Southeast Asia General characteristics of the economy of Southeast Asia.

Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, Philippines, Timor.

The countries of Southeast Asia are very different in terms of economic development. Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand belong to the NIS group; Brunei – to the group of oil-producing countries; Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos are among the most backward countries, the rest are developing countries with moderately developed economies.

A common feature is that they all have an export-oriented development model.

GDP per capita ranges from 2 to 10 thousand dollars (only Brunei and Singapore have this figure of 34 and 49 thousand dollars, respectively).

Their role is changing - from suppliers of raw materials to a source of highly qualified and at the same time cheap labor.

Influx of foreign investment

The share of agriculture is characterized by a reduction in the growth of the manufacturing industry, and the service sector is growing.

The fuel and energy complex plays a vital role in the region. It is especially developed in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, and Vietnam, where oil and gas are produced.

The largest oil refining center is Singapore.

Factories operate in Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam and Myanmar.

Indonesia has the largest liquefied natural gas plant

Coal is mined in Vietnam and Indonesia

The basis of energy is thermal power plants, but hydroelectric power plants predominate in Laos and Vietnam.

Metallurgy

Metallurgy is represented mainly by non-ferrous metallurgy.

The tin industry is developed in Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia.

There are factories for smelting aluminum and copper

Most of the products are exported

Chemical industry

• Based on petroleum products

  Plastics, mineral fertilizers, medicines, cosmetics are produced

  Processing of natural rubber has received significant development

Mechanical engineering

Rapidly developing in last years and defines the “face” of the region. It is characterized by specialization in individual units and components, as well as assembly finished products from imported parts

Leading industries – electronics and household electrical appliances, export-oriented

The main centers of electronic engineering are located in Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand

The region also produces aircraft, ships, cars, motorcycles, and bicycles.

Light and food industry

Traditional industries are developing quite dynamically, but in Singapore and Malaysia their share has decreased due to the growth of modern industries

Developed production of textiles, footwear, clothing

Production of coffee, rice, cane sugar, cotton, tea

Developed in all countries of the region except Singapore and Brunei

Main industry: crop production

The main food crop is rice (leaders in cultivation are Thailand, Myanmar, Indonesia, the Philippines)

Also grown are legumes, corn, sweet potatoes, cassava, hevea, oil palm, cotton, sugar cane, coconut palm, tea, coffee, pineapples, tobacco, and spices.

Fishing and shellfish production are of great importance

For reference:

Population: 500 million people

Natural increase – 10/20 ppm (Singapore – 5 ppm)

Population density ~ 100 people/sq. km. (the most populous area is the island of Java, ~800 people)

Urbanization level is low (20-25%) (Singapore - 100%)

Agglomerations – Jakarta, Manila

The bulk of the population is in agriculture

Employment: in industry - 10-35%, in services - 6-25% (in Singapore 70%)

2.CIS:

Azerbaijan

Belarus

Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan

Tajikistan

Turkmenistan - "associate member"

Uzbekistan

All countries except Russia are unitary republics, Russia is a federal republic.

Ticket 19.

Features of the economy of the countries of South Asia .

Introduction

1.7 billion people

The region is compact in size

Has access to the Indian Ocean

Important global shipping routes pass through the region

4.5 million km 2

Mountains to the north somewhat separate the region from the rest of the continent

India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives

India is a key country, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan are the poorest, the rest are developing.

Natural conditions contrasting – variety of minerals

Natural resources:

Coal - India

Iron – India, Sri Lanka

Oil/gas – India Pakistan Sri Lanka Bangladesh

Copper, aluminum, manganese - India

Uranium – Pakistan, India

Chromites – Pakistan

Soli – Pakistan

Low quality resources

Agroclimatic conditions

Subequatorial and tropical climate. Belts

Monsoon climate

Two seasons: wet summer (rice, cotton, jute) and dry winter (wheat, barley)

Sum of active temperatures 8000 degrees

Uneven hydration

Land resources

In Bangladesh, 70% is arable land; in other countries it is approximately 50%

Provision of 0.2 hectares per capita

Desertification and erosion

The soils are highly fertile (alluvial soils)

Forest resources

Forest cover ranges from 5% in Pakistan to 27% in Sri Lanka

Water resources

Insufficient except Nepal and Butane

High hydropower potential of rivers

Population

1.7 billion people (1.1 – India)

33 ethnic groups with more than 1 million people each – 98% of the population

Multinational State

Religions: Hinduism more than 60%, Buddhism, Islam

Literacy – 90% Sri Lanka, 50% Nepal

In general, the peak of the demographic transition has passed

Natural increase 15-25 ppm

290 people\km 2

40 agglomerations - millionaires

Urbanization up to 36%

40% of the world's poorest population

Farm

GDP is less than 2% of GDP with a population of 26% of the world

GDP per capita 1-3 thousand

• A characteristic feature is that crops are grown that require large quantity labor

  9/10 of the world's jute and its products come from Bangladesh and India

  4\10 teas from India and Sri Lanka. 1st place in export

  Important supplier of natural rubber, copra

  They also grow sugar cane, peanuts, cotton, and spices.

  IN Agricultural employs on average 40 to 60% of the economically active population,

  Remnants of pre-capitalist, semi-feudal relations predominate.

  In more developed areas, TNCs have developed (extremely cheap labor).

  Producer of jute, tea, nat. rubber, copra, sah. cane, cotton, peanuts, spices, wheat, rice.

  But the region cannot provide itself with food, especially grain.

  India is the largest.

  agricultural production (one of the 1st places in the world for S irrigated land).

  The region has a huge livestock population (400 million heads), but these are mainly draft animals.

  1\7 of world grain production

  1/4 of the world's rice harvest

  In Nepal, 90% of the population is engaged in agricultural activities

  The predominance of small-scale production

  Grain import

  Division of land into those that grow export crops and those that grow crops for consumption

Domestic consumption: rice, corn, wheat, millet, legumes

Industry Light industry

– textile (jute and cotton) products are aimed at domestic consumption. The clothing industry is slightly less developed

Food industry: tea, refined sugar, tobacco, spices, vegetable oils

Industrial traction is poorly developed Fuel and energy complex - hydroelectric power stations are widespread (south, from India

), nuclear power plants and thermal power plants are smaller

Despite the fact that they extract energy resources themselves, they still import them

Ferrous metallurgy (India produces more than 53 million tons of steel per year) is based on its own raw materials.

Production for both export and domestic consumption Non-ferrous metallurgy

using our own raw materials

A characteristic feature of industry is its duality: small-scale handicraft production is adjacent to large factories Light industry – historically developed. Jute, cotton and clothing production. Other industries

2. began to develop only in the 2nd half of the 20th century. India and Pakistan are nuclear powers. In other countries, industry is much less developed and is limited to small handicraft production. Nepal is famous for its unique production of postage stamps.

Monarchy countries of Western Europe (U): UK(PaM), Norway(Km), Sweden(Km), Denmark(Km), Belgium(KmF), Netherlands(Km), Luxembourg(Km), Spain(Km), Vatican(Tm), Liechtenstein(Km), Monaco(Km), Andorra Features of agriculture

Overseas Asia

are a combination of commercial and consumer farming, landlord and peasant land use, as well as the predominance of food crops over industrial crops and livestock raising.

The level of development of livestock farming in Foreign Asia is lower than in other regions of the world. The main branches of livestock farming are cattle breeding and sheep breeding, and in countries with a non-Muslim population (China, Vietnam, Korea, Japan) - pig breeding. Horses, camels, and yaks are bred in desert and highland areas. Export livestock products are insignificant and mainly consist of wool, hides and skins. In coastal countries, fishing is of great importance.

Accommodation Agriculture in the vast area of ​​​​Overseas Asia is highly dependent on environmental factors. In general, several agricultural areas have formed in the region.

1. The monsoon sector of East, Southeast and South Asia is the main rice growing area. Rice is sown in river valleys on flooded fields. In the higher parts of the same sector there are tea plantations (China, Japan, India, Sri Lanka, etc.) and opium poppy plantations (Myanmar, Laos, Thailand).

2. The region of subtropical agriculture is the Mediterranean coast. Fruits, rubber, dates, and almonds are grown here.

3. Region of pastoral livestock farming - Mongolia and South-West Asia (here livestock farming is combined with farming in oases).

In most developing countries of Overseas Asia industry represented predominantly by the mining industries. The reason for this is their good supply mineral resources and a general low level of development of manufacturing (upstream) industries.

However, the differences in the level of economic development of various countries and regions of Foreign Asia are so significant that it is advisable to consider the region’s economy regionally.

If we proceed from the ten-member structure of the world economy, then within Foreign Asia there are five centers (among them, three centers are individual countries):

2. Japan;

4. New industrial countries;

5. Oil exporting countries.

China Since the 70s, he began an economic reform (“Gaige”), based on a combination of planned and market economies. As a result, there has been unprecedented growth in the country's economy. In 1990, China already ranked 3rd in terms of GDP after the United States and Japan, and by 2000 it was ahead of Japan. However, based on GDP per capita, China still lags significantly behind leading countries. Despite this, China largely determines the progress of the entire Asia-Pacific region. Modern China- a powerful industrial-agrarian country that occupies important positions in the world economy (first place in the production of coal and iron ore, steel smelting, production of cotton fabrics, televisions, radios, gross grain harvest; second place in the production of electricity, chemical fertilizers, synthetic materials etc. The face of China is primarily determined by heavy industry.

Japan emerged from World War 2 with a completely destroyed economy. But it not only managed to restore the economy, but also became the No. 2 power in the world, a member of the G7, and in many ways economic indicators come out on top. Japan's industry initially developed primarily along an evolutionary path. Using imported raw materials, such basic industries as energy, metallurgy, automotive, shipbuilding, chemical, petrochemical, and construction industries were created almost anew. After the energy and raw materials crises of the 70s, the revolutionary path of development began to prevail in Japanese industry. The country began to limit the growth of energy-intensive and metal-intensive industries and focus on the latest knowledge-intensive industries. It has become a leader in the field of electronics, robotics, biotechnology, and has begun to use non-traditional energy sources. Japan ranks first in the world in terms of the share of spending on science. Since the 90s, the “Japanese economic miracle” has faded and the pace of economic development has slowed down, however, the country still maintains a leading position in many economic indicators.

India is one of the key countries in the developing world. She began economic reform in the 90s and achieved some success. However, it remains a country of still very great contrasts. For example:

By total volume industrial production it ranks fifth in the world, but 102nd in terms of national income per capita;

Powerful, equipped last word enterprise techniques are combined with tens of thousands of handicraft industries (“industry at home”);

In agriculture, large farms and plantations are combined with millions of small peasant farms;

India ranks first in the number of cattle and one of the last in the consumption of meat products;

In terms of the number of scientific and technical specialists, India is second only to Russia and the United States, but occupies a leading position in “brain drain”, which has affected almost all areas of science and technology, and at the same time half of the population is illiterate;

In Indian cities, modern, gentrified areas coexist with slums where millions of homeless and unemployed people live.

Indian industry employs 20% economically active population. From a country of light and food industries, India has turned into a country with developed heavy industry. India produces machine tools, diesel locomotives, cars, tractors, televisions, as well as the latest electronic equipment, equipment for nuclear power plants and space research. In terms of development of the nuclear industry, India ranks first in the developing world.

Agriculture in India accounts for 60% of EAN. In recent years, as a result of government investments and the use of the achievements of the “green revolution,” grain collection has increased significantly and the country has become largely self-sufficient in grain, albeit at a very low level of consumption (250 kg per person).

Natural conditions in India are favorable for the development of agriculture. India has two main agricultural seasons and two main agricultural zones:

The main rice-growing zone is the southeastern part of the Indo-Ghana lowland;

Main wheat zone – northwestern part Indo-Ghana lowland.

In addition to these zones, there are areas for the cultivation of fibrous, oilseed, sugar, and tonic crops.

India has developed a special territorial economic structure, which distinguishes it from other developing countries. There is no single dominant center in the country. There are, as it were, four “economic capitals”

– in the west - Bombay (engineering, petrochemical, cotton factories, nuclear energy, largest port);

In the east - Kolkata (the second industrial center and port after Bombay, distinguished by the processing and export of jute);

In the north - Delhi (a large industrial, transport, administrative and cultural center);

In the south is Madras.

Newly industrialized countries consist of two echelons:

The first echelon is Korea, Singapore, Taiwan (together with Hong Kong - the “four Asian tigers”);

Second echelon – Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia.

All these countries in short time achieved significant economic success, especially in the automotive industry, shipbuilding, oil refining industry, petrochemicals, electronics, electrical engineering, and light industry. In their development, they were guided by the experience of Japan. However, a decisive role in their development was played by Transnational corporations(TNCs), focusing on cheap labor. Therefore, almost all the high-tech products of these countries go to the West.

Oil exporting countries specialize in oil production and petrochemicals. These are countries Persian Gulf received from oil fast development and very quickly entered from feudalism into capitalism. Most of these countries' income comes from oil and gas exports ( Saudi Arabia – 98%)

Among other countries of Foreign Asia, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Israel, and North Korea stand out in terms of economic development.

Among the least developed countries region and the world as a whole include Yemen, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Maldives, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia.

6. Transport of Overseas Asia– one of the weak links in most countries (with the exception of Japan). Transport system of these countries has not yet been fully formed. There is a predominance of one or two types of transport, a high proportion of pack, horse-drawn and bicycle transport.

Railway transport most developed in India and Pakistan, pipeline - in the Middle East, automobile in India and China, sea - in Japan, China, Singapore, and the Gulf countries.

7. Environmental issues region in Lately have worsened significantly. The most pressing problems are attrition water resources, soil erosion, land alienation, deforestation (especially Nepal and India), etc. The main reasons for the exacerbation environmental problems are the transfer of “dirty production” to the region and overpopulation in many countries.

Subregions of Foreign Asia

1. South-West Asia;

2. South Asia;

3. Southeast Asia;

4. East Asia (China, Mongolia, North Korea, Korea, Japan).

AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA

For the period 1970-2016. agriculture in Southeast Asia at current prices increased by $261.3 billion (23.0 times) to $273.2 billion; the change occurred by $15.3 billion due to a population increase of 361.2 million, as well as by $246.0 billion due to a per capita increase in agriculture of $383.3. The average annual growth of agriculture in Southeast Asia amounted to 5.7 billion dollars or 7.1%. The average annual growth of agriculture in Southeast Asia at constant prices was 3.3%. The world share increased by 4.8%. The share in Asia increased by 2.4%. The minimum in agriculture was in 1970 ($11.9 billion). The maximum in agriculture was in 2013 ($286.1 billion).

For 1970-2016 agriculture per capita in Southeast Asia increased by $383.3 (10.1 times) to $425.7. The average annual growth in agriculture per capita at current prices is $8.3 or 5.1%.

The change in agriculture in Southeast Asia is described by a linear correlation-regression model: y=5.2x-10 354.5, where y is the estimated value of agriculture in Southeast Asia, x is the year. Correlation coefficient = 0.859. Coefficient of determination = 0.738.

Agriculture in Southeast Asia, 1970

In 1970, it was 11.9 billion dollars, consisting of Indonesian agriculture (35.3%), Thai agriculture (16.1%), Philippine agriculture (16.1%), Vietnamese agriculture (10%), Malaysian agriculture (9.4% ), and others (13.1%). The share of Southeast Asian agriculture in the world was 3.8%.

In 1970 it was 42.3 dollars. Agriculture per capita in Southeast Asia was less than agriculture per capita in the world ($83.8) by $41.5.

Agriculture of Southeast Asia, 2016

Agriculture in Southeast Asia in 2016 was equal to 273.2 billion dollars, consisted of Indonesian agriculture (45.9%), Thai agriculture (12.4%), Vietnamese agriculture (12.3%), Philippine agriculture (10.8%), Malaysian agriculture (9.6 %), and others (9%). The share of Southeast Asian agriculture in the world was 8.7%.

Agriculture per capita in Southeast Asia in 2016 it was 425.7 dollars. Agriculture per capita in Southeast Asia was greater than agriculture per capita in the world ($422.2) by $3.4.

general characteristics§ Located on the § § § Indochina Peninsula and the Malay Archipelago. Area 4.5 million km2 (3%); Population 599 million people (8%); Consists of 10 countries.

Composition SEA § Brunei - Bandar Seri Begawan § Vietnam - Hanoi § Cambodia - Phnom Penh § Laos - Vientiane § Myanmar - Naypyidaw § Thailand - Bangkok § East Timor - Dili § Indonesia - Jakarta § Singapore - Singapore § Philippines - Manila

Mining industry§ Most of the products undergo primary processing before export. § The extraction of tin and tungsten is of great export importance: Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia account for 70% of the world's tin production, Thailand is the world's second largest producer of tungsten. § Mined and processed in Thailand gem(rubies, sapphires).

Fuel and energy industry § Well supplied with electricity § Total production which reached 228.5 billion kWh. § The main volume of electricity is generated at thermal and § § hydroelectric power plants. Indonesia has the only one in the region geothermal power plant, the issue of building the region's first nuclear power plant is being discussed. Petrochemicals are being developed on the basis of refineries in many countries. In Myanmar and Indonesia they operate on their own raw materials, while Philippine, Malayan and Singaporean factories use Indonesian and Middle Eastern oil. Singapore is the 3rd largest oil refining center in the world after Houston and Rotterdam (processes over 20 million tons of crude oil annually).

1994 Hoa Binh § Unique underground hydroelectric power station generating 8.16 billion kW. h e/e per year. § The length of the dam is 734 m, the height is 128 m. § The dam forms a reservoir with a capacity of 9.45 billion m3.

Light industry Traditional area of ​​the region, most developed in Malaysia and Thailand, which are 50-80% controlled by Japanese and American multinationals. Wood harvesting has recently increased sharply and now amounts to 142.3 million m3 annually. § Trees of many species have exceptional strength and color, so they are used in interior framing, in the furniture industry, and shipbuilding.

Non-ferrous metallurgy § Construction of new and modernization of § § § existing plants (Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam). Aluminum smelters in Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore process bauxite from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Some of the world's largest tin smelters operate based on local raw materials in Malaysia (28% of world tin exports), Indonesia (16% of world exports) and Thailand (15%). The smelter operates in the Philippines.

Mechanical engineering § A branch of international specialization. § Specializes in assembly household appliances, production of boards, microcircuits. § Malaysia is one of the world's largest manufacturers of semiconductors, integrated circuits, air conditioners, radio and television equipment. § Singapore is a leader in high-tech industries (PC, biotechnology, laser optics, space technology). § In terms of the level of computerization and implementation of robots, Singapore ranks 2nd in Asia after Japan (84% of Singaporean firms are equipped with modern computer technology).

Automotive industry § Automobile assembly is carried out by branches of Japanese companies in Malaysia (180 thousand cars annually) and Thailand. § Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore have their own programs for the development of the aviation industry.

Ship repair and shipbuilding § An industry of international specialization in Singapore. § Construction of tankers with a tonnage of up to 500 thousand tons. § Singapore ranks second after the United States in the world in the production of mobile drilling equipment for the development of oil fields on the sea shelf.

Military-industrial complex § Production of modern weapons has been established. § Singapore builds torpedo ships and high-speed patrol boats, assembles transport aircraft under American licenses, and develops the electronics industry for defensive purposes. § Largest company Singaporean military-industrial complex - "Singapore Technologies". § In Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines there are enterprises producing military aircraft and helicopters.

Chemical industry§ Developed in the Philippines, Indonesia, § § Thailand, Malaysia. Singapore has Asia's largest factories producing ethylene, propylene and plastics. All higher value Indonesia has a presence on the world market as a manufacturer of acids and components mineral fertilizers. Malaysia produces household chemical products and toxic chemicals, varnishes and paints. In the north of Bangkok there is one of the most powerful caustic soda production complexes in Asia.

Agriculture § § Insufficiently provided land resources. The predominance of agriculture over livestock farming Rice is the main agricultural crop. It is harvested 2-3 times a year, the total volume is 126.5 million tons (1/4 of world production). § In Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam, rice fields occupy 4/5 of the sown area of ​​the valley and delta lands of the Irawada and Menema rivers. § Coconut palm - produces nuts and coper (coconut core from which oil is obtained) - 70% of world production (Malaysia - up to 49%).

§ Hevea - up to 90% of world production of natural rubber (Malaysia - 20% of world production, Indonesia, Vietnam); § Sugar cane(Philippines and Thailand); § Tea (Indonesia, Vietnam); § Spices (everywhere); § Cotton, tobacco (countries located in the north of the region grow in the dry season); § Coffee (Laos); § Pineapple (Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines and Vietnam). Animal husbandry. § Very poorly developed due to a shortage of pastures and the spread of tropical animal diseases. § Cattle are used primarily as draft power. § Total livestock: 45 million pigs, 42 million heads of cattle, 26 million goats and sheep and almost 15 million buffaloes. § Every year, countries catch up to 13.7 million tons of fish.

Transport § Unevenly developed. § The total length of the railway is 25,339 km (there is no railway in Laos and Brunei). Automobile transport. The total fleet includes 5.8 million passengers and 2.3 million trucks. Singapore (11.4 million gross register, t), Thailand (2.5 million gross register, t), Indonesia (2.3 million gross register, t), have their own merchant fleets. The Singapore port is one of the largest in the world in terms of total cargo turnover (280 million tons) and the third after Rotterdam and Hong Kong in terms of handling sea ​​containers(14 million USD). There are 165 airports with regular flights ( largest airport Changi (Singapore).

Foreign economic relations Exporting countries Export products Singapore equipment, instruments, machinery, light industry products, electronics Malaysia oil and gas, rubber, tin, palm oil, wood, electronics, textiles Laos electricity, forestry and woodworking industry products, coffee, tin concentrate Cambodia rubber, wood, rosin, fruits, fish, spices, rice Indonesia oil and gas, agricultural products, plywood, textiles, rubber Vietnam cotton fabrics, knitwear, rubber, tea, rubber shoes, rice Brunei oil and gas Thailand rice, rubber, tin, corn, cassava, sugar, textiles, kenaf, jute, teak, integrated circuits Philippines coconut oil, copper concentrate, copra, bananas, sugar, gold, electronic equipment

Industry is represented by the following sectors:

mining;

electric power industry - thermal power plants;

metallurgy: ferrous and non-ferrous (Iran); petrochemicals: Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia;

(Israel, Türkiye, Iran, Iraq); light and food production (textiles, clothing, carpets, footwear - in all countries of the region).

The manufacturing industry of the oil countries of the Middle East has a clear specialization in the production of products and aluminum smelting, based on local cheap energy and imported raw materials. This entire industry serves the markets of other countries and has constant long-term ties with Europe and the countries of Southeast Asia. The manufacturing industry of Turkey, Iran, UAE, Syria is at a fairly high level development. They are dominated by various industries and some heavy industries. Israel has a developed unique industry - diamond cutting.

These same countries have a developed military industry, and Israel also supplies weapons to the foreign market.

During industrialization in the countries of this group, how. and everywhere, the role of port cities has increased. They have become centers of concentration of the manufacturing industry and, growing, are turning into industrial zones.

The manufacturing industry in the developing countries of South-West Asia is not a leading sector of the economy. Here, first of all, industries related to the processing of agricultural raw materials and mining industry products developed. The basis of the modern manufacturing industry in many of these countries is light and food industry. There is a large share of handicraft production, in particular, working on the world market (carpets, ceramics, etc.).

Has global significance oil industry Gulf countries. The main thing in its structure is the production and export of oil. There are few oil refining, petrochemical, and energy production facilities, but those that operate meet modern standards. Among them are the largest oil-industrial complexes in Yanbu and Ju-beil. Oil wells are scattered along the Persian Gulf, including the shelf and the Mesopotamian lowland. Saudi Arabia has the largest reserves (35 billion tons). The reserves of Iran, Iraq, and the UAE are estimated at 12-13 billion tons each. Oil is exported, crude - 90%, in petroleum products - 10%. Oil is imported into Europe through the Suez Canal and pipelines to the ports of the Red and Mediterranean Seas, where it is loaded into tankers and exported to the countries of East Asia and. There are many pipelines in the region; the Gaziantek-Oam-sun oil pipeline is currently being built, which will provide access to ports, including Odessa. There are 15 oil terminal ports on the shores of the Persian Gulf that serve large supertankers.