What are recreational resources? What does this mean? Recreational resources of Russia.

Recreational resources represent a set of natural, historical and cultural objects and phenomena suitable for use in organizing recreation and tourism. The basis of tourism and recreational potential Russian Federation comprise historical cities, monuments, museums, museum-reserves, ancient estates, national and natural parks, natural and cultural World Heritage sites, traditions and customs of numerous, folk arts and crafts, rich natural resources: seas, rivers, lakes, mountains, caves, hydromineral springs, climate favorable for recreation and treatment and other health and healing natural factors and conditions in many regions of our country.

Caucasian-Chernomorsky district

The most important area for recreation, treatment and tourism. The climate is subtropical. The density of tourism infrastructure is the highest in the country. The 350-kilometer strip of coastline is almost entirely built up with hotels, sanatoriums, boarding houses and recreation centers. The main tourist and resort centers are Anapa, Gelendzhik, Tuapse, Sochi. The swimming season is from mid-May until almost the end of October. Therapeutic factor - (sulfide sodium chloride, iodine bromide and fluorine-containing) and silt mud. In the area there are settlements of primitive people and dolmens - ancient burial structures in the form of giant stone blocks are found near Gelendzhik, Augba, Ashe and Adler. There are many interesting places from a later time. Many picturesque corners of exotic nature. Noble laurel, eucalyptus, oleander, magnolia, bamboo, palm not only please the eye, but also multiply the number of healing factors. Krasnaya Polyana is located 40 km from the center of Sochi - one of the leading ski resorts Russia.

North Caucasus region

A leading area of ​​health, medical and sports tourism. The most important tourist meso-district is the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody resort, which is located in an agglomeration of five cities: Kislovodsk, Mineralnye Vody, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk. Based on a number of types of healing mineral waters, the largest sanatorium-therapeutic balneological complex in Russia has been formed here, and there are more than 130 sanatoriums, dispensaries and boarding houses with treatment. The ancient defensive structures of the peoples of the North Caucasus, traditions, customs, National cuisine. There are many memorable places associated with the stay of outstanding cultural figures here: M.I. Glinka, A.S. Griboyedov, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, L.N. Tolstoy, F.I. Shalyapin.

Gorno-Caucasian region

The main direction of recreational activity is sports and tourism. The territory of the region, mainly within Teberda, Arkhyz, the Dombay Basin on the territory of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, runs health and sports tourist routes: hiking, mountain, water (rafting), skiing, speleological, cycling. There are numerous sports, mountaineering and tourist centers, shelters, hotels, and ski tourism centers here: Krasnaya Polyana, Dombay, Teberda, Tsey. Within the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic there is a large balneological mountain-climatic resort of Nalchik. The area contains unique architectural and cultural monuments, Byzantine churches in the vicinity of Teberda, ethnographic attractions have been preserved: songs, dances, holidays, events, customs, traditions, cuisine of the peoples of the North Caucasus.

Azov district

The coast occupies a special place in the south of Russia. The main recreational function is health-improving. The favorable swimming season lasts from mid-May to the end of September, although in the north-eastern part of the coast, even in the warm season, from 20 to 55 days a year the sea can be stormy with storm waves of up to 3–4 m. The territory has interesting natural, historical and archaeological objects. The Markitan Lagoon, Akhtanizovsky Kurgan, active mud volcanoes, Indian lotus plantations and many other objects amaze tourists. Lovers of history and antiquities will find Greek fortresses and ancient fortified cities. The main resort and tourist centers: Yeysk, Primorsko-Akhtarsk, Kamyshevatskaya, Temryuk. Marine tourism on yachts and catamarans from Azov to Taganrog, Yeisk, and the port of Katan is actively developing.

Caspian region

It extends along the western coast within the Republic of Dagestan. Successfully combines the possibilities of seaside and mountain tourism. It has the cleanest sandy beaches, warm sea, healing springs, historical and architectural monuments, multi-ethnic exoticism. Big interest is ancient city Derbent. Widespread: carpet weaving, artistic metal processing, manufacturing of ceramics. On the coast and in the mountainous part there are sanatoriums, holiday homes, boarding houses, and tourist centers.

central District

A developed tourist and recreational area. In the Moscow region alone there are more than a thousand holiday homes, boarding houses, sanatoriums, tourist centers and hotels, and more than 30 ski centers have been developed. There are dozens of small and medium-sized historical towns, numerous museum-reserves, ancient estates and monuments of architecture and art, monasteries, places of pilgrimage and religious tourism. The most significant of them are Moscow, Smolensk, the Valdai Upland, the Upper Oka region, Meshchera, literary places of the Oryol region and a number of others. A wide variety of winter and summer holiday, health and sports tourism, including hunting and fishing. Dacha recreation has become widespread in the region.

North-West region

The area is known as the largest excursion center of the country, which is determined, first of all, by one of the world centers of culture and public life. The main focus of recreational activities is health-improving and educational. Sports tourism and recreation are the most developed in the Republic. The area is home to a world famous facility cultural heritage on o. Kizhi. The rich monuments of VIII - XX are of great interest. centuries suburbs of St. Petersburg: Pushkin, Pavlovsk, Petergof, Oranienbaum, etc. Health recreation is effectively developing on the shores of the Gulf of Finland. The ancient cities of the region, including Pskov, are rich in historical and cultural monuments. The Pushkin Mountains museum-reserve is located in the area. The monasteries located in the area are of great interest: Prilutsky, Kirillo-Belozersky, Ferapontovsky. The Volga-Baltic waterway plays an important role for tourist travel.

Western region

The westernmost region of Russia. This amber region traces its historical and cultural roots to East Prussia. The main attractions are concentrated in. Among natural factors and attractions, the dunes of the Curonian and Vistula Spit are of particular interest. More than 90% of the world's amber reserves are concentrated near the village of Yantarny. Clean ionized air, sea bathing, peat mud, sodium chloride water, which are the basis for the functioning of sanatoriums, boarding houses, tourist centers and holiday homes, located mainly in the coastal part of the region, have a healing and therapeutic effect on humans.

Volzhsky district

The main functional recreational focus is health-improving and educational. The Volga is the main river cruise route in Russia, along which hundreds of thousands of domestic and foreign tourists travel annually. Cruise tourists visit the largest tourist centers: Astrakhan, Ivanovo, Kostroma, Plyos, Samara, Saratov, Uglich, Ulyanovsk, etc. The banks of the Volga and Kama are distinguished by their amazing beauty, reflected in the works of I. I. Levitan, I. I. Shishkin. Of great interest are the historical cities of Elabuga, Chistopol, Gorodets, Arzamas, Kozmodemyansk, historical and architectural monuments of the Great Bulgars and the island of Sviyazhsk. Pilgrimage centers are developing: Diveevo,

Makaryev Monastery, Raifa Hermitage, Ipatiev Monastery and many others. Volzhsky district is one of the leading areas of modern folk decorative arts, the birthplace of many artistic crafts. In the health aspect, active types of summer and winter recreation and tourism have become widespread: water, skiing, cycling, hiking and walking, hunting and fishing. Along the banks of the Volga and in other parts of the region there are numerous houses and recreation centers, boarding houses, and sanatoriums that organize recreation and treatment based not only on climatic, but also hydromineral resources and deposits of medicinal peat mud.

Ural region

The ancient mountains, the “Gray Ural”, are the most striking area-forming feature of the region. There are many rivers and lakes here. The dissected relief makes it attractive different kinds active tourism. Hiking, skiing, snowmobiling, horseback riding, and downhill skiing are popular here. Rafting on boats and rafts is carried out along the rivers Vishera, Chusovaya, Sylva, Inzer, Belaya, Yuryuzan. The peaks of the Northern and. For mass travel, certain sections of the Great Ural Trail are already being used, which will stretch from south to north throughout the Urals. Sanatoriums, boarding houses and other health-improving enterprises operate on the basis of various hydromineral resources and medicinal mud. The most significant resort is Ust-Kachka. Crafts and trades are developed: in Kasli - iron casting, in Nizhny Tagil - lacquer trays, in Tavolga - ceramic products, in Kungur - stone carving.
There are many architectural attractions, different in style, era and purpose. The Alapaevsky Monastery of the New Martyrs of Russia, built in modern times in memory of the members who tragically died in 1918, is becoming an increasingly significant place of pilgrimage. royal family. Among the natural attractions, caves are of great interest, of which there are more than 500. Many of them are visited by tourists. The most famous is the Kungur Cave.

Ob-Altai region

Includes extensive plain and mountainous parts. The main transport hubs and “gates of the region” are Novosibirsk, Barnaul, Kemerovo, Omsk. The area is characterized by intensive development of health and sports tourism. It has significant hydromineral resources and mud, on the basis of which resorts operate in various parts of the region. The most famous: Taraskul,
Belokurikha, Borisovsky, Karachi, Prokop-evsky, Medvezhye, Chemal, Lebyazhye. Tens and hundreds of thousands of domestic and foreign tourists and climbers travel annually along sports tourist routes: hiking, water - horse riding, speleo, cycling, mountain. These trips take place mainly in the Altai Territory and the Altai Republic. Here is the pearl of the Altai Mountains -. The starting points of many routes in Altai are the cities of Biysk and Gorno-Altaisk. Alloys various categories difficulties are carried out along the rivers Katun, Chuya, Chulyshman, Bashkaus, Charysh. A network of tourist centers, hotels, chalets, and guest houses is developing in Altai. There are ski slopes in Gornaya Shoria and Belokurikha. Cultural and historical attractions are concentrated mainly in Tobolsk, Tyumen, Barnaul, and Omsk.

Yenisei district

The area is predominantly occupied by low, medium-high mountains of the Western and Eastern Sayans and is interesting, first of all, for its wildlife on vast plains and mountainous areas, covered with forest and steppe, still preserved wild fauna. Particularly popular among tourists and local residents enjoys the world famous nature reserve "Pillars" - unique huge bizarre rocks. Another image-forming attraction of the area is the Shushenskoye Museum-Reserve - a large tourist center with developed infrastructure. Attracts tourists with the skillfully presented traditions and ethnographic features of the peoples of Southern Siberia. Along with sports, health and educational tourism, fishing and hunting, on the basis of hydromineral resources and deposits of healing mud within the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Republic of Tyva and the Republic of Khakassia, the resorts “Lake Shira”, “Lake Uchum”, a number of sanatoriums, tourist centers and holiday homes operate . In Krasnoyarsk, a fascinating motor ship route begins down the Yenisei to Dudinka and Dikson.

Pribaikalsky district

Lake Baikal is a unique body of water that attracts tourists with its exceptional beauty, enormous size, and picturesque shores. Exceptionally clean and clear waters lakes make up 85% of all reserves fresh water Russia. Lake Baikal is a World Heritage Site. The territory of the region is predominantly mountainous with extensive plateaus, highlands, ridges and basins between them, covered with pine and larch southern taiga forests. There are many rivers and lakes in the area. Natural resources contribute to the development of health and sports recreation and tourism (hunting, fishing, water, mountain, hiking, skiing, yachting). The Circum-Baikal project is developing railway. Along the shores of the lake and in the distance there are mineral springs, on the basis of which medicinal resorts have been formed. The cultural and historical potential of the region is represented mainly by architectural monuments and attractions of the 18th-19th centuries, found in ancient Siberian cities: Irkutsk, Ust-Kut, Usolye-Sibirskoye, Ulan-Ude. Near the city of Kyakhta there is an active Buddhist temple. Features of souvenir products are jewelry made of lapis lazuli, jade, and charoite.

Far Eastern region

Extremely attractive due to its unique nature. Here the vegetation cover combines various elements of taiga and subtropical flora. Hiking, skiing, mountain and water trips are possible within the area. The Ussuri Nature Reserve in the Primorsky Territory impresses with cedar-broad-leaved, black fir, elm, ash forests, and rare animals (tiger, leopard, wapiti, Himalayan bear). Ginseng is grown. In the south of Primorsky Krai in summer you can swim and sunbathe on the beaches of the coast. Along with hunting and fishing, rural tourism is developing. There are motor ship routes along the Amur. The presence of medicinal mineral springs makes certain parts of the area attractive from a balneological point of view. The main tourist centers of the region are Nakhodka. Here are the main objects of cultural and historical potential - monuments, museums. The Vladivostok fortress is of great interest.

Northern region

A very vast territory of the region with an area of ​​more than 10 million square meters. km attracts well-prepared sports tourists, as well as daredevils craving exoticism and thrills. A unique feature of the area is the possibility of organizing sea and river cruises in the waters of the northern and eastern seas, the expanses of the Lena, Ob, Yenisei, the locks of the White Sea-Baltic Canal, sailing on icebreakers along the Northern Sea Route and to the North Pole. Tourist infrastructure and communications are developed only in certain compact zones and points - Yakutsk, Yugorsk, Magadan, South Kamchatka, Solovetsk and some others. Main attractions: volcanoes (World Heritage Site), Solovetsky Islands, White Sea-Baltic Canal, Lena Pillars, Pole of Cold. Of great interest are the customs, traditions and other ethnographic features of the indigenous peoples of the North, their folk arts and crafts.

Since recreational resources are distributed extremely unevenly on the planet, an increasing number of people go on trips for recreational purposes and motives. These recreational trips (therapeutic, health-improving, educational, sports) became the basis for the development of recreational tourism. Recreational aspects are always present in business types tourism (business tourism, congress tourism, shopping tourism).

Implementation tourism business in market conditions can be carried out in the presence of four main components: capital, technology, personnel, recreational resources. This means that, without having enough capital, one can acquire personnel, technology and engage in tourism. To do this, it is necessary to select a place where recreational resources are available, and if there is no such place, then create it. This is one of the specific features of the tourism business in market conditions. Since the fourth component - recreational resources - is the cheapest, in general this determines the high profitability of the tourism business. If tourism is associated with the creation of a tourist resource, then the cost of the tourism product increases sharply.

Costume knight festival, USA

Recreational resources are understood as a set of natural and man-made objects suitable for creating a tourism product. As a rule, recreational resources determine the formation of tourism business in a particular region. These resources have the following main properties: attractiveness (attractiveness), climatic conditions, accessibility, degree of knowledge, excursion significance, socio-demographic characteristics, potential reserve, method of use, etc., these resources are used for health, tourism, sports and educational purposes.

Recreational resources can be conditionally divided into natural and socio-economic (socio-cultural).

Natural tourism resources are classified:

§ by belonging to certain components of the natural environment (climatic, water, forest, etc.).

§ By functional purpose(health, educational).

§ according to exhaustibility (exhaustible: objects of hunting, fishing and inexhaustible: sun, sea water).

§ on renewability (renewable: plants, animals and non-renewable: medicinal mud, cultural monuments).

Socio-economic resources include:

§ cultural and historical objects (monuments and memorable places, museums, architectural ensembles).

§ cultural and historical phenomena (ethnographic, religious).

§ economic (financial, infrastructural, labor).

Despite its social and humane role, tourism modifies the environment. Reducing damage to the tourism industry environment regulated at the state and international levels through environmental education, tax regulation, limiting the tourist and recreational load on natural resources, etc.

Thus, recreational resources are considered as one of the factors in the development of tourism and the basis for planning the production of a tourism product.

Recreation structure.

An analysis of the scientific and specialized literature of the 70-80s shows that most publications on recreational geography consider only issues related to tourism, and not to recreation in general. Thus, in the domestic literature there is a firmly established idea that recreation and tourism are close concepts, identical in most publications, but to be precise, recreation includes tourism, excursions and rest without moving from the usual environment of existence. Thus, tourism is the most important component recreation. All terms that include the word “recreational” are focused primarily on issues related to tourism or recreation in general. One of the most well-developed concepts that entered the 80s even in school curriculum- "recreational resources".

There is a different understanding of the word “recreation” abroad, which has begun to be actively introduced into the Russian language. In English tourism literature, recreation is understood as a set of phenomena and processes associated with the restoration of strength in the process of rest and treatment. Therefore, the English-language “Recreation and Tourism” should be perceived rather as “Recreation and Tourism”. However, in modern tourism literature the expression “Recreation and tourism” is constantly encountered, which is nonsense for the Russian language, since tourism is an integral part of recreation. Moreover, they began to distinguish “recreational tourism”, which in the traditional understanding of these terms is a tautology.

The term “recreational resources” has begun to be replaced, which is very well developed and its meaning is clear. Instead of “recreational resources,” the term “tourist resources” is used, the essence and theory of which have not yet been developed, and the definition itself is very vague. Often these concepts are considered as synonyms, then it is not clear why to introduce a new term to replace the established and theoretically justified one. There is an assertion that recreational resources are part of tourist resources, which again is a terminological confusion, since tourism is part of recreation, and not vice versa.

Thus, borrowing foreign terminology without taking into account the existing conceptual apparatus within national science and practice, leads, firstly, to philological paradoxes, and secondly, it confuses the presentation of the material due to semantic contradictions. Ignoring the existence of recreational geography only brings harm to tourism.

A number of borrowings from in English just extra. One of the currently fashionable words “destination” is translated simply as “direction” and does not carry any other semantic meaning. Attempts to interpret a destination as a destination that attracts tourists with recreational resources and provides conditions for accommodation, transportation, food and entertainment for tourists are not convincing. This is any tourist destination: France with 70 million tourists a year and the microstates of Oceania, Paris and a village in Siberia, the Adriatic and the North Pole. Reflecting the tourist specifics of the concept, one could translate the word “destination” as “tourist (recreational) destination,” which is noted in a number of publications. The author does not propose to abandon the term, which has rapidly entered Russian-language tourist terminology, but aims to draw the attention of the tourist community to the excessive contamination of the language with foreign terminology.

Along with the emergence of terms that contradict the established conceptual apparatus, publications appear that distort the theory of recreational geography. For example, I.V. Zorin and V.A. Quarterly recreational potential is called “the relationship between the actual and maximum possible number of tourists, determined based on the availability of recreational resources.” Potential cannot be a “relationship,” although its study makes it possible to estimate the maximum possible number of tourists. The recreational potential of a territory is “a set of natural, cultural-historical and socio-economic prerequisites for organizing recreational activities” (Mironenko, Tverdokhlebov, 1981), the main integral part recreational potential are recreational resources.

From the definition of recreational resources according to I.V. Zorin and V.A. Kvartalnov, firstly, is not clear why they are part of tourist resources, what is not included in them, and secondly, where in this definition their most important part is cultural and historical recreational resources. Apparently, the authors understand only the natural component by recreational resources. In the same work, explaining the concept of “capacity of recreational resources” (essentially natural!), “anthropogenic load” is considered. Anthropogenic load does not have standards determined “in order to prevent violation ecological state natural environment", because this is a real load that can be lower, equal to or greater than the maximum permissible and in tourism it is called recreational load ( anthropogenic load- disturbances of nature during any human activity, not only recreational). Maximum permissible recreational loads are not “determined in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation,” since they are different for each landscape, and the existing standards relate to isolated cases, for example, beaches, environmental zones.

There are many definitions of the term recreational resources, some more successful than others. At V.I. Prelovsky uses a completely acceptable definition of natural recreational resources, “by which we should understand natural phenomena, processes or individual elements of the landscape (more capaciously and better - “elements and phenomena of the geographical environment”)... which can be used to organize recreational activities." However, recent scientific and educational publications provide an unsuccessful, in our opinion, definition, and explanations distort the essence of the term with accompanying accusations of everyone and everything misunderstanding it. According to V.I. Prelovsky, natural recreational resources are “natural bodies, phenomena, processes or individual elements of the relief... that can be used for the purposes of recreation and tourism,” this is “components of the natural environment.” Natural recreational resources, like any resources, are not a component of the natural environment, but a combination of elements of the entire geographic environment, i.e., the recreational resources of a beach are a certain combination of characteristics of the relief, climate and sea, as well as flora and fauna. In our opinion, it is unfortunate to use the words “natural bodies”, which carry a physical and philosophical load, to define recreational resources. We should rather talk about natural objects or elements of the geographic environment. Plants, animals, beaches, waterfalls, etc., require a different definition. The addition of the concrete among abstract concepts - “individual elements of relief” looks strange.

The most important thing: a recreational resource, like any other, requires study, but it will be a resource regardless of whether it is studied or not. If a waterfall is known and attracts tourists, it is a resource, regardless of whether its height is measured and how many people can visit it, if the beach attracts people for relaxation and swimming, then it is a resource, regardless of whether we know its area, the duration of the beach and swimming season and recreational capacity. Man has been using since ancient times energetic resources wind and falling water, having no idea about kilowatts. Patricia's Ancient Rome bathed in baths at mineral springs, knowing nothing about their flow rate, chemical composition, about the temperature scales of Celsius and Fahrenheit, but they used a healing resource. Thus, it is incorrect to say that a natural condition becomes a resource only when it is studied, that “climatic conditions become a resource only if the duration of the period from comfortable conditions"(according to V.I. Prelovsky). Natural conditions and natural resources are one of basic concepts geography, closely related to the natural-philosophical category “geographical environment”. Natural conditions are those elements of the geographical environment that a person does not directly use in production activities, but without which his existence is impossible, this is the air we breathe, this is the climate in which we live (regardless of whether the climate is warm or cold, causing huge costs for warm construction and for fuel). Natural resources are those elements of the geographic environment that people directly use in their production activities (mineral, energy, water, etc.). Climate becomes not a condition, but a resource when it begins to be used in economic activity. Applied to agriculture he is agroclimatic resources, because the amount of heat and precipitation of a given climate is important for agriculture. For urban educational tourism, for festival tourism, even for hunting tourism, the climate is a natural condition, but for swimming, beach or ski tourism it is a resource. As the productive forces new elements of the geographic environment become a resource. The transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age is associated with the development of new mineral resource- iron ore, with the advent of wind mills and mountain rivers from natural conditions are converted into valuable energy resources. Thus, the boundary between a condition and a resource is very fluid and is determined by its use in economic activity, and not by the degree of study

38) main types of recreation.

TYPES OF RECREATION

Beach holiday

Beach holidays are the most common type of holiday. Warm rays of the sun, splashing sea ​​waves, the whisper of a light breeze, as well as interesting entertainment programs and discos organized by the guides. Sunbathe on the beach, wander along the warm sand, dive under the water, photograph seascapes.

Combination beach holiday with interesting excursions and all kinds of entertainment will diversify your vacation.

Some people prefer to have an active holiday - attend all kinds of excursions, go diving, surfing or go on safaris to remote corners of a particular country. Others choose a relaxing holiday on golden beaches, with the opportunity to leisurely contemplate the beauty of local landscapes and enjoy life away from the bustle of big cities.

All this happiness awaits you at the resorts Turkey, Egypt, Cyprus, Thailand, Tunisia, UAE etc.

Excursion holidays

Excursion tourism will provide you with the opportunity to get acquainted with the history of the country, its customs and traditions.

Such tours usually include visits to several cities with accommodation in different hotels and a rich excursion program, and may include air travel or bus transfers.

Excursion tours are divided according to the degree of intensity and exoticism. The most affordable are buses around Europe, the most expensive are sea cruises. Many people think that a bus tour is boring. It all depends on how this tour is organized. The most unpleasant thing is moving at night, so always check if there will be such moves. The second thing you should pay attention to is the cities. It's more interesting when Big city it takes at least a day and a half.

Most sightseeing tours focus on Western Europe, primarily due to the simplicity of the Schengen Visa, where you can move freely within the borders of the Schengen zone.

Excursion tourism is the most educational and exciting routes, acquaintance with culture and history France, Czech Republic,Germany, Italy etc.

Exotic tours

Exotic holidays are holidays in countries that are not popular destinations due to the lack of direct regular flights, and yet, in terms of service level, they compete with many destinations.

Magnificent white sandy beaches, tropical vegetation, impenetrable jungles, roaring waterfalls, blue sky, crystal clear sea of ​​all shades of blue-green. At any time of the year, eternal summer and a riot of rich colors amazes.

rest in exotic countries attracts tourists not only with the hot sun and clean beaches, but also with the opportunity to get extraordinary experiences that you will be pleased to share long years after visiting the resort.

The rich history and culture of these countries and natural diversity create a wide range of travel and recreation opportunities.

Exotic holidays – Dominican Republic, Seychelles, island Bali, Cuba, China, India, Malaysia, Maldives.

Cruises

A cruise is an ideal way to take a break from everyday life; it is a great opportunity to enjoy absolute freedom and discover new countries.

None of the trips can compete with a cruise in terms of the comfort of moving from one corner of the world to another.

During the day you go ashore, see the sights of those cities where your liner calls, and in the evening you will find a variety of shows with the participation of singers, dancers, magicians, magicians, gala evenings and masquerades, games and karaoke - this is just a small part of the evening entertainment program. Waltz, tango, salsa, mambo, rock, rap orchestra will perform a variety of melodies for you. And dance lovers can go to a disco or nightclub.

And another significant plus for cruises is the cost. After all, if you break any of the cruise routes into components and calculate how much time and money you would need to spend visiting each country separately, then you would see for yourself the validity of the statement that a cruise is also profitable!

Ski holiday

Today, winter ski holidays in European resorts are a wonderful alternative to a beach holiday.

Recreation opportunities are varied. They depend on the country in which you decide to vacation. Winter in the mountains is not just about skiing. Fans of unusual sports can choose snowshoeing or paragliding. And on the frozen lakes, ice skating and windsurfing are very popular.

At the resorts Andorra, Austria, France, Italy you will find excellent ski slopes, working ski lifts, a carefree holiday, various exciting excursions and many pleasant impressions that will stay with you for a long time.

Medicinal

How to use 2-3 weeks of vacation not only to pamper yourself, but also to improve your health? The latest resort technologies make it possible to conduct an examination and an effective treatment course in a short time.

Wellness traditionally includes SPA services, thalassotherapy, massages, anti-aging, anti-stress, cosmetic, relaxation, weight loss and other programs.

Bath with essential oils, massage, meditation - this is how the morning begins in hotels where there are SPA centers. This is where you can relieve stress, fatigue and pamper your body with pleasant treatments. Many clinics specialize in treating specific types of diseases.

A measured rest with the opportunity to improve your health is what many would like to get during their vacation. You can’t buy health, but you can try to improve it at the best health resorts in the world: Austria, Germany,Switzerland, France, Italy, Slovenia, Hungary, Czech, Israel.

Research hypothesis

Conservation of recreational resources and their rational use will be if:

Every person is aware of the importance of recreational resources;

- every person will understand the structure of recreational resources and the biological condition of restoring recreational resources;

Every person will understand how and where recreational resources can be used.

Testing the hypothesis required a decision the following tasks:

Analysis of the role of recreational resources for human health;

Identification of types of recreational resources and their location on the territory of Russia;

- identifying the most effective ways to preserve Russia's recreational resources and their rational use.

Research methods. To solve the problems, a set of methods was chosen: analysis of theoretical literature, analysis of the correct placement of recreational resources, analysis of the ecological state of objects, analysis of potential environmental use.

Chapter 1. What are recreational resources and their types

1.1.Natural recreational resources

Recreational resources– components of the natural environment and socio-cultural phenomena that can be used to organize recreational activities. When classifying recreational resources, some authors distinguish them according to their origin into two main types: natural recreational resources and socio-cultural resources (cultural and historical recreational resources). Other authors divide recreational resources according to the nature of their use. Baransky N.N. distinguishes four main types:

Recreational and therapeutic (for example, treatment with mineral waters);

Recreational and health (for example, swimming and beach areas);

Recreational and sports (for example, ski resorts);

Recreational and educational (for example, historical monuments).

Natural recreational resources are a complex of physical, biological and energy-informational elements and forces of nature that are used in the process of restoration and development of a person’s physical and spiritual strength, his ability to work and health. Almost everything natural resources have recreational and tourist potential, but the degree of its use varies and depends on recreational demand and specialization of the region.

According to adopted in economy environmental management classifications based on dual character concepts " natural resources", reflecting them natural origin, on the one hand, and economic significance, on the other, natural recreational resources can be grouped by:

origin;

types of recreational use;

exhaustion rates (quickly exhausted, slowly exhausted, inexhaustible);

possibilities of self-healing and cultivation (renewable, relatively renewable and non-renewable;

opportunities for economic replenishment (renewable, irreplaceable);

the possibility of replacing some resources with others.

IN last years Attention to natural resources is increasing from the point of view of their use for active recreation of the population and therapeutic, health-improving, preventive and medical measures. The country's transition to market relations has raised in a new way the issues of exploitation of resort areas, as well as the development of the capabilities of components of the natural environment directly for medicinal purposes.

There are areas in Russia where recreational activity is the determining industry in the structure of their social reproduction. It includes a network of recreational enterprises and organizations.

Characteristics of recreational resources by main landscape and climatic zones allows us to evaluate these zones in comparison (by the richness of these resources), which helps to identify the most effective directions for the development of the resort network of our country

About a third of Russia's territory is occupied by the taiga zone. All of it is potentially favorable for active climatotherapy. At the same time, the presence of blood-sucking insects, which cause great concern to people and animals and create uncomfortable conditions for treatment and outdoor recreation, has a negative impact. The epidemiological situation in certain years is also a serious problem. The greatest wealth in terms of recreational resources is represented by zones of mixed forests and forest-steppe. It was here that the most favorable conditions of existence and life for the population of Russia were formed and preserved, which can represent an ecological optimum for the development of civilization in Eastern Europe and part of the Siberian region. It was here that a unique Russian culture was formed in its expanded understanding, taking into account its future sustainable development. In this regard, the recreational conditions of this special zone are most favorable for conscious work in recreation, which can always be nearby and will not be replaced by short-term and annoying, albeit exotic and educational resorts.

As for the recreational resources of semi-desert and desert zones, their landscape conditions are unfavorable for the development of resort construction, with the exception of individual oases. The Mediterranean zone, which includes humid and dry subtropics, is very favorable for the location of health resorts. However, the collapse of the USSR significantly reduced the recreational opportunities of Russia in this regard. Of the mountainous regions, the Caucasus is of greatest interest. The Altai Territory and a number of eastern mountainous regions are promising.

1.2. Cultural and historical recreational resources

In the complex of recreational resources, a special place is occupied by cultural and historical resources located in cities and villages and in inter-settlement areas and representing the heritage of past eras social development. They serve as a prerequisite for organizing cultural and educational types of recreational activities; on this basis, they optimize recreational activities as a whole, performing quite serious educational functions.

The spaces formed by cultural and historical objects to a certain extent determine the localization of recreational flows and the directions of excursion routes.

Cultural and historical objects are divided into material and spiritual. Material ones cover the totality of the means of production and other material values ​​of society at each historical stage of its development, and spiritual ones - the totality of society’s achievements in education, science, art, literature, in the organization of state and public life, in work and everyday life. In fact, not all heritage of the past relates to cultural and historical recreational resources. These include only those cultural and historical objects that have been studied and assessed by scientific methods as having social significance and can be used, given the existing technical and material capabilities, to satisfy the recreational needs of a certain number of people for a certain time.

Among cultural and historical objects, the leading role belongs to historical and cultural monuments, which are distinguished by the greatest attractiveness and, on this basis, serve as the main means of satisfying the needs of educational and cultural recreation. Depending on their main features, historical and cultural monuments are divided into 5 main types: history, archaeology, urban planning and architecture, art, and documentary monuments. Thus, historical monuments may include buildings, structures, memorable places and objects associated with the most important historical events in the life of the people, the development of society and the state.

Archaeological monuments are fortifications, mounds, remains of ancient settlements, fortifications, industries, canals, roads, ancient burial places, stone sculptures, rock carvings, ancient objects, areas of the historical cultural layer of ancient settlements.

The following objects are most typical for monuments of urban planning and architecture: architectural ensembles and complexes, historical centers, neighborhoods, squares, streets, remains of ancient planning and buildings of cities and others settlements; buildings of civil, industrial, military, religious architecture, folk architecture, as well as related works of monumental, fine, decorative and applied, landscape art, natural landscapes.

Monuments of art include works of monumental, fine, decorative and applied art and other types of art.

Documentary monuments are acts of bodies state power and government bodies, other written and graphic documents, film, photo and sound recordings, as well as ancient and other manuscripts and archives, recordings of folklore and music, rare printed publications.

The cultural and historical prerequisites of the recreational industry include other objects related to the history, culture and modern activities of people: original enterprises of industry, agriculture, transport, scientific institutions, higher education institutions, theaters, sports facilities, botanical gardens, zoos, oceanariums , ethnographic and folklore attractions, handicrafts, as well as preserved folk customs, holiday rituals, etc. All objects used in educational and cultural recreation are divided into two groups - immovable and movable.

The first group consists of monuments of history, urban planning and architecture, archeology and monumental art and other structures, including those pa-

pendants of art that form an integral part of architecture. From the standpoint of cognitive and cultural recreation, it is important that the objects of this group are independent single or group formations.

The second group includes monuments of art, archaeological finds, mineralogical, botanical and zoological collections, documentary monuments and other things, objects and documents that can be easily moved. The consumption of recreational resources by this group is associated with visits to museums, libraries and archives, where they are usually concentrated.( Geographical distribution of World Cultural Heritage sites – Table No. 1 in the Appendix )

Recreational resources are characterized by socio-cultural spatial and temporal relativity. Depending on the initial point of view and the time of assessment, the same object can be assessed differently.

In general, recreational resources are characterized by contrast with the usual human environment and a combination of different natural and cultural environments. Almost any place that meets the following two criteria is recognized as a recreational resource:

1) the place differs from the usual human habitat;

2) is represented by a combination of two or more naturally different environments.

Statistically, the most attractive are the edge zones, the junction of different environments (water - land, forest - clearing, hill - plain, etc.). The most attractive combinations of several contrasting environments: mountains + sea + diverse cultural environment. This creates the most highly rated recreational areas, such as California or the Mediterranean.resources Russia (6)Abstract >> Geography

Tourism and treatment are called recreational resources. Recreational potential Russia great Natural recreational resources(seas, rivers, ... palace and park complexes. Of course, recreational resources Russia are not limited to the three named areas...

Scientists have long found out that for high work efficiency, a person needs regular and proper rest. Without this, one should not expect great things from an employee. labor feats. But you can also relax in different ways: someone just lies on the couch and watches TV, while others take out their backpack and go on a hike. In the latter case great value have the world's recreational resources, or in other words - resources for recreation and tourism.

What is recreation?

It is believed that the term “recreation” came to us from Latin: recreation - “restoration”. There is such a word in Polish language- recreatja, which means “rest”. It is worth noting that there is still no single and generally accepted scientific definition of this concept in the world.

We can say that recreation is a process of restoration vitality human (physical, moral and mental) that were spent in the process labor activity. At its core, recreation can be tourist, medical, resort, health, sports, etc. Types are also distinguished according to time frames: short-term, long-term (with or without interruption from work), seasonal. Recreation can also be organized or unorganized (so-called wild recreation).

Basic Concepts

From the definition of the term “recreation” one can derive other important concepts: “tourist and recreational resources” and “recreational activities”. The second term means a special type economic activity aimed at restoring human strength. Moreover, the word “economic” in combination with the word “activity” suggests the possibility of generating income.

The study of these and some other related concepts is carried out by such sciences as recreational science and recreational geography. Among the scientists of these disciplines one can find geographers, biologists, economists, and psychologists, because they were formed at the intersection of several fields of knowledge. In particular, it studies the features of the distribution of recreational resources and facilities across the territory of our planet, as well as individual countries. Recreational resources of the world and their study are also within the purview of this science. They will be discussed further.

Recreational World Resources

They began to worry scientists and researchers around the middle of the twentieth century. It was then that the first serious scientific developments in this area began to appear.

Recreational resources of the world are a complex of recreational objects (created by nature or man) that are suitable for the development of recreational activities on their basis.

What can be a recreational facility? Yes, anything, as long as the object has a recreational effect. It could be a waterfall Mountain peak, medical sanatorium, city park, museum or old fortress.

The main properties of such resources include:

• attractiveness;
• geographical accessibility;
• significance;
• potential stock;
• method of use and others.

Classification

The world's recreational resources still do not have a unified classification. Each researcher has his own view on this issue. However, the following types of recreational resources can be distinguished:

1. Recreational and therapeutic (treatment).
2. Recreational and health (treatment, health improvement and resort holidays).
3. Recreational and sports (active recreation and tourism).
4. Recreational and educational (excursions, cruises and travel).

This classification seems to be the most successful and understandable. Although there are many others, according to which the world's recreational resources are divided into:

• natural (created by nature);
• natural-anthropogenic (created by nature and modified by man);
• historical and cultural (created by man);
• infrastructure;
• non-traditional.

The last group is very interesting, which combines the resources necessary for the development of unusual or extreme ones. These can be ancient cemeteries, dilapidated castles, underground catacombs, etc.

Recreational and medicinal resources of the world

They are intended to organize, first of all, human treatment. This can be both complex therapy of the whole organism and individual organs and systems.

Recreational and medicinal resources of the world include the following objects:

• healing mud;
• mountain resorts;
• sea ​​coasts;
• salt lakes, etc.

Recreational and health resources of the world

This group includes all resources on the basis of which treatment can be carried out, as well as the recovery of the body (for example, after major operations). Such resources include resorts and resort areas (sea, alpine, ski, forest, etc.).

Among the most popular resort areas in the world are the following:

• Hawaiian Islands;
• Seychelles;
• Canary Islands;
• Bali island;
• island of Cuba;
• (France);
• Golden Sands (Bulgaria), etc.

Recreational-sports and recreational-cognitive resources

Majestic mountain systems (Alps, Cordillera, Himalayas, Caucasus, Carpathians) attract a huge number of active tourists and extreme sports enthusiasts. After all, there are all the necessary recreational and sports resources here. You can go on a mountain hike or conquer one of the peaks. You can organize an extreme descent down a mountain river or go rock climbing. The mountains have a wide range of diverse recreational resources. There are also a huge number of ski resorts here.

Recreational and educational resources include many different objects: architectural, historical and cultural. These can be fortresses, palace complexes, museums and even entire cities. Thousands of tourists annually visit countries such as France, Italy, Spain, Poland, Austria, Switzerland and others.

The most famous museum in the world is, of course, the Louvre, which houses the richest collections of exhibits. Among them you can see ancient Assyrian bas-reliefs and Egyptian paintings.

Peterhof, located near St. Petersburg, is considered one of the largest and most elegant palace complexes in the world. A large number of tourists go to India to see the wonder of world architecture - or to Egypt to see with their own eyes the famous Egyptian pyramids, or to Croatia to wander the narrow streets of medieval Dubrovnik.

Recreational and tourism potential of Russia

Russia's recreational resources are very rich and diverse. Thus, the Black Sea, Azov, and Baltic coasts, as well as the Altai Mountains, have enormous potential for the development of resort tourism and therapeutic recreation.

Historical, cultural and educational recreational resources of Russia are also widely represented. In this regard, such regions of the country as the North-West, North Caucasus, Kaliningrad region, as well as the cities of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kostroma, Tver, Kazan have the greatest potential. In Kamchatka, Sakhalin Island and Lake Baikal, recreation can be successfully developed.

Finally

Thus, the world's recreational resources are very diverse and rich. These include ancient cities, amazing architectural structures, high mountains and rushing waterfalls, museums and castles covered in legends.

The first group includes objects and natural phenomena that can be used for recreation, tourism and treatment. These are sea coasts with a favorable climate, banks of rivers and lakes, mountains, forests, mineral springs, and healing mud. In areas with such recreational resources, resort areas, recreation areas, nature reserves, and national parks are created.

The second group includes monuments of history, archaeology, architecture and art. Most of the ancient cities of Europe and Russia are rich in cultural and historical attractions; the Egyptian pyramids and temples of Luxor, the Taj Mahal mausoleum in India, and the remains of the ancient Mayan and Aztec cities in Latin America are world famous.

The richest recreational resources are found in countries where favorable natural conditions are combined with cultural and historical attractions. First of all, these are the Mediterranean countries - Italy, Spain, Greece, Turkey, Israel, Egypt, Tunisia, European countries such as France, Switzerland, Austria, the Czech Republic, as well as Mexico, India, Thailand.

Natural recreational resources are a complex of physical, biological and energy-informational elements and forces of nature that are used in the process of restoration and development of a person’s physical and spiritual strength, his ability to work and health. Almost all natural resources have recreational and tourist potential, but the degree of its use varies and depends on recreational demand and the specialization of the region.

According to classifications accepted in environmental economics, based on the dual nature of the concept of “natural resources”, reflecting their natural origin, p. on the one hand, and economic importance, on the other, natural recreational resources can be grouped by:

Origin;

Types of recreational use;

Speed. exhaustion (quickly exhausted, slowly exhausted, inexhaustible);

Self-healing and cultivation capabilities (renewable, relatively renewable and non-renewable);

Possibilities for economic replenishment (renewable, irreplaceable);

Possibility of replacing some resources with others.

In recent years, attention to natural resources has been increasing from the point of view of their use for active recreation of the population and therapeutic, preventive and medical measures. The country's transition to market relations has raised questions of exploitation of resort areas in a new way, as well as the development of the capabilities of natural environment components directly for medicinal purposes.

There are areas in Russia where recreational activity is the determining industry in the structure of their social reproduction. It includes a network of recreational enterprises and organizations.

The characteristics of recreational resources in the main landscape and climatic zones make it possible to evaluate these zones in comparison (by the richness of these resources), which helps to identify the most effective directions for the development of the resort network of our country.

About a third of Russia's territory is occupied by the taiga zone. All of it is potentially favorable for active climatotherapy. At the same time, the presence of blood-sucking insects, which cause great concern to people and animals and create uncomfortable conditions for treatment and outdoor recreation, has a negative impact. The epidemiological situation in certain years is also a serious problem.

The greatest wealth in terms of recreational resources is represented by zones of mixed forests and forest-steppe. It was here that the most favorable conditions of existence and life for the population of Russia were formed and preserved, which can represent an ecological optimum for the development of civilization in Eastern Europe and part of the Siberian region. It was here that a unique Russian culture was formed in its expanded understanding, taking into account its future sustainable development. In this regard, the recreational conditions of this special zone are most favorable for conscious work in recreation, which can always be nearby and will not be replaced by short-term and annoying, although exotically educational, resorts.

As for the recreational resources of semi-desert and desert zones, their landscape conditions are unfavorable for the development of resort construction, with the exception of individual oases.

The Mediterranean zone, which includes humid and dry subtropics, is very favorable for the location of health resorts. However, the collapse of the USSR significantly reduced the recreational opportunities of Russia in this regard. Of the mountainous regions, the Caucasus is of greatest interest; the Altai Territory and a number of eastern mountainous regions are promising.

One of the important elements of the recreational potential of settlements (i.e. places of permanent residence of the population), primarily large cities, is landscape architecture, i.e. a conscious harmonious combination of natural anthropogenic landscapes and their individual components (vegetation, relief, reservoirs) with settlements, architectural complexes and structures. Traditional objects of landscape architecture are parks, gardens, boulevards, public gardens, green spaces in urban neighborhoods, as well as areas of reservoirs, forest parks, etc., used mainly for recreation. Examples of landscape architecture are the palace ensembles of the Moscow region (Arkhangelskoye, Kuskovo), the suburbs of St. Petersburg (Petro Palace, Pavlovsk, Pushkin), and certain new areas (microdistricts) of residential development.

One of the most effective ways to satisfy recreational needs is tourism. It combines not only recreation and health improvement, but also cultural and educational activities and communication (the latter is often expressed in the forms of scientific conferences, special cultural programs, and business contacts). Excursion tourism with a pre-announced cultural program is widespread. Depending on the purpose of travel, tourism is divided into sports, amateur, social, business (fairs, congresses), religious, etc. Depending on the means of transportation, tourism is divided into water, pedestrian, railway, horse, ski, bicycle, motorcycle and auto tourism.

Specially protected natural areas ( SPNA). They belong to objects of national heritage and represent areas of land, water surface and air space above them where they are located natural complexes and objects that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health value, which are withdrawn by decisions of public authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.

According to estimates from leading international organizations, at the end of 1990 there were about 10 thousand large protected areas in the world. natural areas all kinds. The total number of national parks was close to 2000, and biosphere reserves - to 350.

Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime and status of the environmental institutions located on them, the following categories of these territories are usually distinguished:

State natural reserves, including biosphere reserves;

National parks;

Natural parks;

State nature reserves;

Natural monuments;

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens;

Medical and recreational areas and resorts.

National parks are environmental, environmental, educational and scientific research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and which are intended for use for environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism. For example, in the Russian Federation, by the beginning of 1999, there were 34 national parks, the total officially established area of ​​which was 6784.6 thousand hectares, and by the beginning of 2000 - 35 parks with a total area of ​​6956 thousand hectares (0.4% of the total territory Russian Federation).

The vast majority of national parks are located in the European part of the Russian Federation. National parks formed on the territory of 13 republics within the Russian Federation, 2 territories and 20 regions. Most of the national parks (34) were directly subordinate to the former Federal Forestry Service of Russia and one was under the jurisdiction of the Moscow Government (“Losiny Ostrov”).