What kind of kitchen utensils are there? What tableware should be like: review

DISHES- household items intended for preparing, serving and storing food and for other household needs. There are metal, ceramic, glass and plastic utensils.
Metal utensils divided into aluminum, steel (sometimes incorrectly called iron), brass, cast iron.
Aluminum cookware manufactured stamped and cast. According to their intended purpose, aluminum utensils are divided into kitchen utensils, dining utensils, tea utensils, coffee utensils and utensils for other needs. Kitchen utensils include: pots various shapes, crock pots, cookers, pressure cooker pans(see), pans for steaming vegetables, five-piece combination pans (conical pan, saucepan, colander, low lid and frying pan lid), housekeeper ovens, milk makers(see), cans, “miracle” ovens, sieves for straining broth, etc.
Tableware includes bowls, plates, fruit vases, crackers, dishes, etc. Tea and coffee utensils - teapots, coffee pots, sugar bowls, teapots, trays, etc. Utensils for other household needs - basins, water tanks , food storage jars, soap dishes, flasks, etc.
Depending on the purpose, stamped aluminum cookware is produced in different weights: light - with a bottom thickness of 1.5 mm, medium - bottom thickness 2 mm and heavy - bottom thickness 2.5 mm. Cast thick-walled cookware is intended mainly for frying, stewing and boiling second courses: goose pans, duck pots, frying pans, pots and cauldrons (cauldrons).
Aluminum cookware is made silver-matte, ground, polished and shiny chrome-plated. We also produce jars for bulk products, trays, crackers, compote bowls, lids for pots, etc., made of anodized aluminum ( chemical method processing of aluminum, giving the surface hardness and porosity invisible to the eye), painted gold and other colors. This coloring is quite durable and beautiful.
Aluminum cookware is approximately 3 times lighter than enameled steel cookware. It is durable and resistant to impacts, pressure, and bending. Aluminum cookware is thermally resistant (melting point of aluminum + 658°), and is not afraid of sudden temperature fluctuations. When cooking in aluminum cookware, the color, smell and taste of food do not deteriorate, and vitamins are not destroyed. You can cook any food in aluminum cookware, including highly salted food and containing a significant amount of organic acids. It is not recommended to store food in aluminum containers for more than 2 days. Sauerkraut, cucumbers and brine should not be kept in aluminum containers, as they are destroyed by alkalis and acids. The disadvantage of aluminum cookware, which accelerates its wear, is the appearance of corrosion as a result of delayed or insufficiently thorough cleaning of the cookware from burnt marks and food contamination, as well as long storage there is food in it. Aluminum cookware is sold degreased and disinfected; it is only necessary to rinse it before use. It is recommended to lubricate the walls of new dishes with some animal fat or vegetable oil and boil water or milk in it. If the dishes are heavily soiled, add a little to the washing water. ammonia, drills (30 G by 1 l water) or baking soda (teaspoon per 1 l water). You can also clean with a mixture of soap and pumice, wipe with a piece of leather or cloth soaked in a mixture of Vaseline and ceresin, tooth powder, ash (sifted, without solid inclusions), and Metallin liquid. After cleaning, the dishes should be rinsed with hot water. To clean polished and matte aluminum cookware, you can use Chistol powder and NED-7 paste. It is not recommended to clean aluminum cookware with hard powders and metal brushes; you should not use alkali or acid to clean it, as they will damage the cookware. To remove blackness formed from the action of alkalis and acids, the dishes should be thoroughly wiped with a piece of cotton wool soaked in vinegar, and then rinsed hot water and dry. Vinegar can be replaced with oxalic acid. In this case, dishes with a solution (1 teaspoon of oxalic acid per 5 l water) must be left overnight or boiled. Blackness can be removed with a mixture of chalk and burnt magnesia (in equal quantities). Aluminum cookware should not be left unwiped or undried.
Steel utensils are available in enameled, galvanized, tinned, and stainless steel. Enameled cookware has approximately the same purpose, the same shapes and sizes as thin-walled aluminum cookware. It is made of thin sheet steel, which is then coated with glass enamel. The main types of these dishes are: pots, teapots, cans, buckets, basins, bowls, containers, baby baths, etc.
Enameled steel cookware has chemical resistance against organic acids, salts, soaps and alkalis (in concentrations used in domestic conditions). It is hygienic, easy to clean, suitable for cooking and long-term storage food, has a beautiful appearance, various colors. Enameled cookware is usually white or light-colored on the inside, and white, colored, or dark-colored on the outside. decorative finishing. However, steel enamel cookware must be handled with care. Care must be taken to ensure that the enamel inside is intact. You should not cook main dishes, especially porridge, in steel enamel dishes, as they often burn and can damage the enamel. Enameled dishes are easy to clean. For washing, you can use NED-7 paste, a solution of soda in hot water (25 G by 1 l), soap-soda solution, and for disinfection - mustard solution. It is good to clean enamel dishes with baking soda; Do not use sandpaper.
Galvanized steel cookware- buckets and tanks for water, tanks for washing clothes (see. Linen tank), troughs, basins, children's baths, garden watering cans, kerosene cans and washbasins - are made from galvanized sheet steel, as well as from black sheet steel, followed by coating the finished products with molten zinc. You cannot cook food or boil water for drinking in galvanized utensils, since the zinc salts formed in this way are harmful to the human body. You cannot preserve food in such a container, for example pickling mushrooms, cabbage, etc.
Galvanized steel cookware is relatively light and durable. The service life of galvanized cookware mainly depends on proper handling. The zinc coating is affected by acidic and alkaline solutions (washing powders); table salt also accelerates the corrosion of zinc. Zinc coatings are resistant to oil, kerosene, gasoline, etc. You can clean galvanized utensils with “Chistol” or finely ground chalk, rubbing it with a cloth. After use, the dishes must be washed, rinsed and dried or wiped dry.
Tinned steel cookware- buckets, cans, measuring cups, milk pans, funnels, molds for confectionery products - made from tinplate (tinned steel sheet) and, in rare cases, from black sheet steel, the finished products from which are coated with molten tin.
Tin protects steel utensils from corrosion. Tinned steel cookware is relatively lightweight and durable. Fresh milk (like water) does not have a harmful effect on dishes, and spoiled milk destroys it.
Tin in the amount in which it can be supplied from dishes to food is harmless to human body. You should not boil water in tinned steel containers, as after just a short time of use, it gives the water a sharp taste and also spoils the color and taste of the tea. Since tin coatings are very soft, they cannot be cleaned with hard powders or hard objects.
Stainless steel cookware- pots, kettles, trays, skimmers, cup holders - are resistant to corrosion caused by table salt, food products and juices from fruits and berries.
Stainless steel cookware does not spoil the taste of food, does not destroy vitamins, is suitable for preparing mainly liquid dishes (since it is usually thin-walled) and long-term food storage, and has a beautiful appearance (silver-white color); has sufficient strength, is not afraid of shocks, sudden changes in temperature.
Brass utensils are intended for ch. arr. for boiling water, making jam, etc. Teapots, coffee pots, basins for making jam, milk jugs, sugar bowls, trays, rinsing cups, washbasins, and samovars are made from brass.
Brass cookware is very durable and can last 30 - 40 years. It is more durable than aluminum and enameled steel; it's easier to repair.
Brass utensils, rarely used, darken over time and become covered with a green coating. Dishes are affected by organic acids, milk, butter and many other food products. Copper and zinc salts are harmful to human health, so brass utensils intended for cooking and boiling drinking water, must be tinned inside with tin. Bowls for jam are not tinned, since the high concentration of sugar prevents the dissolution of brass by organic acids contained in berries and fruits.

The outer surfaces of the dishes are polished or plated with nickel (as a higher-quality coating) for beauty, as well as for hygiene purposes.
Brass utensils can be easily cleaned with a paste of the following composition: tripoli - 7 parts by weight, oxalic acid - 1 part by weight and water - 5 parts by weight. Tripolum can be replaced with pumice powder, and you should also add a little turpentine and liquid soap to the paste (about 10% of the weight of the paste). You can also use a mixture of vinegar, flour and fine sawdust. The surface of brass objects should be covered with the mixture in the form of a slurry and left to dry. After cleaning off the dried mass, wipe the items with a woolen rag.
You can polish brass utensils with the following compositions: 1) brick powder (brick flour) - 2 parts by weight, table salt - 1 part by weight, aluminum alum - 1 part by weight, fine pumice powder - 3 parts by weight; 2) ammonia - 2 parts by weight, water - 10 parts by weight, chalk - 2 parts by weight; 3) "Metallin".
For cleaning, nickel-plated dishes should be lubricated 2 - 3 times with a mixture of vodka and sulfuric acid, rinse clean water, then alcohol or vodka and wipe dry with a thin linen rag.
Cast iron cookware - cast iron, cauldrons, cauldrons, pots, frying pans, etc. - is used mainly for frying and stewing. Cast iron cookware is available in black, as well as with one-sided and double-sided enamel coating. Cast iron is fragile and sensitive to shock, so the wall thickness of the cookware is usually at least 2 mm(the bottom is always thicker). Cast iron black cookware has dark color and a rough surface, making it difficult to keep it clean, and therefore requires careful care. This largely limits its use. If insufficient care is taken, corrosion (iron compounds) may appear on the dishes. Corrosion does not have a harmful effect on human health, but it can spoil the taste and color of prepared dishes. In addition, iron salts destroy vitamins.
Cast iron enameled cookware is resistant to organic acids, salts, soap and alkalis in concentrations used in domestic conditions. Utensils with chipped areas of enamel on surfaces in contact with food are not recommended for cooking. Disadvantage cast iron cookware is its heavy weight, reaching approximately 40% of the weight of the contained liquid.
Cast iron-enamel cookware is cleaned in the same way as enameled steel cookware.
Cupronickel silver and nickel silver dishes- coffee pots, gravy boats, sugar bowls, teapots (for brewing), glass holders, trays, etc. - Ch. arr. for table setting.
Cupronickel (an alloy of nickel and copper) is distinguished by its ductility and strength. Nickel silver (an alloy of copper and zinc) is characterized by approximately the same qualities as cupronickel. Thanks to their great elasticity, cupronickel and nickel silver products easily take any shape and are finished with thin and clear ornaments. Artistically made products made from cupronickel are not inferior to silver ones and serve as table decorations.
Cupronickel silver and nickel silver utensils intended for food purposes have a protective and decorative coating, the rest of the utensils have only a decorative coating. The following are used for coating: silvering of internal and external surfaces; silvering on the outside, tinning on the inside; nickel plating on the outside, tinning on the inside and nickel plating on the outside and inside. To avoid scratching silver-plated items, they should not be stored together with steel items. To clean silver and silver-plated dishes, dirty, dull objects are first washed with a hot soapy solution, and then, without allowing them to cool, moistened with a hyposulfite solution (100 G by 0.5 l water) and wipe with a soft cloth. After use, dishes should first be washed in a hot soda solution (1 l water 50 G), then in clean hot water and wipe dry with a soft towel. If used frequently, once every 7-10 days, it is recommended to wash dishes in soapy water with a small amount of 10 percent ammonia (1 teaspoon per 1 l). Dark stains on dishes can be cleaned with soft ash; small dishes and spoons should be immersed in a heated solution of tartaric acid (30 G per glass of water) for 10 - 15 minutes, then wipe with suede. For darker products, add 1 part by weight of tartaric acid, 1 part by weight of aluminum alum and 10 parts by weight of table salt. The products are immersed in a boiling solution of this mixture and then wiped with a rag. Damp stains are removed with warm vinegar, then rinsed with clean water. To polish nickel silver objects, use a mixture of soap and purified chalk (in equal quantities). Having dissolved the soap in water (while heating), add chalk to it and knead until a thick, homogeneous mass is obtained. The silver-plated surfaces of the object are polished with this mixture, then wiped with a clean rag.
Nickel-plated cupronickel and nickel silver dishes are cleaned in the same way as brass.
Ceramic tableware- products made from clays, as well as from their compounds with mineral and organic additives, fired to a stone-like state and covered with a layer of glaze. Ceramic tableware is made in 2 ways: plastic molding (more simple shapes- cylindrical, spherical, etc.) and casting (faceted, oval, sculptural forms). Usually finished (decorated) with special ceramic paints. Ceramic tableware is divided into the following main groups: porcelain, earthenware, majolica and pottery.
China- the best ceramic products. It has a white sintered shard that is translucent in thin places, does not allow moisture to pass through, and is covered with a thin layer of shiny acid-resistant (to citric, acetic acid), hard (non-scratchable) steel knife) glaze. When struck on the edge, it produces a high melodic ringing that does not stop for a long time. A characteristic feature porcelain, distinguishing it from others ceramic products with a white shard, is its translucency in thin places. Two types of porcelain are produced - hard and soft, which differ not in the physical hardness of the fired shard, but in the degree of its softening during firing. In the USSR, tableware is produced only from hard porcelain. Hard porcelain has high mechanical, thermal and chemical properties. Soft porcelain has less mechanical strength and chemical resistance, but higher translucency (in terms of transparency it is close to milk glass). Soft porcelain includes Japanese, Chinese, French (Sèvres); Some firms in England also produce soft porcelain. Porcelain ware is sometimes made with colored shards or colored glazes. The most common type is pink porcelain or white porcelain coated with colored glazes - ivory cream, blue, etc. Porcelain is mainly used to make tableware and teaware.
Crockery It has a white porous shard that noticeably absorbs moisture, is not translucent even in a thin layer, and is covered with a colorless glaze. When struck on the edge of the product, they emit a low, dull sound that quickly fades away.
Faience can also be hard and soft (limestone). Products made from soft faience have greater porosity, lower mechanical strength and lower thermal stability of the glaze. Hard earthenware is produced in the USSR. The strength of earthenware is lower than that of porcelain, by about 15 - 25%. Earthenware is much lighter than porcelain. Earthenware is used to make tableware and teaware. Earthenware is simpler in shape and decoration, less durable than porcelain, and much cheaper. It is good to use in the country, as well as in the kitchen (bowls, jugs, milk jugs, jars for cereals, barrels for pickles, etc.).
Majolica tableware has a porous, colored, non-translucent shard, covered with colored, non-translucent glazes, sometimes with a metallic sheen. IN Lately Majolica dishes with white shards, similar in composition to faience, also began to be produced.
Majolica is mainly used to make piece goods and, in small quantities, complete tableware. The most common: jugs, bread bins, oil dishes, candy dishes, flower vases, ashtrays, mugs. Dessert cutlery, coffee sets, and dessert plates are produced much less frequently. Majolica is characterized by a relief surface of products and colored opaque glaze.
Pottery has a porous colored shard (usually with a brownish-red tint) and is covered with a glaze mainly with inside in contact with food.
Pottery is used for cooking food - pots and jars; for storing and serving food - bowls, mugs, jugs, dough jars, etc. Currently, pottery is increasingly being replaced by porcelain, earthenware and glassware.
Glassware Blown and pressed are produced. Blow molded cookware typically has thin walls; Ch. is done arr. from colorless transparent plain, barite or lead glass (crystal) and, less commonly, from colored glass and colored glass. All types of glassware are made using the blowing method. The walls of pressed cookware are thicker than conventional blow molded cookware and are less thermally stable. It is made from colorless, sometimes colored glass, and in small quantities from crystal. This group of glassware is less diverse in styles and especially in the patterns that are applied to molds for pressing products.
The most numerous and varied are glass tableware (varietals), which are sold as individual items and in sets (ware for water, wine, salad, cups, sets, etc.).
The range of blown tableware includes: saucers, dishes, glasses and goblets, vases, wine and water decanters, jugs, cheese caps, butter dishes, milk jugs, trays, shot glasses, glasses and other products.
More expensive blown tableware is made from crystal, barite glass, colored glass, and colored glass. Crystal products, especially large ones, such as dishes, salad bowls, flower vases, ashtrays, etc., are usually thick-walled, since the deep edge in the thickness of the glass gives better refraction of light - the play of crystal.
The range of pressed tableware is approximately the same as blown glassware, with the exception of those glass products that cannot be produced by pressing (decanters, jugs, etc.).
Household glassware includes: jars and barrels for pickles, jars for jam and milk, for storing bulk products, jars, jars and bottles for home canning of food, etc. Household glassware, unlike tableware, is usually smooth, without patterns.
A special place among glassware occupies kitchen pressed heat-resistant glassware, intended for cooking: pots, frying pans, baking dishes, teapots, casserole dishes, coffee pots. Heat-resistant cookware is very convenient, beautiful, and hygienic; costs less than metal. You can not only cook food in it, but also serve it on the table. In addition, heat-resistant cookware retains heat for a very long time. It does not give any foreign tastes or odors. Along with this, it has a number of significant disadvantages: a metal mesh must first be placed on the fire; Do not place hot dishes on a wet, cold surface, as the dishes will crack in this case; Do not put dishes on the fire without liquid, etc.
Glassware is cleaned with brushes and rags. It is not recommended to use sand, steel wool and other solid substances to clean glassware, as they scratch the glass. Vessels with a narrow neck (bottles, decanters) for washing should be filled to half of the crushed eggshell, potato peels, small pieces of paper and pour warm water (not to the top). Then shake vigorously for a while, pour out the contents and rinse with warm water. This operation is repeated, gradually increasing the water temperature. It is recommended to wash heavily soiled dishes (grease, resin, etc.) with an alkali solution (caustic soda) or a soap-soda solution, then rinse several times with clean water. Kerosene can be washed with lime milk.

Crystal dishes should not be washed with hot water, as it makes the crystal dull and loses its shine and transparency. Such dishes (especially after wine) are easily washed with lukewarm and even cold water.
Plastic dishes- vases, sugar bowls, bread bins, crackers, butter dishes, household jars, etc. It has a smooth shiny surface, is easy to clean, and more durable than glassware, porcelain or earthenware. Dishes made from some plastics (for example, aminoplasts) can withstand high temperatures of boiling water (100°); Products made of organic glass and polystyrene are deformed at a temperature of + 70° - + 75°.

Regardless of the material from which the dishes are made, they must be durable, hygienic, convenient and sustainable.
The dishes should have comfortable handles for gripping, installing, carrying and hanging, and where they are not there, for example on dishes for the Russian stove (pots, frying pans), you need to use grips and frying pans (chapelniks). Handles of utensils should not have sharp corners or protrusions. They are usually made from the same materials as cookware. Recently, wooden and plastic handles (on the body and lid) have become widespread, allowing the use of dishes without rags and decorating them.
Utensils are also produced (a set of aluminum saucepans, a stewpan and frying pans) with removable wooden handles, thanks to which any of these vessels can be installed in the oven, and the handle also serves as a frying pan. The lids of the dishes are overhead and recessed (the lid lies below top edge dishes). The latter protect outer surface dishes from contamination and splashing of boiling liquid.
For dishes to be hygienic, their parts must have a streamlined shape, without sharp protrusions, folds and crevices where dirt could accumulate. Chiseled, ground and polished utensils, characterized by a high surface cleanliness, are very hygienic.
To prepare second courses that require gradual heating, uniform heat transfer and heat retention, thick-walled cookware is made, mainly cast from aluminum, cast iron, heat-resistant glass and ceramics. Besides, individual species Enameled, stainless and aluminum cookware have a thickened bottom for more complete use of heat.
Dishes for serving food - tableware, buffet, tea and coffee, in contrast to kitchenware, are subject to increased requirements in terms of shape and hygiene, as well as decorative finishing.

Dinnerware - required attribute any feast. But how not to make a mistake with your choice? What material is the best for dishes? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this or that brand? Read the article and make the right choice!

This article is intended for persons over 18 years of age

Have you already turned 18?

Dinnerware: how to choose

Previously, when girls got married, they did not have to worry about having pillows, blankets, tablecloths and dishes - their mothers and grandmothers had already taken care of this, long years having collected a worthy dowry. Now these traditions are becoming a thing of the past, and women are increasingly choosing household items on their own. The same is true with tableware. You won’t find so many plates, glasses and cups in store windows! The variety of materials, designs and colors is simply amazing. But how to assemble exactly the ideal table service that will not only comply with the rules of etiquette, but also meet the tastes and needs of the hostess? Let's try to figure it out.

What are the dishes for?

Let's start with the fact that all dishes can be divided into three groups according to their purpose:

• utensils for cooking (pots, frying pans, stewpans, ladles, etc.);
• serving utensils (plates, salad bowls, dishes, gravy boats, etc.). This group also includes table glass (glasses, goblets, shot glasses, etc.);
• utensils for storing food (dishes with a lid and all kinds of containers).

Putting together the perfect table service

What is a table service? Bridal Registry (English: “wedding registry”) offers the following list of serving items: individual dinner sets in the amount of 12 pieces, dishes for serving dishes (flat, deep dishes, gravy boats, tureen, dish for vegetables), as well as dishes for tea drinking - tea-set, teapot, sugar bowl, coffee pot, creamer, cake stand or cake stand. Such a set of tableware complies with the rules of etiquette; moreover, the housewife can change its composition - remove the excess or add the serving items she needs, based on the needs of the menu.

What tableware is made of: review of materials

Everything is clear with etiquette. But how to please a woman’s taste in choosing dishes? Here the manufacturers have gone overboard, the eyes are simply running wild: unusual materials, textures, designs. But this is only the external side, let's understand the functionality and practicality.

The practicality of the dishes depends entirely on the material from which it is made.

So, serving utensils are:

• ceramic (porcelain, earthenware, clay);
• glass and crystal;
• metal;
• wooden;
• plastic and paper.

You can also find dishes made from other unusual materials, but their numbers are so small that they are not worth our attention. Let's look at the main ones.

Ceramic tableware

Ceramics is the most popular material for making sets. Such dishes are made from clay with certain additives (mineral and organic), fired in a kiln to the state of stone and covered with glaze. Porcelain, faience, majolica and pottery - all of this can be called in one word - ceramics.

Porcelain- this is ceramics of the highest quality, and the price for it will be appropriate. Porcelain products do not allow moisture to pass through, and the glaze is so hard that it cannot be scratched with a steel knife. When choosing porcelain dishes, pay attention to the color (it should be warm and delicate, like cream) and its translucency, because the main distinctive feature This material is capable of transmitting light. This is especially true for soft porcelain: it includes Chinese, Japanese, French and English; its transparency resembles milk glass. And don’t forget to knock on the edge of the dishes: high-quality porcelain “sings” very melodiously and for a long time.

Advantages: superior quality, strength, durability, thinness and translucency, exquisite design.

Flaws: high price.

Popular brands: MEISSEN and HEREND - porcelain that is used British Queen and the Rothschilds. HEVILAND - Limoges porcelain (France). VILLEROY & BOCH - decal porcelain (Germany). WEDGWOOD - porcelain for the royal court (England), etc.

Crockery much more common than porcelain, all thanks to its reasonable price. In terms of its properties, earthenware is significantly inferior to porcelain: it is more porous and less durable, it absorbs moisture, and the glaze is sensitive to temperature changes (therefore, such dishes should only be washed in warm water). Earthenware does not allow light to pass through even in the thinnest places. And if you knock on the edge of such a dish, you will hear a dull, low sound.

Advantages: less weight, environmental friendliness, practicality for daily use, affordable price.

Flaws: low strength(15-25% lower than porcelain), simple shapes and design.

Pottery in everyday life we ​​most often call it clay (the name is not entirely accurate, because porcelain is also made from clay, but that’s how it’s stuck in the language). She has red-brown color and most often covered with glaze only on the inside, for contact with food. Such utensils are mainly used for cooking (pots) and storing food (jugs and jars). Who hasn't tried dishes made from clay pots! By the way, you can cook food in them without water or oil.

Table pottery is also found. It is especially pleasant to eat from such plates: they retain heat perfectly, carry a rustic flavor and create a cozy atmosphere at the table.

Glass ceramics

This is a new generation material for making tableware, which has many advantages. What is it? First, the glass is processed at high temperatures, and then crystallizes - this is how glass ceramics are obtained. This material is not afraid of temperature changes: such dishes can be used for cooking in the oven or microwave, as well as for freezing food - nothing will happen to it.

Advantages: durability, environmental friendliness, ease of care, multifunctionality. Affordable price.

Flaws: Not suitable for fine dining.

Most popular brand: Luminarc (France) - a huge range of tableware made of impact-resistant glass (from glasses and cups to plates and salad bowls) - perfect option for daily use in the kitchen, and also very budget-friendly.

Glass and crystal

When talking about tableware, we cannot ignore glasses, tumblers and shot glasses. This set of serving items is most often called table glass, but it is not always made from glass. Another transparent material for making drinking glass is crystal. What's the difference? It's all about transparency. “But glass is also transparent!” - you will say and you will be right. But when comparing glass with crystal, the latter wins. This depends on the amount of lead added to the composition. If the lead content is above 10%, then the dishes can already be called crystal. The highest quality crystal glassware contains 30% lead. By the way, lead adds not only transparency to dishes, but also hardness and strength. And crystal “sings” much more melodiously.

Benefits of crystal: strength, ideal transparency, the ability to apply complex patterns.

Flaws: difficult to care for: to prevent the crystal from losing its shine and becoming cloudy, it must be washed periodically in a weak acid solution (vinegar or lemon juice) and wipe dry with a towel. High price.

Advantages of glass: Variety of shapes and colors, affordable price.

Flaws: fragility.

One of the world's most popular luxury crystal brands is Waterford crystals (Ireland). Their products contain a record lead content of 33%; the production process is carried out manually.

In Russia, crystal tableware has been manufactured since 1756 at the Gusevsky Crystal Factory. Crystal produced at the plant in Gus-Khrustalny is still popular in its homeland and has also won worldwide recognition.

Metal utensils

Metal is not used for the manufacture of individual sets of dishes, but for serving tableware for general use it is completely fine. Most often these are silver, cupronickel (an alloy of nickel and copper) and nickel silver (an alloy of copper and zinc). It is important that metal utensils have a protective coating (silvering, tinning, nickel plating) at least on the inside, otherwise they can only be used for decorative purposes.

Advantages: table decor with unusual plates, sugar bowls and coffee pots.

Flaws: difficult to care for, high price (silverware).

Wooden dishes

Wooden utensils are not suitable for cooking, but are excellent for eating. Wooden plates, bowls and salad bowls are mainly common in Russia and Asian countries. Although in our country the tradition of using wooden utensils is becoming a thing of the past, we all remember our grandmother’s wooden bowls and spoons with Khokhloma or Gorodets painting. However, with the arrival of Asian cuisine, wooden utensils also returned to Russia, although preserving the oriental style.

Wooden dishes perfectly preserve food, and sometimes even enrich it with a new taste, for example, juniper or larch barrels are ideal for marinades, also wooden utensils“friendly” with butter and honey. An important role is played by what kind of wood the dishes are made of: it should be larch or coniferous species. Choose plates with a wall thickness of 5-8 mm; cracks form faster on thinner or thicker objects. Be careful: the packaging must indicate that the dishes are intended for eating. If there is no such information, then ask the seller for a hygiene certificate. Before you start using wooden utensils, you need to oil them: wash, dry and grease with vegetable oil (linseed oil is best). Let the oil soak in, then wash the dishes as usual. To ensure that wooden utensils serve you for a long time, periodically repeat the “oiling” procedure.

Advantages: strength (does not break), environmental friendliness, naturalness and comfort.

Flaws: darkens over time, may accumulate food odor, is not recommended to be washed in dishwasher.

Bamboo

In continuation of the Asian theme, the fashion has come to us not only for dishes made of wood, but also of bamboo. Entire stores are opening with products made from this material: clothing, bed sheets, pillows and blankets, towels, interior items, and, of course, dishes. Bamboo grows very quickly - several centimeters per hour, and also easily decomposes in soil or water, therefore it is considered environmentally friendly and non-toxic, and most importantly, does not upset the balance environment. Bamboo dishes - great option for a picnic, as it is very light and does not break.

Advantages: environmentally friendly, has antibacterial, antimicrobial and hypoallergenic properties, does not change color during use, can be washed in the dishwasher. Affordable price.

Flaws: Do not heat in the microwave, do not soak - bamboo decomposes in water.

Plastic and paper tableware

Of course, no one would think of setting the table with plastic or paper dishes, except at a picnic. That is why such dishes are called disposable - after use, they should be thrown away. Plastic dishes are very popular precisely because of their practicality, but they are very harmful to the environment, because they practically do not decompose. By the way, for this reason, France passed a law abolishing the use of disposable plastic dishes from 2020. A good analogue of plastic is paper tableware: it is more environmentally friendly and is not inferior in quality. However, the place of use disposable tableware- exclusively in hiking conditions.

Advantages: ideal for those times when there is no way to wash the dishes.

Flaws: not environmentally friendly, unaesthetic.

As you can see, the variety of materials from which tableware is made is very large, and each housewife makes a choice based on her needs and preferences. Wise housewives have two table sets available: for daily use and for special occasions. For every day it is better to choose a more practical and a budget option, for example, high-quality earthenware, dishes made of wood or bamboo. Fine porcelain is perfect for holidays or meeting guests.

On a note: It would be great to have a couple of extra plates in reserve in case a plate from the service is accidentally broken. And remember: tableware must be comfortable, hygienic and aesthetically pleasing, no matter what material it is made from.

I.V. Artemova,
chief accountant, consultant

Including dishes and cutlery is a problem faced by most establishments. Utensils can be tableware, kitchenware, pharmacy, or laboratory. Individual items of utensils may be the main assets of an institution. An accountant needs to know about all the nuances of accounting for such dishes.

What about dishes?

Utensils are usually understood as household utensils for eating, drinking, cooking, and storing food. Typically, a distinction is made between kitchen utensils (for preparing and storing food) and tableware (for eating).
Tableware - these are plates, salad bowls, dishes, cups, saucers, bowls, mugs, glasses, bowls, butter dishes, gravy boats, cocotte bowls, menu bowls, bread bins, milk jugs, pepper shakers, salt shakers, as well as tableware, tea and coffee sets (sets).
Kitchen utensils include items such as saucepans, cauldrons, cauldrons, braziers, duckpots, casserole dishes, frying pans, teapots, coffee pots, jars, cans, colanders, ladles, jugs, as well as cooking utensils - spatulas, carving knives, potato masher , ladles, tongs, sieves, funnels. Utensils also include buckets, basins, and tanks used in kitchens and canteens.
Utensils also include cutlery (spoons, knives, forks, etc.).
In addition, certain types of glassware are pharmaceutical glassware for packaging and storing medicines, as well as laboratory glassware (flasks, test tubes, retorts, etc.).
Utensils used in canteens of institutions must meet the requirements of the Sanitary and Epidemiological Rules SP 2.3.6.1079-01 "Sanitary and Epidemiological Requirements for Public Catering Organizations, Manufacturing and Circulation in Them food products and food raw materials", approved by the resolution of the Main State sanitary doctor RF dated November 8, 2001 No. 31 (hereinafter referred to as SP 2.3.6.1079-01).
The dishes must be made from materials permitted by the authorities and institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service in the prescribed manner (clause 6.2 SP 2.3.6.1079-01).
The quantity of tableware and cutlery used at the same time must meet the needs of the institution (clause 6.8 SP 2.3.6.1079-01).
It is recommended to use stainless steel utensils for preparing and storing prepared food. Aluminum and duralumin utensils are used only for cooking and short-term storage of food (clause 6.9 SP 2.3.6.1079-01).
Dishes with cracks, chips, broken edges, deformed, or damaged enamel are not used (clause 6.10 SP 2.3.6.1079-01), such utensils must be disposed of.
For some institutions, separate standards have been approved, which include certain requirements for the utensils used. For example, for preschool institutions SanPiN 2.4.1.3049-13 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the design, maintenance and organization of the operating mode of preschool educational organizations", approved by the Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated May 15, 2013 No. 26 (hereinafter referred to as SanPiN 2.4.1.3049-13).
Technological equipment, equipment, utensils, containers must be made of materials approved for contact with food products (

Main types of kitchen and tableware. Young housewives are growing up and the day comes when they need to do the kitchen on their own, without anyone’s tips or instructions. And some previously stored cheat sheets would have been nice, but alas, they are not there. That’s why we will tell novice housewives about dishes, almost the main attribute of any kitchen, what kind of dishes there are and what they are intended for.

All dishes are divided into two types: tableware and kitchenware. Kitchen utensils include the utensils in which food is prepared, and tableware refers to the utensils from which this food is eaten.

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All kitchen utensils come in the following types:

• Pots.

• Frying pans.

• Colanders and bowls, rolling pins, cutting boards, as well as a hammer for beating.

• Knives: main and auxiliary, as well as a device for sharpening them.

• Forms and baking trays for baking and baking.

• Additional kitchen appliances: meat grinder, food processor, blender, mixer, coffee grinder, coffee maker, etc.

• Additional auxiliary kitchen utensils: grater, mortar, sieve, various spatulas, vegetable peelers, skimmers, measuring containers and scales.

• Different useful little things type: brushes, whisks, skewers, skewers.

Materials used to make kitchen utensils

The dishes are made from various materials, since manufacturers monitor various scientific discoveries and immediately after research they introduce new materials into production, trying to increase their sales volumes. Cast iron, aluminum, stainless steel, glass, ceramics are often used; Teflon, enamel, ceramics, and titanium chips are used for coatings.

Tableware can also be very diverse, as it combines beauty and fragility, health and etiquette. Utensils are used very often, so they must be made from materials that are safe for health and easy to use.

It is also made from different materials:

• Porcelain – real porcelain is very thin, almost transparent.

• Earthenware - compared to porcelain, it has thicker walls; when cut, the material is porous.

• Ceramics - earthenware, which in turn is divided into majolica and pottery

• Glass is the most versatile material that can even be used in microwave ovens.

• Crystal - mainly used to make beautiful glasses, vases and salad bowls.

• Precious metals - most often silver.

• Metal - mostly stainless steel used for making cutlery, knives, forks.

Like this interesting list We got kitchen and tableware.

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