3 examples of formal positive sanctions. Social sanctions and their typology

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Social behavior, corresponding to the norms and values defined in society is designated as conformist (from the Latin conformis - similar, similar). The main task of social control is the reproduction of a conformist type of behavior.

To monitor compliance with norms and values, they use social sanctions. Sanction is the group's reaction to behavior social subject. With the help of sanctions, regulatory regulation is carried out social system and its subsystems.

Sanctions are not only punishments, but also incentives that promote compliance with social norms. Along with values, they contribute to the observance of social norms and thus social norms are protected on both sides, from the side of values and from the side of sanctions. Social sanctions are an extensive system of rewards for fulfilling social norms, that is, for conformity, agreement with them, and a system of punishments for deviation from them, that is, deviance.

Negative sanctions are associated with socially disapproved violations of norms, Depending on the degree of rigidity of the norms, they can be divided into punishments and censures:

forms of punishment- administrative penalties, restriction of access to socially valuable resources, prosecution, etc.

forms of censure- expression of public disapproval, refusal to cooperate, breakup of relations, etc.

The use of positive sanctions is associated not simply with compliance with norms, but with the performance of a number of socially significant services aimed at preserving values and norms. Forms of positive sanctions include awards, monetary rewards, privileges, approval, etc.

Along with negative and positive, there are formal and informal sanctions, which differ depending on the institutions that use them and the nature of their action:

formal sanctions are being implemented official institutions sanctioned by society - law enforcement agencies, courts, tax services, and the penitentiary system.

informal are used by informal institutions (comrades, family, neighbors).

There are four types of sanctions: positive, negative, formal, informal. Οʜᴎ give four types of combinations that can be depicted as a logical square.

f+	f_
n+	n_

(F+) Formal positive sanctions. This is a public endorsement by official organizations. Such approval may be expressed in government awards, state bonuses and scholarships, granted titles, construction of monuments, presentation of certificates of honor, or admission to high positions and honorary functions (for example: election as chairman of the board).

(H+) informal positive sanctions - public approval that does not come from official organizations can be expressed in friendly praise, compliments, honor, flattering reviews or recognition of leadership or expert qualities. (just a smile) (F)-)formal negative sanctions- penalties provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, orders and orders can be expressed in arrest, imprisonment, dismissal, deprivation civil rights, confiscation of property, fine, demotion, excommunication, death penalty.

(N-) informal negative sanctions - punishment not provided for by official authorities: censure, remarks, ridicule, neglect, unflattering nickname, refusal to maintain relationships, disapproving review, complaint, revealing article in the press.

Four groups of sanctions help determine what behavior of an individual can be considered useful for the group:

- legal - a system of punishments for actions provided for by law.

- ethical - a system of censures, comments arising from moral principles,

- satirical - ridicule, disdain, smirks, etc.,

- religious sanctions .

French sociologist R. Lapierre identifies three types of sanctions:

- physical , with the help of which punishment for violation of social norms is carried out;

- economic blocking the satisfaction of current needs (fines, penalties, restrictions on the use of resources, dismissals); administrative (demotion social status, warnings, penalties, removal from position).

However, sanctions, together with values and norms, constitute a mechanism of social control. The rules themselves do not control anything. People's behavior is controlled by other people based on norms. Compliance with norms, like compliance with sanctions, makes people's behavior predictable,

However, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm does not have an accompanying sanction, then it ceases to regulate behavior and becomes simply a slogan or appeal, and not an element of social control.

The application of social sanctions in some cases requires the presence of outsiders, but in others it does not (prison requires a serious trial on the basis of which the sentence is imposed). The awarding of an academic degree involves an equally complex process of defending a dissertation and the decision of the academic council. If the application of a sanction is carried out by the person himself, is directed at himself and occurs internally, then this form of control is called self-control. Self-control - internal control.

Individuals independently control their behavior, coordinating it with generally accepted norms. During the process of socialization, norms are internalized so firmly that people who violate them experience a feeling of guilt. Approximately 70% social control carried out through self-control. The more self-control is developed among the members of a society, the less it is extremely important for this society to resort to external control, and, on the contrary, the weaker the self-control, the stricter the external control should be. At the same time, strict external control and petty supervision of citizens inhibit the development of self-awareness and muffle the volitional efforts of the individual, resulting in a dictatorship.

Often, a dictatorship is established for a time for the benefit of citizens, in order to restore order, but citizens who are accustomed to submitting to coercive control do not develop internal control, they gradually degrade as social beings, as individuals capable of taking responsibility and doing without external coercion, that is, dictatorship, Thus, the degree of development of self-control characterizes the type of people prevailing in society and the emerging form of the state. With developed self-control, there is a high probability of establishing democracy; with undeveloped self-control, there is a high probability of establishing dictatorship.

Social sanctions and their typology. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Social sanctions and their typology." 2017, 2018.

Formal negative sanctions are one of the tools for maintaining social norms in society.

What is the norm

This term comes from Latin language. Literally means “rule of behavior”, “model”. We all live in society, in a team. Everyone has their own values, preferences, interests. All this gives the individual certain rights and freedoms. But we must not forget that people live next to each other. This single collective is called society or society. And it is important to know what laws govern the rules of behavior in it. They are called social norms. Formal negative sanctions help ensure compliance.

Types of social norms

Rules of behavior in society are divided into subtypes. This is important to know, because social sanctions and their application depend on them. They are divided into:

Customs and traditions. They pass from one generation to another over many centuries and even millennia. Weddings, holidays, etc.
Legal. Enshrined in laws and regulations.
Religious. Rules of conduct based on faith. Baptismal ceremonies, religious festivals, fasting, etc.
Aesthetic. Based on feelings about the beautiful and the ugly.
Political. Regulate political sphere and everything connected with it.

There are also many other norms. For example, etiquette rules, medical standards, safety rules, etc. But we have listed the main ones. Thus, it is a mistake to believe that social sanctions apply only to the legal sphere. Law is only one of the subcategories of social norms.

Deviant behavior

Naturally, all people in society must live according to generally accepted rules. Otherwise there will be chaos and anarchy. But some individuals sometimes stop obeying generally accepted laws. They violate them. This behavior is called deviant or deviant. It is for this that formal negative sanctions are provided.

Types of sanctions

As has already become clear, they are called upon to restore order in society. But it is a mistake to think that sanctions have a negative connotation. That this is something bad. In politics this term positioned as a restrictive tool. There is an incorrect concept that means prohibition, taboo. We can recall and cite as an example recent events and the trade war between Western countries and the Russian Federation.

There are actually four types:

Formal negative sanctions.
Informal negative.
Formal positive.
Informal positive.

But let’s take a closer look at one type.

Formal negative sanctions: examples of application

It was not by chance that they got this name. Their peculiarities are the following factors:

Associated with formal manifestation, in contrast to informal ones, which have only an emotional connotation.
They are used only for deviant (deviant) behavior, in contrast to positive ones, which, on the contrary, are designed to reward the individual for exemplary compliance with social norms.

Let's give specific example from labor legislation. Let's say citizen Ivanov is an entrepreneur. Several people work for him. During the employment relationship, Ivanov violates the terms labor contract agreement with employees and delays their wages, arguing that this is due to the crisis in the economy.

Indeed, sales volumes have dropped sharply. The entrepreneur does not have enough funds to cover wage arrears to employees. You might think that he is not guilty and can detain with impunity cash. But actually it is not.

As an entrepreneur, he had to weigh all the risks when carrying out his activities. Otherwise, he is obliged to warn employees about this and begin the appropriate procedures. This is provided for by law. But instead, Ivanov hoped that everything would work out. The workers, of course, did not suspect anything.

When the payment day comes, they find out that there is no money in the cash register. Naturally, their rights are violated (each employee has financial plans for holidays, social security, possibly certain financial obligations). Workers file a formal complaint with the state labor safety inspectorate. In this case, the entrepreneur violated the norms of the labor and civil codes. The inspection authorities confirmed this and ordered to pay soon wages. For each day of delay, a certain penalty is now charged in accordance with the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. In addition, the inspection authorities imposed an administrative fine on Ivanov for violations labor standards. Such actions will be an example of formal negative sanctions.

conclusions

But an administrative fine is not the only measure. For example, an employee was severely reprimanded for being late to the office. The formality in this case lies in a specific action - entering it into a personal file. If the consequences for his lateness were limited only to the fact that the director emotionally, in words, reprimanded him, then this would be an example of informal negative sanctions.

But not only in labor relations they apply. In almost all areas, mainly negative formal social sanctions predominate. The exception, of course, is moral and aesthetic norms, rules of etiquette. Violations of these rules are usually followed by informal sanctions. They are emotional in nature. For example, no one will fine a person for not stopping on the highway in forty-degree frost and not taking a mother and baby as a travel companion. Although society may react negatively to this. A barrage of criticism will fall on this citizen, if, of course, this is made public.

But we should not forget that many norms in these areas are enshrined in laws and regulations. This means that for violating them, you can, in addition to informal ones, receive formal negative sanctions in the form of arrests, fines, reprimands, etc. For example, smoking in public places. This is an aesthetic norm, or rather, a deviation from it. It’s not nice to smoke on the street and poison all passers-by with tar. But until recently, only informal sanctions were imposed for this. For example, a grandmother may speak critically of the offender. Today the smoking ban is a legal norm. For violating it, the individual will be punished with a fine. This is a striking example of the transformation of an aesthetic norm into a legal one with formal consequences.

Term" social control"was introduced into scientific circulation by the French sociologist and social psychologist Gabriel Tarde. He considered it as an important means of correcting criminal behavior. Subsequently, Tarde expanded the considerations of this term and considered social control as one of the main factors of socialization.

Social control is a special mechanism for social regulation of behavior and maintaining public order

Informal and formal control

Informal control is based on approval or condemnation of a person’s actions on the part of her relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as on the part of public opinion which is expressed through customs and traditions, or what. Through means mass media.

In a traditional society there were very few established norms. Most aspects of life for members of traditional rural communities were controlled informally. Strict observance of rituals and ceremonies associated with traditional holidays and ceremonies fostered respect for social norms, understanding their necessity.

Informal control is limited to a small group; it is ineffective in a large group. Agents of informal control include relatives, friends, neighbors, acquaintances

Formal control is based on approval or condemnation of a person’s actions by official authorities and administration. In complex modern society, which numbers many thousands or even millions of Jews, it is impossible to maintain order by means of informal control. In modern society, order is monitored by special social institutions such as courts, educational institutions, army, church, mass media, enterprises, etc. Accordingly, employees of these installations act as agents of formal control.

If an individual goes beyond the limits of social norms, and his behavior does not correspond to social expectations, he will certainly face sanctions, that is, with the emotional reaction of people to normatively regulated behavior.

. Sanctions- these are punishments and rewards that are applied by a social group to an individual

Since social control can be formal or informal, there are four main types of sanctions: formal positive, formal negative, informal positive and informal negative.

. Formal positive sanctions- this is public approval from official organizations: diplomas, prizes, titles and titles, state awards and high positions. They are closely related to the presence of regulations that determine how an individual should behave and which provide rewards for his compliance with normative regulations.

. Formal negative sanctions- these are punishments provided for by legal laws, government regulations, administrative instructions and orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal from work, fines, official penalties, reprimand, death penalty, etc. They are associated with the presence of regulations governing behavior individual and indicate what punishment is intended for non-compliance with these norms.

. Informal positive sanctions- this is public approval from unofficial individuals and organizations: public praise, compliment, tacit approval, applause, fame, smile, etc.

. Informal negative sanctions- this is a punishment unforeseen by official authorities, such as remark, ridicule, cruel joke, contempt, unkind review, slander, etc.

The typology of sanctions depends on the educational system we have chosen.

Considering the method of applying sanctions, current and future sanctions are identified

. Current sanctions are those that are actually used in a particular community. Everyone can be sure that if he goes beyond existing social norms, he will be punished or rewarded according to existing regulations

Prospective sanctions are associated with promises of application of punishment or reward to an individual in case of violation of normative requirements. Very often, only the threat of execution (the promise of a reward) is sufficient to keep the individual within the normative framework.

Another criterion for dividing sanctions is related to the time of their application

Repressive sanctions are applied after an individual performs a certain action. The amount of punishment or reward is determined by public beliefs regarding the harmfulness or usefulness of its action

Preventive sanctions are applied even before an individual commits a certain action. Preventive sanctions are applied with the aim of inducing an individual to the type of behavior that is needed by society

Today, in most civilized countries, the prevailing belief is a “crisis of punishment,” a crisis of state and police control. The movement for the abolition of not only the death penalty, but also legal imprisonment and the transition to alternative measures of punishment and restoration of the rights of victims is growing more and more.

The idea of prevention is considered progressive and promising in world criminology and sociology of deviations

Theoretically, the possibility of crime prevention has long been known. Charles. Montesquieu, in his work “The Spirit of Laws,” noted that “a good legislator is not as worried about punishing a crime as the father. In preventing crime, he will try not so much to punish as to improve morality.” Preventive sanctions improve social conditions, create a more favorable atmosphere and reduce inhumane actions. They are useful to protect a specific person, a potential victim, from possible attacks.

However, there is another point of view. Agreeing that crime prevention (as well as other forms of deviant behavior) is democratic, liberal and progressive than repression, some sociologists (T. Matthiessen, B. Andersen, etc.) question the realism and effectiveness of preventive measures; their arguments are as follows:

Since deviance is a certain conditional construct, a product of social agreements (why, for example, is alcohol allowed in one society, but in another its use is considered a deviation?), It is the legislator who decides what constitutes an offense. Will prevention turn into a way to strengthen the position of officials?

prevention involves influencing the causes of deviant behavior. And who can say with certainty that he knows these reasons? and apply the basis in practice?

prevention is always an intervention in a person’s personal life. Therefore, there is a danger of violation of human rights through the introduction of preventive measures (for example, violation of the rights of homosexuals in the USSR)

The severity of sanctions depends on:

Measures of role formalization. The military, police, and doctors are controlled very strictly, both formally and by the public, and, say, friendship is realized through informal social relationships. Ole, that’s why the sanctions here are quite conditional.

status prestige: roles associated with prestigious statuses are subject to severe external control and self-control

Cohesion of the group within which it occurs role behavior, and therefore the strength of group control

Test questions and assignments

1. What behavior is called deviant?

2. What is the relativity of deviation?

3. What behavior is called delinquent?

4. What are the causes of deviant and delinquent behavior?

5. What is the difference between delinquent and deviant behavior?

6. Name the functions of social deviations

7. Describe the biological and psychological theories of deviant behavior and crime

8. Describe sociological theories of deviant behavior and crime

9. What functions does the social control system perform?

10. What are "sanctions"?

11. What difference is there between formal and informal sanctions?

12 Names for the Difference Between Repressive and Preventive Sanctions

13. Prove with examples what the tightening of sanctions depends on

14. What is the difference between methods of informal and formal control?

15. Name of agents of informal and formal control

Sanctions are not only punishments, but also incentives that promote compliance with social norms.

Sanctions – security guards are fine. Along with values, they are responsible for why people strive to fulfill norms. Norms are protected from two sides – from the side of values and from the side of sanctions.

Social sanctions – an extensive system of rewards for fulfilling norms, i.e. for conformity, for agreeing with them, and punishments for deviation from them, i.e. for deviant behavior.

Conformism represents external agreement with generally accepted norms, when internally an individual can maintain disagreement with them, but not tell anyone about it.

Conformism – the goal of social control. However, the goal of socialization cannot be conformity, because it must end in internal agreement with the generally accepted.

There are four types of sanctions: positive and negative, formal and informal. They give four types of combinations that can be represented as a logical square:

Positive Negative

FORMAL

INFORMAL

Formal positive sanctions(F+)– public approval from official organizations (government, institution, creative union): government awards, state prizes and scholarships, awarded titles, academic degrees and titles, construction of a monument, presentation of certificates of honor, admission to high positions and honorary functions (for example, election chairman of the board).

Informal positive sanctions(H+) – public approval that does not come from official organizations: friendly praise, compliments, tacit recognition, goodwill, applause, fame, honor, flattering reviews, recognition of leadership or expert qualities, smile.

Formal negative sanctions (F-)- punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, orders, orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal, fine, depreciation, confiscation of property, demotion, demotion, dethronement, death penalty, excommunication churches.

Informal negative sanctions (N-) – punishments not provided for by official authorities: censure, remark, ridicule, mockery, cruel joke, unflattering nickname, neglect, refusal to shake hands or maintain relationships, spreading rumors, slander, unkind review, complaint, writing a pamphlet or feuilleton, revealing article.

So, social sanctions play a key role in the system of social control. Sanctions, together with values and norms, constitute a mechanism of social control. Social sanctions are a system of rewards and punishments. They are divided into four types: positive and negative, formal and informal. Depending on the method of imposing sanctions - collective or individual - social control can be external and internal (self-control). According to the degree of intensity, sanctions are strict, or tough, and non-strict, or soft.

The rules themselves do not control anything. People's behavior is controlled by other people based on norms that are expected to be followed by everyone. Compliance with norms, like compliance with sanctions, makes our behavior predictable. Each of us knows that an official reward awaits for an outstanding scientific discovery, and imprisonment for a serious crime. When we expect a certain action from another person, we hope that he knows not only the norm, but also the sanction that follows it.

Thus, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm does not have an accompanying sanction, then it ceases to regulate real behavior. It becomes a slogan, a call, an appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control.

The application of social sanctions in some cases requires the presence of outsiders, but in others it does not. Dismissal is formalized by the personnel department of the institution and involves the preliminary issuance of an order or order. Imprisonment requires a complex judicial procedure upon which a judgment is made. Bringing to administrative liability, say, a fine for traveling without a ticket, requires the presence of an official transport controller, and sometimes a policeman. The awarding of an academic degree involves an equally complex procedure for defending a scientific dissertation and the decision of the academic council.

Sanctions for violators of group habits require a smaller number of persons. Sanctions are never applied to oneself. If the application of sanctions is carried out by the person himself, is directed at himself and occurs internally, then this form of control should be considered self-control.

Social control is a special mechanism for social regulation of behavior and maintaining public order

Informal and formal control

Informal control is based on the approval or condemnation of a person’s actions on the part of her relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as on the part of public opinion, which is expressed through customs and traditions, etc. Through the media.

Informal control is limited to a small group; it is ineffective in a large group. Agents of informal control include relatives, friends, neighbors, acquaintances

Formal control is based on approval or condemnation of a person’s actions by official authorities and administration. In a complex modern society, which numbers many thousands or even millions of Jews, it is impossible to maintain order by means of informal control. In modern society, control over order is carried out by special social institutions, such as courts, educational institutions, the army, churches, mass media, enterprises, etc. Accordingly, employees of these institutions act as agents of formal control.