There was no grammatical basis for the main places. How to find the grammatical basis of a sentence

is a syntactic unit containing a thought and consisting of one or more words. Using a sentence, you can express thoughts and feelings, an order, a request, etc. For example: Morning. The sun rises from the horizon. Open the window! What a wonderful morning!

The offer is minimum unit of utterance . In sentences, words are interconnected by syntactic connections. Therefore, sentences can be defined as chains of syntactically related words . Thanks to this, even in a text without punctuation marks (for example, in monuments of ancient Russian writing), you can guess where one sentence ends and another begins.

Distinctive features of the offer:

1. A sentence is a statement about something in the form of a message, a question or an incentive.
2. The sentence is the basic unit of communication.
3. The sentence has intonation and semantic completeness.
4. The sentence has a certain structure (structure). Its core is the grammatical basis.
5. The sentence has lexical and grammatical meaning.

Lexical meaning sentences are its specific content. The winter turned out to be snowy and frosty.

Grammatical meaning proposals are general meaning sentences of the same structure, abstracted from their specific content. She went on an excursion (face and its action). The travelers are cold and tired (face and its condition).

In meaning and intonation there are offers narrative (contain a message), interrogative(contain a question) exclamation marks (pronounced with strong feeling, with an exclamation), incentive(encourage action), for example: Golden Moscow is the best. Do you find it funny? And what stars! Raise your sword higher! (According to I. Shmelev)

By the presence of minor members both one-part and two-part sentences can be undistributed (no minor members) and common (there are minor members), for example: I'm dozing (simple two-part unextended sentence). The ice has grown in lumps on the glass (simple two-part common sentence).

By the presence or partial absence of members of the sentence proposals may be complete and incomplete , For example: In the cold hall the Christmas tree mysteriously sleeps a (full sentence). Glass - penny (incomplete sentence, predicate released costs ). (According to I. Shmelev)

Grammatical (predicative) basis of a sentence

Offers have grammatical basis consisting of a subject and a predicate or one of them. For example: Freezing. White beauty birch. I'm scared. There is a rainbow over Moscow. (According to I. Shmelev)

The grammatical basis may include both both main members proposals and one of them- subject or predicate. The stars fade and go out. Night. It's freezing. (I. Nikitin)

According to the structure of the grammatical basis simple sentences are divided into two-part (with two main terms) and one-piece (with one main member): The pipes are rattling in the hallway. It smells like polished floors, mastic, and a Christmas tree. It's frosty! (According to I. Shmelev)

By the number of grammatical bases offers are divided into simple(one grammatical stem) and complex(two or more stems related to each other in meaning, intonation and using lexical means). For example: Our Christmas is coming from afar (simple sentence). The priests are singing under the icon, and the huge deacon screams so terribly that my chest trembles (complex sentence). (According to I. Shmelev)

Subject and predicate

Subject - main member sentences that are associated with the predicate and answer questions in the nominative case Who? or What?

Ways to express the subject:

1. A noun in the nominative case or another part of speech used in the meaning of a noun. Meanwhile sky(noun) continued to clear. Our fallen(prior) - like sentries.
2. The pronoun is in the nominative case. You you bloom alone, and I won’t be able to return these golden dreams, this deep faith (A. Blok).
3. Infinitive. Work it was not difficult, and most importantly, it was fun (P. Pavlenko).
4. Phraseologisms. Skillful fingers visited this master (P. Bazhov).
5. Indivisible phrase. My friend and I We left before sunrise (M. Sholokhov).

Predicate- the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject and answers questions what does the item do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? who is he?Dissuaded golden grove (S. Yesenin).

The main members of the proposal. Subject and predicate

The main members constitute the grammatical basis of the sentence, without which the sentence cannot exist. However, the grammatical basis can be made up of one main member of the sentence. Such sentences are called one-part sentences (that is, they contain only one main member - the subject or predicate).
In addition, sentences are divided into simple and complex. Simple ones have only one grammatical basis. Complex sentences consist of several simple ones, connected by conjunctions, allied words and (or) meaning, and therefore have more than one grammatical basis.

Subject – the main member of the sentence, denoting the subject and answering the questions WHO? WHAT?, an action, state or sign of which is usually revealed by the predicate.

The subject can be expressed by any part of speech.
1. Noun in the nominative case: Income from shares increased by five percent.
2. Pronoun in the nominative case: We came to the conference.
3. Substantivized adjective: Sick called the doctor.
4. Numeral: Seven one is not expected.
5. Infinitive of the verb: Study will always come in handy.

The subject can be expressed by both a phrase and phraseological turn: Pacific Ocean spread out before us; His long tongue always ruins things.
The phrase can have different meanings:

• quantitative: Thirty-four employees wrote a leave application; Both girlfriends laughed; Several people stopped; Crowd gathered in the square;


• selective: None of us did not agree to go;


• collective: Director with secretary attended the meeting;


• temporary: stood mid July.

Predicate - this is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject and grammatically depends on it, denotes an action, state, sign inherent in the subject, answers the questions: WHAT DOES?, WHAT WILL IT DO?, WHAT? and etc.

The predicate is divided into simple and compound.
Simple predicate expressed by a verb in any form: There were folders on the table in the corner; Would you come and talk to me; I will address these issues tomorrow.

Compound predicate in turn, it is divided into two more subtypes: compound verbal and compound nominal.

Compound verb predicate consists of two parts: an auxiliary verb in conjugated form, which expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate and connects it with the subject, and an indefinite form of the verb, which expresses the main lexical meaning of the predicate.
The auxiliary ones are:

• verbs denoting the beginning, end and continuation of an action: I have already started to perform new task; Our department stops striking;


• modal verbs that denote desire, reluctance, possibility or impossibility of action: I I can do it your order; I want to learn your insight; I refuse to be errand boy!


• verbs expressing emotional condition: All were afraid to object to the boss; He loves to work;


• phraseological combinations: our company has the honor to cooperate with such a famous concern.

Compound nominal predicate from a linking verb that expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part that expresses the basic lexical meaning of the predicate. Moreover, the link may be missed.
The links are:

• verbs TO BE, IS: I I was very pleased;


• verbs that do not express independent meaning: Alyosha seemed pale;


• verbs expressing the meaning of movement, state, activity: We are back home tired.

• nouns in the nominative or instrumental case: Hard work There is The main thing condition success;


• adjectives: Clouds became more transparent;


• numerals: Us there were four;


• pronoun: Andrey Nikolaevich was Here his;


• participle: This meeting was unexpected ;


• an indecomposable phrase: Predicate is the main member of the sentence.

Secondary members of the sentence

Definition – a minor member of a sentence that answers the questions: WHAT?, WHOSE?, WHICH?, denotes a feature of an object.
The definition can be expressed:
1) an adjective, participle, pronoun and ordinal number, a phrase with the leading adjective or participle, then it is called agreed, because in this case it agrees with the noun in gender and case. Examples:

• They fell silent voiced bird voices;


• We noticed a broken headlight approaching cars;


• Under fourth the number was our company;


• Its the burden does not bear.

• At the monument (which one? to whom?) Pushkin lovers still meet; On his desk was a magazine (which one?) with photos; Water (what kind?) from the spring was cold;


• Children (which ones?) older sent to the river for water;


• Eyes (whose?) his (her, their) were sad;


• The leader gave a sign (what?) shut up.

Addition - this is a minor member of a sentence that answers questions about the indirect cases of a noun, denotes the subject, object and instrument of action.
The addition can be expressed by any part of speech: Get (what?) book(n.) from the shelf; We were asked (about what?) keep quiet(inf. ch.); Invited (who?) her(local) for dinner and etc.
The addition can be direct or indirect.
The direct object is always used without a preposition and is expressed by the accusative and genitive case forms of the verb: The merchant accepted (what?) solution; Today you(who?) won't be there?
Indirect is used in the form of any indirect case with or without a preposition.

Circumstance - this is a minor member of a sentence that answers the questions: HOW?, WHEN?, WHERE?, WHERE?, WHY?, WHY?, TO WHAT DEGREE?, denotes the time, place, reason and method of action of the subject, i.e. circumstances , in which the action is performed.
A circumstance can be expressed by a noun, adverb, participle, infinitive, etc.: Will I read it (when?) after lunch; The boss said (how?) very fast; Hunched over, (how?) A tired clerk was sitting at the table.

In addition, there are parts of the sentence that are not members of the sentence. These are appeals introductory words and designs. They are separated by commas, but do not affect the connection of sentences in the text.

The Russian language is rich and powerful. You can’t know all the rules, but you need to strive for it. Today we will do just that.

What words are the grammatical basis?

Each sentence contains a grammatical basis. The components of the grammatical basis of a sentence are the subject and the predicate. The secondary members of the sentence indirectly or directly separate these words. The grammatical meanings of the construction are determined by the meaning of the mood and tense of the predicate expressed by the verb. For example:

• "The ball goes straight into the goal." The action of the subject is happening, and is happening now.
• "The ball was flying straight into the goal." The action of the subject occurred and occurred in the past tense.
• "The ball would have gone into the goal." The action of the object does not occur, but is expressed in a wish.

Grammar basis: examples

The subject and predicate in a sentence can be expressed in different ways, sometimes taking unusual forms. Therefore, it is necessary to examine in more detail the concept and examples of the parts of the sentence that make up the grammatical basis.

The subject is the main member of the sentence and denotes the object that performs some action. The subject answers the questions "who?" and “what?”, characteristic of the nominative case. The following examples will help you correctly determine the subject of a sentence:

1. The subject is a noun in the nominative case. "The dog has its tail between its legs."
2. The subject is a pronoun in the nominative case. “I saw”, “Who brought the apples?” "That's funny". "This is their child." “The wallet that was found belonged to Marina” (subject in the sentence subordinate type). “The leaf that fell on the alley seemed fiery red” (subject in a subordinate clause). "Someone will see." "Everyone got quiet."
3. The subject is the infinitive form of the verb. "Being brave is already a victory." "Listening means hearing." "To break is not to build."
4. The subject is a combination of several words (one in the nominative case). “My brother and I rarely quarreled.”
5. The subject is a combination of several words (without the nominative case). "Two birds sat on the windowsill"

The predicate is the main member of the sentence, associated with the subject and having the expressed question “what does it do?” meaning. Also, questions characterizing the predicate include “what is he like?”, “what is he like,” “who is he?” For example, “Drank about a liter of water”

The predicate is the main member of the sentence, associated with the subject and having the expressed question “what does it do?” meaning. Also, questions characterizing the predicate include “what is he like?”, “what is he like,” “who is he?”

Speaking about what a grammatical basis is, one cannot help but cover the concepts of a simple and compound predicate. The first expresses the verb in the form of any mood. A compound is expressed by several words, one of which connects it with the subject, while the others carry a semantic load. For example: “His mother was a nurse” - the verb “was” connects the predicate with the subject, and “nurse” carries the semantic load of the predicate. Those. V this proposal predicate - “was a nurse.”

A compound predicate can be a compound verb and a compound nominal. A simple verbal predicate can be expressed using a verb in one of the following forms:

1. Present and past tense verb forms. "He runs fast." "My sister didn't hear the call."
2. Future tense verb form. "They will ask me tomorrow."
3. The form of the verb is conditional or imperative. “I wouldn’t go into that yard.” "Let him eat what he wants."

To summarize, we can say that the grammatical basis expresses the grammatical meaning of the structure and the number of grammatical stems in a sentence is, as a rule, not limited.

As part of the grammatical basis there are subject and predicate. If a sentence consists of one main member, then it is only a subject or predicate. There are no sentences without a basis (except for incomplete ones)!

Stage No. 1. We find the subject. Questions WHO? or WHAT?

The subject is the main member of the sentence, grammatically independent.

In a typical sentence, this is the thing (in the broad sense) that the sentence is talking about. This is a word in the nominative case. Most often this is a noun or pronoun that answers the questions: Who? or What?

Examples:

• Wolf came out of the forest (What or what is the sentence talking about? About a wolf, that is, we pose the question: Who? Wolf. Noun).
• Shaggy black dog suddenly jumped out from somewhere out of the sedge thickets (Who? Dog. Noun).
• I smiled and went forward. (Who? I. Pronoun).

There are some cases where the subject is expressed in other ways (not as a noun or as a pronoun):

Stage No. 2. We find the predicate. Questions: WHAT DOES IT DO? (and etc.)

What types of predicates are there?

The predicate is connected with the subject and answers the question that is asked to it from the subject: What does the subject do?

But with the appropriate expression of the subject (see table above), these can be other questions: What is the subject?, What is the subject), etc.

Examples:

• Wolf came out of the forest (We ask a question from actor, from the subject: the wolf did what? Came out is a predicate expressed by a verb).
• Shaggy black dog suddenly jumped out from somewhere out of the sedge thickets (What did the dog do? Jumped out).
• I smiled and went forward. (What I did was smile and go).

Predicates in Russian are of three types:

• Simple verb (one verb). Example: The wolf came out.
• Compound verb (auxiliary verb + infinitive). Example: I'm hungry. I have to go to Suzdal (essentially two verbs in the predicate).
• Compound nominal (linking verb + nominal part). Example: I will be a teacher (essentially a verb and another part of speech in the predicate).

see also:

• Materials on the topic: and "".

Difficult cases in determining predicates

Situation 1. Often problems with determining the predicate arise in a situation where a simple verbal predicate is expressed in more than one word. Example: Today you will not have lunch alone (= have lunch).

In this sentence, the predicate will dine is a simple verb, it is expressed in two words for the reason that it is a compound form of the future tense.

Situation 2. I found myself in difficulty doing this work (= found it difficult). The predicate is expressed by phraseological units.

Situation 3. Another hard case- these are sentences in which the compound predicate is represented by the form of a short participle. Example: The doors are always open.

An error in determining the type of predicate may be associated with an incorrect definition of the part of speech (a short participle should be distinguished from a verb). In fact, in this sentence the predicate is a compound nominal, and not a simple verb, as it might seem.

Why is it compound if it is expressed in one word? Because in the present tense form the verb has a zero connective. If you put the predicate in the form of the past or future tense, it will appear. Compare. Doors are always will open. Doors are always were open.

Situation 4. A similar error can occur in the case of expressing the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate with a noun or adverb.

Example. Our hut is the second from the edge. (Compare: Our hut was the second one from the edge).

Dasha is married to Sasha (Compare: Dasha was married to Sasha).

Remember that words are part of a compound predicate possible, necessary, impossible.

Determining the stem in one-part sentences

In nominative sentences, the stem will be represented by the subject.

Example: Winter morning.

In indefinite sentences there is only a predicate. The subject is not expressed, but it is understandable.

Example: I love the storm in early May.

Most difficult case expressions of the stem in impersonal sentences. Most often this is just different kinds compound nominal predicates.

Examples: I need to act. The house is warm. I'm upset. There is no comfort, no peace.

If you do not develop the skill of determining the basis of a sentence in the elementary grades, this will lead to difficulties in analyzing single-component and complex sentences in grades 8-9. If you gradually develop this skill by increasing complexity, then all problems will be resolved.

The grammatical basis of the sentence. The concept of the main members of a sentence

The grammatical basis of a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate.

The grammatical basis expresses the grammatical meanings of a sentence. They are associated with the meanings of moods and tense of the predicate verb.

The troops are moving to the front.

(The action actually happens and takes place in the present tense).

Yesterday he came to see us.

(The action actually happened, but in the past tense).

You should talk to your mother, Ivan!

(The action is not realized in reality, but is desired by the speaker).

The subject and predicate are called the main members of a sentence because all the minor members in a sentence directly or indirectly extend them.

Let us show the dependence of the minor terms on the main ones in the following diagram:

The astonished Varenukha silently handed him an urgent telegram.

Subject as a member of a sentence. Subject expression forms

The subject is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the questions of the nominative case who? or what?

The subject in Russian can be expressed in different ways, sometimes in “unusual” forms. The following table will help you correctly determine the subject.

Basic ways of expressing the subject.

Predicate as a member of a sentence. Types of predicate

The predicate is the main member of a sentence, which is connected with the subject by a special connection and has a meaning expressed in the questions what does the subject of speech do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? who is he? and etc.

The predicate in Russian can be simple or compound. A simple (simple verbal) predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.

Compound predicates are expressed in several words, one of them serves to connect with the subject, while the others carry the semantic load. In other words, in compound predicates, the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.

(Verb was Colonel

(Verb started serves to connect with the subject, to the word work the semantic load of the predicate decreases.)

Among compound predicates, a distinction is made between compound verbal and compound nominal predicates.

Learn more about predicate types. Simple verb predicate

A simple verbal predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.

It can be expressed by the following verb forms:

We emphasize that in the case of you will be expected tomorrow, the simple verbal predicate is expressed by the compound form of the future tense of the verb to wait.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate consists of two components - an auxiliary verb, which serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and an indefinite form of the verb, which expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.

(Here began - this is an auxiliary verb, and gnawing is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)

(Here I don’t want is an auxiliary verb, and to offend is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)

The role of an auxiliary verb can be a combination of some short adjectives (must, glad, ready, obligated, etc.) and an auxiliary verb-linking be in the form of one of the moods (in the present tense this linking is omitted).

(here the copula will be omitted).

So, let’s imagine the structure of a compound verbal predicate with the formula:

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate consists of two components: a copular verb that serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part that expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.

(Here the copular verb becomes, and the nominal part is expressed by the adjective viscous.)

(Here the copular verb will be, and the nominal part of the predicate is expressed by the noun handball player.)

Let us imagine the structure of a compound nominal predicate with the formula:

The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is expressed by the following parts of speech: noun, adjective (full and short, various forms of degrees of comparison), participle (full and short), numeral, pronoun, adverb, word of the state category, verb in the indefinite form.

In the Russian language, at least four main types of one-part sentences can be distinguished.

Basic types of two-part sentences

Knowing the main types of two-part sentences, it is easier to find grammatical basics in them.

Basic types of one-part sentences

Secondary members of the sentence: definition, addition, circumstance

All members of the sentence, except the main ones, are called secondary.

The secondary members of the sentence are not included in the grammatical basis, but extend (explain) it. They can also explain other minor members.

Let's demonstrate this with a diagram:

According to their meaning and role in the sentence, minor members are divided into definition, addition and circumstance. These syntactic roles identified by questions.

Appreciated (to what extent?) high- circumstance.

Appreciated (what?) canvases- addition.

Canvases (whose?) his- definition.

Supplement as part of a sentence. Types of add-ons

A complement is a minor member of a sentence that answers questions of indirect cases (i.e., all except the nominative) and denotes the subject. The object usually extends the predicate, although it can also extend other members of the sentence.

I enjoy reading (what?) magazines. (Here the addition logs extends the predicate.)

Reading (what?) magazines is a fascinating activity. (Here the journals complement extends the subject.)

Objects are most often expressed by nouns (or words in the function of nouns) and pronouns, but can also be represented by an indefinite form of a verb and complete phrases.

During the campaign he shaved with (what?) a bayonet. (Here the complement bayonet is expressed by a noun.)

This is understandable only to connoisseurs of (what?) beauty. (Here the complement of beauty is expressed by an adjective in the role of a noun.)

And I will ask you (about what?) to stay. (Here the complement to remain is expressed by the infinitive form of the verb.)

He read (what?) a lot of books. (Here the addition of many books is expressed by a combination that is integral in meaning.)

Additions can be direct or indirect.

Direct objects belong to transitive verbs and denote the object to which the action is directly directed. Direct objects are expressed in the accusative case without a preposition.

I don’t know when I’ll see my relatives now (v.p.).

These furnaces used to melt steel (v.p.).

All other additions are called indirect.

Play the piano (p.p.).

I put the bread on the table (v.p. with a preposition).

I was forbidden to worry (expressed in the infinitive form of the verb).