Types of speech errors in Russian. Typical errors in the Russian language: grammatical, speech and spelling

Classification of errors corrected and taken into account when assessing a student’s work

Grammatical errors(G) – these are errors in the structure of a linguistic unit: words, phrases or sentences, i.e. violation of any grammatical norm - word formation, morphological, syntactic.

Speech errors (P)– these are errors not in the construction of a sentence, not in the structure of a linguistic unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word, i.e. a violation of lexical norms. This is pleonasm, tautology, speech cliches, inappropriate use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; expressive means, non-discrimination of paronyms. Errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms, polysemy not eliminated by the context.

Logical errors (L).Logical errors are associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within one sentence, judgment, and at the level of the entire text.

Factual errors(F) - a type of non-linguistic error, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about factual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge)

"Crime and Punishment". Ethical mistakes (E)- violation of the system of values ​​and rules of ethics: statements degrading human dignity, expressing an arrogant and cynical attitude towards human personality

outdated truths.

ERRORS: SPELLING, PUNCTUATION, GRAPHICS, TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS

• errors are taken into account
• to the rules learned; not rough:

• (two non-rough ones count as one)
• in exceptions to the rules;
• in writing capital letters in compound proper names; in cases of separate and continuous writing
• not with adjectives and participles acting as a predicate; in writing and and s
• after prefixes; V difficult casesWhere did he turn! Wherever he turned, no one could give him an answer. No one else...; none other than…; nothing else is...; nothing more than... and etc.);
• in cases where one punctuation mark is replaced by another;
• in the omission of one of the combined punctuation marks or in violation of their sequence;

• repetitive (counts as one error, repetitionin the same word or in the root of words with the same root);
• same type ( the first three errors of the same type are considered one error,

each nextsuch an error is counted asindependent):

errors per one rule, if the conditions for choosing the correct spelling are contained in the grammatical (in the army, in the grove; prick, fight) and phonetic (pie, cricket) features of a given word.

Not considered the sameerrors on a rule in which, in order to find out the correct spelling of one word, you need to select another (reference) word or its form (water - water, mouth - mouth, sad - sad, sharp - sharp).

The concept of errors of the same type does not apply to punctuation errors.

Errors (two or more) in one unchecked word are counted as one error.

When checking literacy (K7-K8) errors are not taken into account

• spelling:

• in word transfer;
• letters e/e after consonants in foreign words ( racket, plein air ) and after vowels in proper names ( Marietta);
• upper/lowercase letters

• in names related to religion: M(m)aslenitsa, R(r)Christmas, B(b)og.
• when using proper names figuratively (Oblomovs and Oblomovs).
• in proper names of non-Russian origin; writing surnames with first parts don, van, sept... ( Don Pedro and Don Quixote).

• continuous / hyphenated / separate spelling

• after prefixes; compound nouns without a connecting vowel (mostly borrowing), not regulated by rules and not included in the minimum dictionary (Lend-Lease, Lula-kebab, know-how, papier-mâché, tumbleweed, Walk-City paperweight, but beef Stroganoff, head waiter, sedan chair, price list);
• to rules that are not included in the school curriculum (for example, the rule of merged / separate writing adverbial units/adverbs with prefix/preposition, for example:in spill, scold behind your back, to match, on the run, in installments, on the back foot, as a curiosity, by touch, on the hook, put on the butt(cf. current spellingrecklessly, scatteredly);

• punctuation errors:

• dash in an incomplete sentence;
• isolation of inconsistent definitions related to common nouns noun;
• commas for restrictive-exclusive phrases;
• distinguishing homonymous particles and interjections and, accordingly, not highlighting them or separating them with commas;
• in the transmission of the author's punctuation;

• graphic errors(means of writing a language that fixes the relationship between letters in writing and sounds oral speech); various techniques for abbreviating words, using spaces between words, various underlinings and font selections;
• clerical errors and misprints:

Distortion of the sound appearance of a word ( rattles instead of works, memlya instead of earth); .

Missing letters (the entire novel is worth on this conflict;

Permutations of letters (new names products);

Replacing some alphabetic characters with others (legendary Battle of the Ice);

Adding extra letters ( in any, even the most difficult conditions).

Classification of errors.

Russian language.

Content

I. Common mistakes. Classification
II. Speech errors

Misunderstanding the meaning of a word. Lexical compatibility

Use of synonyms, homonyms, ambiguous words

Verbosity. Lexical incompleteness of the utterance. New words

Outdated words. Words of foreign origin

Dialectisms. Colloquial and colloquial words. Jargonisms

Phraseologisms. Clichés and stamps

III. Factual errors
IV. Logical errors
V. Grammatical errors
VI. Syntax errors

I. Typical mistakes. Classification

Communicative literacy is understood as the ability to create texts of different functional and semantic types of speech in the form of different functional styles.
Essays and presentations are the main forms of testing the ability to correctly and consistently express thoughts in accordance with the topic and intent, testing the level of speech preparation. They are used simultaneously to test spelling and punctuation skills and are assessed, firstly, in terms of content and structure (sequence of presentation) and, secondly, in terms of linguistic design.
Most of the errors that occur when students perform written work are also typical for other types of written work, be it writing a business paper (application, order, contract, etc.), preparing a report, article or text material for WEB pages. Therefore, error analysis of this kind has great importance and for everyday activities.

Typical errors include the following groups:

Speech errors
Violation of the correct transmission of factual material
Logical errors
Grammatical errors
Syntax errors

II. Speech errors

The word is the most important unit of language, the most diverse and voluminous. It is the word that reflects all the changes taking place in the life of society. The word not only names an object or phenomenon, but also performs an emotionally expressive function.
And when choosing words, we must pay attention to their meaning, stylistic coloring, usage, and compatibility with other words. Since violation of at least one of these criteria can lead to a speech error.

The main causes of speech errors:
1. Misunderstanding the meaning of the word
2. Lexical compatibility
3. Use of synonyms
4. Use of homonyms
5. Using polysemantic words
6. Verbosity
7. Lexical incompleteness of the statement
8. New words
9. Outdated words
10. Words of foreign origin
11. Dialectisms
12. Colloquial and colloquial words
13. Professional jargon
14. Phraseologisms
15. Clichés and cliches

1. Misunderstanding of the meaning of the word.
1.1. Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it.
Example:
The fire grew hotter and hotter. The error lies in the wrong choice of word:
Inflame - 1. Get very hot high temperature, get hot. 2. (trans.) To become very excited, to become overwhelmed by some strong feeling.
To flare up - to begin to burn strongly or well, evenly.

1.2. The use of significant and function words without taking into account their semantics.
Example:
Thanks to the fire that broke out from the fire, a large area of ​​the forest burned down.
In modern Russian, the preposition thanks retains a certain semantic connection with the verb to thank and is usually used only in cases where the reasons that cause a desired result are spoken of: thanks to someone’s help, support. The error arises due to the semantic distraction of the preposition from the original verb to thank. In this sentence, the preposition thanks should be replaced with one of the following: because of, as a result, as a result.

1.3. Selection of words-concepts with different bases of division (concrete and abstract vocabulary).
Example:
We offer complete treatment for alcoholics and other diseases.
If we are talking about diseases, then the word alcoholics should be replaced with alcoholism. An alcoholic is someone who suffers from alcoholism. Alcoholism is a painful addiction to drinking alcoholic beverages.

1.4. Incorrect use of paronyms.
Example:
A person leads a festive life. I'm in an idle mood today.
Festive and festive - very similar words, single-rooted. But they have different meanings: festive - an adjective for holiday (celebratory dinner, festive mood); idle - not filled, not busy with business, work (idle life). To restore the meaning of the statements in the example, you need to swap the words.

2. Lexical compatibility.
When choosing a word, you should take into account not only the meaning that is inherent in it in literary language, but also lexical compatibility. Not all words can be combined with each other. The boundaries of lexical compatibility are determined by the semantics of words, their stylistic affiliation, emotional coloring, grammatical properties, etc.
Example:
A good leader must set an example for his subordinates in everything. You can show an example, but not a sample. And you can be a role model, for example.
Example:
Their strong friendship, tempered by life's trials, was noticed by many. The word friendship is combined with the adjective strong - strong friendship.
What should be distinguished from a speech error is the deliberate combination of seemingly incompatible words: a living corpse, an ordinary miracle... In this case, we have one of the types of tropes - an oxymoron.
In difficult cases, when it is difficult to determine whether certain words can be used together, it is necessary to use a compatibility dictionary.

3. Use of synonyms.
Synonyms enrich the language and make our speech figurative. Synonyms may have different functional and stylistic connotations. Thus, the words error, miscalculation, oversight, error are stylistically neutral and commonly used; hole, overlay - colloquial; gaffe - colloquial; blunder - professional slang. Using one of the synonyms without taking into account its stylistic coloring can lead to a speech error.
Example:
Having made a mistake, the plant director immediately began to correct it.
When using synonyms, the ability of each of them to be more or less selectively combined with other words is often not taken into account.
Differing in shades of lexical meaning, synonyms can express varying degrees manifestations of a sign, action. But, even denoting the same thing, being interchangeable in some cases, in others synonyms cannot be replaced - this leads to a speech error.
Example:
Yesterday I was sad. The synonym sad is quite suitable here: Yesterday I was sad. But in two-part sentences these synonyms are interchangeable. I look sadly at our generation...

4. Use of homonyms.
Thanks to the context, homonyms are usually understood correctly. But still, in certain speech situations, homonyms cannot be understood unambiguously.
Example:
The crew is in excellent condition. Is the crew a cart or a team? The word crew itself is used correctly. But to reveal the meaning of this word, it is necessary to expand the context.
Very often, ambiguity is caused by the use in speech (especially oral) of homophones (sounding the same, but spelled differently) and homoforms (words that have the same sound and spelling in certain forms). So, when choosing words for a phrase, we must pay attention to the context, which in some speech situations is designed to reveal the meaning of the words.

5. Use of polysemantic words.
When including polysemantic words in our speech, we must be very careful, we must monitor whether the meaning that we wanted to reveal in this speech situation is clear. When using polysemous words (as well as when using homonyms), context is very important. It is thanks to the context that one or another meaning of a word is clear. And if the context meets its requirements (a semantically complete segment of speech that allows one to establish the meanings of the words or phrases included in it), then each word in the sentence is understandable. But it also happens differently.
Example:
He's already sung. It’s not clear: either he started singing and got carried away; or, after singing for a while, he began to sing freely, easily.

7. Lexical incompleteness of the statement.
This error is the opposite of verbosity. An incomplete statement consists of missing a necessary word in the sentence.
Example:
The advantage of Kuprin is that there is nothing superfluous. Kuprin may have nothing superfluous, but this sentence is missing (and not even just one) word. Or: "... do not allow statements on the pages of the press and television that could incite ethnic hatred." So it turns out - “television page”.
When choosing a word, it is necessary to take into account not only its semantics, lexical, stylistic and logical compatibility, but also its scope. The use of words that have a limited sphere of distribution (lexical new formations, obsolete words, words of foreign language origin, professionalisms, jargon, dialectisms) should always be motivated by the conditions of the context.

8. New words.
Poorly formed neologisms are speech errors.
Example:
And last year on pothole repair After the spring thaw, 23 thousand rubles were spent. And only the context helps to understand: “pothole repair” is the repair of holes.

9. Outdated words.
Archaisms - words that name existing realities, but for some reason have been forced out of active use by synonymous lexical units - must correspond to the style of the text, otherwise they are completely inappropriate.
Example:
Today was the day at the university open doors. Here obsolete word now (today, now, currently) is completely inappropriate.
Among the words that have fallen out of active use, historicisms also stand out. Historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the concepts they denote: armyak, camisole, bursa, oprichnik, etc. Errors in the use of historicisms are often associated with ignorance of their lexical meaning.
Example:
The peasants cannot stand their hard life and go to the main governor of the city. Governor is the head of a region (for example, a province in Tsarist Russia, states in the USA). Consequently, the chief governor is an absurdity; moreover, there could only be one governor in the province, and his assistant was called the vice-governor.

10. Words of foreign origin.
Now many people have an addiction to foreign words, sometimes without even knowing their exact meaning. Sometimes the context does not accept a foreign word.
Example: The work of the conference is limited due to the lack of leading specialists. Limit - set a limit on something, limit it. Foreign word limit in this proposal should be replaced with the words: going slower, stopped, etc.

11. Dialectisms.
Dialectisms - words or stable combinations, which are not included in lexical system literary language and are part of one or more dialects of the Russian national language. Dialectisms are justified in artistic or journalistic speech to create speech characteristics of heroes. The unmotivated use of dialectisms indicates insufficient knowledge of the norms of the literary language.
Example: A scavenger came to me and sat there the whole evening. Shaberka is a neighbor. The use of dialectism in this sentence is not justified either by the style of the text or by the purpose of the statement.

12. Colloquial and colloquial words.
Colloquial words are included in the lexical system of the literary language, but are used mainly in oral speech, mainly in the sphere of everyday communication. Colloquial speech is a word, grammatical form or turn of phrase, predominantly of oral speech, used in a literary language, usually for the purpose of a reduced, rough characterization of the subject of speech, as well as simple casual speech containing such words, forms and turns. Colloquial and vernacular vocabulary, in contrast to dialect (regional), is used in the speech of the entire people.
Example: I have a very thin jacket. Thin (colloquial) - holey, spoiled (thin boot). Errors occur in cases where the use of colloquial and colloquial words is not motivated by context.

13. Professional jargon.
Professionalisms act as colloquial equivalents of terms accepted in a certain professional group: typo - a mistake in the speech of journalists; the steering wheel is a steering wheel in the speech of drivers.
But the unmotivated transfer of professionalism into general literary speech is undesirable. Such professionalisms as sewing, tailoring, listening and others spoil literary speech.
In terms of limited use and the nature of expression (joking, reduced, etc.), professionalisms are similar to jargon and are integral part jargons - peculiar social dialects characteristic of professional or age groups people (jargon of athletes, sailors, hunters, students, schoolchildren). Jargon is everyday vocabulary and phraseology, endowed with reduced expression and characterized by socially limited use.
Example: I wanted to invite guests to a holiday, but the shack does not allow it. Khibara is a house.

14. Phraseologisms.
It must be remembered that phraseological units always have a figurative meaning. Decorating our speech, making it more lively, imaginative, bright, beautiful, phraseological units also give us a lot of trouble - if they are used incorrectly, speech errors appear.
1). Errors in learning the meaning of phraseological units.
a) There is a danger of taking idioms literally, which may be perceived as free associations of words.
b) Errors may be associated with a change in the meaning of a phraseological unit.
Example:
Khlestakov throws pearls before swine all the time, but everyone believes him. Here the phraseology "throw pearls before swine", meaning "to talk about something in vain or prove something to someone who is not able to understand it", is used incorrectly - in the meaning of "to invent, to weave fables."
2). Errors in mastering the form of phraseological units.
a) Grammatical modification of a phraseological unit.
Example:
I'm used to giving myself full reports. The form of the number has been changed here. There is a phraseological unit to give account.
Example:
He constantly sits with his hands folded. Phraseologisms like folded arms, headlong, headlong retain in their composition the old form of the perfective participle with the suffix -a (-я).
Some phraseological units use short forms adjectives, replacing them with full forms is erroneous.
b) Lexical modification of a phraseological unit.
Example:
It's time for you to take charge of your mind. Most of phraseological units is impenetrable: an additional unit cannot be introduced into the phraseological unit.
Example:
Well, at least hit the wall! Omitting a phraseological unit component is also a speech error.
Example:
Everything returns to normal in a spiral!.. There is a phraseological unit back to normal. Substitution of a word is not allowed.
3). Changing the lexical compatibility of phraseological units.
Example:
These and other questions play a big role in the development of this still young science. There has been a mixture of two stable expressions: it plays a role and it matters. You could say this: questions matter... or questions matter a lot.

15. Clichés and cliches.
Stationery - words and expressions, the use of which is assigned to formal business style, but in other styles of speech they are inappropriate and are cliches.
Example:
There is a lack of spare parts.
Stamps are hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. Words, phrases and even whole sentences become cliches, which appear as new, stylistically expressive means of speech, but as a result of too frequent use they lose their original imagery.
Example:
A forest of hands went up during the vote.
A type of stamps are universal words. These are words that are used in the most general and vague meanings: question, task, raise, provide, etc. Usually, universal words are accompanied by standard prefixes: work - everyday, level - high, support - warm. There are numerous journalistic cliches (field workers, a city on the Volga), and literary cliches (an exciting image, an angry protest).
Clichés - speech stereotypes, ready-made phrases used as a standard that is easily reproduced in certain conditions and contexts - are constructive units of speech and, despite frequent use, retain their semantics. Clichés are used in official business documents (summit meeting); in scientific literature (requires proof); in journalism (our own correspondent reports from); V different situations colloquial speech (Hello! Goodbye! Who's the last one?).

III. Factual errors

Violation of the requirement for the correct transmission of factual material causes factual errors.
Factual errors are a distortion of the situation depicted in the statement or its individual details, for example: “In the winter forest the cuckoo crowed loudly.” or “The merchants Bobchinsky and Dobchinsky enter.”
Factual errors can be detected if the reader of the work knows the factual side of the matter and can evaluate each fact from the standpoint of its reliability. The reason for factual errors is insufficient knowledge of the events described, poverty of life experience, and incorrect assessment of the actions and characters of the heroes.
In the presentation, factual errors include various types of inaccuracies:
1) errors in indicating the place and time of the event;
2) in conveying the sequence of actions, cause-and-effect relationships, etc., for example: instead of “Kirovsky Prospekt” - in the work “Kyiv Prospekt” or “Kirovsky Village”.

In an essay, factual errors are
1) distortion of life's truth;
2) inaccurate reproduction of book sources;
3) proper names;
4) dates;
5) places of events,
for example: “Chadsky”, “at Nagulny and Razmetnoye”.
Examples of typical factual errors.
“With the image of Onegin, Pushkin opened a gallery of “superfluous people” in Russian literature: Oblomov, Pechorin, Bazarov. Extra person must have two qualities: reject the ideals of society and not see the meaning of their existence." In the above example, Oblomov and Bazarov clearly fall out of the proposed chain.
"The literature of classicism (Lomonosov, Derzhavin, Fonvizin, Karamzin, etc.) had a great influence on the work of A. S. Griboyedov." There are two mistakes here at once. First: Fonvizin really “had a great influence” on Woe from Wit, but it is hardly possible to talk about the influence of Lomonosov and Derzhavin. The author confuses facts and types of fiction. The second factual inaccuracy is that Karamzin is a representative of the culture of sentimentalism.

IV. Logical errors

Violation of the sequence (logic) of presentation leads to the appearance of logical errors.
Logical errors consist of violating the rules of logical thinking. This type of error includes the following shortcomings in the content of the work:
1) violation of the sequence of utterances;
2) lack of connection between parts and sentences;
3) unjustified repetition of a previously expressed thought;
4) fragmentation of one micro-theme by another micro-theme;
5) disproportionality of parts of the statement;
6) lack of necessary parts;
7) rearrangement of parts of the text (if it is not due to the assignment for presentation);
8) unjustified substitution of the person from whom the story is told (for example, first from the first, then from the third person).

V. Grammatical errors

Grammatical errors are non-compliance with the norms of word and form formation, the norms of syntactic connections between words in a phrase and a sentence.

There are two types of grammatical errors:
1. Word formation.
The structure of the word is broken: “ruthlessness”, “immortality”, “instead”, “publicism”.
2. Morphological.
Errors associated with non-normative formation of word forms.
This type of error includes:
a) errors in the formation of forms of nouns: “obleki”, “English”, “two banners”, “on the bridge”, “Grinev lived as an undergrowth”, “He was not afraid of dangers and risks”, “They built a big swing in the yard”.
b) errors in the formation of adjective forms: “One brother was richer than the other,” “This book is more interesting.”
c) errors in the formation of pronouns: “I went to him,” “their house.”
d) errors in the formation of the verb: “He never made a mistake,” “Mom always rejoices at guests,” “Having walked out into the middle of the room, he spoke,” “A smiling child was sitting in the far corner.”
e) incorrect construction of an aspectual pair, most often a paired imperfective verb: “My brother and I saw off all the extra branches, put the tree in the middle of the room and decorate it.”

VI. Syntax errors

Syntactic errors consist of incorrect construction of phrases, violation of the structure of simple, complicated and complex sentences.

Errors in the structure of phrases:
1. Violation of agreement with the main word in gender, number and case of the dependent word, expressed by an adjective, participle, ordinal number, pronoun: “This summer I was in the steppe Trans-Volga region.”
2. Impaired control.
Errors in unprepositioned management (wrong choice of preposition): “If you touch a birch tree on a hot day, you will feel the cool trunk.”
3. Wrong choice of case with a correctly chosen preposition: “He looked like a deathly tired man.”
4. Omission of a preposition: “After a hasty lunch, I sat at the helm and drove (?) to the field.”
5. Using the unnecessary pretext “Thirst for fame.”
6. Omission of the dependent component of the phrase: “Getting into the hot cabin again, turning the steering wheel shiny from the palms again, (?) driving.”

Errors in the structure and meaning of the sentence:
1. Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate: “But neither youth nor summer last forever,” “The sun had already set when we returned.”
2. Lack of semantic completeness of the sentence, violation of its boundaries: “Once during the war. A shell hit a poplar.”
3. Syntactic ambiguity: “Their (the girls’) dream came true, they (the fishermen) returned.”
4. Violation of the type-temporal correlation of verbs in the sentence: “Grinev sees Pugachev getting into the carriage.”

Errors in a simple two-part sentence:
Subject:
- Pronominal duplication of the subject: “Children sitting on an old boat with its keel overturned, they are waiting for their father.”
- Violation of agreement between the subject and the pronoun replacing the subject in another sentence: “Apparently, there is a storm at sea, so it is full of dangers.”
Predicate:
- Errors in the construction of the predicate: “Everyone was happy.”
- Violation of the agreement of the predicate in gender and number with the subject, expressed by a collective noun, quantitative-nominal phrase, interrogative and indefinite pronoun: “My mother and I stayed at home,” “A sheaf of rays of the sun entered the room.”
- Pronominal duplication of the addition: “Many books can be read several times.”
Definition:
- Incorrect use of an inconsistent definition: “On the right hang a lamp and my portrait from the kindergarten.”
- A conglomeration of agreed and inconsistent definitions related to one member of the sentence: “The huge, wonderful world of life in our country and our peers opens up in millions of books.”
- Incorrect choice of morphological form of the circumstance: “I teach my lessons on the table” (at the table).

Errors in one-part sentences:
1. The use of two-part structures in place of one-part ones.
2. Use of the adverbial phrase in an impersonal sentence: “When I saw the dog, I felt sorry for it.”

Sentences with homogeneous members:
1. Using different parts of speech as homogeneous members of a sentence: “I like the room because it is bright, large, and clean.”
2. Inclusion in a series of homogeneous terms of words denoting heterogeneous concepts: “When it’s spring and a clear day, the sun illuminates my whole room.”
3. Incorrect use of coordinating conjunctions to connect homogeneous members: “The boy was big-faced, but serious.”
4. Incorrect attachment of logically heterogeneous secondary members to one main member: “There are books in the closet, newspapers and glassware on the shelves.”
5. Errors in coordinating homogeneous subjects with the predicate: “Anxiety and melancholy froze in her eyes.”
6. Violations in the area of ​​homogeneous predicates:
a) use different types predicates as homogeneous: “The sea after the storm is calm, gentle and plays with the rays of the sun”;
b) violation of the uniform design of compound nominal predicates: the use of different case forms of the nominal part of homogeneous compound nominal predicates: “Their father was an experienced fisherman and a brave sailor”; adding an addition to homogeneous verbal predicates, which is controlled by only one of the predicates: “Everyone is really waiting and worried about the soldiers”; the use of short and long forms of adjectives and participles in the nominal part: “My room has recently been renovated: whitewashed and painted.”
7. Combining members and parts of different sentences as homogeneous ones: “Mushrooms grow under the birch tree, berries grow, snowdrops bloom in the spring.” “The children were waiting for their father and when his boat would appear.”

Sentences with introductory words and introductory constructions:
1. Incorrect choice of introductory word: “The girls peered intensely into the distance of the sea: a boat would probably appear on the horizon.”
2. Using an introductory word that leads to ambiguity: “According to the fishermen, there was a storm at night, but now it’s calm.”
3. Using the introductory sentence as an independent one: “A book is a source of knowledge. As many say.”

Offers with separate members:
1. Violation of word order in sentences with participial phrases.
- Separation of the participial phrase from the word being defined: “But again a misfortune happened to the tree: its low branches were cut off.”
- Inclusion of the defined word in the participial phrase: “Girls have their eyes fixed on the sea.”
2. Violation of the rules for constructing participial phrases.
- Construction of a participial phrase according to the model subordinate clause: “The painting shows a girl who has just gotten up.”
- Using a participial phrase instead of an adverbial phrase: “And every time we returned back, we sat down under a poplar tree and rested.”
3. Errors in sentences with isolated circumstances expressed by the adverbial phrase: “Resting in a chair, the picture “March” hangs in front of me.

Methods of transmitting direct speech. Direct and indirect speech:
1. Combining direct speech and the author’s words: “Before the war, my father told me: “Take care of the tree and went to the front.”
2. The use of direct speech without the author’s words: “The girls saw the longboat: “Dad!”
3. Mixing direct indirect speech: “Grandfather said that in childhood they had such a law: on birthdays we gave only what was made with our own hands.”
4. Errors when introducing quotes: “K. Paustovsky said that “A person who loves and knows how to read, happy man".

Complex sentences:
1. Violation of the logical-grammatical connection between the parts of a complex sentence: “My father did not forget this story for a long time, but he died.”
2. Use of a pronoun in the second part of a complex sentence, leading to ambiguity: “May hopes come true and they will return.”
3. Errors in using complex conjunctions:
a) connective - to connect parts of a complex sentence in the absence of adversative relations between them: “Yesterday there was a storm, and today everything was calm.”
b) adversatives - to connect parts of a complex sentence in the absence of adversative relations between them: “There is a birch tree growing in our yard, but buds are also swelling on it”;
c) double and repeated: “Either a bird has landed on the water, or the wreckage of a broken boat is floating on the sea”;
d) unjustified repetition of conjunctions: “And suddenly the girls saw a small black dot, and they had hope”;
e) unsuccessful choice of alliances: “Mitrasha was ten years old, but her sister was older.”

Complex sentences:
1. Inconsistency between the type of subordinate clause and the meaning of the main clause: “But they will still wait for their father, since the fishermen must be waited on the shore.”
2. Using composition and subordination to connect parts in a complex sentence: “If a person does not play sports, he ages quickly.”
3. Making structures heavier by “stringing” subordinate clauses: “The sail appeared in the sea as happy news that the fishermen were all right and that the girls would soon be able to hug their parents, who were delayed at sea because there was a strong storm.”
4. Omission of a necessary demonstrative word: “Mom always scolds me for throwing my things around.”
5. Unjustified use of a demonstrative word: “I have an assumption that the fishermen were delayed by the storm.”
6. Incorrect use of conjunctions and allied words when choosing them correctly:
a) the use of conjunctions and allied words in the middle of a subordinate clause: “There is a TV on the nightstand in the room, on which I watch entertainment programs after school”;
b) violation of the agreement of the conjunctive word in the subordinate clause with the replaced or attributive word in the main sentence: “On two shelves there are fiction, which I use in preparation for lessons.”
7. Use of the same type of subordinate clauses with sequential subordination: “Walking along the shore, I saw two girls sitting on an overturned boat, which was lying upside down on the shore.”
8. Using a subordinate clause as an independent clause: “The girls are worried about their relatives. That’s why they look so sadly into the distance.”

Non-union complex sentence:
1. Violation of the unity of construction of homogeneous parts in a non-union complex sentence: “The picture shows: early morning, the sun is just rising.”
2. Decomposition of parts of a non-union complex sentence into independent sentences: “The girls are dressed simply. They are wearing summer cotton dresses. The eldest has a scarf on her head.”
3. Simultaneous use of non-union and union connections: “The girls’ clothes are simple: the older ones with a scarf on their heads, in a blue skirt and gray blouse, the younger ones without a scarf, in a purple dress and a dark blue blouse.”

Complex sentence with various types connections:
1. Violation of the order of parts of the sentence: “The waves are still foaming, but they calm down near the shore; the closer to the horizon, the darker the sea; and therefore the girls have hope that their father will return.”
2. Using pronouns that create ambiguity: "We see that the girl's bed is not made, and she confirms that the girl just got up."

Classification of errors according to FIPI

1. Grammatical errors.
2. Speech errors.
3. Logical errors
4. Factual errors.
5. Spelling mistakes.
6. Punctuation errors.
7. Graphic errors.

Grammar mistake– this is an error in the structure of a linguistic unit: in the structure of a word, phrase or sentence; This is a violation of any grammatical norm: word formation, morphological, syntactic.

For example:

• slip instead of slip, nobility instead of nobility– here an error was made in the word-formation structure of the word, the wrong prefix or suffix was used;
• no comment, go instead of go,more easier– the form of the word is formed incorrectly, i.e. the morphological norm is violated;
• pay for travel, awarded– the structure of the phrase is broken (management standards are not followed);
• After skating on the skating rink, my legs hurt; In the essay I wanted to show the importance of sports and why I love it– sentences with participles (1) and homogeneous members (2) are constructed incorrectly, i.e. syntactic norms are violated.

Unlike grammatical speech errors– these are errors not in the construction, not in the structure of a linguistic unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word. These are mainly violations of lexical norms, for example:

• Stolz is one of the main characters in Goncharov’s novel of the same name “Oblomov”;
• They lost their only two sons in the war.

A speech error can only be noticed in context, this is what distinguishes it from a grammatical error, for the detection of which context is not needed.

Below are generally accepted classifiers of grammatical and speech errors.

Types of grammatical errors:

1. Erroneous word formation - Trudol beam oh, above laugh.
2. Erroneous formation of a noun form - Many miracles A technology, not enough time I.
3. Erroneous formation of the adjective form - More interesting, more beautiful.
4. Erroneous formation of the numeral form - WITH five hundred rubles
5. Erroneous formation of the pronoun form - Theirs pathos, Ihee children.
6. Erroneous formation of the verb form - They travel, want, write about the life of nature.
7. Violation of agreement - I know a group of guys who are seriously into... imisya jazz.
8. Impaired control - We need to make our nature more beautiful.
   Narrates readers.
9. Disruption of connection between subject and predicate - Majority objected against such an assessment of his work.
10. Violation of the way of expressing the predicate in individual designs - He wrote a book that is epic.
    Everyone was glad, happy and funny.
11. Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members - A country loved and was proud of the poet.
    In the essay I wanted to say about the meaning sport and why I love it.
12. Errors in constructing sentences with participles - Reading the text, there is such a feeling...
13. Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases - The narrow path was covered with falling snow underfoot.
14. Errors in the construction of complex sentences - This book taught me to value and respect friends, which I read as a child.The man thought it was a dream.
15. Mixing direct and indirect speech - The author said, what am I I do not agree with the reviewer's opinion.
16. Violation of supply boundaries - When the hero came to his senses. It was too late.
17. Violation of the type-temporal correlation of verb forms - Freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly starts beating again.

Types of speech errors:

1. Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it - We were shocked wonderful acting.
   Thought develops on continuation the entire text.
2. Failure to distinguish shades of meaning introduced into a word by prefix and suffix - My attitude towards this problem has not changed.Effective measures were taken.
3. Non-distinction of synonymous words - IN final In the sentence, the author uses gradation.
4. The use of words of a different stylistic coloring - The author, addressing this problem, tries to direct people into a slightly different direction.
5. Inappropriate use of emotionally charged words and phraseological units - Astafiev continually resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications.
6. Unjustified use of colloquial words - Such people always manage to outdo others.
7. Violation of lexical compatibility - ​​​​​​ The author enhances the impression. The author uses artistic >features (instead of means).
8. The use of unnecessary words, including pleonasm - The author conveys the beauty of the landscape us using artistic techniques.Young young man, Very beautiful.
9. The use of words with the same root in a close context (tautology) - This story tells about real events.
10. Unjustified repetition of a word - The hero of the story does not think about his actions. The hero does not even understand the full depth of what he has done.
11. Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions - When the writer came to the editorial office, he was accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.
12. Poor use of pronouns - This text was written by V. Belov. It refers to an artistic style.I immediately had a picture in my mind.

Typical grammatical errors (K9)

This errors associated with the use of verbs, verb forms, adverbs, particles:

1. Errors in the formation of personal forms of verbs: They are driven by a feeling of compassion(follows: moves);
2. Incorrect use of tense forms of verbs: This book gives knowledge about the history of the calendar and teaches how to calendar calculations quickly and accurately(follows: ...give.., teach... or...gives.., teaches...);
3. Errors in the use of active and passive participles: Streams of water flowing down amazed the author of the text(follows: flowing);
4. Errors in the formation of gerunds: Having walked onto the stage, the singers bowed(norm: going out);
5. Incorrect formation of adverbs: The author here was wrong(norm: here);

In order to express yourself correctly in written and oral speech, you need to constantly work on your education. Sometimes it can be terribly embarrassing to read the largest news portals, whose journalists make simply enchanting mistakes.

Please note that in the headings the correct variants of words are indicated in brackets.

1. Coordinally (cardinally)

Where this word monster came from is unclear. After all, the word “cardinal” and “coordinates” have absolutely nothing in common in meaning.

Cardinally means completely, radically, in its entirety, in its entirety, radically.

1. In general (in general or in general)

In general, it should be said this way: this error does not tolerate any compromises, therefore either “in general” or “in general”.

In general, we would like to add that the origin of this error is, in general, quite clear.

1. Participate (participate)

Here, remembering the correct spelling and pronunciation is quite simple. To do this, ask yourself a screening question: are you ready to become a teacher? V stnikom or not?

If not, then get involved, become a member and start participating in self-education. There are only two letters “BB” in the word, not three.

1. Tsya / tsya

One of the most favorite mistakes in the Russian language. Although to check it is enough to ask a simple question to the verb.

If we get “What to do?”, that is, at the end it stands soft sign, which means the verb will have it too. If the question is posed differently: “What does it do?”, then there will be no “b” in the verb.

1. Sorry (sorry)

If you have a specific And on, then it must be brought from And opinion. But don’t even think about mentioning the e disagreements. Izv And sheet metal And also cannot be considered as a statement And nittyny. If there is a fault, then ask for an apology.

1. Put on/dress

Often on the street you can hear the irritated cry of a young mother: “Put on your hat immediately.” Not good…

It will be correct to either dress someone or put on something. At school, teachers helped us remember this rule with a simple example: put on clothes, but put on Nadezhda.

1. Coffee Expresso (espresso)

An express vehicle is a vehicle moving at a higher speed than usual. But there is only espresso. We don’t insert any more “K” into “espresso”.

1. To the white knee (to the white heat)

It is quite possible that our knees under the meat, that is, the bones, are really white. But in this case it is correct to say “to the point of white heat.” This means the following.

When metal is hardened in fire, it first turns red, then yellow and finally white. If you waited white, that means they brought him to the limit, that is, to white heat. There's nowhere else to go.

1. Reluctantly (reluctantly)

The heart is not a cart and not the door of an ancient castle to creak. Correct writing of this expression - reluctantly, and it means something that is done reluctantly, contrary to one’s desire. Reluctantly - this means having tightened the heart, or in general - strengthened.

1. During/during

This is also one of the most common mistakes in the Russian language. In order not to confuse the use of these two words, remember a simple rule: during e – This is a preposition that is associated with a certain period of time. That is, if the expression can be replaced with “during”, then at the end there will be “E”: during.

“During” is written only when talking about the flow of a river. For example: in a powerful current And In the water, their boat began to spin uncontrollably.

1. Theirs (theirs)

One of the most terrible words for modern literates. Although, in fact, in Russian classical literature(in particular in) this word is often found.

It’s just that today it’s outdated, so only the shortened version is used: them.

This is their home, their family, not their home, not their wife, and not her husband.

1. Also / likewise

Errors given usage Russian words come from a reluctance to concentrate. But it’s so simple: “also” is the same as the conjunction “and”. For example: “Petya, Vanya will go to the store And Angela" = "Petya, Vanya, and Also Angela."

But “in the same way” means “exactly like that”: he loves his wife just as much as he loves his mother; he enjoys hunting as much as fishing.

1. Painting/signature

Well, everything is quite simple here. You can paint walls with graphics, but only signatures are placed on documents.

1. Lay down (put down)

With the words “I’ll lay down, I’ll lay down” there is a wonderful joke about a lieutenant and an ordinary soldier. But the author of this article did not remember him, so if he is familiar to you, please write him in the comments. Very useful for memorization.

So, in what cases is it correct to use the words “put” and “put”?

And a few examples for reinforcement.

• I'm already with you put tiles, but I'll put again.
• Luggage chips. You too put chips on the table.
• So I I put this map here.

If the principle is still not fully understood, save it to your wall at any time. social network the following picture.

1. In Kratsi (in brief)

Judging by the statistics, such an absolutely wild error occurs quite often in the Russian language. The word “briefly” means “in a shortened form.”

We also know what a walkie-talkie is. But it’s hard to even imagine what the mysterious “in Kratsi” is.

1. Inside (inside)

It is correct to speak and write only together: “inside.”

• This medicine is taken orally.
• They wanted to look inside the tank.
• They entered the building.
• It was dark inside the room.

1. Sunday/Resurrection

If you mean the day of the week, be sure to use a soft sign: Sunday b f. If you are talking about how Christ rose from the dead, then say through “I”: risen And e.

1. Cream(s)

In a professional environment, you can often hear the wrong version of this word, that is, with the pronunciation through “A”. However, it is correct, after all, there will be “creams”. Just remember this.

1. Agency (agency)

Pretty too common mistake, found in Russian. But here the test word is “agen” T" Therefore, the correct option is only “agent” T stvo".

1. Meticulous (scrupulous)

A difficult word that many people pronounce and spell incorrectly. We offer this option for memorization (record only the underlined words): tearful poor man eats cereal . Now let's combine these two parts: C cereal useful.

It sounds absurd, but try to write this word correctly tomorrow without peeking, and you will immediately see lacrimal the face of a poor man who is devouring cereal for both cheeks. You will immediately remember: C cereal useful.

1. Too much (too much)

In the Udmurt Republic () there is a river Chur. If you are talking about it, then you can say this: we passed through Chur.

In all other cases, this word is written together and with the letter “S”: too much.

1. Functionality (Functionality)

As a rule, the word “functional” is mistakenly used to describe a set of functions. However, it is correct to say “functionality”. For example, the functionality of a new smartphone or computer.

The functionality is from the . Therefore, if you are not a mathematician, simply forget the word “functional” and do not use it in your speech.

1. Try (try)

We will not go into details, but simply give a well-known rule of the Russian language: if in the first person singular of the present or future tense the verb ends in -y or -yu, then in the indefinite form and in the past tense the suffixes -eva-, -ova- are used. . Try it wow- I tried ova t.

1. Burner (burner)

Previously, this word could be written and spoken with an “M”. But today only one norm is considered correct: “burner”.

1. Extreme (extreme)

As sad as this may sound, for the word “extra” e small" you cannot use "extra And m" as a test word. This is how it happened historically, so just remember.

1. From under the radar (on the sly)

It is written only together. To remember, read a few simple examples.

• He glanced at her surreptitiously.
• The children were spoiled and did everything on the sly.
• He is kind only in appearance, but he himself does mischief on the sly.

1. My birthday (my birthday)

How could “lovers” of the Russian language distort this phrase! How to remember the correct option? It's simple! We are talking about the DAY, therefore, it is not “mine”, but “mine”. Next we ask the question: day of what? Birth. My birthday.

It is appropriate to recall here that the names of public holidays containing the word “day” are written with a capital letter, and only the word “Day”. For example: Day of Knowledge, Day of National Unity, Day of Cosmonautics, etc.

But the names of personal holidays are usually written with a small letter: birthday, angel’s day, etc.

1. Adore (adore)

The explanatory dictionary of the Russian language states that “adore” comes from “god” O create." Therefore, it is written exclusively with “O”: about O reap

1. Slip (slip)

There are no “D”s in this verb and never have been. A man was walking on a slippery road, slipped and fell. The question is, what does the letter “D” have to do with it? Don't you know either? Then don't write it.

By the way, many people also try to insert the letter “D” into the verb “to mock,” which, of course, is completely wrong.

1. Cute (cute)

Simp A sympathetic is someone who evokes sympathy A tyu. But the letter “O” is completely useless here.

Well, this is where we will finish the list of the most common mistakes in the Russian language, although the list, undoubtedly, can be continued for a long time.

In the end, we just note that a person who reads regularly will simply not be able to make the above mistakes in the Russian language. Well, perhaps only as an exception or inattention.

If any serious errors are not listed in this article, write about it in the comments.

Together let's strike with education against rampant illiteracy!

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Error classification

Grammatical errors (G)– these are errors in the structure of a linguistic unit: words, phrases or sentences, i.e. violation of any grammatical norm - word formation, morphological, syntactic.

No.

Type of error Examples

Incorrect word formation. Erroneous formation of forms of a noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb (personal forms of verbs, active and passive participles, gerunds).

Noble ness, miracle technology, according to d cherk, above laugh; more interesting, more beautiful; With five hundred rubles; juggled both hands, theirs pathos, around his there is nothing; How many We have lost our moral principles due to the loss of spirituality; them moves feeling of compassion; streams of water, flowable down, struck the author of the text; higher onto the stage, the singers bowed.

Violation of approval norms

I know a group of guys who are seriously into... imisya jazz.

Violation of management norms

We need to make nature more beautiful. Everyone was surprised at him by force.

Disruption of the connection between the subject and the predicate or the way of expressing the predicate

The main thing I want to pay attention to now is artistic side of the work. He wrote a book that epic. Everyone was glad, happy and funny.

Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members

A country loved And was proud poet.

In the essay I wanted to say about the meaning of sports and why I love it.

Errors in constructing sentences with participles

Reading the text, such a feeling of empathy arises.

Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases

The narrow path was covered failing snow under your feet.

Errors in the construction of complex sentences

This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child.

It seemed to the man That that this is a dream.

Violation of sentence boundaries

He was not accepted into the basketball team. Because he was short.

Violation of the types of tense correlation of verb forms

Freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly will knock again.

Omitting a sentence member (ellipsis)

At the meeting there was accepted (?) hold a cleanup day.

Errors associated with the use of particles: separation of a particle from the component of the sentence to which it belongs

It would be nice if the picture showed would artist's signature. In the text Total two problems are revealed.

Speech errors (P)– these are errors not in the construction of a sentence, not in the structure of a linguistic unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word, i.e. a violation of lexical norms. This is pleonasm, tautology, speech cliches, inappropriate use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; expressive means, non-discrimination of paronyms. Errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms, polysemy not eliminated by the context.

No.

Type of error Examples

Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it

We were shocked wonderful acting. Thanks to fire, the forest burned down.

Unjustified use of dialect and colloquial words

Such people always succeed burn others. Oblomov did nothing all day long played the fool.

Poor use of pronouns

The text was written by V. Belov. He refers to artistic style; I immediately had a picture of his imagination.

The use of words of a different stylistic coloring; mixing vocabulary from different eras; inappropriate use of clerical language, expressive, emotionally charged words, outdated vocabulary, jargon, inappropriate use of phraseological units

By idea author, the hero wins; Molchalin works secretary of Famusov; In the novel by A.S. Pushkin take place lyrical digressions; Author every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications. If I were there, then for such an attitude towards my mother I would cupcake V gnawing would give; Zoshchenko don't put your finger in your mouth, but let me just make the reader laugh.

Failure to distinguish shades of meaning introduced into a word by prefix and suffix

In such cases I I glance to the dictionary.

Failure to distinguish between paronyms and synonymous words; errors in the use of antonyms when constructing an antithesis; destruction of the figurative meaning of a phraseological unit in an unsuccessfully organized context

Were accepted spectacular measures; The name of this poet familiar in many countries; The third part of the text is not funny, but also not a major motive makes us think; the record hasn't said its thing yet last word.

Violation of lexical compatibility

Use of unnecessary words, including pleonasm

Young young man; Very beautiful.

Using nearby or closely related words (tautology)

In that the story is told about real events.

Unjustified repetition of a word

Hero story does not think about his actions. Hero He doesn’t even understand the depth of what he has done.

Poverty and monotony of syntactic structures

When the writer came to the editorial office, he was accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.

Use of unnecessary words, lexical redundancy

Then so that you can smile, about it Our bookstore will take care of it.

Logical errors (L). Logical errors are associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within one sentence, judgment, and at the level of the entire text.

No.

Type of error Examples

Comparison (contrast) of two logically heterogeneous (different in scope and content) concepts in a sentence or text

Attended the lesson director, librarian, and Anna Petrovna Ivanova And Zoya Ivanovna Petrova; He leaned his back to the battery; Behind good studies and raising children parents students received letters of gratitude from the school administration.

Violation of cause-and-effect relationships

In recent years so many done to modernize education, but teachers work in the old way, because Issues of modernization of education are being resolved weak.

A missing link in an explanation, a “logical leap.”

It is hardly possible to block the flow of people through our yard. [?] How I want the yard to be an adornment for both the school and the village.

Rearranging parts of the text (if it is not due to the assignment for the essay or presentation)

It's time to return this word to its true meaning! Honor... But how to do this?

Unjustified substitution of the person from whom the story is told (for example, first from the first, then from the third person)

Comparison of logically incomparable concepts

Syntax encyclopedic articles are excellent from other scientific articles.

Composition and text errors

Bad start

The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, by the presence of demonstrative word forms in the first sentence, for example: In this text the author ...

Errorsin the main part

a) Bringing together relatively distant thoughts in one sentence.

b) Lack of consistency in presentation; incoherence and violation of sentence order.

c) The use of sentences of different types in structure, leading to difficulty understanding the meaning.

Bad ending

Duplication of conclusion, unjustified repetition of previously expressed thoughts.

Factual errors (F) - a type of non-linguistic error, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about factual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge)

No.

Type of error Examples

Bazarov was a nihilist and therefore killed an old woman with an ax; Lensky returned to his estate from England; Happiness for Oblomov was loneliness and indifference.

Inaccuracy in the quote. No indication of the author of the quotation. Incorrectly named author of the quote.

The book means a lot to me, because Lenin said: “ Live and learn!»

Ignorance of historical and other facts, including time displacement.

Great Patriotic War of 1812; The capital of the USA is New York.

Inaccuracies in the names, surnames, and nicknames of literary characters.

Distortions in the names of literary works, their genres, errors in indicating the author.

Turgen b ev; "Taras And Bulba"; V V"Crime and Punishment".