did not manage to escape from Crimea.

For the speedy elimination of partisan groups in Crimea, we earnestly ask you to allow us, as good experts on the roads and paths of the Crimean forests, to organize armed detachments led by the German command from the former “kulaks” who have been groaning for 20 years under the yoke of Jewish-communist domination .

We assure you that in the shortest possible time the partisans in the forests of Crimea will be destroyed to the last man.

We remain devoted to you, and again and again we wish you success in your affairs and a long life.

Long live His Highness, Mr. Adolf Hitler!

Long live the heroic, invincible German People's Army!

The son of a manufacturer and the grandson of a former city
head of the city of Bakhchisarai - A.M. ABLAEV

Simferopol, Sufi 44.

Correct: Sonderführer - SCHUMANN

Civil Aviation of the Russian Federation
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