Indicative mood of the verb. The use of forms of one mood in the meaning of another

The meanings of one mood or another discussed above can be expressed by means of other moods, which creates a whole range of synonymous means that are of interest in semantic and stylistic terms. Thus, forms of the indicative mood in live speech are often used to encourage action, i.e. in the meaning characteristic of the imperative mood. Some future and past tense forms serve this purpose. One of them is the 2nd person singular and plural form of the future tense of perfective verbs; “[Lopakhin, giving Dunyasha a bouquet] And you will bring me kvass” (Ch.); "Now fill up the engine, you'll go to field hospital, you will find Safonov, you will get it out of the ground and you will find out what happened to the major" (Sim.). This use creates the impression of complete confidence that the action to which you are encouraging will be carried out. Form 1 can be used to induce joint action -th person plural (future tense): “Let’s go to the cinema, huh?”, “Let’s consider this question in more detail,” “Let’s write down the following statement...” Similar forms are characteristic of the language of a teacher, lecturer. They are common in calls where the form is. 1st person plural (mostly perfective verbs), uniting with the speaker an unlimited number of listeners and readers, represents the action as encompassing everyone and coming from everyone: “Let us defend our conquests, democracy!” An invitation to perform an action together with the speaker can be expressed in live speech and the plural form of the past tense: “We started!”, “Let’s run!” Compared to let’s start, and especially with let’s start, the form started!

Past tense forms of the indicative mood can sometimes be used in a meaning close to the meaning of the subjunctive mood: “Oh, what are you, Fedya; well, you sent someone for vodka - and that’s it” (Mam.-Sib.). In this use, the past tense form represents the action not so much as an intended possibility (which is characteristic of the subjunctive mood with a connotation of the imperative), but as a realized possibility (which is worth thinking about).

Forms of the imperative mood can also be used figuratively. Thus, the forms of the 2nd person can act in the indicative sense when expressing an action imposed on the speaker (or another person whom the speaker names): “[Famusov] They have a ball, and father drag yourself to bow” (Mushroom); "[Marina] At night the professor reads and writes, and suddenly at one o'clock the bell rings... What is it, fathers? Tea! Be the people for him, put on the samovar... Orders!" (Ch.); “[Myshlaevsky] Enough! I’ve been fighting since nine hundred and fourteen. For what? For the fatherland? And this fatherland, when they abandoned me to shame? And I go to these lordships again? Well, no” (M. Bulg.); “And a woman is like a poor hen: Sit and hatch chickens” (P.). In these cases, the forms of the imperative mood are synonymous with personal sentences with forced, must (forced, must, etc.) or impersonal sentences with have to. The 2nd person singular form of the imperative mood can be used in the meaning of the past tense (indicative mood): “He would have rushed to the side, but he took it straight and ran” (Turg.); “And then suddenly, at that very second, someone whispered in my ear...” (Ven.). Such forms emphasize the unexpectedness of actions that quickly passed or began.

Forms of the imperative mood are also used in the meaning characteristic of the subjunctive: “Well, you see, if I held her strictly, I forbade her... God knows what they would do on the sly (the countess meant that they would kiss), but now I know her every word" (L.T.); “Perhaps if the ring were more unreliable than your hands, a shorter one would probably make the road easier for me” (B.Ok.); “If Inessa had currency, the first thing she would do would be to buy means to combat warra, a mite that constantly causes damage not only in the apiary” (Og. 1991. No. 2). Imperative forms used instead of the subjunctive mood denote failed, unrealized actions, situations (which are, as it were, proposed for consideration, evaluation in connection with their consequences, named in the context - negative, in the opinion of the speaker, or positive).

Finally, forms of the subjunctive mood can appear in meanings characteristic of the indicative and imperative. Wed. in the formulas of polite orders and wishes: “I would ask you to come to me tomorrow” (= “come to see me tomorrow”); “I would like to talk to you” (= “I want to talk to you”); “I would suggest the following...” (= “I offer, I want, I can offer...”). That is, in these cases the subjunctive mood is used in the indicative meaning. When used instead of the 2nd person forms of the imperative mood, the subjunctive forms express a soft, delicate impulse, timid, hesitant-sounding advice: “You should read something, Sasha” (Ch.); “You should be walking through the forest, it’s cool to walk through the forest” (M.G.). Used with the word so that (absorbing the particle would) forms of the subjunctive mood express an impulse expressed in a categorical tone: “May you bring books tomorrow!”; "Don't come again!"; “Don’t let me see him here again!”

In meanings characteristic of different moods, the infinitive can appear.

Rakhmanova L.I., Suzdaltseva V.N. Modern Russian language. - M, 1997.

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…

The meanings of one mood or another discussed above can be expressed by means of other moods, which creates a whole range of synonymous means that are of interest in semantic and stylistic terms. Thus, forms of the indicative mood in live speech are often used to encourage action, i.e. in the meaning characteristic of the imperative mood. Some future and past tense forms serve this purpose. One of them is the 2nd person singular and plural form of the future tense of perfective verbs; "[Lopakhin, giving Dunyasha a bouquet] And kvass for me bring it" (Ch.); "Now fill up the emka, will you go to the field hospital you will find Safonov, from underground you'll get it And you'll find out what's wrong with the major" (Sim.). Such use creates the impression of complete confidence that the action to which one is inducing will be carried out. To induce joint action, the 1st person plural form (future tense) can be used: " Let's go to the cinema, huh?", " Let's consider this question in more detail", " Let's write it down the following position..." Similar forms are characteristic of the language of a teacher, lecturer. They are common in calls where the form of the 1st person plural (mainly perfective verbs), uniting with the speaker an unlimited number of listeners, readers, represents the action as encompassing everyone and emanating from everyone: " We will defend our conquests, democracy!" An invitation to perform an action together with the speaker can be expressed in live speech and the plural form of the past tense: " Started!", "Let's run!" Compared with let's get started and especially with let's start, form started! denotes a more decisive assumption, an urge to immediately begin action.

Past tense forms of the indicative mood can sometimes be used in a meaning close to the meaning of the subjunctive mood: “- Oh, what are you, Fedya; well, sent someone for vodka - and that’s it” (Mam.-Sib.). In such use, the past tense form represents the action not so much as an expected possibility (which is characteristic of the subjunctive mood with a connotation of the imperative), but rather as a realized possibility (which is worth thinking about).

Forms of the imperative mood can also be used figuratively. Thus, the 2nd person forms can act in the indicative sense when expressing an action imposed on the speaker (or another person named by the speaker): “[Famusov] They had a ball, and father hang around to bow" (Mushroom); "[Marina] At night the professor reads and writes, and suddenly at one o'clock the bell rings... What is it, priests? Tea! Budi for him the people put samovar... Order!" (Ch.); "[Myshlaevsky] Enough! I have been fighting since nine hundred and fourteen. For what? For the fatherland? And this is the fatherland, when they abandoned me to shame? And I again go to these lordships? Well, no" (M. Bulg.); "And a woman is like a poor hen: Sit yes to myself withdraw chickens" (P.). In these cases, the forms of the imperative mood are synonymous with personal sentences with forced, must(forced, must etc.) or impersonal sentences with has to. The 2nd person singular form of the imperative mood can be used in the meaning of the past tense (indicative mood): “He would rush to the side, but he take it yes straight and shoots" (Turg.); "And then suddenly, at that very second, someone and whisper in the ear..." (Ven.). Such forms emphasize the surprise of actions that quickly passed or began.

Forms of the imperative mood are also used in the meaning characteristic of the subjunctive: “Well, you see, hold I'm strict with her forbid I tell her... God knows what they would do on the sly (the countess meant that they would kiss), and now I know her every word" (L.T.); "Maybe be a ring is more unreliable than your hands - in short, the road would probably be laid for me" (B.Ok.); " Be Inessa has currency, she would first of all buy means to fight warra, a mite that constantly causes damage not only in the apiary" (Og. 1991. No. 2). Imperative forms used instead of the subjunctive mood denote failed, unrealized actions, situations (which as if offered for consideration, assessments in connection with their consequences, named in the context - negative, in the opinion of the speaker, or positive).

Finally, forms of the subjunctive mood can appear in meanings characteristic of the indicative and imperative. Wed. in the formulas of polite orders and wishes: “I I would ask you should come see me tomorrow" (= " come in to me tomorrow"); "To me I would like to talk to you" (= "I Want talk to you"); "I would offered next...." (= "I I offer, I want, I can offer..."). That is, in these cases the subjunctive mood is used in the indicative meaning. When used instead of the 2nd person imperative forms, the subjunctive forms express a soft, delicate impulse, timid, hesitant-sounding advice: “You I would read it anything, Sasha" (Ch.); "You would forest walked, It’s cool to walk through the forest" (M.G.). Used with the word so that(absorbed a particle would) forms of the subjunctive mood express an impulse expressed in a categorical tone: " So that you Tomorrow brought books!"; " So that you are no longer came!"; "So that I'm not here anymore saw!"

In meanings characteristic of different moods, an infinitive can appear (see the “Infinitive” section above).

The indicative mood expresses in an affirmative, negative or interrogative form an action that is thought of as real in the present, past or future tense.

I. Simple times

I. Presente de indicativo

The present indicative tense has different meanings:

a) expresses an unfinished, imperfect action carried out at the moment of speech:

-¿Qué haces? - What are you doing?

- Hago la comida. - I cook dinner.

It should be noted that in modern spoken language this meaning presente de indicativo is realized relatively rarely. Descriptive construction is used more often estar + gerundio(see § 77);

b) conveys a long-term action, which includes a more or less long period of time before the moment of speech, after it and the moment of speech itself. Sometimes Spanishists call this action presente actual:

Estudiamos la lengua española. We are studying Spanish.

Fumo y pienso. Oigo el ruido del I smoke and think. I hear the sound of the sea and think.

mar y pienso. Lo único que The only thing I have to do is think.

tengo que hacer es pensar.

Note. Of course, it is sometimes difficult to establish clearly defined boundaries between the two named values.

c) indicates an ordinary, repeated action, which is not performed at the moment of speech, but occurred sometime before it and will be performed after. This action is usually called presente habitual:

Mi amigo pasea Por las tardes. My friend is taking a walk in the evening.

Me levanto a las ocho. I get up (usually) at eight o'clock.

El les hace versos a las muchachas y He writes poems to grandfathers, and I,

oh me las llevo al cine. (S. NOVO) know, I take them to the cinema.

d) conveys a continuous action associated with the expression of objective laws of nature and society, moral truths, folk wisdom, etc.:

Quien no trabaja, no come. Who does not work shall not eat.

La tierra recorre su orbita en 365 Earth does full turn behind

días y seis horas. 365 days and six hours.

This value is sometimes referred to as presente general.

e) expresses a past action in the present tense. This adds more life to the story or description. This action is often called presente historico:

de Palos el 3 de agosto de 1492, on three ships from the port of Palos,

navega más de dos meses en medio has been in place for more than two months

de peligros descubre tierra on a dangerous voyage and

f) expresses a future action in the present tense, which allows the speaker to emphasize his (or someone else’s) preparation to perform it. This value is usually called presente futuro:

El Domingo salgo para Córdoba. I'm leaving for Cordoba on Sunday.

¿Dónde nos vemos? Where will we meet?

¿ Vengo a la noche por usted? Shall I come pick you up in the evening?

El mes que viene me mudo de casa. Next month I'm moving to another apartment.

(MARTÍNEZ AMADOR)

Note. Future action is expressed by present tense forms in conditional sentences of the first type (see § 106, V, 9):

Si me esperas media hora, me iré contigo. If you wait for me half an hour, I will

I'll leave with you.

g) conveys a command, order, desire, replacing the imperative mood in such cases. This use makes the form of expressing the command more polite and can be defined as presente imperativo (presente de mandato):

No tiene usted más que seguir esta You must follow this very

misma calle... Allí tuerce usted street... turn there

la izquierda...ve usted una to the left...you see the church and

iglesia... baja usted un poco and go down a little and

la derecha encuentra usted una on the right you notice the street, get out

calle... entra usted en la calle de on La Carne street and

la Carne, near allí está la de San, there is also San Xoce Street.

Jose. (PALACIO VALDÉS)

2. Preterito imperfecto

Peterito imperfecto is one of the most common descriptive verb forms and is most often used as a relative tense. In this case, it expresses an unfinished action in the past, which is carried out simultaneously with another past action or moment. Preterito rfecto may correspond to:

a) with another past action expressed preterito imperfecto:

Yo Leia el libro mientras tú escribías I was reading a book while

la carta, you wrote a letter.

Comenzaba el día cuando los barcos The day began when the ships entered the port.

entraban en el puerto.

b) with another past action expressed preterite indefinido:

Mientras los niños jugaban, escribí While the children were playing, I wrote

la carta. letter.

Salimos de casa cuando llovía. We left the house when it was raining.

c) with another moment indicated by the circumstance of time:

Aquella noche todos querian ver el That evening everyone wanted to watch the performance.

Pocos días después mi esposa regresaba A few days later my wife

a laciudad. was returning to the city.

Preterito imperfecto also appears in speech as an absolute tense. In these cases it is used:

1) when describing various facts of reality and expresses a long-term state or action that is constantly characteristic of something or someone, both in the past and in the present. In such cases, an unlimited duration is conveyed, not limited to a certain time frame:

Una alta montana se elevaba a lo A high mountain rose in the distance.

2) to express repeated duration, indicating a habitual, regularly performed action in the past:

Mi padre fumaba mucho. My father smoked a lot.

Laisa lloraba horn cualquier motive. Luisa cried for every reason.

Cada día Ie limpiaba las heridas every day I cleaned his wounds

le daba de comer. (J. GOYTISOLO) and gave food.

Note. For the use of pretérito imperfecto in indirect speech, see § 105.

The narrative-descriptive function so characteristic of the imperfect makes this tense very common in artistic speech when depicting ongoing events, genre scenes, pictures of nature, the appearance and behavior of characters, etc.:

Pretérito imperfecto, indicating the imperfection of an action, is usually translated into Russian with verbs imperfect form. The Spanish imperfect has developed several figurative meanings. We will point out just a few of them. In certain contexts, the imperfect may:

a) express a limited (completed) action. This usage is sometimes called imperfecto estilistico pintoresco:

el 18 estallaba la guerra. 18 the war began.

b) become a kind of politeness and convey a modal shade of doubt and hesitation necessary to soften any statement or wish:

Te traía estos libros para ti. I brought these books to you.

¿Me decía usted algo? Did you (say) something to me?

Queria rogarle que me escuchara. I want to ask you to listen to me.

In such cases, imperfecto replaces presente and pretérito perfecto

c) replace forms of the conditional mood in conditional sentences:

Si tuviera posibilidad, me iba(= me If I had the opportunity, I would go home.

3. Pretérito indefinido

Pretérito indefinido expresses a past action completed in time, preceding the moment of speech and not depending on any other action. This happens in the following cases:

a) when reporting something that happened in the past:

Miguel de Cervantes tomo parte en Miguel de Cervantes participated

la batalla de Lepanto. at the Battle of Lepanto.

historia de Cuba para siempre. history of Cuba.

b) when completed one-time actions are described:

Rafael eligio una muda completa Rafael took himself a change of underwear

de su armario se fue al cuarto from the closet and went to the bathroom.

de bano. Alli se ducho con agua There he took a cold one

fría se cambió de rora. shower and change clothes.

c) if it refers to a previously performed single or long-term action and indicates the period when it took place. These sentences usually contain such formal companions as pretérito indefinido, such as time adverbials ayer, anteayer, el ano pasado, el siglo XVII, XX etc., time indications like: a las ocho, a las doce and so on. Entire sentences can also act as such circumstances:

Así que empezó el día se pousieron As soon as day arrived, they set off.

El viaje duro cerca de hora y media. The journey lasted about an hour and a half.

Era la madrugada cuando las сlumnas It was early morning when the columns

de vanguardia comenzaron the avant-garde began. leaving Bailen.

a salir de Bailén. (PÉREZ GALDÓS)

Anoche ... estuve en la casa de Yesterday evening I was in the house

Carmela. (D. MUÑOS) Carmels.

IN modern language preterito indefinido can be used to mean a past completed action that immediately precedes another action in the past. In other words, it replaces the forms preterito anterior (see below), which are considered archaic and are the property of book speech:

No bien llegaron Vieron a Nicanor As soon as they arrived, they immediately

con su hijo que se acercaba para saw Nicanor with his son,

comer y volver en seguida al who went to eat

campo. (F. ESPINOSA, hijo) and immediately leave the field.

Pretérito indefinido can replace pretérito perfecto and indicate an action just performed. This usually happens in exclamation phrases:

¡ Paso El peligro! The danger is over!

¡ Se nos acabó la alegria! That's where our joy ends!

In some areas of Spain and in large parts Latin America In general, it is typical to use preterito indefinido instead of pretérito perfecto. In these regions they will more often say: No me levanté a las ocho than Nou me he levantado a las ocho.

Pretérito indefinido is often translated into Russian by the past tense of perfective verbs.

4. Futuro imperfecto

Futuro imperfecto expresses an action that must be performed in the future. It is an absolute tense, and its use depends on other tense forms:

Mañana pediré papel... at todo. Tomorrow I'll ask for paper and that's it

(S. NOVO) (necessary).

Pronto tendra el gusto de abrazarle Soon he will have the pleasure

a su hijo. (PÉREZ GALDÓS) hug your son.

Todo concluira dentro de unos dias. It will all be over in a few days.

(PÉREZ GALDÓS)

In addition, the future tense form can express two other meanings:

a) order, command. In this case, futuro impertecto still indicates a future action, but in its modal shades it is close to the imperative mood:

Usted Ie llevara mi paquete de velas, you, Vicente, will take him my

Vicente. (R. MEZA) package with candles;

Haras lo que te mande tu madre. You will do what your mother tells you.

No te irás con esa mujer! (S. NOVO) You will not leave with this woman!

b) doubt, probability, possibility, i.e. can convey modal shades:

Pero ua sabra usted que esta noche... - You probably already know that noche... tonight...

Sí, ua lo sé. (S. NOVO) - Yes, I already know about this.

- ¿Qué hora es? - What time is it now?

- Seran las cinco. - Apparently, about five o'clock.

¿ Será usted el amigo de Juan? You must be Juan's friend?

The modal use of simple future forms, associated with conjectural and probabilistic assessments of action, naturally “destroys” the very concept of temporal reference. It covers almost the entire time space: the sphere of the present (¿Qué edad tendrá Consuelo? - How old is Consuelo?), the future (Vendrá a tardar un par de semanas. - He will apparently stay for two weeks) and even the past (¿ Habra cobarde semejante? - Was there (is) another coward like this?)

II. Difficult times

1. Pretérito perfecto

Pretérito perfecto indicates:

a) to a past completed action that took place immediately before the moment of speech:

Y me parece que ha entrado también It seems to me that Senor prokupop

El señor procurador. (PÉREZ has just entered.

Yo no he dicho tal cosa. (PÉREZ I didn't say that.

Tú te has vuelto loco... Vamos, Are you crazy... Listen,

Rere, tú has perdido el jucio. Pepe, you've lost your head.

(PÉREZ GALDÓS)

b) to a past action completed at one of the moments of a certain period of time, which the speaker considers not yet completed. In such cases, the sentence often includes such adverbs of time and adverbial phrases as:

hoy hoy día estos días

- today - today - these days

este mes este otoño este año

- this month - this fall - this year, etc.

How hemos tenido una sangrienta Today we had a bloody

refriega en las inmediaciones de scrum in the surrounding area

Orbajosa... On habido muchas Orbajos. There were many

bajas por una y otra parte. losses on both sides.

(PÉREZ GALDÓS)

Hemos tenido muchas enfermedades We were often sick this winter.

este invierno.(M.MOLINER)

c) to a past completed action, the results or importance of which the speaker wants to especially emphasize and connect with the present moment:

Cuando niño he visitado Madrid. I visited Madrid as a child.

Nunca jamás olvidare esta visita. I will never forget this trip in my life.

Eres un hijo ingrato. ¿No te hemos You are an ungrateful son. Are we

dado Cuanto pudimos? didn't they give you everything they could?

Pretérito perfecto, due to its grammatical meaning, is characteristic of colloquial and book dialogical speech and the language of the press.

2. Pretérito pluscuamperfecto

Pretérito pluscuamperfecto expresses a completed past action that precedes another past action or moment. The time gap between two actions can be significant.

Pretérito pluscuamperfecto - relative time. It is often used in subordinate clauses. When it is used in the main clause, there is always a context or situation from which it is clear that the pluscuamperfecto precedes another action:

María Inés habló de una película María Inés spoke about the film,

que había visto la tarde anterior. which I saw last night.

A estos pensamientos se mezclaba Mixed with these thoughts

la sensación de que todo eso the feeling that all this

había ocurrido mucho tiempo happened a long time ago (a long time ago).

atras. (A. GRAVINA)

Lo que vino despues ninguno de What then happened, no one

los dos lo había previsto. of them two I could not foresee.

El no era de Madrid, pero habia He was not from Madrid,

venido a la capital muy niño. but he came to the capital when he was still a child.

Pretérito pluscuamperfecto in certain conversational contexts can replace pretérito perfecto:

a) in exclamatory phrases conveying the action that has just happened:

¡Me habias asustado! (M. MOLINER.) You scared me!

b) in sentences like:

Me extraña que hables así, pues tú It surprises me that you say that,

siempre te habías mostrado optimista. because you have always been an optimist.

c) in emphatically polite phrases in which the action just taken is reported with deliberate uncertainty:

¿Me había llamado usted? Did you just call me?

Se lo había comunicado a usted. I just told you this.

3. Pretérito anterior

This tense expresses a past completed action, which, unlike pretérito pluscuamperfecto, immediately precedes another action in the past. In other words, after the completion of an action indicated pretérito anterior, another action in the past immediately follows.

In modern colloquial language, pretérito anterior is almost never used. However, in book speech it is still preserved:

Cuando el oficial hubo salido, entró As soon as the officer left, (prefect)

y se dirigió a la mesa. (V. Lillo) entered (the room) and went to the table.

Pretérito anterior is used, as a rule, in subordinate clauses of time adverbial clauses. To emphasize the minimal gap in time between two actions, the use of pretérito anterior is usually accompanied by such conjunctions as:

Una vez que se hubo afirmado en As soon as he rested against the stirrups,

Los estribos, desabrochó el lazo. he (immediately) untied the lasso.

Asi que se hubo marchado el extranjero, As soon as the foreigner left,

Lorenzo se levantó del Lorenzo rose from the ground.

suelo. (R. GALLEGOS)

No need hubo cesado el bombardeo, The bombing has barely ended,

la doble línea de tiradores, the double line of riflemen opened fire.

rompió el fuego.(J.Lara)

4. Futuro perfecto

Futuro perfecto indicates an action that will occur in the future and will be completed before another future action or moment:

Cuando vengas, ya habré preparado When you arrive, I will already have my luggage ready.

el equipment. (M. SECO)

However, the complex future is more often used not in the purely temporal meaning of pre-future, but in a modal meaning, expressing a past action, the execution of which they do not know with certainty, but only guess about it, doubt the possibility of such an action or make an assumption that it is apparently , happened:

¿Lo habrás dicho en serio? Did you say that seriously?

Fue (Ernesto) por unos cócteles. Ernesto went to get some cocktails.

Habra ido hasta el Polo por el Apparently, behind the ice he is at the pole

hielo.(S. NOVO) went.

Y Juan no acaba de venir. Casi las And Juan didn't come. Almost half

dos y media... ¡Quién sabe lo que third... Who knows what

le habra pasado! (J. SOLER PUIG) happened to him!

Supongo que habrás cenado, - I believe that you had dinner;

Pepito. Pepito.

Sí, sí he comido. (PÍO BAROJA) - Yes, yes, I ate.

Yo voy a la cocina. Apuesto a que I'm going to the kitchen. I bet,

no habrán sacado la mantequilla what they didn't take out

ni los huevos del refrigerador. - no refrigerator, no eggs, no

The mood category is an inflectional grammatical category of a verb that expresses the relationship of an action or state to reality: read, read, would read. In the Russian language there are three moods: indicative, subjunctive (conditional) and imperative.

The indicative mood denotes an action that occurred (did not occur) before the moment of speech, occurs (does not happen) at the moment of speech, will happen (will not happen) after the moment of speech: read, read, will read. The indicative mood is opposed to the subjunctive and imperative, because . only it is capable of conveying an action that was actually carried out, is being carried out or will be carried out, i.e. a real action. All other moods convey an action (state), the implementation of which is desirable, possible, i.e., an unreal action. The subjunctive (conditional) mood denotes an action (state), the implementation of which is desirable or possible under certain conditions: If I had a thousand or one and a half. I would go to Paris (Chekhov) - action is possible only under certain conditions. The subjunctive mood is formed analytically: by combining a verb in the past tense with the particle would: read. The past tense form in the subjunctive mood does not have its own temporal meaning, and verbs in the subjunctive mood do not change by tense, but by gender and number. The particle could be located anywhere in the sentence (except for its beginning). The particle would always be unstressed. The imperative mood expresses the command, request, wish of the speaker, urging him to perform an action: read, say. The imperative mood denotes an unreal action that the speaker encourages to carry out. The ways of forming the imperative mood are varied. The most typical form for the imperative mood is the 2nd person singular. and many more numbers, since the meaning of the imperative mood presupposes the presence of a person to whom the command or request is addressed. It is formed from the base of the present (future) tense by adding an ending to it. Zero ending have verbs with a base on a soft consonant (head, leave, open). On Ж, Ш (destroy) if the emphasis falls on the base. For all other verbs, the stressed ending –I (help, take out, fulfill) is added to the present tense stem. If the stem of the infinitive includes the suffix -va-, which is absent in the stem of the present tense, then the imperative mood in the 2nd person can be formed from the stem of the infinitive using the suffix Y (give - give - give). 2nd person plural form numbers are formed from unit forms. numbers by adding the affix –te (go - go). The form of the 3rd person imperative mood is formed analytically: by combining a verb in the 3rd person singular. or more numbers of the present (future) time with particles let or let: Let the storm strike stronger. The 3rd person imperative form can also be formed using the particle Yes: Long live the sun! 1st person plural form the number of the imperative mood can morphologically coincide with the form of the 1st person plural. numbers of the present (future) time (let's go, say), but may differ from it by the affix -te or particle -ka. Verbs whose meaning is incompatible with the meaning of the imperative mood do not form imperative forms. These are, for example, impersonal verbs (dawn, evening, chill). Since all moods express the relationship of an action (state) to reality, in speech, especially artistic speech, there are often cases of using forms of one mood in the meaning of another. The figurative use of mood forms gives speech an emotionally expressive coloring and expressiveness. For example, forms of the imperative mood can be used in the subjunctive meaning: Work as you wish; But do not be flattered to acquire either gratitude or glory, since there is neither benefit nor fun in your hands (Krylov); imperative in the indicative meaning: If a fly were to be here. How can I not help? (Krylov).

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More on topic 35. Mood category. System of moods: meaning and formation of forms of moods. The use of forms of one mood in the meaning of another:

1. 29. Category of mood, its meaning. Face category. The meaning of face shapes. Impersonal verbs, their semantics and use.
2. 27. MOOD CATEGORY OF A VERB. MEANING AND FORMS OF EXPRESSION OF THE MOOD CATEGORY.

2. Using one mood to mean another.

In many cases, the shapes of different incl. can express similar meanings. The possibility arises of using one mood instead of another.

Command. incl. can be used instead of soslagat. with the value of the unfulfilled condition: ^ If you had arrived half an hour earlier, everything would have worked out.

Soslag. incl. can be used in the sense of command, when soft advice, request or desire is expressed: ^ You should make peace with him!

If instead of a particle would particle is used to, then excused. incl. expresses an order or demand: So I don't want to hear this again!

Will reveal. incl. can also be used instead of command. Bud forms vr. owls the species turn out to be close in meaning to the meanings of the command forms. incl.: Now go and finish everything.

To express a sharp order, infinitive constructions are often used: ^ Get up!

2. Formation, meaning and features of the use of the subjunctive mood.

Subjunctive mood , it is conditional, it is also desirable, and also conditionally desirable, represents the action as desirable or possible. It is formed analytically, i.e. a loving combination of verb forms with a suffix -l- (I came, I saw, I conquered) with a particle If I had, I would have come, I would have seen, I would have won. It can stand either after the verb or before it, separated from it by other words to which it will adjoin, but still referred to. incl. - it is also in Africa. incl. Ref. incl. has no forms of time and face, but, in spite of all enemies, has number and gender, however, only in units. number

Forms ref. incl. can express 1) the desirability of an action (“ ^ And everyone would listen to this babble, everyone would kiss these legs... ” A.S. Pushkin.), 2) presumability of action (“ Could you play a nocturne on flutes? drainpipes? ” Mayakovsky), cat. may be caused by mental opposition of actions (“ You probably would have choked, but we - it’s okay, we licked our lips” Bashlachev) or the desirability of this action being not only intended (“ Oh, if only I could never say goodbye to you!"). The intended action can also express its dependence on another action (“ If I were physically weak, I would be morally stable, I would never go after women, I would not drink a single ounce of alcohol..”Vysotsky). In addition, ref. incl. can denote an action contrary to which another action is performed (“ No matter how much you hide, you are still mine, doo-doo-doo..”)

Ref. incl. used in cases where an action seems possible, desirable or necessary, but has not yet been realized, when a request, wish or advice is expressed, but in a softer form than in the imperative mood.

1. 
   ^ Category of verb tense Formation and meaning of tense forms. The use of some tense forms in the meaning of others

Time - morphological will change the word. category of verb, expressing present and past forms in opposition. and bud. time is the relation of an action to the time of its implementation. In the opposition of temporary forms of the present. time indicates the simultaneity of an action with a certain reference point of temporary relations - with the moment of speech: I'm coming or with another action: I thought then that I was walking through familiar terrain. Past forms and bud. vr. indicate, respectively, the precedence of the reference point: I was walking, to follow her: I will go. These categorical meanings in specific statements are realized in the form of private meanings of one or another temporal form. The category of tense is closely related to the categories of aspect and mood: owl verbs. species have no present forms. vr.; the opposition of temporary forms is carried out only within the framework of the expressive. incl. (neither imperative nor subjunctive ! ).

Past tense - one of the three categorical forms of verb tense, denoting the reference of an action, state or relationship to the past, i.e. denoting an action as preceding the moment of speech or another point of reference in time s x relations: Two days later I met her in a large company. It seemed like the storm was a mile away. For forms past. vr. two formal indicators: formative suffix -l/-l" (absent only in a few verbs of non-productive classes in the form of masculine singular type carried, baked, dried up), as well as immutability by person (and changeability by gender, which is associated with the origin of the modern form of the past tense from the participial form; cf.: tired - tired, tired, tired, tired And tired - tired, tired, tired).

Categorical meaning of the form past. vr. implemented in a number of private grammars. values. For verbs owls. This type is the perfect and aorist meanings. Perfect meaning observed in contexts like Alyosha, you are cold, you were in the snow: the verb form denotes an action that took place in the past, while the result of the action refers to the present. Aorist meaning associated with an indication of an action in the past that is not related by its result to the present: I got up and went to Genka. For verbs carried. characteristic of the species imperfective meaning - an indication of the incompleteness of an action in the past: Alexander was silent.

There have also been cases portable using past forms vr. (mainly for verbs of the owl type): 1) past. vr. in the meaning of the present day. vr. (meaning abstract present): Such a bird... understands that a person loves it. Ifattacked the kite is attacking her, then where do you think it is rushing?; 2) past vr. in the meaning of bud. time: Run, run!Otherwise I'll die.

Sometimes installed special forms past vr. “instant voluntary action”: ^ And he comes and screams; He goes on a drinking binge or: Children - jump into the water; He slams a book on the table. Obviously, we cannot talk about a special morphological form here; there is a figurative use of the imperative or the use of special unchangeable (analytic) verbs like hop, clack. There are no forms of “long past” tense (plusquame perfect) in the NSRY: verbs like walked around, sang are forms of past. vr. from verbs walk, sing, potentially having other morphological forms ( will walk around).

2. The use of some forms of time in the meaning of others.

When using tense and aspect forms in colloquial speech, in thin liter. and journalism, such shades of verb meanings arise. forms, with cat. various shapes time and type turn out to be synonymous. The most common types of synonymy:

1. Present vr. in the meaning of past vr. carried c., so-called "present historical." This use of present. vr. occurs when describing events pushed into the past. First the description goes into the past. vr. And then against the backdrop of the past. present appears vr. And then all actions seem to shift in time, approaching the moment of speech. These events seem to pass before the eyes of the interlocutor. Description of a thunderstorm in Tolstoy’s “Adolescence”: "To the nearest villageremained There were still 10 versts, and a large dark purple cloud came from God knows where, without the slightest wind, but quicklymoved around to us...Vasilyrises I'm with a goat andraises the top of the chaise; coachmanput on Armenians and at every clap of thunderI'm filming t caps andare being baptized I..."

2. Present in meaning bud. can be used when they want to express complete confidence that an action will occur. Such usage present perhaps when it comes to the near future: Tomorrow I'm going home.

3. Bud. simple can be used instead of present or past vr. carried c., if we are talking about actions that are regularly repeated, or such, cat. replace each other: It's good to sit and listen to the silence: then the windblows Andwill touch the tops of birch trees, then the frogwill rustle in last year's leaves...

Bud. may be used instead of past to denote actions usually repeated in the past. Sometimes the verb is owl. in the form of a bud. vr. used with a particle it happened: On a winter evening, it used to be that he would light a splinter and spin for himself, without closing his eyes.(irregular actions)

Bud. owls can denote unexpected, sudden actions that occurred in the past. In these cases, it can be replaced by past. vr. owls V.: Golden yellow rayworvets I suddenlywill flow long streamwill hit across the fieldswill resist into the grove - and here it is againgot cloudy .

1. 
   Prosh. vr. used instead of bud. in cases where action is spoken of, cat. should happen very soon: Well, I went! (instead of me I'll go).

. The meaning of present and future forms.

Form present vr. happens only with verbs not. kind. Verbs carried. present day vr. can denote long-term and repeated actions that occur at the moment of speech. Different shades of present meanings. vr., arising in speech, can be reduced to two main cases of use: present. relevant and irrelevant.

Present actual - the main meaning of the present. vr. The action is presented in this case as one that occurs precisely at the moment of speech. The real moment, in the cat. The action being performed may not coincide with the moment of speech. The grammatical meaning of the present form. actual is such that it represents the action as if it were happening now, before the eyes of the interlocutor.

Present the actual can represent an action that began before the moment of speech and will occur after the moment of speech. Verbs that name the state or position of a person or object in space and time receive the meaning present permanent actions: Earthrotates around the Sun; Treegrows by the edge of the ravine.

Present irrelevant denotes actions that are usually regularly repeated, not related to the moment of speech: ^ On the way to the station I always I meet this girl; Every morning the postmanbrings letters and newspapers. One of the meanings of the present. The non-actual is the following: the verb denotes an action that is thought to be permanently inherent in the subject, represents his permanent state or position, his skill or abilities. The action may not occur at the time of speech: The child is alreadywalks ; She's wellsings ..

Present the irrelevant turns out to be necessary in cases where it is necessary to convey stable, distinctive properties of persons or things.

1. 
   Verb person category. Features of the formation of facial shapes. Impersonal verbs

Face - a name for two interrelated morphological categories that characterize a pronoun and a verb and express the relationship of the object designated by the subject with the participants in the act of speech.

The person of the verb will change the word. category characteristic of verb forms present. and bud. vr. will express incl., as well as for command. incl. and expressed in the opposition of three categorical forms: 1 person ( I walk, I walk, I eat; let's go, go, eat), 2 persons ( you walk, you walk, you eat; go, go, eat) and 3 persons ( walks, walks, eats; go, walk, eat). The finite forms of the verb agree with the corresponding forms of the pronouns. With noun but the 3rd person forms of the verb always agree: The train is coming; Squads will be built; excl. compiles the approval of the 2nd person’s forms with requests: Comrade, believe... The grammatical information of the personal forms of the verb complements the grammatical one. the meaning of the corresponding pronominal forms. The 1st person forms indicate that the predicative attribute named by the predicate characterizes the speaker: I speak, I read; 2nd person indicates that the predicative feature characterizes the listener: you speak, you read; 3rd person forms indicate that the predicative feature is related to the “subject of speech” that is not involved in this act speeches: he reads, writes. Personal forms of the verb also have figurative meanings, and their range is even wider compared to pronouns. So, in general, not only the forms of the 2nd person can have personal meaning: ( Do you remember everything that happened to you a year ago??), but also 1st and 3rd person forms:( What we have we don’t keep - when we lose it we cry). The 3rd person form, used outside of combination with the subject, can have an indefinite personal meaning: ( The doorbell rings.).

Person is one of the most important verbal categories. In relation to this category, all verbs are divided into two lexico-grammatical categories - personal verbs that change by person (the majority of these): read, play etc. and impersonal verbs that do not change according to persons: It's getting dark, it's chilling and etc.

If the subject of the action is the speaker himself, the verb is used in the 1st person singular form. or more numbers. If the subject of the action is the interlocutor to whom the speaker directly addresses, the verb is used in the form of 2 units. or more numbers: You will do well if you come to me today.

Form 3 l. verb is used to denote the actions of a person or object not participating in speech. The subject in these cases is the person with whom the speaker is not having a conversation: She will do the right thing if she comes to me.

^ Features of the formation of personal forms of some verbs.

The influence of productive verb classes is very strong. As a result, verbs arose that have two different ways of forming present forms. (or simple) tense: unproductive type of formation of personal forms and productive. For example, the 1st productive class subordinates many verbs of unproductive classes to -at: splash-splash/splash, drip-drip/drip, cluck-cackle/clack, wave-waving/waving, splash-splash/splash, rinse-rinse/rinse, scour- prowl/prowl, whip-whip/whip, whine-whine/whine. These are the so-called abundant verbs that have double, parallel present forms. vr. Duality of forms in some cats. verbs creates the prerequisites for the semantic and stylistic splitting of the word. Thus, the lexical meanings of personal forms of verbs were divided drip-drip, throw-throw/throw etc. In a number of verbs, obsolete personal forms receive a stylistic connotation of bookishness or loftiness, solemnity: tests-tests, obliges-obliges, indicates-indicates. Combinations such as searching look, connecting link, pointing finger etc., include participles formed from the old stems of the present. vr. Such participles bear the stamp of archaism and bookishness.

Not all verbs in the SRL can form the personal forms included in the conjugation system. A number of verbs do not form the 1st and 2nd person forms - such verbs are called insufficient. Insufficient verbs include: to watch, to be based, to find oneself, to feel, to win, to see through, to convince, to wonder etc. They do not form the forms of 1st person unit. present day or bud. simple vr. for the reason that these forms would be difficult to pronounce. Other verbs do not use 1st and 2nd forms. units and many more h.t.k. they name processes occurring in nature: dawn, dawn, rust, foal, kitten, whelp.

In cases where it is still necessary to use the 1 liter form. insufficient verbs, they resort to a descriptive way of expression - they form a phrase in which the insufficient verb is in an indefinite form, and the personal form is formed by an auxiliary verb: I can convince you.

Impersonal verbs - this is a lexico-grammatical category of verbs that do not combine with the subject and denote a state of nature: it's blizzarding, it's dawning, it's getting dark or living beings: chills, unwell, certain modal states: must, appropriate, ought, as well as a measure of the presence of something: lacking, lacking, lacking. The semantic subject - the bearer of action - is either not assumed by the meaning of such verbs ( It's getting dark), or can be expressed as a dative noun ( He's disgusted), less often – the form of wines. P. ( He's chilling). The inflectional paradigm of impersonal verbs is characterized by incompleteness: 1) there is no change in persons, 2) forms or infinitives are used: It's getting light; or 3 l. units h. Present-future time: chills, chills; or avg. kind of past vr. and soslab. incl.: it should have been cold.

In addition to impersonal verbal lexemes, the morphological system of the SRL also contains impersonal verb forms, regularly formed with the help of word change. postfix - xia/s from personal verbs: sleep - can't sleep, want - want. Finally, the conjugated forms of some personal verbs allow impersonal use: Rose smells nice. - The street smells of roses. The river is noisy. - There is a noise in my ears.

2. Use of the person forms of the verb.

When used in speech, personal forms of verbs acquire all sorts of additional shades of meaning. Often the forms of one person are used to designate another person.

In addition to its main meaning, the form of the 1st person singular. number can express the generalized meaning of the subject of speech. This meaning can be found in proverbs and sayings: I'll tie it in a bundle of your grief and in the riverI'll drown ; I have craft and bread on stoneI'll get it .

1 person plural can also acquire a generalized meaning. number, denoting an action attributed to many persons. Such meanings arise in proverb-type statements containing general propositions: We willingly give what we don’t need ourselves; What we have, we don’t keep, - having lost it, we cry.

Some time ago, in print one could often find the form of 1st person plural. number in newspaper headlines, when the author seemed to include himself among those people on whose behalf he speaks: “We will report with the harvest!”, “We will answer with action!”

Forms 2 faces unit. number verbs often receive a generalized personal meaning, naming actions that can be attributed to everyone who is at hand in a given situation: If you hurry, you will make people laugh; If you miss a day in the spring, you won’t get it back in a year. Forms 2 faces unit. number with a generalized personal meaning are widespread in fiction: Will the freshness, carefreeness, need for love and strength of faith that you possess in childhood ever return? You can’t strangle this song, you can’t kill it!

Form 2 faces plural. number can receive a value close to the generalized-personal meaning of the 2nd person singular form. number Such forms are found in journalistic and literary texts, when addressing readers, listeners, and not a specific interlocutor: A person will become a better person when you show him what he is.

Forms of the 3rd person can lose their own personal meaning and acquire a generalized personal (or indefinitely personal) meaning: Having taken off their heads, they do not cry over their hair; No smoking here.