Ne table element. Mendeleev's periodic table

One of the most popular tables in the world is the periodic table. Each cell contains names chemical elements. A lot of effort went into its development. After all, this is not just a list of substances. They are ordered according to their properties and features. And now we will find out how many elements are in the periodic table.

History of table creation

Mendeleev was not the first scientist to decide to structure the elements. Many have tried. But no one could compare everything in one coherent table. We can call the date of the discovery of the periodic law February 17, 1869. On this day, Mendeleev showed his creation - a whole system of elements ordered based on atomic weight and chemical characteristics.

It is worth noting that the brilliant idea did not come to the scientist one lucky evening while working. He really worked for about 20 years. Again and again I went through cards with elements, studying their characteristics. Other scientists also worked at the same time.

The chemist Cannizzaro proposed in his own name the theory of atomic weight. He argued that it was these data that could build all substances in the right order. Further scientists Chanturquois and Newlands, working in different points world, came to the conclusion that by arranging elements according to atomic weight, they begin to additionally unite according to other properties.

In 1869, other examples of tables were presented along with Mendeleev. But today we don’t even remember the names of their authors. Why is that? It's all about the scientist's superiority over his competitors:

1. The table had large quantity open elements than others.
2. If an element did not fit the atomic weight, the scientist placed it based on other properties. And it was the right decision.
3. There was a lot in the table empty seats. Mendeleev deliberately made omissions, thereby taking away a piece of glory from those who would find these elements in the future. He even gave a description of some still unknown substances.

The most important achievement is that this table is indestructible. It was created so brilliantly that any discoveries in the future will only complement it.

How many elements are in the periodic table

Every person has seen this table at least once in their life. But it is difficult to name the exact amount of substances. There can be two correct answers: 118 and 126. Now we will figure out why this is so.

In nature, people have discovered 94 elements. They didn't do anything with them. We just studied their properties and features. Most of of which was in the original periodic table.

The other 24 elements were created in laboratories. There are 118 pieces in total. Another 8 elements are only hypothetical options. They are trying to invent or obtain them. So today, both the option with 118 elements and with 126 elements can be safely called.

• The scientist was the seventeenth child in the family. Eight of them died in early age. My father passed away early. But the mother continued to fight for the future of her children, so she was able to place them in good educational institutions.
• He always defended his opinion. He was a respected teacher at the universities of Odessa, Simferopol and St. Petersburg.
• He never invented vodka. Alcoholic drink was created long before the scientist. But his doctorate was devoted to alcohol, and hence the legend developed.
• Mendeleev never dreamed of the periodic table. It was the result of hard work.
• He loved making suitcases. And brought my hobby to high level skill.
• During his entire life, Mendeleev could get 3 times Nobel Prize. But it all ended with just nominations.
• This will surprise many, but work in the field of chemistry takes up only 10% of a scientist’s total activities. He also studied aerostats and shipbuilding.

The periodic table is an amazing system of all the elements that have ever been discovered by people. It is divided into rows and columns to make it easier to learn all the elements.

P.S. The article - How many elements are in the periodic table, published in the section -.

Even at school, sitting in chemistry lessons, we all remember the table on the wall of the classroom or chemical laboratory. This table contained a classification of all chemical elements known to mankind, those fundamental components that make up the Earth and the entire Universe. Then we could not even think that Mendeleev table is undoubtedly one of the greatest scientific discoveries, which is the foundation of our modern knowledge of chemistry.

Periodic table of chemical elements by D. I. Mendeleev

At first glance, her idea looks deceptively simple: organize chemical elements in order of increasing weight of their atoms. Moreover, in most cases it turns out that the chemical and physical properties of each element are similar to the element preceding it in the table. This pattern appears for all elements except the very first few, simply because they do not have in front of them elements similar to them in atomic weight. It is thanks to the discovery of this property that we can place a linear sequence of elements in a table much like a wall calendar, and thus combine a huge number of types of chemical elements in a clear and coherent form. Of course, today we use the concept of atomic number (the number of protons) in order to order the system of elements. This helped solve the so-called technical problem"pairs of permutations", however, did not lead to a radical change in appearance periodic table.

IN periodic table all elements are ordered based on their atomic number, electronic configuration, and repeating chemical properties. The rows in the table are called periods, and the columns are called groups. The first table, dating back to 1869, contained only 60 elements, but now the table had to be enlarged to accommodate the 118 elements we know today.

Mendeleev's periodic table systematizes not only the elements, but also their most diverse properties. It is often enough for a chemist to have the Periodic Table in front of his eyes in order to correctly answer many questions (not only exam questions, but also scientific ones).

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Periodic law

There are two formulations periodic law chemical elements: classical and modern.

Classical, as presented by its discoverer D.I. Mendeleev: the properties of simple bodies, as well as the forms and properties of compounds of elements, are periodically dependent on the values ​​of the atomic weights of the elements.

Modern: the properties of simple substances, as well as the properties and forms of compounds of elements, are periodically dependent on the charge of the nucleus of the atoms of the elements (ordinal number).

The graphical representation of the periodic law is periodic table elements, which is a natural classification of chemical elements based on regular changes in the properties of elements depending on the charges of their atoms. The most common images of the periodic table of elements are D.I. Mendeleev's forms are short and long.

Groups and periods of the Periodic Table

In groups are called vertical rows in the periodic table. In groups, elements are combined by attribute highest degree oxidation in oxides. Each group consists of a main and secondary subgroup. The main subgroups include elements of small periods and elements of large periods with the same properties. Side subgroups consist only of elements of large periods. The chemical properties of the elements of the main and secondary subgroups differ significantly.

Period called a horizontal row of elements arranged in order of increasing atomic numbers. There are seven periods in the periodic system: the first, second and third periods are called small, they contain 2, 8 and 8 elements, respectively; the remaining periods are called large: in the fourth and fifth periods there are 18 elements, in the sixth - 32, and in the seventh (not yet completed) - 31 elements. Each period, except the first, begins with an alkali metal and ends with a noble gas.

Physical meaning of the serial number chemical element: the number of protons in the atomic nucleus and the number of electrons rotating around the atomic nucleus are equal to the atomic number of the element.

Properties of the periodic table

Let us remind you that groups are called vertical rows in the periodic table and Chemical properties elements of the main and secondary subgroups differ significantly.

The properties of elements in subgroups naturally change from top to bottom:

• metallic properties increase and non-metallic properties weaken;
• the atomic radius increases;
• the strength of bases and oxygen-free acids formed by the element increases;
• electronegativity decreases.

All elements except helium, neon and argon form oxygen compounds; there are only eight forms of oxygen compounds. In the periodic table, they are often depicted by general formulas, located under each group in increasing order of the oxidation state of the elements: R 2 O, RO, R 2 O 3, RO 2, R 2 O 5, RO 3, R 2 O 7, RO 4, where the symbol R denotes an element of this group. The formulas of higher oxides apply to all elements of the group, except in exceptional cases when the elements do not exhibit an oxidation state equal to the group number (for example, fluorine).

Oxides of the composition R 2 O exhibit strong basic properties, and their basicity increases with increasing atomic number; oxides of the composition RO (with the exception of BeO) exhibit basic properties. Oxides of the composition RO 2, R 2 O 5, RO 3, R 2 O 7 exhibit acidic properties, and their acidity increases with increasing atomic number.

The elements of the main subgroups, starting from group IV, form gaseous hydrogen compounds. There are four forms of such compounds. They are located under the elements of the main subgroups and are represented by general formulas in the sequence RH 4, RH 3, RH 2, RH.

RH 4 compounds are neutral in nature; RH 3 - weakly basic; RH 2 - slightly acidic; RH - strongly acidic character.

Let us remind you that period called a horizontal row of elements arranged in order of increasing atomic numbers.

Within a period with increasing element serial number:

• electronegativity increases;
• metallic properties decrease, non-metallic properties increase;
• the atomic radius decreases.

Elements of the periodic table

Alkali and alkaline earth elements

These include elements from the first and second groups of the periodic table. Alkali metals from the first group - soft metals, silver in color, easy to cut with a knife. They all have a single electron in their outer shell and react perfectly. Alkaline earth metals from the second group also have a silvery tint. Two electrons are placed at the outer level, and, accordingly, these metals interact less readily with other elements. Compared to alkali metals, alkaline earth metals melt and boil at higher temperatures.

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Lanthanides (rare earth elements) and actinides

Lanthanides- a group of elements originally found in rare minerals; hence their name "rare earth" elements. It subsequently turned out that these elements are not as rare as initially thought, and therefore the name lanthanides was given to rare earth elements. Lanthanides and actinides occupy two blocks, which are located under the main table of elements. Both groups include metals; all lanthanides (with the exception of promethium) are non-radioactive; actinides, on the contrary, are radioactive.

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Halogens and noble gases

The halogens and noble gases are grouped into groups 17 and 18 of the periodic table. Halogens are non-metallic elements, they all have seven electrons in their outer shell. IN noble gases All the electrons are in the outer shell, so they hardly participate in the formation of compounds. These gases are called “noble” gases because they rarely react with other elements; that is, they refer to members of the noble caste who have traditionally shunned other people in society.

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Transition metals

Transition metals occupy groups 3-12 in the periodic table. Most of them are dense, hard, with good electrical and thermal conductivity. Their valence electrons (with the help of which they are connected to other elements) are located in several electron shells.

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Transition metals

Scandium Sc 21

Titan Ti 22

Vanadium V 23

Chrome Cr 24

Manganese Mn 25

Iron Fe 26

Cobalt Co 27

Nickel Ni 28

Copper Cu 29

Zinc Zn 30

Yttrium Y 39

Zirconium Zr 40

Niobium Nb 41

Molybdenum Mo 42

Technetium Tc 43

Ruthenium Ru 44

Rhodium Rh 45

Palladium Pd 46

Silver Ag 47

Cadmium Cd 48

Lutetium Lu 71

Hafnium Hf 72

Tantalum Ta 73

Tungsten W 74

Rhenium Re 75

Osmium Os 76

Iridium Ir 77

Platinum Pt 78

Gold Au 79

Mercury Hg 80

Lawrence Lr 103

Rutherfordium Rf 104

Dubnium Db 105

Seaborgium Sg 106

Borium Bh 107

Hassiy Hs 108

Meitnerium Mt 109

Darmstadt Ds 110

X-ray Rg 111

Copernicium Cn 112

Metalloids

Metalloids occupy groups 13-16 of the periodic table. Metalloids such as boron, germanium and silicon are semiconductors and are used to make computer chips and circuit boards.

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Post-transition metals

Elements called post-transition metals, belong to groups 13-15 of the periodic table. Unlike metals, they do not have shine, but have a matte color. Compared to transition metals, post-transition metals are softer and have more low temperature melting and boiling, higher electronegativity. Their valence electrons, with which they attach other elements, are located only on the outer electron shell. Elements of the post-transition metal group have much more high temperature boiling point than metalloids.

Flerovium Fl 114 Ununseptium Uus 117

Now consolidate your knowledge by watching a video about the periodic table and more.

Great, the first step on the path to knowledge has been taken. Now you are more or less oriented in the periodic table and this will be very useful to you, because the Periodic System of Mendeleev is the foundation on which this amazing science stands.

The periodic system of chemical elements is a classification of chemical elements created by D. I. Mendeleev on the basis of the periodic law discovered by him in 1869.

D. I. Mendeleev

According to the modern formulation of this law, in a continuous series of elements arranged in order of increasing magnitude of the positive charge of the nuclei of their atoms, elements with similar properties periodically repeat.

The periodic table of chemical elements, presented in table form, consists of periods, series and groups.

At the beginning of each period (except for the first), the element has pronounced metallic properties (alkali metal).

Symbols for the color table: 1 - chemical sign of the element; 2 - name; 3 - atomic mass (atomic weight); 4 - serial number; 5 - distribution of electrons across layers.

As the atomic number of an element increases, equal to the positive charge of the nucleus of its atom, metallic properties gradually weaken and non-metallic properties increase. The penultimate element in each period is an element with pronounced non-metallic properties (), and the last is an inert gas. In period I there are 2 elements, in II and III - 8 elements, in IV and V - 18, in VI - 32 and in VII (not completed period) - 17 elements.

The first three periods are called small periods, each of them consists of one horizontal row; the rest - in large periods, each of which (except for the VII period) consists of two horizontal rows - even (upper) and odd (lower). Only metals are found in even rows of large periods. The properties of the elements in these series change slightly with increasing ordinal number. The properties of elements in odd rows of large periods change. In period VI, lanthanum is followed by 14 elements, very similar in chemical properties. These elements, called lanthanides, are listed separately below the main table. Actinides, the elements following actinium, are presented similarly in the table.

The table has nine vertical groups. The group number, with rare exceptions, is equal to the highest positive valency of the elements of this group. Each group, excluding the zero and eighth, is divided into subgroups. - main (located to the right) and secondary. In the main subgroups, as the atomic number increases, the metallic properties of the elements become stronger and the non-metallic properties weaken.

Thus, chemical and series physical properties elements are determined by the place that a given element occupies in the periodic table.

Biogenic elements, i.e. elements that are part of organisms and perform a certain biological role in it, occupy the top part of the periodic table. Cells occupied by elements that make up the bulk (more than 99%) of living matter are colored blue, in pink color- cells occupied by microelements (see).

The periodic table of chemical elements is the greatest achievement of modern natural science and a vivid expression of the most general dialectical laws of nature.

See also, Atomic weight.

The periodic system of chemical elements is a natural classification of chemical elements created by D. I. Mendeleev on the basis of the periodic law discovered by him in 1869.

In its original formulation, D.I. Mendeleev’s periodic law stated: the properties of chemical elements, as well as the forms and properties of their compounds, are periodically dependent on the atomic weights of the elements. Subsequently, with the development of the doctrine of the structure of the atom, it was shown that a more accurate characteristic of each element is not the atomic weight (see), but the value of the positive charge of the nucleus of the element’s atom, equal to the serial (atomic) number of this element in the periodic system of D. I. Mendeleev . The number of positive charges on the nucleus of an atom is equal to the number of electrons surrounding the nucleus of the atom, since atoms as a whole are electrically neutral. In the light of these data, the periodic law is formulated as follows: the properties of chemical elements, as well as the forms and properties of their compounds, are periodically dependent on the magnitude of the positive charge of the nuclei of their atoms. This means that in a continuous series of elements arranged in order of increasing positive charges of the nuclei of their atoms, elements with similar properties will periodically repeat.

The tabular form of the periodic table of chemical elements is presented in its modern form. It consists of periods, series and groups. A period represents a successive horizontal series of elements arranged in order of increasing positive charge of the nuclei of their atoms.

At the beginning of each period (except for the first) there is an element with pronounced metallic properties (alkali metal). Then, as the serial number increases, the metallic properties of the elements gradually weaken and the non-metallic properties increase. The penultimate element in each period is an element with pronounced non-metallic properties (halogen), and the last is an inert gas. The first period consists of two elements, the role of an alkali metal and a halogen here is simultaneously played by hydrogen. Periods II and III include 8 elements each, called typical by Mendeleev. Periods IV and V contain 18 elements each, VI-32. The VII period has not yet been completed and is replenished with artificially created elements; there are currently 17 elements in this period. Periods I, II and III are called small, each of them consists of one horizontal row, IV-VII are large: they (with the exception of VII) include two horizontal rows - even (upper) and odd (lower). In even rows of large periods there are only metals, and the change in the properties of elements in the row from left to right is weakly expressed.

In odd series of large periods, the properties of the elements in the series change in the same way as the properties of typical elements. In the even row of the VI period, after lanthanum, there are 14 elements [called lanthanides (see), lanthanides, rare earth elements], similar in chemical properties to lanthanum and to each other. A list of them is given separately below the table.

The elements following actinium - actinides (actinides) - are listed separately and listed below the table.

In the periodic table of chemical elements, nine groups are located vertically. The group number is equal to the highest positive valency (see) of the elements of this group. The exceptions are fluorine (can only be negatively monovalent) and bromine (cannot be heptavalent); in addition, copper, silver, gold can exhibit a valency greater than +1 (Cu-1 and 2, Ag and Au-1 and 3), and of the elements of group VIII, only osmium and ruthenium have a valence of +8. Each group, with the exception of the eighth and zero, is divided into two subgroups: the main one (located to the right) and the secondary one. The main subgroups include typical elements and elements of long periods, the secondary subgroups include only elements of long periods and, moreover, metals.

In terms of chemical properties, the elements of each subgroup of a given group differ significantly from each other, and only the highest positive valency is the same for all elements of a given group. In the main subgroups, from top to bottom, the metallic properties of elements are strengthened and non-metallic ones are weakened (for example, francium is the element with the most pronounced metallic properties, and fluorine is non-metallic). Thus, the place of an element in Mendeleev’s periodic system (ordinal number) determines its properties, which are the average of the properties of neighboring elements vertically and horizontally.

Some groups of elements have special names. Thus, the elements of the main subgroups of group I are called alkali metals, group II - alkaline earth metals, group VII - halogens, elements located behind uranium - transuranium. Elements that are part of organisms, take part in metabolic processes and have a clear biological role are called biogenic elements. All of them occupy the top part of D.I. Mendeleev’s table. These are primarily O, C, H, N, Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg and Fe, which make up the bulk of living matter (more than 99%). The places occupied by these elements in the periodic table are colored light blue. Biogenic elements, of which there are very few in the body (from 10 -3 to 10 -14%), are called microelements (see). In cells of the periodic system, stained in yellow, microelements are placed, the vital importance of which for humans has been proven.

According to the theory of atomic structure (see Atom), the chemical properties of elements depend mainly on the number of electrons in the outer electron shell. The periodic change in the properties of elements with an increase in the positive charge of atomic nuclei is explained by the periodic repetition of the structure of the outer electron shell (energy level) of the atoms.

In small periods, with an increase in the positive charge of the nucleus, the number of electrons in the outer shell increases from 1 to 2 in period I and from 1 to 8 in periods II and III. Hence the change in the properties of elements in the period from an alkali metal to an inert gas. The outer electron shell, containing 8 electrons, is complete and energetically stable (elements of group zero are chemically inert).

In long periods in even rows, as the positive charge of the nuclei increases, the number of electrons in the outer shell remains constant (1 or 2) and the second outer shell is filled with electrons. Hence the slow change in the properties of elements in even rows. In the odd series of large periods, as the charge of the nuclei increases, the outer shell is filled with electrons (from 1 to 8) and the properties of the elements change in the same way as those of typical elements.

The number of electron shells in an atom is equal to the period number. Atoms of elements of the main subgroups have a number of electrons in their outer shells equal to the group number. Atoms of elements of side subgroups contain one or two electrons in their outer shells. This explains the difference in the properties of the elements of the main and secondary subgroups. The group number indicates the possible number of electrons that can participate in the formation of chemical (valence) bonds (see Molecule), therefore such electrons are called valence. For elements of side subgroups, not only the electrons of the outer shells are valence, but also those of the penultimate ones. The number and structure of electron shells are indicated in the accompanying periodic table of chemical elements.

The periodic law of D. I. Mendeleev and the system based on it have exclusively great importance in science and practice. The periodic law and system were the basis for the discovery of new chemical elements, precise definition their atomic weights, the development of the doctrine of the structure of atoms, the establishment of geochemical laws of distribution of elements in earth's crust and the development of modern ideas about living matter, the composition of which and the patterns associated with it are in accordance with the periodic system. The biological activity of elements and their content in the body are also largely determined by the place they occupy in Mendeleev’s periodic table. Thus, with an increase in the serial number in a number of groups, the toxicity of elements increases and their content in the body decreases. The periodic law is a clear expression of the most general dialectical laws of the development of nature.

Ether in the periodic table

The world ether is the substance of EVERY chemical element and, therefore, EVERY substance; it is the Absolute true matter as the Universal element-forming Essence.The world ether is the source and crown of the entire genuine Periodic Table, its beginning and end - the alpha and omega of the Periodic Table of Elements of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev.

IN ancient philosophy ether (aithér-Greek), along with earth, water, air and fire, is one of the five elements of being (according to Aristotle) ​​- the fifth essence (quinta essentia - Latin), understood as the finest all-pervading matter. At the end of the 19th century, the hypothesis of a world ether (ME) filling all of the world’s space became widely circulated in scientific circles. It was understood as a weightless and elastic liquid that permeates all bodies. Many have tried to explain the existence of ether physical phenomena and properties.

Preface.
Mendeleev had two fundamental scientific discoveries:
1 - Discovery of the Periodic Law in the substance of chemistry,
2 - Discovery of the relationship between the substance of chemistry and the substance of Ether, namely: particles of Ether form molecules, nuclei, electrons, etc., but in chemical reactions do not participate.
Ether is particles of matter ~ 10-100 meters in size (in fact, they are the “first bricks” of matter).

Data. Ether was in the original periodic table. The cell for Ether was located in the zero group with inert gases and in the zero row as the main system-forming factor for building the System of chemical elements. After Mendeleev's death, the table was distorted by removing Ether from it and eliminating the zero group, thereby hiding the fundamental discovery of conceptual significance.
In modern Ether tables: 1 - not visible, 2 - not guessable (due to the absence of a zero group).

Such purposeful forgery hinders the development of the progress of civilization.
Man-made disasters (eg Chernobyl and Fukushima) would have been avoided if adequate resources had been invested in a timely manner in the development of a genuine periodic table. Concealment of conceptual knowledge occurs at the global level to “lower” civilization.

Result. In schools and universities they teach a cropped periodic table.
Assessment of the situation. The periodic table without Ether is the same as humanity without children - you can live, but there will be no development and no future.
Summary. If the enemies of humanity hide knowledge, then our task is to reveal this knowledge.
Conclusion. The old periodic table has fewer elements and more foresight than the modern one.
Conclusion. A new level is possible only if the information state of society changes.

Bottom line. Returning to the true periodic table is no longer a scientific question, but a political question.

What was the main political meaning of Einstein's teaching? It consisted of cutting off humanity’s access to inexhaustible natural sources of energy by any means, which were opened up by the study of the properties of the world ether. If successful on this path, the global financial oligarchy would lose power in this world, especially in the light of the retrospective of those years: the Rockefellers made an unimaginable fortune, exceeding the budget of the United States, on oil speculation, and the loss of the role of oil that “black gold” occupied in in this world - the role of the lifeblood of the global economy - did not inspire them.

This did not inspire other oligarchs - the coal and steel kings. Thus, financial tycoon Morgan immediately stopped funding Nikola Tesla’s experiments when he came close to wireless energy transfer and extracting energy “out of nowhere” - from the world’s ether. After this, the owner huge amount no one provided financial assistance for the technical solutions put into practice - the solidarity of financial tycoons is like that of thieves in law and a phenomenal sense of where the danger comes from. That is why against humanity and a sabotage was carried out under the name “Special Theory of Relativity”.

One of the first blows came to Dmitry Mendeleev’s table, in which ether was the first number; it was thoughts about ether that gave birth to Mendeleev’s brilliant insight - his periodic table of elements.

Chapter from the article: V.G. Rodionov. The place and role of the world ether in the true table of D.I. Mendeleev

6. Argumentum ad rem

What is now presented in schools and universities under the title “Periodic Table of Chemical Elements D.I. Mendeleev,” is an outright falsity.

The last time the real Periodic Table was published in an undistorted form was in 1906 in St. Petersburg (textbook “Fundamentals of Chemistry”, VIII edition). And only after 96 years of oblivion, the original Periodic Table rises for the first time from the ashes thanks to the publication of a dissertation in the journal ZhRFM of the Russian Physical Society.

After the sudden death of D.I. Mendeleev and the passing away of his faithful scientific colleagues in the Russian Physico-Chemical Society, the son of D.I. Mendeleev’s friend and colleague in the Society, Boris Nikolaevich Menshutkin, first raised his hand to Mendeleev’s immortal creation. Of course, Menshutkin did not act alone - he only carried out the order. After all, the new paradigm of relativism required the abandonment of the idea of ​​the world ether; and therefore this requirement was elevated to the rank of dogma, and the work of D.I. Mendeleev was falsified.

The main distortion of the Table is the transfer of the “zero group” of the Table to its end, to the right, and the introduction of the so-called. "periods". We emphasize that such (only at first glance, harmless) manipulation is logically explainable only as a conscious elimination of the main methodological link in Mendeleev’s discovery: the periodic system of elements at its beginning, source, i.e. in the upper left corner of the Table, must have a zero group and a zero row, where the element “X” is located (according to Mendeleev - “Newtonium”), - i.e. world broadcast.
Moreover, being the only system-forming element of the entire Table of Derived Elements, this element “X” is the argument of the entire Periodic Table. The transfer of the zero group of the Table to its end destroys the very idea of ​​this fundamental principle of the entire system of elements according to Mendeleev.

To confirm the above, we will give the floor to D.I. Mendeleev himself.

“... If analogues of argon do not give compounds at all, then it is obvious that it is impossible to include any of the groups of previously known elements, and for them it should be opened special group zero... This position of argon analogues in the zero group is a strictly logical consequence of the understanding of the periodic law, and therefore (the placement in group VIII is clearly incorrect) was accepted not only by me, but also by Braizner, Piccini and others... Now, when it has become not subject to the slightest Without the doubt that before the first group, in which hydrogen must be placed, there exists a zero group, the representatives of which have atomic weights less than those of the elements of group I, it seems to me impossible to deny the existence of elements lighter than hydrogen.

Of these, let us first pay attention to the element of the first row of the 1st group. We denote it by “y”. It will obviously have the fundamental properties of argon gases... “Coronium”, with a density of about 0.2 relative to hydrogen; and it cannot in any way be the world ether.

This element “y”, however, is necessary in order to mentally get close to that most important, and therefore most rapidly moving element “x”, which, in my understanding, can be considered ether. I would like to tentatively call it “Newtonium” - in honor of the immortal Newton... The problem of gravitation and the problem of all energy (!!! - V. Rodionov) cannot be imagined to be really solved without a real understanding of the ether as a world medium that transmits energy over distances. A real understanding of the ether cannot be achieved by ignoring its chemistry and not considering it an elementary substance; elementary substances are now unthinkable without their subordination to periodic law” (“An Attempt at a Chemical Understanding of the World Ether.” 1905, p. 27).

“These elements, according to the magnitude of their atomic weights, took a precise place between the halides and the alkali metals, as Ramsay showed in 1900. From these elements it is necessary to form a special zero group, which was first recognized by Errere in Belgium in 1900. I consider it useful to add here that, directly judging by the inability to combine elements of group zero, analogues of argon should be placed before elements of group 1 and, in the spirit of the periodic system, expect a lower atomic weight for them than for alkali metals.

This is exactly what it turned out to be. And if so, then this circumstance, on the one hand, serves as confirmation of the correctness of the periodic principles, and on the other hand, clearly shows the relationship of argon analogs to other previously known elements. As a result, it is possible to apply the analyzed principles even more widely than before, and expect elements of the zero series with atomic weights much lower than those of hydrogen.

Thus, it can be shown that in the first row, first before hydrogen, there is an element of the zero group with an atomic weight of 0.4 (perhaps this is Yong’s coronium), and in the zero row, in the zero group, there is a limiting element with an negligibly small atomic weight, not capable of chemical interactions and, as a result, possessing extremely fast partial (gas) movement of its own.

These properties, perhaps, should be attributed to the atoms of the all-pervading (!!! - V. Rodionov) world ether. I indicated this idea in the preface to this publication and in the Russian magazine article 1902...” (“Fundamentals of Chemistry.” VIII ed., 1906, pp. 613 et seq.)
1 , , ,

From the comments:

For chemistry, the modern periodic table of elements is sufficient.

The role of ether can be useful in nuclear reactions, but this is not very significant.
Taking into account the influence of ether is closest to the phenomena of isotope decay. However, this accounting is extremely complex and the presence of patterns is not accepted by all scientists.

The simplest proof of the presence of ether: The phenomenon of annihilation of a positron-electron pair and the emergence of this pair from a vacuum, as well as the impossibility of catching an electron at rest. Also the electromagnetic field and a complete analogy between photons in a vacuum and sound waves - phonons in crystals.

Ether is differentiated matter, so to speak, atoms in a disassembled state, or more correctly, elementary particles from which future atoms are formed. Therefore, it has no place in the periodic table, since the logic of constructing this system does not imply the inclusion of non-integral structures, which are the atoms themselves. Otherwise, it is possible to find a place for quarks, somewhere in the minus first period.
The ether itself has a more complex multi-level structure of manifestation in world existence than is known about it modern science. As soon as she reveals the first secrets of this elusive ether, then new engines for all kinds of machines will be invented on completely new principles.
Indeed, Tesla was perhaps the only one who was close to solving the mystery of the so-called ether, but he was deliberately prevented from realizing his plans. So, to this day, the genius who will continue the work of the great inventor and tell us all what the mysterious ether actually is and on what pedestal it can be placed has not yet been born.

Four ways to add nucleons
The mechanisms of nucleon addition can be divided into four types, S, P, D and F. These types of addition are reflected by the color background in the version of the table presented by D.I. Mendeleev.
The first type of addition is the S scheme, when nucleons are added to the nucleus along the vertical axis. The display of attached nucleons of this type, in the internuclear space, is now identified as S electrons, although there are no S electrons in this zone, but only spherical regions of space charge that provide molecular interaction.
The second type of addition is the P scheme, when nucleons are added to the nucleus in the horizontal plane. The mapping of these nucleons in the internuclear space is identified as P electrons, although these, too, are just regions of space charge generated by the nucleus in the internuclear space.
The third type of addition is the D scheme, when nucleons are added to neutrons in the horizontal plane, and finally, the fourth type of addition is the F scheme, when nucleons are added to neutrons along the vertical axis. Each type of attachment gives the atom properties characteristic of this type of connection, therefore, in the composition of the periods of the table D.I. Mendeleev has long identified subgroups based on the type of S, P, D and F bonds.
Since the addition of each subsequent nucleon produces an isotope of either the preceding or subsequent element, the exact arrangement of nucleons according to the type of S, P, D and F bonds can only be shown using the Table of Known Isotopes (nuclides), a version of which (from Wikipedia) we used.
We divided this table into periods (see Tables for filling periods), and in each period we indicated according to which scheme each nucleon is added. Since, in accordance with microquantum theory, each nucleon can join the nucleus only in a strictly defined place, the number and patterns of nucleon addition in each period are different, but in all periods of the D.I. table. Mendeleev's laws of nucleon addition are fulfilled UNIFORMLY for all nucleons without exception.
As you can see, in periods II and III, the addition of nucleons occurs only according to S and P schemes, in periods IV and V - according to S, P and D schemes, and in periods VI and VII - according to S, P, D and F schemes. It turned out that the laws of nucleon addition are fulfilled so precisely that it was not difficult for us to calculate the composition of the nucleus of the final elements of the VII period, which are in the table of D.I. Mendeleev's numbers are 113, 114, 115, 116 and 118.
According to our calculations, the last element of the VII period, which we called Rs (“Russia” from “Russia”), consists of 314 nucleons and has isotopes 314, 315, 316, 317 and 318. The element preceding it is Nr (“Novorossiy” from “ Novorossiya") consists of 313 nucleons. We will be very grateful to anyone who can confirm or refute our calculations.
Honestly speaking, we ourselves are amazed at how accurately the Universal Designer works, which ensures that each subsequent nucleon is attached only to its own, unique right place, and if the nucleon does not fit correctly, then the Constructor ensures the disintegration of the atom, and assembles a new atom from its spare parts. In our films, we showed only the main laws of the work of the Universal Designer, but there are so many nuances in his work that to understand them will require the efforts of many generations of scientists.
But humanity needs to understand the laws of the work of the Universal Designer if it is interested in technological progress, since knowledge of the principles of the work of the Universal Designer opens up completely new prospects in all areas of human activity - from the creation of unique structural materials to the assembly of living organisms.

Filling out the second period of the table of chemical elements

Filling out the third period of the table of chemical elements

Filling out the fourth period of the table of chemical elements

Filling out the fifth period of the table of chemical elements

Filling out the sixth period of the table of chemical elements

Filling out the seventh period of the table of chemical elements