Restoration of the Morozov tomb. The tomb of the frost benefactors has regained its original appearance. The tomb of the frost benefactors

At the Old Believer Rogozhskoe cemetery, restoration of the Morozov tomb began.
First, a little historical background:
The Rogozhskoe cemetery in Moscow was organized in 1771 with the highest permission of Empress Catherine II, who allowed the Old Believers to have a separate place for burying victims of the raging pestilence (plague).
Already in 1823, an Old Believer settlement with churches, chapels, residential buildings, almshouses was organized around the cemetery - the number of inhabitants was 990 people.
By the middle of the 19th century. Rogozhskoye Cemetery is the spiritual and administrative center of the Russian Orthodox Church. Old Believer Church.
The necropolis of the Rogozhsky cemetery was formed in the second half of the 19th century. On the main alley of the cemetery, separately behind a low wrought-iron fence, are located the “Bishop’s Graves” - the burial place of the highest clergy of the Old Believer Church. On the opposite side are the family graves of the Morozovs and Solovyovs. On the grave marble monuments and tombstones are the names of prominent figures in industry, financial capital and philanthropists, merchants and philanthropists of the “Golden Age”, the most prominent Old Believers: the Shelaputins, Rakhmanovs, Pugovkins, Butikovs, Kuznetsovs, Ryabushinskys, Soldatenkovs and many representatives of merchant families.
Today, in the vast areas of the necropolis, no more than 35-40 family burials have been preserved.
After the revolutions of 1917, the cemetery lost its purely Old Believer flavor. In the 1930s and 1940s, victims of political repression were secretly buried in the cemetery, including military leaders Ya. V. Smushkevich, P. V. Rychagov, G. M. Stern, and A. D. Loktionov, who were executed in October 1941. On the territory there are two groups of mass graves of soldiers who died during the Great Patriotic War and those who died in Moscow hospitals. (It should be noted that in the forties of the last century, many monuments made of Italian marble and granite were expropriated for the construction and decoration of the Moscow Metro, which was then under construction).
The cemetery is currently closed and only family burials are taking place.

The crypt of the largest family of Old Believers entrepreneurs, the Morozovs. The descendants of Savva Vasilyevich Morozov (1770-1860) are buried here, in particular, his son Timofey, “hereditary honorary citizen” Sergei Ivanovich Morozov. Under the massive canopy of the tomb rest both the founders of a large family and their descendants - our contemporaries. One of the last graves dates back to 2003. Relatives look after the graves.
(photo by I. Nagaitsev, 1986)

The cross on the grave of Savva Timofeevich by N.A. Andreev (author of the “sitting” monument to N.V. Gogol). There is an inscription on the monument: “The body of Savva Timofeevich Morozov is buried here. 1861-1905".
(photo from 1970 from the book "Moscow Patrons of the Arts")

Tombstone chapel, Savva Vasilyevich Morozov 1770 - 1860. Designed by architect F. O. Shekhtel

Metal canopy over tombstones.
(photo by I. Nagaitsev, 1986)

Before restoration. 2014

July 19, 7523 from the creation of Adam (2015-)), thanks to the vigilance of Mikhail Dzyubenko, it was noticed that the family crypt was in ruins... after the hype on Facebook, Father Alexey Lopatin held a meeting and took photos of the works .
Here is his comment:
“Briefly on the situation with the restoration of the Morozov crypt.
Today we met with a representative of the Moscow City Heritage and a representative of the organization directly working at the site.
It is the restoration that is being carried out, carried out according to the documentation developed by the Moscow City Heritage. It seemed to me that the people were quite competent and understood what and how to do. Those fragments from the foundation that we see in Mikhail’s photographs were not broken by workers, but dismantled into those pieces thatformed over time. They are all numbered and will be returned to their place, adding previously lost fragments from the same material. The marble will be cleaned, the chapel will be completed according to Shekhtel's design.
The work was agreed upon with the Metropolitan.
Well, and most importantly, the Moscow City Heritage Department will soon hold a lecture/hearing on all the work in the crypt of Morozov and Solovyov. Everyone will be invited. It will be in the clergy's house, as soon as the date and time are determined, I will inform you.
In general, Mikhail, huge gratitude for your vigilance, so far everything is within the framework of restoration.
Yes, restorers also discovered a box with the supposed ashes of Zinovia Zimina, which will be buried and a plaque will appear."

Don’t be angry that there are a lot of photos, we need to capture the entire progress of the work.

Biography and episodes of life Savva Morozov. When born and died Savva Morozov, memorable places and dates important events his life. Quotes from an industrialist and philanthropist, Photo and video.

Years of life of Savva Morozov:

born February 15, 1862, died May 26, 1905

Epitaph

“The star fell sparklingly:
One jump, one stitch.
It's as if someone struck a match,
Just struck - didn’t light...”
From a poem by Arkady Koshelev in memory of Savva Morozov

Biography

Some historians argue that if Tsarist Russia If there had been a dozen industrialists like Savva Morozov, the revolution probably would not have happened, since all the troubles of the working class could have been resolved peacefully. During its short, but historically meaningful life Savva Timofeevich Morozov became famous as a talented entrepreneur, philanthropist and philanthropist. He was famous throughout Russia and abroad, made friends with luminaries of art and representatives of the revolutionary elite, was happily married and successful in business in every possible way, but none of this could protect him from the tragic outcome of fate.

The Morozov family owned cotton fields, textile factories, mining operations, real estate, etc. Things were going well in the family even before the birth of Savva Timofeevich, but it was he who managed to achieve incredible results in the quality of their products. Contrary to the harsh policies of his father, the younger Morozov followed the path of social reforms. He tried to do everything possible to ensure that workers were interested in the results of their work. Morozov's factory owners participated in the distribution of profits and received additional benefits, used the best barracks, hospitals, schools, etc. In general, working conditions in Savva Morozov's factories differed most radically, and the workers, in turn, thanked Morozov for good work and high productivity.

Morozov is also famous for his charitable activities. So, for some time he literally ensured the financial independence of the Moscow Art Theater, allocated funds for the publication of books, and donated to improve living conditions in workers' settlements. Moreover, according to the charter of the Nikolskaya Manufactory Partnership - a company owned by the Morozovs - more than 10% of the total profit was allocated for charitable needs. However, at the height of the revolutionary events, a strike at Savva Timofeevich’s factory still took place. The philanthropist decided to satisfy all the conditions of the workers, and also to transfer into their hands complete management of production matters. True, this event did not take place - the mother of Savva Morozov, who took over the reins of government, interfered. Morozov himself, worried about the latest events, fell ill, and was soon sent for treatment to Cannes with a diagnosis of a severe nervous disorder.

On May 26, 1905, in the afternoon, Savva Morozov was found dead in a Cannes hotel room. The cause of Morozov's death was a gunshot wound to the chest. The incident was clearly staged as a suicide, but researchers to this day argue that the evidence contradicts this. However, the version of suicide was officially accepted by Morozov’s relatives, as well as the French and Russian police. Morozov's funeral took place a few days later at the Rogozhskoye cemetery. Great philanthropist found his last refuge in the family crypt next to his father and grandfather.

Life line

February 15, 1862 Date of birth of Savva Timofeevich Morozov.
1881 Graduation from high school.
1886 Appointment to the position of director of the Nikolskaya Manufactory Partnership.
1887 Graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University.
1989 Joining the Partnership for the establishment of a Public Theater in Moscow.
1890 Creation of a new chemical plant in Vsevolodo-Vilva.
1905 Establishment of the Anonymous Society of United Chemical Plants "S. T. Morozov, Krel and Ottman.” Re-election of Morozov to the position of deputy director of the Nikolskaya manufactory.
May 26, 1905 Date of death of Savva Morozov.
May 29, 1905 Date of Morozov's funeral.

Memorable places

1. The village of Zuevo, Moscow province, where Savva Timofeevich Morozov was born.
2. Bolshoi Trekhsvyatitelsky Lane in Moscow, where Morozov’s house was located.
3. Morozov’s house on Spiridonovka, which the industrialist built for his wife Zinaida.
4. Moscow gymnasium, where Savva Morozov studied.
5. Moscow Imperial University (now MSU), where Morozov received his specialized education as a chemist.
6. Cambridge University in the UK, where Savva Timofeevich continued to study chemistry.
7. The village of Vsevolodo-Vilva in the Perm region, where Morozov’s estate was located.
8. The city of Cannes, where Savva Morozov was treated and subsequently died.
9. Rogozhskoe Old Believer Cemetery in Moscow, where Morozov was buried.
10. The village of Pionersky in the Moscow region, where a monument to Morozov was erected.

Episodes of life

Savva Morozov's grandfather, Vasily Morozov, was a serf. However, he managed to found his own business and independently redeem himself and his family from captivity. This event cost Vasily Morozov 17 thousand rubles, which by the standards of that time was a colossal amount. For comparison, we note that an ordinary factory worker could then earn no more than 5 rubles a year.

Savva Timofeevich Morozov was definitely one of the richest and influential people of its time. So, in 1893 the entrepreneur bought an old house on Spiridonovka and built a luxurious mansion in its place. Here Morozov received invited guests and organized balls of unprecedented elegance. In Morozov's house one could meet Chaliapin, Chekhov, Stanislavsky and other prominent people of Russia and abroad. Currently, this house is known as the Zinaida Morozova mansion and is used for receptions by the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Morozov's house is closed to visitors, but at certain times, for example, on Museum Days, visits are possible.

Covenant

“It’s easy to get rich in Russia, but it’s hard to live.”

“It’s obvious to me: only work expands and enriches the world and my consciousness.”

The story about the death of Savva Morozov from the series of programs “Dark Matters”

Condolences

“I don’t believe in talk about suicide; Savva Timofeevich was too significant and respected a person. It's a huge loss for everyone."
Alexander Kozlov, Governor General of Moscow

“After the death of Savva Morozov, a legend arose among the workers of his factory: Savva did not die, someone else was buried in his place, and he renounced his wealth and secretly walks around the factories, teaching the workers wisdom...”
Maxim Gorky, writer

“I am glad that the Russian theater has found its Morozov, just as art waited for its Tretyakov...”
Konstantin Stanislavsky, theater director

The Rogozhskoe cemetery arose as a result of the plague epidemic that broke out in Moscow in 1770-1772. and claimed many lives of citizens. The fight against the plague led to the closure of cemeteries within the city. The closed graveyards included Old Believer cemeteries behind the Tverskaya Gate and at the Donskoy Monastery. To replace these cemeteries, a new one was established. It was located three miles from the Rogozhskaya outpost, which is why it also became known as Rogozhsky. The location was not chosen by chance: here was the Old Believer village of Novoandronovka. Over time, the Rogozhskoe cemetery became the spiritual center of the Old Believers of the Belokrinitsky consent. I showed three Old Believer churches - , and - in previous posts; today’s story will be dedicated to the necropolis.

Before the revolution, only Old Believers were buried in the cemetery: clergy, trustees, honorary citizens, persons closely involved in the fate of the cemetery and ordinary Old Believers. The most common form of tombstone was a sarcophagus made of white stone, black marble or granite. On the tombstone there were inscriptions about the name and date of death of the person, the age, day of the angel and social status, some contained information about the years spent in marriage.

On April 29, 2017, Metropolitan Cornelius of Moscow and All Rus' consecrated the recreated memorial obelisk dedicated to the first burials of Old Believers during the plague epidemic in Moscow. The original obelisk was located on a mound that consisted of two mass graves of those who died of the plague. It stood until the 1920s. and was demolished by the Bolsheviks.

To recreate the obelisk, specialists carefully studied the cemetery archives and found ancient drawings.

The new obelisk, like the old one, is made of black granite and white marble. The monument bears Adam's head and four inscriptions. On the eastern side it is written about the foundation of the cemetery, on the western side lines from the Book of Wisdom of Solomon are written in Slavic. Translated into Russian, they sound as follows: “But the souls of the righteous are in the hand of God, and torment will not touch them. In the eyes of the foolish, they seemed dead, and their outcome was considered destruction, and their departure from us - destruction; but they remain in peace. For , although they are punished in the eyes of people, their hope is full of immortality. And punished a little, they will be greatly benefited, because God tested them and found them worthy of Him. He tested them like gold in a crucible and accepted them as an all-perfect sacrifice.” On south side a poem about the tragedy of the plague epidemic was placed, in the north - also in poetic form description of the symptoms and course of this disease.

After the revolution, the cemetery ceased to be only an Old Believer cemetery. In the 1930-40s. Victims of political repression were secretly buried here. Also on the territory of the cemetery there are two groups of mass graves of soldiers who died during the Great Patriotic War and died in Moscow hospitals.

In the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, representatives of famous Old Believer merchant families were buried at the Rogozhskoye cemetery: the Kuznetsovs, Melnikovs, Morozovs, Rakhmanovs, Ryabushinskys, Soldatenkovs, Solovyovs, Shelaputins and others. Many of the tombstones are no longer to be found. In the 1930s The Rogozhskoe cemetery became one of the largest “suppliers” of granite for socialist construction sites, including the Moscow metro. Naturally, granite was obtained as a result of the demolition of stone sarcophagi. Thus, the burial place of Pavel Mikhailovich and Alexandra Stepanovna Ryabushinsky has not been preserved. Pavel Mikhailovich Ryabushinsky was a Russian entrepreneur and philanthropist, the son of the founder of the Ryabushinsky dynasty, Mikhail Yakovlevich. In 1884, Pavel Mikhailovich became a hereditary honorary citizen.

The burials of the entrepreneur and philanthropist Kozma Terentyevich Soldatenkov, the “porcelain king” Matvey Sidorovich Kuznetsov and many other Old Believers were lost. On April 29, 2017, Metropolitan Korniliy of Moscow and All Rus' consecrated a worship cross in memory of the Old Believers buried at the Rogozhskoe cemetery, whose tombstones have not been preserved.

A special section of the Rogozhsky cemetery is the bishop's graves, a place revered by the Old Believers. The burial of the Old Believer clergy consists of rows of white wooden eight-pointed crosses, numbering about 40, and several black sarcophagi. Archbishops Anthony (died in 1881), Savvaty (1825-1898), Arkady (1809-1899), Konon (1797-1884) rest under four sarcophagi. The last two were arrested in the 1850s. and were imprisoned in the Suzdal Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery, where they spent the rest of their days in prison. Under the fifth sarcophagus rest those who led the Church in Soviet time bishops Anastasius (1896-1986), Gerontius (1872-1951), archbishops Irinarch (1881-1952), Joseph (1886-1970). A white sarcophagus was installed on the grave of Metropolitan Alimpiy (1929-2003).

Opposite the bishop's graves, on the other side of the central alley, is the family burial place of porcelain manufacturer and benefactor Matvey Sidorovich Kuznetsov. The family's tomb has not survived. To the south is the family burial place of Makar Vasilyevich Solovyov, a Moscow merchant of the 1st guild.

Nearby, under an iron canopy, are the graves of the famous Old Believer Morozov family.

The design of the iron canopy was carried out by the famous architect F. O. Shekhtel.

This type of structure was previously sometimes called chapels or chapels. Under this monument lies a stone on which is written: “Graves of the family of manufactory-adviser Vikul Eliseevich Morozov.” Before his death, Vikul Eliseevich (1829-1894) bequeathed 400 thousand rubles to his sons for the construction of a children's hospital.
The sons built a hospital in Zamoskvorechye in 1903. IN Soviet years many hospitals founded by merchants and manufacturers were renamed. But the children's hospital founded by Vikul Eliseevich and his sons was invariably called Morozovskaya. Alas, the chapel on the Vikulovich family plot seems to be living out its life: below, near the ground, the lining has collapsed, crumbled, and a brick base has been exposed, also crumbling...

The author of the construction of the Morozov family tomb (1898) at the Old Believer Preobrazhenskoe cemetery in Moscow was the remarkable architect Fyodor Osipovich Shekhtel, a central figure in Russian architecture of the Art Nouveau era of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Morozov's tomb, the design of which is in the archives of the Museum of Architecture. A.V. Shchusev, is an example of the neo-romantic movement of modernity.

During these years, the architect was just beginning his first steps in search of a new style. Among the old graves of the Preobrazhenskoye Cemetery, a tall chapel of dark gray granite with white marble cladding in the shape of a cross (the work of the Gustav List company) stands out. Its shapes are quite unusual, they seem to flow down, float, forming whimsical curls-volutes and acanthus inflorescences that decorate the pedestal. Freedom and fantasy, so characteristic of Shekhtel’s creative style, were manifested both in the line forming the volume of the tombstone and in the design of the decorative decoration.

Silence behind the Rogozhskaya outpost

Rogozhskoe cemetery

Moscow Old Believers began to bury their dead in separate graveyards, separate from the “Nikonians,” almost immediately following Nikon’s reforms. But in 1771, when during the plague epidemic it was forbidden to bury inside the Kamer-Kollezhsky Val, the Old Believers were allocated land for new cemeteries - behind the Rogozhskaya outpost and behind the Preobrazhensky Val.

The place behind the Rogozhskaya outpost was not chosen by chance: there was the Old Believer village of Novoandronovka, and it is even quite likely that there was already a small rural cemetery there.

Wealthy Moscow people, those who adhered to the old faith, constantly made donations to the Rogozh community or set up various social welfare institutions here at their own expense, as they are now called. As a result, a whole town grew up near the cemetery. In addition to churches, there were “chambers” for clergy and clergy, private houses, a hotel for pilgrims, a children’s school, shelters, and almshouses. In the 19th century, all those who were looked after - old and young - at the cemetery numbered up to a thousand people!

In most sources, both modern and former, the concept of “Rogozhskoe cemetery” refers not so much to the graveyard itself, but to the village with it, to Old Believer community. And often nothing or very little is said about the necropolis. Meanwhile, the Rogozhsky necropolis is one of the most unique in Moscow. It cannot be confused with any other cemetery.

Before the revolution, only schismatics were buried here. But even after the revolution, when burial ceased to have the character religious rite, and the cross on the grave was almost a challenge to the system, powerful cabbage crosses still appeared on Rogozhsky. There are still a lot of them, and they give the cemetery its characteristic austere appearance. Although it is not only Old Believers who are buried here now.

The Rogozhskoe cemetery reached its greatest glory in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, when the most famous Russian industrialists, manufacturers, merchants were buried here: the Shelaputins, Rakhmanovs, Soldatenkovs, Pugovkins, Kuznetsovs, Ryabushinskys, Morozovs, Kapyrins, Ryazanovs, Tryndins and others. But few of these burials can now be found in the cemetery. The fact is that in Soviet times, among other things, the “exploiting capitalists” often had tombstones expropriated from their graves. And in the first five-year plans, the Rogozhskoe cemetery was the largest deposit in Moscow and a supplier of granite for socialist construction projects, in particular for the metro.

What deposits of valuable stone were in the Rogozhskoe cemetery before can be judged from the few surviving merchant burials. That is, little compared to what it was before the revolution. But if Rogozhskoye is compared with other Moscow cemeteries, then there are still more merchant graves here than anywhere else.

At the end of the main path stands a colossal black cross on an equally impressive slab of pink granite, under which the Moscow merchant Fyodor Vasilyevich Tatarnikov is buried. They say that there used to be several such crosses in the cemetery. Now there is only one left. For memory.

On the way to this giant cross in the alley there are several more notable burials. And, first of all, a grandiose, half-trees tall, forged chapel - the crypt of the Morozov family. Five generations of a glorious merchant family are buried there, starting from the founder of the dynasty, Savva Vasilyevich (1770–1860) to its modern representatives. The last burial is dated 1995. Of course, the most famous among the Morozovs is Savva Timofeevich, the grandson of the founder of the dynasty, who became famous as a patron of the arts and a generous creditor of the Russian revolution. His unexpected death in Cannes still remains a mystery - did he commit suicide, or did someone decisively get rid of him? At the grave of Savva Timofeevich there is a monument by H.A. Andreev, the author of the “sedentary” Gogol, is a white marble cross with a relief crucifix and an original marble sarcophagus over the grave, made in the form of a decorative carved fence. On the monument short inscription: The body of Savva Timofeevich Morozov is buried here. 1861–1905.

Next to the Morozov crypt there is the same, perhaps a little more modest, forged chapel of the Solovyov merchant family. The Pugovkin merchants are buried nearby. This burial is perhaps the most typical for the merchant Rogozhsky cemetery - a row of black high sarcophagi behind a solid metal fence. Moreover, these sarcophagi are absolutely untouched by time. Everything is like new.

But most of the famous names, alas, have disappeared. The richest industrialists in Russia, the Ryabushinskys, are no longer to be found in the Rogozhskoe cemetery; there are no more graves of the Soldatenkovs, manufacturers and merchants of manufactured goods; not a trace remains of the burials of the Kuznetsovs, porcelain manufacturers. Quite recently, a decision was made to install a memorial stele at the place where the “porcelain king” Matvey Sidorovich Kuznetsov was buried.

It would be nice, following Kuznetsov’s example, to somehow mark the burial place of Kozma Terentyevich Soldatenkov (1818–1901). Owning one of the largest fortunes in Russia, he invested so much money in charity that it is difficult to even list all the hospitals, almshouses, charity homes, and schools that he financed or that were established entirely at his expense. Some of the Soldenko institutions, such as, for example, the hospital named after. S.P. Botkin, are still in effect. In 1922, V.I. Lenin was treated in this hospital. The leader of the world proletariat underwent surgery there and removed the bullet that he had been carrying with him since the assassination attempt in 1918. But even this circumstance did not prevent the Leninists from destroying the grave of the famous philanthropist and benefactor a few years later.

But, perhaps, K. T. Soldatenkov became famous even more for his publishing activities. Second for writers half of the 19th century century, he was the same friend and patron that Savva Mamontov later became for artists. K. T. Soldatenkov published works by D. V. Grigorovich, A. B. Koltsova, S. Ya. Nadson, H.A. Nekrasova, H.A. Polevoy, Ya. P. Polonsky, I. S. Turgenev, A.A. Fet, T. N. Granovsky, I. E. Zabelin, V. O. Klyuchevsky, many others. He was friends with I. S. Aksakov, L. N. Tolstoy, A. P. Chekhov. He simply helped some writers for free. He even buried the famous poet I.Z. Surikov at his own expense. Russian literature would be missing so many wonderful works if it were not for the careful participation of K. T. Soldatenkov!

I. S. Shmelev in his article “The Soul of Moscow” spoke about the famous philanthropist: “K. T. Soldatenkov, “a friend of writers” - among them, if I’m not mistaken, Herzen and Belinsky - laid the foundation for “heavy” publications, inaccessible to business at that time. Without his generous sacrifice, Russian educated society would not soon have received many major works of European scientific thought: Adam Smith, Ricardo, J. St. Mill, Darwin, Buckle, Spencer... not to mention the volumes World History. “Soldatenkov entered the history of Russian literacy.”

And this is how Shmelev spoke in general about the Russian merchants: “No, not only the “dark kingdom,” as a critic’s light word used to call the Russian merchant of the 19th century - the favorite hero of A. N. Ostrovsky’s comedy in Russia - especially in Moscow, - the truly eminent merchant class lived and did great things in life - the “bright kingdom” of Russia. We are not talking about industry and trade: the Russian merchants left a good memory of themselves in the spiritual construction of Russia. After all, work and sacrifice in the field of philanthropy - helping orphans and the disadvantaged, the sick and old, the stepchildren of homeless life - is a matter of high spiritual value, and its breadth and strength clearly showed at what height Russian spiritual enlightenment stood. Its roots are deep: remember Klyuchevsky’s touching review - “ Good people ancient Rus'" The great tree of life grew and became stronger.”

It would seem a strange thing: the majority of Russian pre-revolutionary entrepreneurs were Old Believers. Of course, even among Orthodox Christians one can call famous names- Tretyakovs, Alekseevs, Golofteevs, Smirnovs, but still there are fewer of them and, most importantly, their capital was not as large as that of the Old Believers merchants. By the way, the number of both can be judged at least by this sign: in the Rogozhskoye and Preobrazhenskoye cemeteries there are approximately the same number of merchant burials as in all other Moscow Orthodox cemeteries combined.

Most likely, the predominance of Old Believers merchants in Russian industry and trade can be explained by their rare corporate solidarity. Being a marginal group in society, they tried not to let people not of their faith into the niche they occupied. And at the same time, they treated their co-religionists very “in their own way.” They helped when necessary and helped out. And to give a co-religionist money in interest, to put it on the counter, as is now being done by our new entrepreneurs, was completely unthinkable for the Old Believers. In general, in the old days there was a very contemptuous attitude towards this method of making money. Here’s how one of the Ryabushinskys, Vladimir Pavlovich, wrote about it in his memoirs: “At the pinnacle of respect stood the industrialist, the manufacturer, then came the merchant, and at the bottom stood the man who gave money in interest, took into account bills, and made capital work. He was not very respected, no matter how cheap his money was and no matter how decent he himself was. Pawnbroker! This is how Russian business was in the old days. Now we have everything exactly the opposite. Now we have money-lenders (they are called in a new beautiful and incomprehensible way - oligarchs), now they are at the pinnacle of respect. The shuttles follow them. But we have no industrialists or factory owners at all. There is no need to produce anything else in Russia. And since now everything is exactly the opposite, it means this is not a Russian business. This is a model of some other people, completely alien to us in terms of their way of life.

It is also interesting to note that the religious isolation of the Old Believers industrialists did not in the least separate them from all-Russian interests. That is, they did not live only in the interests of their corporation, although this too, but, first of all, they felt like an indigenous people, responsible for the fatherland and loving the fatherland. When K. T. Soldatenkov bequeathed the construction of a huge hospital on Khodynka, he did not think that only Old Believers would be treated there. He did this for all Muscovites, regardless of their beliefs. When S. T. Morozov transferred very decent funds to the “Nikonian” and also a relative of his competitors K. S. Alekseev for his Art Theater, of course, he did not betray his confession, his circle. Who would have thought to evaluate his patronage of the arts in this way?! He invested his fortune in Russian culture. Savva Timofeevich clearly understood: faith is secondary, nation is primary! Everything that is good for Russia is equally good for both the Old Believers and the Nikonians.

Perhaps an amateurish epitaph on one of the sarcophagi of the Rogozhsky cemetery, composed by a wife for her deceased husband, will to some extent reveal the nature of a typical Old Believer merchant, show his human essence. Patronage and charity are all wonderful, of course. But these can also be ostentatious, unselfish gestures. What kind of person is this merchant? What is he like in his soul, in those circumstances where there is no self-interest for him to appear better than he really is? On the stone is written: Hilarion Grigorievich Yakovlev. Sk. September 27, 1901 at 5 o'clock in the morning. His life span was 44 years. Angel Day March 28th. The name is unknown to anyone. And, most likely, the merchant was of average income. But here's what his wife wrote about him. This was written in grief, which means frankly and without embellishment:

This is your grave

My unforgettable husband.

Everything that the heart treasured,

Everything with you suddenly faded away.

Left the children orphans

Whom he loved so dearly.

Dreaming about their happiness,

You lived forever in worries.

From a young age you worked yourself,

He zealously helped the poor,

I wasn’t burdened by my work

AND God's temple didn't leave.

There is one remarkable feature in the inscriptions on the merchant graves of the Rogozhsky cemetery: the date of birth of the deceased is missing everywhere. Only the time of death - sometimes accurate to the hour! - and the number of years lived. But on each stone, without exception, the day of its Angel is indicated. And that's why. Before the revolution in Russia, not only was it not customary to celebrate a birthday, but many people did not even know it. It was believed that a person was born on the day of baptism. And before that, it’s as if he doesn’t live. And only after becoming a Christian and receiving heavenly patron, a person begins to live. It is clear that during the years of the revolution, in the atheistic era, such an order could not exist. That's when the tradition of celebrating birthdays began. And the day of the Angel was completely forgotten. And only at the very Lately The name day tradition is being revived. That does not exclude, however, birthday celebrations. Many people now celebrate both.

On the central path there is also the most striking section of the Rogozhsky cemetery - the burial place of the Old Believer clergy. This is an ancient strong fence on a high granite plinth with an area of ​​twenty by fifteen steps. The site itself is slightly elevated above the ground level of the cemetery. White crosses stand there like a wall and can be seen from afar. In front of the crosses are two rows of black shiny sarcophagi, on which something is written in golden half-charts about those buried under them. It’s almost impossible to figure out what exactly it is: ligature is generally more decoration, than the inscription, besides, all the numbers on the stones are Cyrillic. It is only clear that the bishops are buried there.

I. A. Bunin, in the story “Clean Monday,” by the way, describes the funeral of the hierarch at the Rogozhskoye cemetery. His heroine says: “Pre-Petrine Rus'! The archbishop was buried. And just imagine: the coffin is an oak block, as in ancient times, the gold brocade seems to be forged, the face of the deceased is covered with white “air”, sewn with large black script - beauty and horror. And at the coffin there are deacons with ripidae and trikiria... and what kind! Peresvet and Oslyabya! And on two choirs there are two choirs, also all Peresvets: tall, powerful, in long black caftans, they sing, calling to each other - first one choir, then the other - and all in unison and not according to notes, but according to “hooks”. And the grave was lined inside with shiny spruce branches, and in the yard it was frosty, sunny, blinding snow..."

Cemetery workers say that now Old Believer funerals are no different from ordinary ones. But, in any case, here, in the fence where the Rogozh clergy are buried, everything remains as in the time of Bunin - the same beauty and horror.

Now almost every cemetery in Moscow has a grave that has for believers sacred meaning. There is such a grave at the Rogozhskoye cemetery. Not far from the gate, the nun Sevostyana is buried, in the world - Olga Iosifovna Lescheva. The following story is told about her. She was once a regent, here in Rogozhskaya Sloboda, in the St. Nicholas Church - the only Orthodox church in Rogozhskaya. Once - this was still during the revolution - during a prayer service, commissars came to the temple and arrested the priest. Probably, those who remained could have dispersed after this, but Mother Sevostyana continued the prayer service, and she suddenly began to sing in those parts that the priest was supposed to voice in a thick male voice. And thus the prayer service continued without a priest. Now many pilgrims come to her grave. And they say that there have already been so many cases when mother, through the prayers of believers, helped them that all the evidence would be enough to fill a good book. The beggars who sit at the gate always take her to her grave.

In Soviet times, no particularly prominent people were buried here. There are several Heroes in the cemetery Soviet Union, several professors, generals, but their names are known, apparently, to a few. All the glory of the Rogozhsky cemetery remains in the distant past.

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