The world transport system is a general characteristic. Transport complex in the modern world economy
The world economy, which is actively developing with the intensification of globalization processes, makes transport in all its forms more and more important for the public. Many say that this is one of the basic whales of the material production of our civilization. The modern world transport system is composed of an innumerable number of elements that deserve close attention: their improvement makes it possible to achieve better performance global object as a whole.
Basic terminology
As can be assumed from the very name, the transport system in the world economy is formed by transport. This term is commonly understood as a variety of methods, methods of communication, means that allow cargo, passengers to move between points in space. Understanding and debugging transport security and developing destination options so that everyone in need can turn to the right opportunity for him become important aspects for this area.
The structure and scale of movements using specialized means have a significant impact on economic activity. This is equally true in relation to a single person, a certain community or civilization as a whole. The global transport system allows us to determine the maximum scale of transportation for our understanding at the present time, but it is equally important to be able to analyze the situation at the state level in order to assess the degree of economic development of the state.
It is important!
Considering both the entire complex structured object as a whole and its individual parts (for example, the role of air transport in the global transport system), one must understand that the formation is largely due to the progress observed today. The mass improvement of technology, scientific breakthroughs are considered. It is customary to say that this is a key component that entails the improvement of the global transport system.
Currently, scientists and engineers are struggling with the task of designing a bullet train. The best minds on the planet are faced with the question of creating a hovercraft system. Under conditions of high transport security, the car could travel 600 kilometers in just half an hour. Without the highest level of progress, investment large funds in science it is impossible to achieve the set goal, and hence the development of the TS.
Combining into a whole
The global transport system is a cumulative phenomenon that includes:
- machines, aggregates, structures;
- paths used for movement;
- production facilities used for the manufacture, improvement, restoration of machines and tracks.
It is difficult to realize the scale of such a structure, so many components are included in it.
Features of internal filling
Such dimensions are simply incompatible with the uniformity of the structure. Therefore, the world transport system, in the view of modern economists, is formed by two large categories:
- developed powers;
- developing states.
What is the difference?
All objects of the transport infrastructure of a developed country satisfy high requirements, so we can talk about the development of the TS. The vehicles used on the territory of such states are in a clear, carefully designed interaction, due to which the population has increased mobility rates. The unified transport system is unevenly distributed in relation to powers of different levels: the share of developed countries accounts for about 80% of the length of the global scale transport system. Considering the turnover of goods, it should be recognized: this category provides 75% of the processes, goods.
Developing countries are characterized by simpler transport infrastructure facilities. Development is rather low, since such states themselves do not have a high level of development. Business operations, united into spheres, interact with a low level of quality, which negatively affects the TS. The part of the unified transport system that belongs to this type of countries is relatively small, and the population has low mobility and limited opportunities.
Regional vehicles
It is customary to talk about regional vehicles:
- America (north, Latin);
- Europe;
- Asia (south).
The modern geography of the world transport system is our entire planet, although saturation in different regions is significantly different. In addition to the division into these territorial formations, a classification according to the level of development, social significance, and areas of application of transport systems is allowed.
Transport: what happens?
Allocate:
- land;
- for water spaces;
- moving in the air.
Land transport
Some say that motor vehicles are the main transport of the last century and the beginning of our century. Indeed, for movement by land, it is he who is most relevant and widely applicable. The total length of roads is growing from year to year. Already today it is about three tens of millions of kilometers, of which the bulk were built in the largest or most developed powers of the world. Speaking of leaders, it is customary to mention:
- India;
- Brazil;
- Japan.
Up to 80% of all passenger traffic today is carried out by means of cars of different categories.
Dedicated to other groups
Railways, which were the pinnacle of progress several decades ago, are now gradually losing their positions and being pushed further and further to the margins of the world transport system. This does not negate the importance of this category of vehicles, because the length of railway tracks in the world is estimated at more than 13 million kilometers.
This element of the TS is characterized by significant heterogeneity. Most of the infrastructure is built in developed countries, and in developing countries the level is low. There are many countries where there are no railway tracks in principle. The longest railways currently have:
- Canada;
- India;
Pipelines
The relevance of this class of vehicles is due to the activation of the oil industry, the production and use of gas. Up to 11% of all cargo on our planet moves through pipelines. The predictable top three in terms of the length of networks built and put into operation of this category:
- Canada.
Over the seas, over the oceans
Among the water modes of transport are:
- nautical;
- interior.
The first group is rightly considered the most significant. Maritime transport is the transport involved in the transportation of products, people on ships across the seas and oceans. Mostly such transport is intended for servicing bulk cargo. The most important basin on the planet is the Atlantic Ocean, divided into three areas:
- South Atlantic;
- North Atlantic;
- Western Atlantic.
It is impossible to overestimate the importance of this element of the CU for globalization processes - it is thanks to the development of shipping that continents and countries are closely connected with each other.
Which one else?
It was indicated above that, in addition to sea transport, inland water transport is distinguished: ships designed to transport people, objects through lake, river systems, and canals laid by man. Not every lake, river favor navigation. The most important bodies of water for this TS element are:
- Amazon;
- Yenisei;
- Parana;
- Mississippi.
It is noted that the active use of water continental basins is available only to highly developed powers. The current leaders in this area are:
- Holland;
- France;
Industry and infrastructure
Up to 10% of the total length internal ways shipping - artificially created channels. The greatest pride is the White Sea-Baltic, designed to provide a way for ships from Lake Onega to the White Sea. Thanks to this canal, it became possible to link the lake and the Baltic Sea. The length of the unique vehicle element is 227 km, and the construction was completed in an incredibly short time: 1 year 9 months.
Are we flying?
The aircraft sector is the youngest, most promising, high-tech for modern society. It includes:
- helicopters;
- aircraft;
- airport terminals;
- services for technical support;
- control rooms.
The airport network makes it possible to assess the geographical distribution of infrastructure.
It's curious
Currently, the first place in terms of the risk of exploitation belongs to the Bhutanese airport in Paro. The site is built in a mountainous area, landing here is very difficult: you need to be a real ace, able to lay dangerous turns. Working on routes that require a stop at this airport automatically becomes the basis for a serious increase wages. Currently, a strictly limited number of air carriers have flights to this terminal.
Transport is important
It is difficult to overestimate how significant the transport system of any level is for our civilization. Debugging the global process of moving goods and people makes it possible to make the population of the planet mobile, to eliminate the impact on the public of territorial gaps between states and settlements.
The development of the most modern modes of transport has a negative impact on the planet: civilization pollutes nature both in the production process and in the operation of equipment. Transport volumes are being increased very intensively, and sufficient cleaning measures are not being taken. The most dangerous for the atmosphere of the planet are railways, motor vehicles, and damage to the aquatic ecosystem is caused by ships and disasters associated with the extraction and transportation of oil.
Instead of a conclusion
The global transport system is such a complex combination of all the varieties and methods of movement available to mankind, the movement of goods, which is used to solve a wide range of problems. Communication routes, machines, aggregates, devices, production facilities are usually assembled into a single large-scale system. In turn, the TS as one object is divided into groups according to features. This simplifies the search for approaches to improve the capabilities available to a person.
Introduction 3
CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
CHAPTER 2 MATERIAL AND RESEARCH METHODS 7
CHAPTER 3 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE WORLD TRANSPORT NETWORK 8
3.1 Extent of the global transport network 8
3.2 Modes of transport 9
3.3 Parameters of the global transport system 11
CHAPTER 4 THE PLACE OF KAZAKHSTAN IN THE WORLD TRANSPORT SYSTEM 14
4.1 Analysis of the transport system 14
4.2 Transit opportunities and transport corridors 16
4.3 Solution of transport problems by the state and prospects
development 24
Conclusion 30
AT conducting
Relevance of the topic The study is due to the fact that the total length of the transport network by type of communication in recent decades has stabilized significantly. At the same time, there is a significant qualitative change in the network: the length of electrified railways, highways with improved coverage, pipelines with large pipe diameters is growing. Transportation data show the scale of the transport work performed: freight turnover per capita.
The change in the transport intensity of the world economy is characterized by a certain stability over the post-war period - both the total freight turnover and the total passenger turnover grew at about the same pace (with some lag) as the gross domestic product. For 40 years, the specific world freight turnover per ton of manufactured products has increased by 1/3, and the per capita freight turnover and kilometer mobility of the population have increased by 3.5-4 times.
The world has formed its own special type of transport system, which is characterized by versatility, balance, high level development of all or almost all modes of transport.
The concept of transport includes several aspects; roughly they can be broken down into, and . Infrastructure includes transport networks or communication routes used (, , , , , , , etc.), as well as or where cargo is transshipped or passengers are transferred from one mode of transport to another (for example,, , and ).
The vehicles are usually , , , , . Governance refers to control over the system, such as signals, switches on railroad tracks, flight control, etc., as well as rules (among others, the rules for financing the system: toll roads, fuel tax, etc.).
Objective– study of the world transport system.
Work tasks:
To systematize the theoretical material devoted to this problem;
Describe the mechanism of the global transport network;
To study the types of transport in the global transport system;
Describe the place of Kazakhstan in the global transport system.
Scientific novelty of the work is due to the fact that, in addition to traditional scientific theories of transformation and development dynamics of the world transport system, it contains an analysis of the transport system of Kazakhstan.
The practical significance of the work consists in the possibility of using the scientific and educational materials systematized in it by university students and teachers, as well as practicing teachers.
CHAPTER 1 literature review
The basis of the course work was the work of Maksakovsky V.P. "Economic and social geography of the world." This book contains a comprehensive brief analysis world transport system.
Mironenko N. S. in his work "Introduction to the geography of the world economy" (1995), notes that transport is one of the most important sectors of the economy. It provides production links to industry and Agriculture, carries out transportation of goods and passengers, is the main geographical development of labor.
The exchange and structure of transportation, as a rule, reflect the level and structure of the economy, and the geography of the transport network and cargo flows - the location of productive forces, indicate Gladky Yu. N., Sokolov O. V., Faibusovich E. L. in the textbook for students "Economic and social geography.
In preparing the work, the works of Alisov N.V., Khorev B.S. “Economic and social geography of the world” (2000, 2002) were used, which indicate that all means of communication, transport enterprises and vehicles together form the world transport system. It was formed in the 20th century and is strongly influenced by scientific and technological revolution. This is expressed in the "division of labor" between individual modes of transport, an increase in the capacity of transport routes, the emergence of fundamentally new Vehicle- e.g. high speed hovercraft and maglev trains, electric vehicles, etc.
Gdalin D. A., Gladky I. Yu. in the book "Global Geography" (2002), note that the "container revolution" had a huge impact on the development of all modes of transport, as a result of which the transportation of goods is carried out in special metal containers - containers. There were also new vehicles - container ships and special transshipment stations - terminals. This made it possible to increase labor productivity in transport by 7-10 times.
In the textbook "Socio-economic geography of the world" Gladky Yu. N., Chernikhova E. Ya. emphasize that the world transport system is heterogeneous. AT general view it can distinguish the transport systems of economically developed and developing countries. The first of them accounts for 78% of the total length of the global transport network and 74% of the world's cargo turnover. The density of the transport network (to the greatest extent characterizing the availability of it), in most developed countries is 50-60 km. per 100 sq. km. territory, and in developing - 5-10 km.
Maksakovskiy V.P. in the work “Geographic map of the world. Regional characteristics of the world "(2003), also identifies several regional transport systems: North America (it accounts for about 30% of the total length of all world communications), the CIS countries, foreign Europe, foreign Asia(divided into several subsystems). Latin America, Australia, North Africa.
CHAPTER 2 material and research methods
The research methodology was made up of general scientific and highly specialized methods:
Analysis of theoretical sources;
Summarizing the information received;
Map work.
The channels for collecting information and processing are diverse.
1. Work with cartographic material (Big Atlas of the World, (2007); Map of the World, (2005); Natural resources, (2005)).
2. Processing of literary information, which are combined into several groups:
Cartographic sources: Large Atlas of the World, (2007); Map of the World, (2005); Natural Resources, (2005).
Review literature: Gladkiy, S. B. Lavrov Economic and social geography of the world, (2001); Golubchik M. M. Political geography peace, (1998); Tasks in geography. Ed. A. S. Naumova, (1994); Earth and Humanity: Global Problems // Series "Countries and Peoples", (1985). T. 20; Kolosov V. A. Political geography: problems and methods, (1988); Lipets Yu. G., Pulyarkin V. A., Shlikhter S. B. Geography of the world economy, (1999); Magidovich I.P., Magidovich V.I. Essays on the history of geographical discoveries, (1982-1986). - T. 1-5; Maksakovskiy V.P. Geographical map of the world. Regional characteristics of the world, (2003) .
Teaching aids and textbooks.
CHAPTER 3 general characteristics of the world
transport network
3.1 Extent of the global transport network
All means of communication, transport enterprises and vehicles together form a global transport system, the scale of which is very large. More than 100 million people are employed in world transport. The total length of the transport network of the world, without sea routes, is 36 million km. Every year, more than 100 billion tons of cargo and more than 1 trillion tons of goods are transported in the world by all modes of transport. passengers. More than 650 million cars, 40,000 ships, 10,000 regular aircraft, and 200,000 locomotives are involved in these transportations.
The length of the transport network of the world (in thousand km): railways - 1200, roads - 24000, inland waterways - 550, pipelines - 1700, airways - 8500.
Scientific and technological revolution has had a great impact on the "division of labor" between the individual modes of transport. In the world passenger turnover, the uncompetitive first place (about 3/4) now belongs to road transport, in the world freight turnover - to sea transport (almost 2/3). However, there are large differences between individual regions and countries in this respect.
Therefore, it is customary to single out also regional transport systems, each of which has its own characteristics. We can talk about the transport systems of North America, foreign Europe, the CIS countries, South, East and Southwest Asia, Latin America, Australia, Tropical Africa, etc.
Since its inception, transportation has had a strong impact on the environment. With the growth of the length of the transport network, the intensity of traffic, the negative impacts are increasingly increasing, while different types of transport have, as it were, their own “specialization”. So, the main air pollutant is road, air and rail transport, these types of transport also create “noise pollution” and require large areas for the construction of highways, gas stations, parking lots, railway stations, etc. (except for air). Water transport mainly serves as a source of oil pollution in the oceans and inland waters.
3.2 Modes of transport
Transport is divided into land (railway and road), water (sea and river), air, pipeline and electronic (power lines).
Road transport is often called the transport of the 20th century, since, having originated at the dawn of our century, it has become the leading type of land transport. The length of its network is growing and has now reached 24 million km, and about 1/2 falls on the USA, India, Russia, Japan, and China. The United States and a number of Western European countries are leading in terms of motorization in the world. Road transport leads in terms of passenger traffic - 80% of the world volume.
Rail transport, despite the decline in its share in transportation, still remains an important mode of land transport, especially in terms of the volume of goods transported (10% of the world volume). The global railway network as a whole was formed at the beginning of the 20th century, its length is now 12.5 million km, but it is unevenly distributed. Although there are railways in 140 countries of the world, more than 1/2 of their total length falls on the “top ten countries”: the USA, Russia, Canada, India, China, Australia, Argentina, France and Brazil, European countries stand out especially in terms of network density. But along with this there are vast areas where the railway network is very rare or non-existent.
Pipeline transport is actively developing due to the rapid growth of oil and natural gas production and the territorial gap that exists between the main areas of their production and consumption. Pipeline transport accounts for 11% of the world cargo turnover.
Water transport is primarily characterized by the prominent role of maritime transport. It accounts for 62% of the world's cargo turnover, it also serves about 4/5 of all international trade. It is thanks to the development of maritime transport that the ocean no longer separates, but rather connects countries and continents. The total length of sea routes is millions of kilometers. Sea vessels transport mainly bulk cargoes - bulk (oil, oil products), bulk and bulk (coal, ore, grain, phosphorites, etc.), and usually at a distance of 8 - 10 thousand km. The "container revolution" in maritime transport has led to a rapid growth in the transportation of so-called general cargo - finished goods and semi-finished products. Maritime transportation is provided by the merchant marine, the total tonnage of which exceeds 420 million tons. Until the mid-1970s, tankers accounted for most of this tonnage, but now their share has decreased. Despite the fact that the main maritime powers (in terms of the number of ships assigned to them) are Liberia, Panama, Japan, but in fact many ships flying the flags of the first two belong to the developed countries of the West. The championship in world shipping belongs to the Atlantic Ocean, the second place in terms of maritime transport is occupied by the Pacific Ocean, the third - by the Indian.
The international sea channels (especially the Suez and Panama) and the sea straits (the English Channel, Gibraltar, Hormuz, Malacca, etc.) have a very great influence on the geography of maritime transport.
Inland water transport is the oldest mode of transport, now it occupies the last place in the world transport system along the length of the network.
The development and deployment of inland water transport is primarily associated with natural prerequisites - the presence of rivers and lakes suitable for navigation. The Amazon, Parana, Mississippi, Ob, Yenisei, Yangtze, Congo have a much greater capacity than the most powerful railway lines. But the use of these prerequisites depends on the general level of economic development. Therefore, according to the cargo turnover of domestic waterways the United States, Russia, Canada, the Netherlands, Belgium, and China stand out in the world.
Navigation along artificial routes and lake navigation are also important in some countries.
Air transport - this type of the fastest, but quite expensive transport plays an important role in international passenger traffic. Its advantages, in addition to speed, are the quality of supplies, geographic mobility, which makes it easy to expand and change routes. The network of scheduled airlines now encircles the entire Earth stretching for millions of kilometers. Its reference points are 5,000 airports. The main air powers of the world are the USA, Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France. Canada.
3.3 Parameters of the global transport system
A transport hub is a complex transport devices at the junction of several modes of transport, jointly performing operations for servicing transit, local and urban transportation of goods and passengers. A transport hub as a system is a set of transport processes and means for their implementation at the junction of two or more main modes of transport. In the transport system, the nodes have the function of control valves. Failure of one such valve can lead to problems for the entire system.
The largest transport hub - . The paths of five types of transport intersect here: 11 railway lines, 15 highways, 5 gas pipelines and 3 oil pipelines converge in Moscow; there are three river ports, five airports and nine railway stations. Another interesting example is where does it end and many sea routes begin.
Large transport hubs are always major cities. The fact is that transport hubs literally attract(an effect that can be observed at least in the example of railway stations), it is convenient to develop here(no supply problems), and the transport terminals themselves provide many jobs. Many cities arose at the intersection of land or waterways, that is, as transport hubs, and many still exist due to this role. First of all, these are port cities, but there are also less common examples. Yes, the city in mostly live off the airport. Some cities do not play the role of cargo, but passenger transport hubs, for example, in , where numerous tourists arrive, transferring there to transport that delivers them to the cities of the Crimean coast.
Transport and can be interchangeable and complementary. Although it is theoretically possible to replace a sufficiently developed transport connection (instead of a personal visit, one could send a telegram, make a phone call, send a fax, send an e-mail), but it was found that these modes of communication in reality generate more interactions, including personal ones. Growth in transportation would not be possible without communications, which are vital to advanced transportation systems, from railroads, where two-way single-track traffic is required, to flight control, which requires knowledge of an aircraft's position in the sky. Thus, it was found that development in one area leads to growth in another.
Transport is one of the main consumers of energy and one of the main sources of emissions, , reinforcing . The reason for this is the burning of huge volumes(mostly , such as , and ) in land, air and water vehicles.
Other negative examples of the impact of transport on the environment include: air pollution from exhaust gases and fine particulate matter, pollution ground water toxic effluents from roads, car washes and parking lots, noise pollution, loss of urban living space (up to 50% of the area of modern cities is allocated to roads, parking lots, garages and filling stations) and suburban sprawl that gobble up wildlife habitats and agricultural land.
And (for example, or ) are considered more “environmentally friendly”, since their contribution to the listed problems is much less or completely zero. Electrically powered vehicles (eg. or ) are considered more "climate neutral" than their fossil fuel counterparts. A climate-neutral technological solution (fuel or engine) for aircraft does not currently exist, butoffered as an environmentally friendly alternative to commercial aviation.
Transport is divided into three categories: public transport, non-public transport and personal or individual transport. Public transport should not be confused with (public transport is a subcategory of public transport). Public transport serves trade (transports goods) and the population ( Passenger Transportation). Non-public transport - intra-production and intra-departmental transport. Finally, personal transport is cars, bicycles, yachts, private jets.
Forms a new category, as it combines the features of urban public transport and private vehicles.
CHAPTER 4th place of Kazakhstan in the world transport
system
4.1 Analysis of the transport system
The Republic of Kazakhstan is a state with a steadily developing economy and demonstrates a consistent strengthening of its performance indicators. An important place in the development of the economic infrastructure of the Republic of Kazakhstan belongs to the transport system, which includes a set of transport hubs and transport complexes. The transport complex of the republic is represented by railway, river, sea, air, automobile, urban electric and pipeline modes of transport.
The ratio of road lengths by mode of transport is shown below (Table 4.1).
Tab. 4.1. Characteristics of the transport complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Road types
Length of roads, thousand km
Road density, km/1000 sq. km. territory
paved roads
88,4
14,0
railways
32,4
operated inland waterways
airways
61,0
A key role in the development of the country's economy and industry, as well as in export-import and transit relations, is played by rail and road transport (Tables 4.2, 4.3).
Tab. 4.2. The level of transportation costs in the cost of finished products, %
Types of transportation
The Republic of Kazakhstan
developed countries market economy
domestic rail transport
4-4,5
internal road transport
4-4,5
Kazakhstan's GDP growth in the period from 2006 to 2008 amounted to 42.7%, while the volume of freight traffic by all modes of transport increased by only 28.5%. As a result, a situation has arisen where the existing capacity of the transport infrastructure is holding back the pace of economic growth.
Tab. 4.3. Cargo intensity of the economies of some countries
Country
t. km/USD GDP
The Republic of Kazakhstan
at least 9
Russia
Eastern European countries
countries of the European Union
The prospects for economic development in Kazakhstan with expected GDP growth rates of 8.8-9.2% per year and average annual growth rates in the manufacturing industry of 8-8.4% will inevitably lead to a further increase in the burden on the transport system.
The raw material orientation of the economy of Kazakhstan, along with long distances and low population density, determines the high dependence of the economy on transport. If during the period of economic recession the transport complex provided all the needs of the state economy, and also provided support by restraining tariffs and prices for transport services, then at present, in a period of stable growth, significant state support is needed to restore and lift the transport industry.
The unbalanced location of the transport and communication network throughout the country hinders the development of a single economic space and the growth of population mobility. The growing demand for quality transport services is not fully satisfied due to the insufficient level of technical development of the transport system and the backlog in the field of transport technologies.
4.2 Transit opportunities and transport corridors
The main advantage that transit corridors passing through the territory of Kazakhstan have is a significant reduction in distances. When communicating between Europe and China through Kazakhstan, the distance of transportation is reduced by half compared to the sea route and by a thousand kilometers of square meters. compared to transit through the territory of Russia.
The Republic of Kazakhstan has the necessary potential for a serious reorientation of the foreign trade balance. This potential lies, first of all, in the unique transit opportunities of the country (Fig. 4.1, 4.2.): the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan is located on the land bridge for cargo flows between the main macroeconomic poles - the countries of the European Union and the Asia-Pacific region, America and Eurasia; reducing the time of delivery of transit goods.
Rice. 4.1. The external environment of the Republic of Kazakhstan: the scheme of foreign trade turnover.
Rice. 4.2. Forecast of capacity of railway border crossings.
The creation of transcontinental highways is beneficial for international trade. Between the countries of the European Union and the Asia-Pacific region, about 6 million containers run annually.
Now the main part of this flow (98%) is transported by foreign navy through foreign ports, bypassing the territory of Kazakhstan.
At the same time, the transit route from the Asia-Pacific region to Europe through the territory of Kazakhstan is much shorter than the sea route.
The main thing competitive advantage Kazakhstan - shorter, ceteris paribus, the time of delivery of goods. This circumstance makes it possible to predict the inevitable growth of cargo flows in the direction of China - Europe and transit through Kazakhstan (Fig. 4.3).
forecast
Rice. 4.3. Forecast of growth in cargo flows in the direction of China - Europe and transit through Kazakhstan.
Three main transit routes pass through the territory of Kazakhstan:
Europe - China (with the participation of Russia);
Europe - China (through the countries of the Economic Cooperation Organization, ECO);
Russia - Central Asia.
Below is the distribution structure of Russian containerized export-import cargo flows by areas of border crossing with the Republic of Kazakhstan (Fig. 4.4).
The countries of the Asia-Pacific region (APR), which demonstrate GDP growth, on average, at the level of 5-7% per year, and foreign trade - 9-14%, already account for 60% of global world production and 40% of world trade.
The income of transport companies in Kazakhstan from the transit of goods is about 500 million US dollars, that is, only one percent of the total market for transit traffic between Europe and Asia.
Rice. 4.4 Distribution structure of Russian containerized export-import cargo flows by areas of crossing the border with the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The share of China in the structure of imports to the Russian Federation across the border with the Republic of Kazakhstan is 3%, and exports - 18.7%. Below is the structure of imports (by weight) to the Russian Federation by areas of border crossing with the Republic of Kazakhstan and by modes of transport (Fig. 4.5).
Rice. 4.5. The structure of imports (by weight) in the Russian Federation by areas of border crossing with the Republic of Kazakhstan and by modes of transport
Four international transport corridors, formed on the basis of the transport infrastructure existing in the republic, pass through the territory of Kazakhstan. Corridors can significantly reduce the distance in the East-West traffic and the delivery time of goods. All these transport routes are relatively new, they began to develop actively in the 90s. They allow to significantly reduce the distance and delivery time of goods in the East-West traffic.
Rail transport has the best prospects for developing transit potential and increasing its use. The scheme of international rail transport corridors on the territory of Kazakhstan is shown below (Fig. 4.6.).
Rice. 4.6. Scheme of international railway transport corridors on the territory of Kazakhstan
Dostyk railway station (Dostyk-Alashankou international border checkpoint) on the Kazakh-Chinese border has special meaning in ensuring international transportation along the Trans-Asian Railway.
Here, as well as in the cities of Astana, Almaty, Aktau, at the state level, it is planned to create regional transport and logistics centers as part of the implementation of the transport and logistics cluster.
The joint-stock company “NC “Kazakhstan Temir Zholy” developed a plan for the construction of the Trans-Kazakhstan railway line with a gauge of 1435 mm (hereinafter referred to as TKZhM) in the direction from the Dostyk station to the state border with Turkmenistan, with the subsequent possibility of further passage of this line through the territory of Turkmenistan and connection with the railway line Islamic Republic of Iran with a gauge of 1435 mm and further with access to European markets through the territory of Turkey (Fig. 4.7.).
The introduction of TKZhM, according to the initial estimates of experts, will allow attracting up to 35 million tons in transit traffic, up to 20 million tons in export traffic.
Rice. 4.7. Dynamics of container traffic through the Dostyk-Alashankou crossing
It is planned to open a second international border railway crossing and build the Khorgos-Saryozek railway line, which is a continuation of the Jinghe-Khorgos railway line under construction by China.
This will promote further growth of transit traffic from China and ensure the rapid development of the free trade zone at the Khorgos border crossing point.
Will be further developed and already existing network international road transport corridors (Fig. 4.8.).
Rice. 4.8. Scheme of international road transport corridors on the territory of Kazakhstan
Due to its favorable economic and geographical location, the Khorgos checkpoint is one of the largest transport hubs in Kazakhstan with a high transit potential that can increase sustainable transport links in all directions (Figure 9.).
forecast
Rice. 4.9. Forecast of the growth of cargo traffic through the dry port of Khorgos in the direction of China - Europe
Khorgos is located on the direction of the most important international transport corridor "West-East" with further access to the ITC "North-South" in the west of the country. It is assumed that the projected "dry port" in the structure of the Khorgos-Eastern Gate PTEZ will specialize in transnational container traffic and the provision of logistics services. This will allow the republic to take its place in transcontinental technological chains and integrate into international production cooperation throughout the transcontinental traffic of goods and services.
As is known, in order to implement the Kazakh-Chinese Agreement on the establishment of the Khorgos ICBC, by a decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Khorgos International Center for Cross-Border Cooperation JSC was established, the main activity of which is the creation, development and operation of the Kazakhstani part of the Center, attracting potential investors to implement the set tasks.
4.3 Solution of transport problems by the state and development prospects
To solve existing transport problems in the Republic of Kazakhstan, a number of documents have been adopted at the state level.
In June 2005, the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan approved a plan to create the Transport Logistics cluster. The mission of the transport and logistics cluster is to ensure the level of development and operation of the transport complex in accordance with the requirements of the economy and the population of Kazakhstan in transportation and successful competition in the global transit traffic markets.
In order to successfully solve all the transport problems existing in the country, in 2006 the “Transport Strategy of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2015” was adopted, the purpose of which is to accelerate the development of the transport and communication complex, capable of fully satisfying the needs of the economy and the population in transport services. Here the strategic objectives of the development of the transport system and the mechanisms for their implementation are formulated.
The main task formulated in the Strategy is the integration of the transport system of Kazakhstan into the world transport system by:
Increasing the level of development of transport infrastructure on the basis of the main meridional and latitudinal transport routes, connecting routes and nodes in the East-West and North-South directions;
Achieving the greatest efficiency of transport processes,
Reducing the share of the transport component in the cost of final products in domestic, transit and export-import traffic.
The strategy assumes positioning of Kazakhstan in the world market as and the role of a transcontinental economic bridge for the interaction of the European, Asia-Pacific and South-Asian economic systems. At the same time, the main task is the technologization of the processes of the flow of resources in the space between the West and the East (Europe and Asia).
At the regional level, Kazakhstan is positioned as a modern service center. Using the existing potential, Kazakhstan should become developed service center region to provide a wide range of services that meet international standards.
Implementation of the transition of the transport system to a qualitatively new level of functioning, the formation of an optimal transport network. Organic integration of the Kazakhstan transport complex into the world transport system.
Creation of a network of transport and logistics centers for intermodal transportation.
Reducing the transport component in the cost of final products and services to 6.9%, increasing the competitiveness of exports. The share of transport in GDP (without private cars) will be 7.9% (in 2005 - 11%). Taking into account the implementation of the Strategy for Industrial and Innovative Development and the prospects for territorial development, it is planned to reduce the freight intensity of the economy to 5 t-km / USD. US GDP;
Increase in transit through the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Today, developing countries, mostly Asian, produce approximately 60% of world GDP. Since there is now only one powerful Trans-Siberian railway passing through Russia to Europe, through which China and other countries of Southeast Asia can transport goods, the PRC is interested in building a shorter, more efficient and less bureaucratic railway line. The new transport route will make it possible to transport goods not only from China, but also from all of Southeast Asia through China and Kazakhstan to the West. The implementation of the Chinese project will take many years both to create the necessary infrastructure and to resolve a set of legal issues.
The main results of the analysis of rail transportation in the Republic of Kazakhstan showed the insignificant competitiveness of this type of transport in the corridor under consideration.
In the next 10-15 years, according to the conclusion of TASC (Israel), the improvement of the railway network is not expected, which excludes its competition with motor transport.
Only the creation of a terminal and logistics service on the railway will allow the railway of Kazakhstan to increase its competitiveness.
The transit corridor studied in the work is currently uncompetitive compared to the Trans-Siberian Railway, it cannot attract a significant share of the cargo traffic in the direction of Southeast Asia - Western Europe. The Trans-Asian Railway is currently unable to provide a sufficient level of service on most routes (low speed, numerous border crossings).
An alternative to the railway today is the E40 highway, which was considered in the project. Already in the next 7-10 years, this highway will be able to attract significant traffic. However, both the main trunk roads and the regional ones in this region are of poor quality. To create a corridor, it is important to develop the routes Tashkent - Astrakhan - Moscow and Almaty - Astana - Yekaterinburg.
The length of these roads is more than 1500 km. Their low-quality coating is due to severe weather conditions. When implementing investment projects planned by the Ministry of Transport and Communications of the Republic of Kazakhstan:
Trans-European trunk road E40;
Dostyk - Almaty - Astana - Moscow;
Urumqi - Kyrgyzstan - Iran;
The corridor will be able to provide a higher level of service, primarily at short and / or medium distances, which will ensure the development of trade in the adjacent territories within Kazakhstan, as well as create a network of transport and logistics centers serving the transit of cargo flows both in the direction of Iran and Russia.
The implementation of these projects will make it possible, through the improvement and creation of bypass roads of large settlements, to increase the importance of this corridor in ensuring cargo flows in the main directions, one of which is already today the north and northwest in the direction of Russia.
In the "Program of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2007-2009" in the development of transit potential, special attention is paid to the implementation of projects for the construction of a road corridor in the direction of Western Europe - Russia - Kazakhstan - Western China, road and rail corridors in the latitudinal direction, connecting the Kazakh seaports of the Caspian seas with the eastern gates of the country.
It is assumed that the implementation of the project to create a new transport corridor "Western Europe - Western China" will allow redirecting part of the goods transported from China from sea transport (45 days) to road transport (11 days). According to the Ministry of Transport of the Republic, the total length of the Western Europe-China highway will be 8,998 km, more than 3,200 km of which will pass through the territory of Kazakhstan on the basis of the existing Samara-Shymkent-Taraz-Kordai-Alma-Ata-Khorgos highway.
Today, using its main advantage - its geopolitical location, the Republic of Kazakhstan can focus on expanding the capacity of the transport and logistics system in the direction of the international transit corridor "Western China - Western Europe" and providing quality value-added services.
An integral part of the transport and logistics system are logistics centers that provide a full range of services for the processing, storage, transportation of cargo, and manage the growing flow of goods in the modern global economy.
The lack of a transport and logistics infrastructure in the Republic of Kazakhstan, a well-functioning system of transport and forwarding services, based on the internationally accepted terminal technology of cargo movement, complicates the process of exchange of goods, reduces the efficiency of using the rolling stock of transport, in general, negatively affects the development of the entire economic complex, preventing fully exploit its potential.
In the next 3-5 years, there is expected to be a high demand for logistics services in servicing commodity and transport flows that ensure the interaction of participants in international trade in the Asia-Pacific region, Central Asia and Europe.
In the context of increasing foreign trade turnover Republic of Kazakhstan, the growth of export-import transportation of goods, the creation of specialized terminal (including multimodal) complexes with customs processing of goods is of paramount importance.
The construction of a modern transport and logistics infrastructure will ensure the integration of Kazakhstan into the international global transport and logistics system "Western China - Western Europe". This can be achieved by using a multimodal container service that provides the formation and transportation of transit flows.
Based on the initial data on the study region and the described system of criteria, the Consortium of consultants compared and determined the priorities for the development of potential locations of transport and logistics centers within the stages of reconstruction of this international transport corridor.
The proposed scheme of the transport and logistics system in the direction of the international transit corridor "Western China - Western Europe" includes:
Four international logistics centers (on the territory of the Almaty region, in Aktobe, in the Taskala district of the West Kazakhstan region and in the city of Shymkent of the South Kazakhstan region);
Twelve regional transport and logistics centers in the cities and towns of Uralsk, Aktyubinsk, Karabutak, Aralsk, Baikonur, Kyzylorda, Turkestan, Shymkent, Taraz, Shu, Almaty, Khorgos.
Conclusion and Conclusions
The world transport system is formed by all means of communication, transport enterprises and vehicles. More than 100 million people are employed in world transport. Every year, more than 100 billion tons of cargo and more than 1 trillion tons are transported by all modes of transport. passengers. World freight and transport transport is geographically distributed very unevenly. The transport of economically developed countries is characterized by a high level and interaction of various sub-sectors. In developing countries, transport is a lagging sector of the economy.
In the structure of world transport, land, water and air are distinguished.
Land transport includes road, rail and pipeline. The length of motor roads is 24 million km. The highest level of development of road transport is noted in the USA. The longest highways in the USA, India, Russia, Japan and China. According to the density of roads, they distinguish Western Europe and Japan.
The world railway network was formed at the beginning of the 20th century. The total length of railways is about 1 million km. Moreover, the length of railways falls on the USA, Russia, Canada, Australia, France, Germany and Brazil.
Pipeline transport has been developed due to the rapid growth of oil and natural gas production. Received the greatest development in the USA and Russia.
Water transport includes sea, inland water transport and lake navigation. Maritime transport serves 4/5 of the turnover of world trade. Maritime transportation is served by the marine merchant fleet, the total tonnage of which is 420 million tons. The total number of seaports is about 2.5 thousand, of which about 40 are world-class ports. Ports can be universal or specialized. The channels of Panama and Suez have a great influence on the geography of maritime transport. Since the era of the great geographical discoveries, the primacy in world shipping belongs to the Atlantic Ocean, the second place belongs to the Pacific Ocean, the third - to the Indian.
The geography of inland water transport is determined by natural conditions (the presence of rivers and lakes), as well as the presence of shipping channels. By the number of cargo turnover of inland waterways, the United States, Russia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands and China are distinguished. Approximately 1/10 of the total length of inland waterways used are artificial routes (locked rivers and canals).
Lake navigation is developed mainly in the USA and Canada.
The major air powers include the USA, Japan, Great Britain, France, Germany, Canada and Russia.
Conclusions:
The mechanism of the world transport system is formed by all means of communication, transport enterprises and vehicles. The main parameters of the global transport network: the number of employees, the total length of the world's transport network, without sea routes.
The main types of transport are land (railway and road), water (sea and river), air, pipeline and electronic (power lines).
The geopolitical role of the Republic of Kazakhstan, that is, the role of a transit bridge between Europe and Asia, as well as between Russia and China, is determined by its location in the center of the Eurasian continent. It is located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, thanks to which it has a significant transit potential, providing Asian countries with geographically uncontested land transport links with Russia and Europe.
List of used literature
Alaev E. B. Socio-economic geography of the world. Conceptual and terminological dictionary. - M., 2003. - 314 p.
Alisov N. V., Khorev B. S. Economic and social geography of the world. - M., 2002. - 256 p.
Balandin R.K., Bondarev L.G. Nature and civilization. - M., 2003. - 356 p.
Bromley Yu. V., Podolny R. G. Mankind is peoples. - M., 2000. - 413 p.
Gdalin D. A., Gladky I. Yu. Global geography. Toolkit. - M., 2002. - 219 p.
Gerchikova IN International economic organizations. - M., 2000. - 581s.
Gladkiy Yu. N., Chistobaev A.I. Regional studies. - M., 2000. - 219 p.
Gladky Yu. N., Lavrov S. B. Global geography. - M., 2002. - 314 p.
Gladkiy Yu. N., Sokolov O. V., Faibusovich E. L. Economic and social geography. - Allowance for applicants to universities. - M., 2005. - 378 p.
Gladky Yu. N., Chernikhova E. Ya. Socio-economic geography of the world. X class. In: Programs of educational institutions. 6-11 grades. - M., 2005. - 415 p.
Gladky, S. B. Lavrov Economic and social geography of the world. - M., 2001. - 389 p.
Golubchik M. M. Political geography of the world. - Smolensk, 2005. - 309 p.
Tasks in geography. Ed. A. S. Naumova. - M., 2004. - 413 p.
Earth and Humanity: Global Problems // Series "Countries and Peoples". M., 2005. - 216 p.
Kolosov V. A. Political geography: problems and methods. - M., 2007. - 415 p.
Kotlyakov V. M. World of snow and ice. - M., 2004. - 317 p.
Lipets Yu. G., Pulyarkin V. A., Shlikhter S. B. Geography of the world economy. - M., 2004. - 305 p.
Magidovich IP, Magidovich VI Essays on the history of geographical discoveries. - M., 2005. - 301 p.
Maksakovskiy V.P. Geographical map of the world. Regional characteristics of the world. 2003. - 278 p.
Maksakovskiy V. P. Economic and social geography of the world. - M.: Education, 2004. - 208 p.
Maksakovskiy V.P. Geographical picture of the world. - Yaroslavl, 2003. - 167 p.
Mironenko N. S. Introduction to the geography of the world economy. - M., 2005. - 179 p.
Moiseev N.N. To be or not to be... for humanity? - M., 2005. - 208 p.
Population of the World: A Demographic Guide (latest edition available in the library). - 305 p.
Reimers N. F. Nature management: Dictionary-reference book. - M., 2006. - 401 p.
Rodionova I. A. Industry of the World: Territorial Shifts in the Second Half of the 20th Century. - M., 2002. - 309 p.
Skinner B. Will Earth's Resources Enough for Mankind? - M., 2005. - 267 p.
Socio-economic geography of the world. Tutorial. Ed. S. B. Lavrova. - St. Petersburg, 2001. - 341 p.
World transport system
Transport, in modern conditions, is one of the main factors affecting the distribution of productive forces, and ensures the efficient use of production resources.
The share of transport in the GDP of most countries ranges from 4-9%, and in employment 3-8%. The development of world transport is characterized by the growth of freight and passenger traffic and communications. However, the growth of traffic outstrips the growth of communications.
The world transport system consists of the following types of transport: road, rail, sea, pipeline, inland waterway and air transport.
In terms of the structure of world cargo and passenger traffic, road transport is the leader, accounting for 8% of freight traffic and 80% of passenger traffic of the total world volume.
The largest length of roads in the USA, India, Japan, China, Russia, France. The densest road network in Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain; the highest level of motorization in the United States - 600 cars per 1000 inhabitants. It also has the highest turnover of road transport.
The rapid growth of freight traffic by road leads to a reduction in other modes of transport, especially rail and inland waterways. This is due to many reasons, including their less dense network, their inability to ensure door-to-door delivery of goods without reloading.
Rail transport accounts for 16% of freight and 11% of passenger traffic. The greatest length of railways in the USA, Canada, Russia, India, China. Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, and the Czech Republic have the most dense network of railways. Russia, USA, China, Canada, Poland are leaders in cargo turnover.
Pipeline transport accounts for 11% of cargo turnover. The leaders in the length of oil and gas pipelines are the United States and Russia. The world's largest main pipelines are laid in Russia - these are Druzhba, Soyuz, Progress, etc.
An important component of the global transport system is maritime transport, which performs intercontinental transportation. It accounts for 62% of cargo turnover. Sea transport provides 98% of foreign trade transportation of Japan and Great Britain, 90% of all foreign trade transportation of the USA and CIS countries.
The following countries are leading in terms of the tonnage of the marine fleet: Liberia, Panami, Japan, Norway, USA, Greece, Cyprus, Russia. The tonnage of the maritime fleet of developing countries is growing. This is due to the introduction of so-called cheap flags. The fact is that sea vessels are fixed by the registration flag. In this case, the leading positions are occupied by countries of open registration related to developing countries. The leading countries of registration are Liberia, Panama, Bahamas.
Shipowners who register their ships under flags of convenience gain a competitive advantage through lower taxes and wages. This practice creates problems for other shipowners in industrialized countries.
River transport, which accounts for 3% of cargo turnover, is most developed in the following countries: USA, China, Russia, Germany, Canada, the Netherlands, France. These countries are leaders in terms of cargo turnover of river transport.
Currently, river-sea vessels are widely used, allowing the delivery of goods from seaports through systems of rivers and canals.
Air transport accounts for 1% of cargo turnover and 8% of passenger turnover. It provides transportation of passengers and goods over long distances. The largest passenger turnover is noted in the following countries: USA, Russia, Japan, Great Britain, Canada, France, Germany.
The intensive development of mainline and local transport has led to the emergence of a multi-mode transport structure and increased interaction between individual modes of transport. To a large extent, this is achieved by the organization of container transportation, due to which the efficiency of the use of transport has significantly increased, labor productivity has risen.
Multimodal transportation has pushed transport companies to overcome their segmental disunity and contributed to the process of vertical integration of the entire transport industry. Along with other factors, they have led to the formation of multi-type and general transport companies that extend their services not only to transportation, but also to many related operations.
All types of transport and all links of the transport process in their interaction at the national, international, intercontinental and world levels constitute the transport system. At the same time, the transport systems of different groupings of countries have significant differences. This is mainly expressed in the different levels of their development and the characteristics of their socio-economic organization.
The predominant position in the markets of transport services is occupied by the transport of industrialized countries. The transport systems of developed countries are characterized by the following indicators:
The total length of the transport network is 78% of the world;
They account for 74% of world cargo turnover;
The density of the transport network is 50 - 60 km per 100 sq. km. km of territory;
It is characterized by a high technical level;
Close interaction of all modes of transport;
Complex configuration of the transport network;
High "mobility" of the population.
Characteristic features of the transport systems of developing countries are:
The total length of the transport network is 22% of the world;
26% of world cargo turnover;
The density of the transport network is 5-10 km per 100 sq. km. km;
Low technical level;
The predominance of one - two modes of transport;
Low "mobility" of the population;
The predominance of transport lines connecting the main center with areas of export specialization.
Transport system Russian Federation is part of the global transport system. Russia has a developed transport network, which includes 115,000 km of railways, 115,000 km of inland waterways, more than 600,000 km of paved roads, 70,000 km of main oil and product pipelines, over 140,000 km of main gas pipelines. The transport network of Russia includes over 600 thousand km of air lines and many sea routes of various lengths.
Under the influence of scientific and technical progress, significant changes are constantly taking place in the global transport system. In the future, it is expected:
Construction of a number of new, mainly high-speed, lines in railway transport;
Increase in the number of airports and the length of domestic airlines;
For the development of inland water transport in a number of countries, carrying out hydraulic engineering works and reconstruction of ports;
Increase in the length of paved roads.
In the field of interaction between different types of transport, existing ones will be improved and new means and systems for unloaded communications will be created.
International regulation of transport and communications
Regulation of transport and communications is carried out at two levels: intergovernmental and economic relations of companies. At the same time, cooperation takes place both on a bilateral and multilateral basis. The main means of international regulation are international treaties and agreements, which are supplemented by the formation of various bodies.
Multilateral intergovernmental relations are carried out within the framework of international and regional organizations. Thus, the general transport international organization is the Committee on Inland Transport of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. He studies issues related to the development of all types of transport and communications in Europe, develops draft international conventions and agreements.
In the field of maritime transport, the leading place is occupied by the intergovernmental International Maritime Organization (IMO), which is engaged in the introduction into practice of optimal standards and norms that ensure the safety of human life and property, the coordination of international legal issues related to the technical aspects of merchant shipping and navigation of fishing vessels.
In the field of civil aviation, the intergovernmental International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) deals with approximately the same issues. The main purpose of this organization is to develop the principles and methods of international air navigation and to promote the planning and development of international air transport.
Coordination of automobile and railway transport at the intergovernmental level, it is carried out within the framework of the regional economic commissions of the United Nations.
In the field of communications, regulation is carried out by such organizations as: the International Telecommunication Union, the International Organization of Satellite Communications "Intelsat", the Postal Union of the Nordic Countries, etc.
At the level of companies and owners, multilateral regulation is also carried out within the framework of international non-governmental organizations. An important place in their activities is occupied by price and/or tariff regulation. In fact, they often act as cartels created to maintain the level of prices in certain areas and directions.
Thus, in the field of aviation transport, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) is known, which develops and adopts recommendations on the organization of transportation, and the determination of tariffs and their levels is entrusted to regional conferences on transportation.
A similar system exists in maritime transport, where the International Association of Shipowners is known. In addition to it, the International Chamber of Shipping operates. Tariff regulation is also carried out in the form of conferences.
Shipping conferences are traditionally a way to regulate competition, they are regional in nature. They involve owners of ships from different countries carrying cargo and passengers on certain sea lines.
Road transport is regulated by the International Road Transport Union (IAU), a worldwide organization that addresses road transport issues in 68 countries on four continents. MAC protects the interests of the industry, regardless of whether it is the transportation of passengers or goods, represents the interests of all operators in the field of motor transport.
The problems of unification, improvement of technical means and operation of railways are solved by the International Union of Railways (UIC). This is an international non-governmental organization - an association of railway companies.
Economic relations in transport and communication systems are carried out in close interconnection between national and interstate forms of regulation.
National, regional and international communication services markets, global transport system, general transport international organization, international maritime organization, international civil aviation organization, international telecommunications union.
test questions
Which countries are leading in the world in the provision of communication services?
Uncover the prevailing trends in the telecommunications market.
What modes of transport make up the global transport system?
How is the international regulation of transport and communication services carried out?
The modern world transport system, a branch of the service sector that transports goods and passengers, was formed in the 20th century. The transport system includes infrastructure (roads and railways, canals, pipelines), terminals (railway and bus stations, airports, sea and river ports), vehicles. Transport provides economic interconnections between territories.
At the global level, the level of development of transport infrastructure corresponds to the level of concentration of production and population and the specialization of territories.
The development of transport in itself affects the surrounding area, giving it special impulses for accelerated development. Territories provided with transport infrastructure become more attractive for many types of human activity. Thus, the largest transport hubs of international importance (sea and river ports, airports) attract industry focused on imported raw materials and export of finished products, concentrate manufacturing enterprises, bank capital, and commodity exchanges.
Zones located near highways in areas of new development receive additional development incentives.
Progress in the means and means of communication (an increase in the tonnage of ocean-going vessels, their speed, container transportation, mechanization of loading and unloading) contributed to the growth of world trade and the involvement of new types of resources in the economic circulation.
The highest level of development is in the regional transport systems of North America (about 30% of the total length of the world's communications, first place in freight turnover) and Western Europe (first place in the density of the transport network). In these regions, there is a reduction in the railway network and an increase in traffic carried out by road.
In developed countries, road transport is leading (40% of transportation), while rail transport accounts for 25%. In countries with economies in transition, freight traffic is dominated by rail (60%), while road transport accounts for 9%.
The role of Europe in the export of international transport services (about 50%) and Asia (25%) is great, America accounts for 13%, all other regions - 11%.
Freight transport. In freight traffic at the beginning of the XXI century. maritime transport is in the lead, it accounts for 2/3 of the transported goods. Sea transport, as the cheapest, connects the main areas of production of goods, separated by oceans - Europe - America - Japan and China. The share of rail - inland - transport in the world freight turnover over the past 50 years has decreased by almost 2 times (to 15%), the share of pipeline transport is growing. Inland transportation is dominated by road transport.
All modes of transport are characterized by a decrease in transport costs per unit of goods (they include carrier costs, cargo insurance and transit fees). The development of transport contributed to the growth of world trade and influenced its geographical and commodity structure. Thus, the emergence of supertankers capable of transporting up to 500,000 tons of oil has reduced the importance of the globally important canals - the Suez and Panama: tankers "do not fit" in the narrow channel of the canals and the main oil transportation goes through southern Africa - the Cape of Good Hope. Nevertheless, for Egypt and Panama, payment for the transport of goods through the canals is the most important part of budget revenues.
The development of the container transportation system, the mechanization of loading and unloading operations contributed to a reduction in the cost of transportation by sea. The efficiency of transport largely depends on the organization of the port infrastructure - reloading and warehousing of goods, repair of ships and their supply of fuel and water.
The share of transport costs in the cost of goods differs between regions and countries of the world and depends, first of all, on their geographical location. The cost of transport services for landlocked countries is almost ½ higher. In addition, it is obvious that transport costs per unit of goods are much higher for products of extractive industries, agricultural products that require special conditions of transportation than for expensive industrial goods.
The geographical position of the world's largest cargo ports reflects the distribution of economic power of countries and their participation in the international division of labor.
| Container shipping (China, Shanghai) |
The most important trend in the development of world freight transport is the formation container system, which ensures the transportation of about 40% of general cargo and the creation of transport corridors that combine several modes of transport for the transport of goods through the territory of several countries. Thus, in Europe it is planned to create nine such corridors; two will pass through Russia: Berlin - Warsaw - Minsk - Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod- Yekaterinburg; Helsinki - St. Petersburg - Moscow - Kyiv - Odessa.
A new trend in the development of world cargo transportation is the widespread use of air cargo transportation. This type of transport began to transport goods that are sensitive to delivery time - perishable products (for example, strawberries from South Africa to London, fresh fish for Japanese restaurants in Paris), cut flowers, electronics, machine parts and assemblies. Air transportation is actively used by TNCs for intercompany deliveries of goods between company divisions.
Geography of transport of the world. Structure and location of the transport complex of Russia. Rail, road, water, air and pipeline transport - the formation and direction of cargo flows.
General characteristics of the world transport system
Transport is a special sphere of material production. Unlike agriculture and industry, it does not create a new product in the production process, does not change its properties (physical, chemical) and quality. The products of transport are the movement of goods and people in space, changing their location. Therefore, the performance indicators of transport are, respectively, cargo turnover in ton-kilometers (t-km) and passenger turnover in passenger-kilometres (pass-km), which is the product of the volume of traffic (in t or pass.) and the distance (in km). The sum of tonne-kilometres and passenger-kilometres is called normalized tonne-kilometres, or transport products .
The main types of modern transport are rail, water (sea and river), road, air and pipeline. Together they form a single transport system of the world.
The level of development of the transport system by types of communication routes is assessed using the following indicators: length (length) and transport network density (the latter is defined as the ratio of the length of paths to a unit area of the territory or to a certain number of inhabitants); shares one or another mode of transport (in %) in general cargo turnover .
If we talk about the world transport system, then the most rapidly developing in recent years is road, pipeline and air transport. The importance of sea transport has increased and the position of rail transport has deteriorated.
The vast majority of all means of transport and means of communication are concentrated in countries with developed economies. They account for a significant share of the freight and passenger turnover of world transport. The countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America are much worse provided with transport, since the level of development of their economies is lower.
Among the regional transport systems, the system stands out
North America, leading in the world in terms of the total length of communications (about 30% of the global transport network) and in terms of cargo turnover of most modes of transport;
the transport system of Europe, surpassing the systems of all other regions in terms of network density and frequency of traffic;
a single system of the CIS countries (10% of the global transport network), which ranks first in terms of total freight turnover.
In other regions of the world - in the countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America, transport systems are in the process of formation, the role of horse-drawn transport is still great, some types of modern transport are poorly developed or do not exist at all (railways, pipeline transport, etc.).
In general, there is a qualitative change in the transport network in the world:
The length of electrified railways, paved highways, pipeline networks is growing large diameter;
There is a duplication of transport communications of world importance: the laying of oil pipelines, highways parallel to water channels, other means of communication (for example, oil pipelines have been created parallel to the Suez and Panama canals, the Trans-Pyrenean highway has been built along the Strait of Gibraltar, etc.);
A container transportation system is being formed (about 40% of general cargo is transported in containers), transcontinental container “bridges” are being formed, which are a combination of maritime transport with block trains and container road trains (Trans-Siberian: Japan - East Coast of the USA, Trans-American: Western Europe – Near and Middle East);
There is a creation of transport corridors (polyhighways) for the transportation of goods through the territory of several states (for example, nine are allocated in Europe, two transport corridors pass through Russia:
Berlin - Warsaw - Minsk - Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod,
Helsinki - St. Petersburg - Moscow - Kyiv - Odessa with continuation to Novorossiysk and Astrakhan).
Railway transport ranks second in terms of cargo turnover (after maritime) and passenger traffic (after automobile). In terms of the total length of the road network (about 1.2 million km), it is inferior not only to road transport, but also to air transport. The main function of railway transport is the transportation of bulk industrial and agricultural goods (coal, steel, grain, etc.) over long distances. A distinctive feature is the regularity of movement, regardless of the weather and season.
There are great differences in the level of development of railway transport (length, density of the network, degree of electrification of railways, etc.) by regions and countries of the world. In general, the world is reducing the length of the railway network, especially in countries with developed economies.
By network length railways, the leading positions in the world are occupied by the largest (in terms of territory) countries: the USA (176 thousand km), Russia (87.5 thousand km), Canada (85 thousand km), India, China, Germany, Australia, Argentina , France, Brazil. These countries account for more than half of the total length of the world's railways. The countries of North America and Western Europe are oversaturated with railways, and some countries in Africa and Asia do not have them at all.
By network density European countries are leading the railroads (their density in Belgium is 133 km per 1,000 sq. km). The density of the railway network on average in African countries is only 2.7 km per 1 thousand square meters. km.
By the level of electrification of iron roads are also ahead of all European countries (in Switzerland, about 100% of railways are electrified, in Sweden 65%, in Italy, Austria and Spain more than 50%, in Russia 43%).
AT certain regions and countries of the world, railways have different gauges. In the CIS countries, the gauge is wider than in the countries of Eastern and Western Europe, North America, and Asia. Does not correspond to the Western European gauge of some other states (for example, Finland, the states of the Iberian Peninsula). In general, the Western European track accounts for up to 3/4 of the length of the world's roads.
By cargo turnover The leading positions in the world are occupied by the USA, China and Russia,
on passenger traffic Japan (395 billion pass-km), China (354 billion pass-km), India (320 billion pass-km), Russia (192 billion pass-km), Germany (60 billion pass-km).
In a number of developed countries (USA, Japan, Germany, France, etc.) ultra-high-speed (more than 200 km / h) railways have been created.
The railways of the CIS countries, foreign Europe, North America within their regions are connected into a single transport system, i.e. form regional railway systems.
Automobile transport plays a leading role in the transportation of passengers (provides 80% of the world's passenger traffic), as well as cargo over short and medium distances. Among other modes of transport, it is also the leader in terms of the length of the road network (24 million km, or 70% of the global transport network).
Most of the car park and network, highways are concentrated in countries with developed economies. With the total number of cars in the world exceeding 650 million, about 80% of them are concentrated in North America (about 250 million cars, of which 200 million in the USA), Western Europe (more than 200 million cars) and Japan (over 50 million) .
The United States (1/4 of the entire length), China, Japan, India, Russia, and European countries have the most developed road network. The latter in terms of density of roads surpass the countries of all regions of the world. In terms of freight turnover of road transport, the United States occupies the first place.
In some countries and regions of the world (CIS, overseas Europe, North America) highways form a single transport system (state, interstate).
Pipeline transport, relatively young, but rapidly developing, is used to transport liquid, gaseous and solid types of products. The largest volumes are transported through pipelines natural gas, oil and oil products. Gas and oil pipelines (their total length in the world is 1.8 million km) are most widely used in the oil and gas producing countries of North America (USA, Canada), Russia, the Near and Middle East, as well as in Western and Eastern Europe , poor in oil and gas resources, but consuming in in large numbers these fuels. In terms of the volume of work of pipeline transport, Russia surpasses all (more than half of the world freight turnover of this type of transport is concentrated here).
Sea transport is of paramount importance for the implementation of foreign economic (interstate, intercontinental) relations. It provides more than 3/4 of all international traffic. In their composition, the share of bulk cargoes (oil, oil products, ores, coal, grain, etc.) is especially large.
Along with intercontinental, interstate transportation, maritime transport carries out large-scale transportation of goods by large and small cabotage within its own country. Big cabotage - this is the navigation of ships between ports of different sea basins (for example, Vladivostok - Novorossiysk, Novorossiysk - Arkhangelsk). Small cabotage - transportation between ports of the same sea (Novorossiysk - Tuapse).
In terms of freight turnover (29 trillion t-km) and labor productivity, maritime transport significantly outperforms other modes of transport. The cost of transporting goods by sea is the lowest in transport. The most effective use of maritime transport is when transporting goods over long distances. Maritime transport in domestic communications (small cabotage) is less efficient.
For the implementation of transportation, maritime transport has a complex diversified economy; fleet, seaports, shipyards, etc.
Sea transportation serves several tens of thousands of ships with a total tonnage of 500 million gross register tons (GRT) .
The largest fleets have Panama (72 million BRT), Liberia (60), Greece (30), Cyprus (25), the Bahamas (a state in the West Indies) and Japan (20 each), China (17), Russia (15), Norway (15), USA (13 million BRT). However, the world leadership of Panama, Liberia, Cyprus and the Bahamas is very conditional, since a significant proportion of their fleets are owned by the United States and Western European countries (including France, Great Britain, Germany), which use the flag of convenience policy to evade high taxes.
Approximately 40% of the world's fleet are tankers carrying out international transportation of oil and oil products. The main directions of maritime oil transportation are from the Caribbean Sea to the USA and Western Europe, from the countries of the Middle East to Western Europe, the USA and Japan.
Among the ocean basins first place in terms of sea freight takes Atlantic Ocean , along the coast of which the largest seaports of the world are located: Rotterdam (Netherlands), Antwerp (Belgium), Hamburg (Germany), London (Great Britain), Marseille (France), Genoa (Italy), New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia (USA) ). Many large ports and on the coast Pacific Ocean (Kobe, Chiba, Yokohama, Nagoya (Japan), Shanghai (PRC), Busan (Republic of Korea), Sydney (Australia), Vancouver (Canada), etc. indian ocean (Karachi (Pakistan), Bombay and Calcutta (India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), etc.
Along with universal ports, there are specialized ones:
for the export of oil(for example, in Persian Gulf Ras Tanura (Saudi Arabia), Mina El Ahmadi (Kuwait), Amuay and La Salina (Venezuela),
ores(Tubaran in Brazil), coal (Richards Bay in South Africa),
grain, timber and other cargo.
Sea channels have a great influence on the geography of maritime transport. The Suez and Panama Canals are of international importance.
River transport. The positive features of this type of transport are the high carrying capacity (on deep-water rivers), the relatively low cost of transportation and the cost of organizing navigation. The development and geography of river transport is largely determined by natural conditions. In this regard, many countries of North and Latin America, Europe and Asia have great opportunities for organizing river navigation.
In Europe a network of transport routes form rivers Seine, Rhine with tributaries, Elbe, Odra, Vistula, Danube, Dnieper, Volga, Don, etc.
In Asia - Ganges, Indus, Irrawad, Yangtze, Ob with Irtysh, Yenisei with Angara, Lena, Amur, etc.
AT North America- Mississippi with tributaries, St. Lawrence, Mackenzie, etc.
AT Latin America- Amazon and Parana.
In Africa - Congo, Niger, Nile.
In Australia - Murray with a tributary of the Darling.
The total length of the world's navigable rivers and canals is 550,000 km, of which almost half is in Russia and China (over 100,000 km each), the United States (over 40,000 km) and Brazil (30,000 km).
In terms of total cargo turnover of inland waterways, the United States ranks first, China second, Russia third, followed by Germany, Canada and the Netherlands.
Air Transport, high-speed, but expensive, is of the greatest importance in international passenger traffic for making connections with remote and hard-to-reach areas of the world. The air transport infrastructure is represented by a network of international and local airports. Airports provide flight control, reception of passengers, organization of their service, etc. More than 1,000 airports participate in international air communications. The largest airports in the world (from 30 to 70 million passengers per year) are located in the USA (Chicago, Atlanta, Dallas, Los Angeles), Great Britain (London), Japan (Tokyo), France (Paris), Germany (Frankfurt-on- Maine). These same countries, together with Australia, China, Russia, Canada and the Netherlands, form the top ten air powers (in terms of passenger traffic) in the world.
Air transport mainly carries out passenger transportation. Cargo air transportation, despite the rapid growth, in general, the volume of cargo turnover of all modes of transport occupy an insignificant share (fractions of a percent).
- Scenarios of the holiday Defender of the Fatherland Day for adults Comic story for February 23
- My collection of tomato seeds
- Age-related changes in a woman's body: what is important to know
- Interesting competitions for the new year for children It was in January
- New Year for the little ones
- Taurus and Capricorn Relationship Compatibility
- Why can't you kill snakes?
- What is the evil eye and how to remove it
- Presentation of Hisense TVs: when "China" sounds proud Modern robotics in production
- Why didn't the money come through
- Proper iPhone Charging - How to Extend Battery Life
- What animal is the symbol of the year
- Reasons why the computer may not “see” the Windows 10 tablet does not see the Samsung tablet
- Connecting phone to TV via wifi direct
- Wi-Fi Direct: Everything you need to know about the new technology
- Potato Salad Potato Salad
- Jam roll easy recipe
- Bitter Campari (Campari) - a bitter liquor originally from Italy Campari how many degrees
- Roquefort cheese: useful properties, calorie content and composition
- Strawberry liqueur at home - recipe "Xu-Xu Xu Strawberry Liqueur"