Gorodets is small town V Nizhny Novgorod region. It was there that traditional art, which is now commonly called “Gorodets painting,” was born almost 2 centuries ago. The first examples of images of this type are found on ancient spinning wheels, and later they began to appear on furniture elements, doors, and shutters. These bright pictures are somewhat reminiscent of the famous Khokhloma painting, but at the same time they have their own specifics and are a little simpler in execution, because the drawing is applied directly to wooden base. Let's study the elements for creating a beautiful Gorodets painting.

The drawing is done in bright, saturated colors using black and white strokes. Traditional images in the style of Gorodets painting are floral motifs, genre scenes and even images of various animals (horses, leopards, roosters). Typically, image types are divided into three groups; let's look at each of them in more detail.

We study the main elements of Gorodets painting for needlewomen

Flower painting.

This type of image is used most often because... it is the easiest to implement. The most simple option We will depict only one large flower, painted in large strokes. Round objects, for example, elements of dishes, are often decorated in the following way: on the sides of the product there is a floral ornament, and on the lid there is a pattern of buds. To decorate rectangular objects (for example, bread bins), a floral pattern can be inscribed in a rhombus shape.

Let's consider the main elements of the floral type of painting.

"Bouquet".

This type of ornament is a symmetrical image of buds. Typically used to decorate round objects, such as the lids of some dishes or wooden planks.

"Garland".

An elongated “subspecies” of a bouquet. One large flower is depicted in the center, and smaller buds and leaves radiate from it in different directions. Can be used when painting wooden boards, furniture for children, boxes.

"Rhombus".

At its core, it is a “bouquet”, only not round, but diamond-shaped. This element of Gorodets painting can often be found on shutters, cabinet doors or other rectangular objects. The photo shows a kitchen board with a similar pattern.

"Flower stripe"

One of the oldest types of patterns in the style of Gorodets painting, this is how spinning wheels were painted in the 19th century. As the name suggests, it is a dense strip of flowers different sizes, which alternate symmetrically, and small leaves. Now this type of painting is used when painting round volumetric products, for example, boxes. It seems that Gorodets painting is replete with an incredible number of colors. However, if you look closely, you can identify several repeating elements. Among the most popular is rosean.

"Wreath".

As the name suggests, it is a “flower strip” closed in a ring.

In addition to floral drawings, images of animals are also often found in Gorodets painting.

Floral painting with horse and bird motifs.

Elements of this type for Gorodets painting can often be found on kitchen boards, however, they can also be found on furniture and even on smaller objects, such as wooden spoons. Often the drawings are paired and are depicted symmetrically on two sides of the conditional center line of the product. Moreover, both sides may not necessarily be exactly the same; complementary designs (black and white horse, cockerel and chicken) are also a common option. Sometimes there are sets of three elements, where the two outer ones are symmetrical, and the central one does not have a pair.

Horses and birds are depicted among trees or surrounded by lush ornaments. It is believed that such motives have a certain meaning. For example, a rooster or a horse is considered a symbol of the sun, good luck, and prosperity. A paired image of a rooster and hen is a guarantee family well-being, wishes of happiness and many children.

Narrative Gorodets painting.

The most difficult to draw. These pictures depict scenes from village life - harvesting, dating, dancing. Illustrations for various fairy tales are also often found.

Of course, the image of each figure has its own hidden meaning. The young man on the horse is the groom. A beautiful girl standing near a birch tree is a bride. The depiction of feasts is very popular, and the table filled with food is depicted no less carefully than the characters. This is a wish for wealth and prosperity.

Gorodets painting is great for activities with children of all ages. For preschoolers, simple floral patterns that are drawn with large strokes are more suitable, but with older children you can try more complex images.

Video on the topic of the article

For greater clarity, we suggest watching the following videos, which demonstrate the implementation of Gorodets painting step by step.

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

Higher professional education

"Vladimir State University named after Alexander Grigorievich and Nikolai Grigorievich Stoletov"

Faculty:

Institute of Arts and Art Education

Abstract on the topic:

Gorodets painting on wood.

Work completed

Student of the Xgg-112 group

Illarionova Natalya.

Scientific director

Vartsava R.M.

G. Vladimir 2012

History of Gorodets painting.

Technique of Gorodets masters

Elements, subjects and techniques of Gorodets painting

Composition in Gorodets painting

Bibliography

Illustrations.

History of Gorodets painting

The painting, which is now called Gorodets, was born in the Volga region, in villages located on the banks of the clean and bright Uzory River. In the villages of Koskovo, Kurtsevo, Khlebaikha, Repino, Savino, Boyarskoye, etc. In the 18th century. a center for the production of spinning bottoms and toys emerges. The peasants took their products to sell at a fair in the village of Gorodets. Therefore, the painting done on these products was called Gorodetsaya. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language V.I. Dalia explains that the word “bottom” means “a plank on which our spinner sits, sticking a comb into it.” Having finished the work, she took out the comb and hung the bottom on the wall, and it decorated the hut. Therefore, folk craftsmen paid special attention to decorating the boards with carvings and paintings. The spinning wheel was a faithful companion throughout the peasant woman’s life. It often served as a gift: the groom gave it to the bride, the father to the daughter, the husband to the wife. Therefore, the bottom was chosen to be elegant and colorful, to the joy and surprise of everyone. The spinning wheel was passed down from generation to generation, it was taken care of and stored. To decorate the boards, the craftsmen used a unique technique - inlay, which is very rarely found in folk art. The figures were cut out of a different type of wood and inserted into recesses corresponding to the shape. These inserts, made of dark bog oak, stood out in relief against the light surface of the bottom. Having wood of two shades and using the simplest tools, folk craftsmen turned the bottom into a work of art. Later, the craftsmen also began to use bottom tinting. Bright combination yellow background with dark oak, adding blue, green, red colors made it elegant and colorful. From the second half of the 19th century V. the complex and labor-intensive technique of inlay was replaced by bracket carving with tinting, and then the pictorial manner of decoration began to predominate. The subjects of ancient Gorodets painting were images of birds, flowers, horse riders, young ladies and gentlemen, and scenes from folk life. Nowadays, the traditions of the old masters are being sought to be revived and enriched by folk craftsmen working at the Gorodets Painting factory of art products in the city of Gorodets. Among them there are laureates of the award named after. I.E. Repina. This is L.F. Bespalova, F.N. Kasatova, A.E. Konovalov, L.A. Kubatkina, T.M. Rukina, A.V. Sokolova.

Technique of Gorodets masters

Tools and materials. For painting, it is advisable to have three brushes: squirrel brush (No. 2 or No. 3), core brush (No. 1 or No. 2) and flute brush (No. 2 or No. 3). A flute is a flat brush made of soft hair that is used for underpainting and framing. Nowadays, Gorodets artists paint products with oil and tempera paints. Eight are required: black, white, scarlet, kraplak red (cherry), cobalt blue light (bright blue), yellow, chromium oxide and red iron oxide. Another paint is also needed - cinnabar (bright red). To get the color scheme of Gorodets painting, you need to mix paints. In addition to those that are in the gouache set, you need to get four new paints: light blue, light pink, light ocher and Gorodets green (Fig. 1). To get light blue, white paint(zinc white) add a little cobalt blue light (bright blue paint). Light pink is obtained by mixing white paint with cinnabar or white paint with scarlet. For light ocher, use light yellow and a little red iron oxide.

Elements, subjects and techniques of Gorodets painting

At the beginning of training, it is very important to learn how to hold a brush correctly. It must be in a strictly vertical position relative to the work (Fig. 2). The elbow is fixed, and the hand is completely free to make continuous plastic strokes, both on smooth planes and on spherical or cylindrical surfaces. While working, you can lean on your protruding little finger, lightly touching the product with it. Ornament occupies a significant place in wood painting. An ornament is a pictorial, graphic or sculptural decoration made from a combination of geometric, plant or animal elements. The main elements of Gorodets painting are circles, brackets, dots, drops, arcs, strokes, spirals (Fig. 3). It is important to understand the difference between the concepts of “pattern” and “ornament”. A pattern is a drawing that is a combination of lines, colors, and shadows. They, brought into a certain system, rhythmically ordered, will make up the ornament. Mastering painting of the pictorial type, to which Gorodetskaya belongs, they do it without first drawing the outline of the design. Gorodets painting is carried out in three stages. The first is underpainting, i.e. circular motion with the brush, applying one color spot. The underpainting is done with a wide flat brush - flute or squirrel brush No. 3. If there is not enough paint, the underpainting will turn out pale and inexpressive; if there is a lot, then when it dries the paint will begin to peel off. The second stage is shade (or shade), i.e. applying the brace. To draw a bracket correctly, first you just need to lightly touch the tip of the brush and draw a thin line; towards the middle, press the brush firmly, and finish the bracket again with a thin line. Make sure that the brush is perpendicular. The third stage is revival (or unzivka), i.e. fine cutting of ornamental forms with white. Revivals are always applied to monochromatic silhouettes, which gives them some volume. People begin to master Gorodets painting by painting flowers, which are depicted mainly in a circle. Gorodets flowers vary in color and shape. Flowers in Gorodets painting are a symbol of health and prosperity. Buds (Fig. 7) are a type of Gorodets flowers. First, apply the main color spot (underpainting) in a circular motion with a brush. Then they begin the detailed development of the ornament (shadow). It is made in black, burgundy or red. Develop the bud by moving the brush, applying one color spot.

The shape of the bud depends on how the brackets are positioned. It may have one or more parentheses. If there are a lot of brackets, you need to start drawing with the smallest ones, gradually increasing them in size and bringing them closer to the edge of the underpainting. It must be remembered that the buds are always small in size. At the end, the revives are applied with white. Kupavka is the most common flower in Gorodets ornament. Its underpainting is larger in size than the bud. They start painting with a small circle along its edge, then make a bracket inside the circle. Brackets are drawn along the edge of the underpainting, the same shape as the bracket inside the underpainting, only smaller in size. Brackets along its edge are drawn, starting from the center, gradually reducing them in size to the core. The final stage of painting - revitalization is usually done with whitewash. Applying the revival requires very careful and precise execution, so it must be done with a confident stroke with a thin brush. Rose reflects the main characteristics of a flower, i.e. has petals and a pronounced center. Silhouette in the shape of a circle. The size may be larger than the kupavka. The center of the flower is drawn in the middle. The rose in the Gorodets painting is surrounded by brackets - petals of the same size, the color of which matches the color of the middle. The technique for painting the brackets is the same as for the kupavka. The development options for revitalization are so diverse that it is difficult to name even the most common ones. Gorodets artists use dots, brackets, drops, and spirals. The chamomile flower is not complicated in its execution technique. Lightly touch the surface of the paper with the tip of the brush, leaving a thin mark on it. Then, without looking up from the surface, quickly apply and lift the brush. The result is a drop-like stroke - thin at the beginning and wide at the end. Like a rose, it has a core, only drop petals are drawn around it. The rose is the most complex flower. The painting begins with the underpainting - the main volume of the flower-circle; a central rounded petal is added to it at the bottom, followed by smaller petals in a circle down to the very core, which occupies the center of the upper part of the flower.

After the silhouette of the flower is created, they begin to develop it: the elements of the central part are limited by a large bracket and turned towards the core. The arc-bracket and the core in the upper part of the flower are painted in black, burgundy and red. The edges of the petals can be outlined with the same paint as the core. The most difficult thing about a rose is its revival. Inside the arc-bracket, first draw a small bracket with a linear cut. Then two to four drops are drawn on both sides of the arc, depending on the free space inside the arc. Small brackets are drawn outside the arc. Inside the arc-bracket you can draw stamen points. Gorodets leaves are very diverse in shape, size and color. They are almost always arranged in groups of five, three or two leaves.

A simple Gorodets leaf is depicted in the form of a pumpkin seed. A more complex one is written like this: draw a smooth arc with a brush and connect it with a curved line, making sure that the sheet remains wide at one end. The leaves are always wide, rounded and splayed. Leaves are depicted in two stages: with underpainting and animation. If the underpainting is done with Gorodets green paint, then the revival is done with black paint, if with Gorodets dark green paint, then white is added to the black revivals. The Gorodets bird is a symbol of family happiness. Birds are depicted in various versions: a proud peacock, a frowning turkey, a cocky rooster, and a fairy-tale bird. They begin to write them with a smooth line depicting the bend of the neck and chest, then a line is drawn that defines the shape of the head and back, then the line of the wing, thread-like beak and legs are determined. Most often, the body is painted black, the wing is painted over with Gorodets green paint. The tail is written in different ways, for example, it is limited on both sides by lines that define its silhouette and painted over. It is best to do this in scarlet. In another case, each tail feather is painted in two colors. The development of birds begins with the head and ends with the tail. The revivals are done with whitewash, applying thin strokes.

The Gorodets horse is a symbol of wealth. It is mostly black in color, with a small head on a steeply arched neck and a neatly combed mane. Masters depict it in several ways. Some use loose strokes to write the outline of the entire figure and only then paint over it. Others build the figure of a horse with spots of color, starting with the largest vertical element - the chest and neck. The outlines of the harness and saddle, the back and abdominal parts of the body are added to them. The plane limited by the lines of the harness and saddle remains light in this version. Most often, the saddle and harness are made in scarlet, and the details of the head and legs of the tail are made with white.

Gorodets bird

Master class on drawing Gorodets painting using a template. Painting "Horses".

Bogatova Oksana Nikolaevna, teacher of MKDOU " Kindergarten No. 94" of the city of Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod region.
Description: the work can be done junior schoolchildren or preschoolers with the help of adults. The master class will be of interest to creative people and additional education teachers.
Purpose: will serve as a drawing example for art classes and interior decoration.
Target: creation of the painting "Horses".
Tasks:- learn to draw Gorodets horses symmetrically using a template;
- consolidate the skills of painting floral Gorodets ornaments;
- develop Creative skills:
- cultivate patriotic feelings, the desire to come into contact with people more often folk traditions.

The image of a horse in Gorodets painting symbolizes the sun and wishes for happiness.
The character of the depiction of animals is always majestic and solemn. If a horse is depicted, then it is a horse, proudly raising its head on a steeply curved swan neck, beating the ground with its hoof. He has the thin legs of a horse, rich harness, and a mane flowing like a waterfall.
The Gorodets horse is running - the whole earth is trembling under it...
As in flower painting, Gorodets paintings depicting a horse can be symmetrical. They can be located either on the sides of flowering tree, and inside a flower garland. These are the horses with floral ornament, we will draw with you!

Materials: A3 sheet of paper; gouache scarlet, ruby, ocher, green, white, black; watercolor paints; water jar; a simple pencil; a piece of sponge; brushes No. 1, No. 2, No. 5.

Using a sponge, cover the sheet with ocher gouache.

Now we need to draw two symmetrical horses located on the sides of the picture. Having posed such a problem, I was faced with the problem that I got one knight (located on the right), but the other (located on the left) did not turn out to be mirror symmetrical... Then I cut out my pencil sketch and placed the knight with the other surface on the opposite side of the drawing.

Having little artistic ability, it is difficult to draw a beautiful, well-proportioned horse. Therefore, I suggest everyone to use this template, according to my sketch.

We paint the horses with black gouache.

For a more even execution of floral patterns, namely, drawing roses, flowers and daisies, we will use the round shapes of a jar for water and a jar of gouache.

Paint over the drawn circles.

At the bottom of our floral ornament we will paint a rose and two daisies. Let's draw a cuppa in the center.

Let's complement the floral ornament with leaves.

To make the picture sparkle with new colors, let’s complement it with new colors for us - bells.

Now let's start drawing the horses' harness.

Then we use white “animation” to make our horses graceful and give them volume.

On the leaves we draw veins of the corresponding colors

We paint blue bells, buds and flowers with blue and white watercolors.

Now we apply black “revival” to the leaves.

Our picture is almost ready, all that remains is to draw the bridles.

We frame the picture and hang it on the wall.

A similar picture can be drawn with roosters. It will bring warmth and comfort, unique originality to your home. Thank you for your attention!

Gorodets painting - folk artistic craft, developed from the mid-19th century. in the area of ​​Gorodets (now in the Gorky region). Bright, laconic, contrasting in color, Gorodets painting served to decorate homes (shutters, doors, gates) and household items (the bottom of spinning wheels, furniture, toys, etc.). Surrounded by floral patterns, figures of horses, roosters, fantastic animals and birds, scenes of walks and tea parties were done with a wide, free stroke with a graphic outline of the images with white and black lines, which emphasized the clear rhythm of the composition.

In 1836, an artel was created, which in 1960 was renamed the Gorodets Painting factory. The artel produced souvenirs. Its main masters were A.E. Konovalov, D.I. Kryukov, I.A. Mazin.

Traditions of Gorodets painting originate from carved Gorodets spinning wheels. Gorodets craftsmen decorated the bottom of the spinning wheels with a special technique - inlay, which means the following: figures were cut out of a different type of wood and inserted into a recess corresponding in shape. Later, craftsmen began to use tint. In this technique L.V. Melnikov became the most famous master. Since 1870, the picturesque style of decorating the bottom of Gorodets spinning wheels has dominated.

Elements of Gorodets painting

The ornament of Gorodets painting is formed by various elements - geometric, plant, animal. Speaking of plants elements of Gorodets painting, One cannot fail to mention Gorodets flowers, which have a variety of shapes and colors. Buds, roses, daisies, kupavkas, and roses are popular. Leaves in patterns are depicted in groups of two to three or five leaves. Animals motives of Gorodets painting deeply symbolic. The Gorodets bird embodies family happiness and prosperity, and the horse symbolizes wealth.

The main elements of Gorodets painting are dots, brackets, circles, arcs, drops, spirals, and strokes. During the creation of a pattern, elements are applied to the surface of the product. Gorodets painting is carried out in three stages. At the first stage (underpainting) a single color spot is applied, at the second (shading) a bracket is applied, and at the third stage of revitalization (reliving) the fine cutting of the ornamental shapes occurs using white. Thus, monochromatic silhouettes acquire some volume

The horse in Gorodets painting is a symbol of wealth.

Have you heard the word “horseless”? When it is used even in our time, they mean the extreme poverty of the person about whom they say “horseless.”

In the old days, those peasants who did not have a horse were the poorest people in the village: they could neither plow the land in the field, nor bring hay to the cow, nor go to the market to sell something from their harvest, nor deliver a doctor to the sick...

In a word, it was bad on a farm without a horse. And the horse was so significant in life rural residents that in peasant painting it became a symbol of wealth.

The Gorodets horse is only black. This is also a tradition. And it comes from that distant time, when Gorodets spinning wheels were decorated not with painting, but with carvings. Then the horse, carved from black (stained) oak, crashed flush into the light bottom of the Gorodets spinning wheel. This work was hard, since oak is a very hard tree. Therefore, over time, the craftsmen who made spinning wheels began to simply paint over the horse on the spinning wheel with black paint, thereby imitating their work as an inlay stained oak. It was cheaper. The spinning wheels were made for sale. And then they began to tint other parts of the spinning wheel and gradually the expensive carving was replaced by coloring (painting).

Since then, the horse in Gorodets painting has always been black. The Gorodets horse, like the bird, is distinctive in shape and color. The whole horse is black with white trims, the saddle and harness are red. The horse has a flexible neck and chest (and, mind you, exactly the same as a bird!), a rounded croup, a bushy tail and very thin legs. Moreover, they are thin only below the knees. One hind leg is hooked under the stomach, and one front leg is bent sharply at the knee in front of the chest.

Gorodets masters the horse is painted in two stages: underpainting and revivals. First, you need to draw the outline of the horse, then paint the saddle and harness with red paint, then paint the horse with black, and then use white paint to make animations using dots, strokes, and droplets.

A droplet on a horse This is done like this: with the tip of an artistic brush, which must be held vertically, quickly draw a thin elastic line and at the end of it, slightly tilting the brush, apply a drop. They make a drop of animation on the chest and croup of the horse, and from such animation the horse becomes shiny and smooth; “full”, as the peasants say. And this did not mean that the horse had eaten well, but that he was in good shape, round and thin at the same time, beautiful and well-groomed. There are two types of Gorodets horses, they differ only in their manes, in everything else they are always the same, except for small insignificant details.

Sequence of the image of the Gorodets horse

The sequence of painting the Gorodets black horse

The horse is the embodiment of the beauty of Gorodets painting and the unmistakable precision of the master’s hand. No matter what kind of hobby the city dweller painted, the basis was always virtuoso brush work without preliminary drawing.

The ability to truly paint a horse is a kind of exam for the title of professional Gorodets master. A craftsman who tries to depict a horse using a stencil will never be recognized as a local artist. Anyone who has seen how the Gorodets horse is traditionally written remembers this extraordinary action for a long time. The master of the old Gorodets craft, A.E., was proud of this skill. Konovalov showed these techniques only to the best. Konovalov’s system of techniques (techniques of outlining a horse in silhouette and then filling the outline with color) is more consistent with the style of brush painting that developed in Gorodets. He reveals it in his drawings A.V. Sokolova.

With a brush saturated with black paint, a stroke is painted, similar to that used to paint the neck and chest of a bird. To this stroke is added another, forming, together with the first, a curved teardrop-shaped shape, in which the curved neck and crown of the horse can already be discerned.

The outline of the saddle is assigned to the front part of the horse's body.

The horse's croup is written from the back line of the saddle.

A small rounded oblong head is attributed to the curved neck.

Sharp triangular ears are attached to the horse's head.

The upper parts of the legs are added to the body, while the front leg is traditionally written raised.

The lower parts from the knee to the hoof are assigned to the upper parts of the legs. At the same time, the Gorodets artist never strives for anatomical correctness, creating a generalized, but at the same time quite convincing image.

The horse's hooves are carefully crafted, sometimes looking like black pointed leaves.

The next stage of work is the image of the tail. A lush flowing tail is performed with free, smooth movements of the brush.

After finishing work on the horse’s silhouette, paint the saddle with a bright, elegant color, and write on the bridle.

The final stage of work, as always in Gorodets, is bleaching. The horse's round eye is painted with whitewash, its mane is marked with parallel thin strokes, its tail is decorated, and its hooves are shaded with small strokes. The more the artist loves his horse, the more elegantly and elegantly he decorates its harness.

Gorodets horse

While preserving traditional brushwork techniques for painting a horse, modern artists have introduced great variety into its color scheme. These are not only black horses, but also white, brown and horses of various colors, which fit well into the overall joyful structure of the painting.

Products with Gorodets painting. Horses.

Kryukov's workshop. Mochesnik. Late XIX - early XX centuries. SPGIKHMZ. The small family workshop of the Kryukovs, hereditary Gorodets craftsmen, specialized in the production of mochesniks with simple paintings depicting couples, horses, birds, flowers. The painting of the mochesniks depicted on these pages differs only in small details.

LESSON No. 1. Acquaintance with the traditional motif of Gorodets painting - “horse”.

Organization of the lesson. You should consider with your children plots in which there is an image of a horse. The majesty and grace of the horse are expressed in the smoothness and rhythm of the form, in which beauty and strength are organically balanced. Children examine and remember the sequence of painting. There are several ways to draw. The Gorodets horse is usually painted with black paint. First, an image is drawn that looks like a large drop - this is the chest and neck, then an image of a smaller inverted drop is drawn - this is the croup and hind leg of the Gorodets horse. After this, the legs, head are added and, at the final stage of working on the outline, the mane and tail are drawn. After this, they begin to revive, which consists of drawing the harness and saddle. If the horse is without a rider, then the bridle is depicted tied to the raised front leg, and the harness on the chest is made in the shape of a flower.

Completing the task. Children independently complete the symmetrical composition by inscribing the Gorodets horse into the right side of the panel.

Bibliography