The importance of the industry for the country's economy. Agriculture: branches of agriculture

At all times meaning Agriculture it was great for people. After all, we can say that the economy began with the cultivation of fruits and their exchange for other goods, such as meat.

As a result, without agriculture, humanity itself would not have developed as a whole. By itself Agriculture- this is a complex mechanism consisting of many elements, such as crop production, livestock farming, land reclamation, forestry, agronomy, etc.

And it is also subject to the influence of almost all possible factors:

Political,

Economic,

Social,

Natural.

But if political, economic and social can still be regulated. That natural factors cannot be controlled, although now with the help of many scientific developments and technical innovations it is possible to reduce their influence.

Recently, many believe that agricultural production has ceased to be so important and significant, but it is the main component of the agro-industrial complex, which in turn is one of the main profit items in the state budget.

The role of agriculture in the country’s economy speaks volumes about its level of development:

So, developing countries are still following the extensive path of development, that is, increasing profits by increasing acreage, livestock and attracting more workers.

Whereas developed Countries that already half a century ago switched to an intensive path of development: they use new technologies and modern equipment, use mineral fertilizers and the achievements of biotechnology.

Agricultural production is the main component of the state's agro-industrial complex.

Its significant difference from most sectors of the economy is that in comparison with them it is less efficient. The capital invested in it brings less profit.

Therefore, low-income agriculture is not able to participate on an equal footing (compared to industry) in intersectoral competition without external support.

Agriculture is different conservatism And inelasticity, inadequacy responding to market conditions and requirements.

Thus, with an increase in demand for agricultural products, agricultural production with its peculiarities excludes the possibility of a quick response and an increase in production output.

There are a number of restrictions on increasing the growth rate of agricultural production. It is impossible to significantly increase the area of ​​cultivated land, even with increased investment. This is due to the natural limitation of agricultural land.

The increase in the number of livestock, especially breeding stock, is associated with a rather long period of time for raising it for many animal species. So, it takes about three years to raise a dairy herd for milk production.

It takes more than five years to create a fruit-bearing garden, and at least three years to create vineyards.

The scale of solving the problem of ensuring food security affects all areas of the agro-industrial complex and the interests of the population as a whole.

Agriculture- one of the most important sectors of the Russian national economy. It produces food for the country's population, raw materials for the processing industry and provides other needs of society.

The living standards and well-being of the population largely depend on the development of agriculture:

Size and power structure,

Average per capita income

Consumption of goods and services,

Social living conditions.

Agriculture is one of the main suppliers of raw materials for industry. More than 50% of agricultural products produced are used as raw materials: they supply raw materials for light, food, feed and other industries.

In turn, agriculture is a large consumer of industrial goods: tractors, machinery, equipment, fuel, feed, mineral fertilizers and other industrial products.

Consequently, the development of some industries largely depends on agriculture, while at the same time, the successful functioning of agricultural producers is determined by the level of industrial development.

Agriculture- This is not only a sector of the economy, but also people working and living in rural areas. Here the moral foundations of the people, their national psychology, and historical memory are formed.

So, let’s highlight the main features of agriculture that distinguish it from other industries National economy countries.

Features of agriculture as an industry:

Land is used as the main, irreplaceable means of production. Unlike other means of production, soil, when used correctly and carefully, does not wear out, but retains its qualities.

Specific means of production in agriculture are living organisms - plants and animals, which develop on the basis of biological laws.

The economic process of reproduction is intertwined with the natural.

The results of agricultural production depend on soil and climatic conditions. For example: in the Black Earth Region, grain yields will be higher than in the Urals. Therefore, these conditions greatly influence the specialization and location of agriculture, since some crops can only ripen in certain natural and climatic conditions.

In agriculture, the working period does not coincide with the production period. This is due to the seasonality of work.

For example: growing winter grain crops. The period of their production begins in July-August, from the moment of preparation and sowing, and ends in July of the following year with harvesting. During this time, the working period is interrupted and resumed several times: field preparation, sowing, plant care, harvesting, etc., and the production period, which is determined mainly by the natural conditions of plant growth and development, continues continuously. Seasonality has a significant impact on the organization of production, the use of equipment and labor resources.

One of the important features of agriculture is that the products created here take part in the further production process. Seeds and planting material

(grain, potatoes, etc.), feed, as well as young livestock. All this requires additional material resources for the construction of premises and production facilities (barnyards, warehouses for storing seeds, planting material, feed.)

In agriculture, as a rule, production tools (tractors, cars, combines) are moved, and not objects of labor (plants).

In industry, objects of labor (raw materials) are usually moved, but equipment and machines are fixed.

In agricultural production, technology is so specific that it is used only in the production of certain types of products and is not suitable for others. For each type of product there is a set of machines. Therefore, the overall demand for technology is much higher than in industrial sectors.

Most agricultural enterprises produce several types commercial products. Plant and animal products are produced in the same farm, since crop farming provides animal feed, and livestock farming provides manure, which is used for fertilizer, and also allows for the rational use of land resources that are unsuitable for cultivating field crops.

In agriculture, the organization of labor processes in the crop and livestock industries is structured differently.

Here the worker does not have a permanent job, as, for example, in industry. Depending on the time of year and the specifics of crop cultivation, field workers and machine operators perform different types of work:

Work on different types of machines and units,

Preparing seeds for sowing,

Plant care,

Feed preparation,

Harvest.

At the same time, the type of work can change not only daily, but also depending on conditions and within one working day.

The presence of a large number of agricultural producers creates conditions for high competition in the food market. This makes it impossible for an individual producer to influence the market price, that is, there are no conditions for creating monopolies.

The noted features of agriculture in comparison with industrial sectors require comprehensive analysis and consideration when forming the material and technical base of the industry, organizing and managing production, and determining the economic efficiency of using production resources.

Introduction 3

1. Composition, importance, features of the location of the agricultural sector 4

2. Main areas of crop and livestock production 9

2.1. Identification of the dynamics of industry development for 2000-2006. 14

2.2. Problems and development prospects 15

Conclusion 21

References 22

Introduction

Agriculture is an industry related to the agro-industrial complex Russian Federation(APK). The agro-industrial complex includes industries that have close economic and production relationships, specializing in the production of agricultural products, their processing and storage, as well as providing agriculture and the processing industry with means of production.

Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the national economic complex, since its products are an indispensable source of food for the world's population. The role of agriculture is also great in the cultivation of raw materials for the light, textile and food industries.

During the period of the formation of market relations, agriculture fell into decline, as evidenced by the volume of imported agricultural products from other countries. Also during this period, there was a change in land ownership: land from state-owned land turned into private peasant and garden plots. Along with the change in land ownership, changes also occurred in the financing of agricultural enterprises. Tax breaks and subsidies coming from the budget are small and did not cover the losses of agricultural enterprises until 2000-2001. With the adoption of new laws and programs for agricultural development, noticeable improvements occurred, agriculture began to revive and changes for the better were outlined.

The relevance of this topic today is great, since the well-being of the country depends on the production indicators of this particular industry. Thus, maintaining the reforms that are being carried out on this moment time, is very necessary for the development of the industry and the economy as a whole.

Chapter 1. Characteristics and importance of the agricultural sector in the country’s economy

1.1. Composition and importance and features of the agricultural sector in the country's national chemical complex

The agro-industrial complex is a set of economically interconnected industries specializing in the production of agricultural products, their industrial processing, storage and sales, as well as industries providing agriculture and the processing industry with means of production and agriculture with production services.

During the years of crisis, the first sector of the agro-industrial complex, which provides agriculture with means of production and industrial services, found itself in complete decline, and most enterprises ceased their activities. The production of tractors decreased by 12.5 times, grain harvesters by 24 times, and plows by 68 times. The level of utilization of agricultural machinery capacity is 8-12%. The provision of combine harvesters per unit of cultivated area in Russia is 4-5 times less than in European countries. Depreciation of fixed assets is 70%. If the situation does not change in the coming years, then only 30% of the land will be cultivated by machine. Currently, due to a shortage of fertilizers, 30 million tons of agricultural products are lost annually. To revive the first sector of the agro-industrial complex, it is necessary, first of all, to increase the solvency of agricultural enterprises. Huge disparity prices do not allow agricultural enterprises to purchase equipment and fertilizers. During the years of crisis, prices for industrial products increased by 9.4 thousand times, and for agricultural products - by 1.7 thousand times. Even despite the 40% discount on the purchase of fertilizers, agricultural enterprises are currently unable to purchase them.

Agricultural production is the central link of the country’s agro-industrial complex. Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the economy of any state. It provides vital products for humans: basic food products and raw materials for the production of consumer goods. The main forms of management in this area of ​​the economy are: agricultural production cooperatives (SPK), joint-stock companies (JSC), limited liability companies (LLC), farms.

Agriculture is a special sphere of the economy, radically different from all other spheres, since the main means of production in agriculture is land. At rational use The land not only does not lose its main and most valuable quality - fertility, but can even increase it, while all other means of production gradually become obsolete morally and physically and are replaced by others. Land is both a means of production and a subject of labor. Plants and animals also act as means of production. Another important feature of agricultural production is seasonality, which causes unevenness in production, use of labor, consumption and use of material and financial resources during a year. Agriculture, unlike other areas, is very dependent on natural factors. They influence the location of agricultural production, its sectoral structure, cause territorial differences and instability of production volumes over the years. Agricultural crops have significant differences in the duration of the growing season, in required quantity heat, light, moisture, impose their own requirements on soil quality. This also determines the characteristics of their placement not only across regions, but also within individual farms. Natural factors also influence the distribution of livestock through the food supply. The development of science and technology makes it possible to weaken the influence of natural conditions, but up to certain limits [.

The most important natural factors for the location and specialization of agriculture are:

 soil quality,

 duration of the frost-free period,

 sum of active temperatures (heat supply);

 total solar radiation (provision of light);

 moisture conditions, amount of precipitation;

 probability of recurrence of unfavorable meteorological conditions (drought, frost, wind and water erosion);

 security water resources;

 topographical conditions of the area, etc.

IN to a greater extent Natural factors influence the distribution of crop production branches, and to an unequal extent, determining the areas of crop cultivation. For a number of crops (mostly heat-loving), these areas are extremely limited, for example, grapes, tea, citrus fruits, etc. For others - much wider (barley, spring wheat, potatoes, etc.). Natural factors have a less significant impact on the location of livestock production, manifesting themselves through the food supply. The most dependent on natural and climatic conditions is pasture husbandry (some areas of sheep breeding, cattle breeding; reindeer husbandry, horse breeding, etc.). Here we can highlight factors such as the presence of pastures, their size, vegetation composition and the duration of the period of their use.

Socio-demographic factors are also extremely important for the location of agriculture. The population is the main consumer of agricultural products; There are regional peculiarities in the structure of consumption of these products. The specialization of agriculture is influenced by the ratio between the urban and rural populations. In addition, the population ensures the reproduction of labor resources for the industry. Depending on availability labor resources(taking into account the labor skills of the population), one or another production of agricultural products is developing, characterized by unequal labor intensity. The production of vegetables, potatoes, sugar beets and other industrial crops, and some livestock sectors are considered the most labor-intensive. The use of specialized qualified personnel helps to increase labor productivity and reduce labor costs for the production of these products. Increased population migration in a number of regions is currently limiting the production of labor-intensive products. An important factor in placement and specialization are also the interests of the local population, which in the past were not sufficiently taken into account. In a number of cases, they significantly limit the possibility of producing for export many types of products that were previously determined by the planned volumes of supplies to the all-Union fund.

To the most significant economic factors placement and specialization of agriculture can include the location of farms in relation to the consumer, provision of production and transport infrastructure, existing production potential, achieved level of economic efficiency, provision of means of production, transportability of products, development of interregional connections, level of scientific and technological progress.

The main branches of agriculture are represented by plant growing and livestock farming, in which sub-sectors are distinguished: grain farming, feed production, production of industrial crops (flax growing, beet growing, etc.), gardening, vegetable growing, cattle breeding, pig farming, sheep farming, poultry farming , rabbit breeding, pond fish farming, fur farming, beekeeping, etc.

Crop production produces 52% of all agricultural products in Russia. This industry can be considered the basis of agriculture, since the level of livestock farming largely depends on its development.

Grain farming occupies a leading place in crop production. More than half of the arable land is occupied by grain; it accounts for more than a third of the value of gross crop production and almost a third of all feed in livestock farming. The industry also has enormous social significance, since bread products make up 40% of the daily food requirement of the human diet. Grain is the main source of income for the bulk of rural producers. The industry forms a significant part of the country's budget.

Livestock farming is one of the main branches of agricultural production: it provides 48% of gross output, accumulates 75% of basic production assets and 70% of labor resources in agriculture. The importance of livestock farming is also determined by the fact that it produces the most necessary and biologically valuable products in the human diet.

Effective production of livestock products is impossible without creating a strong food base. The food supply is the production, storage and consumption of feed for all types of animals and birds. It depends on natural conditions and, as a result, influences the specialization of livestock farming (raising one or another type of livestock) and the location of its individual branches. For example, beef cattle breeding and sheep farming are developed and located where there are significant hay and pasture lands, while pig farming and poultry farming are focused on the agricultural food supply. The duration and possibility of grazing and stall keeping of animals, the choice of the rational structure of the herd, its livestock, the technology of raising and fattening livestock also depend on natural conditions and the food supply, which ultimately affects the efficiency of production and its feasibility. The importance of the food supply is also determined by the fact that specific gravity feed in the cost of livestock production in Russia is 60-80%, depending on the type and region of production.

The problem of feed in Russian agriculture is one of the most acute. Low livestock productivity is directly related to the low level of animal feeding (for example, in terms of calories per year it is only 57-61% of the level in the USA). Most of the feed comes from field feed production. 38% of the arable land is occupied by fodder crops, and 3/4 of the fodder collection from all fodder areas is provided from this source. Also, 2/3 of the gross grain harvest is used for feed purposes. Hayfields and pastures are an important source of feed; the area under forage crops is constantly growing, however, their structure needs to be improved, since the specific gravity of grain and leguminous crops is insufficient. In Russia, the productivity of natural hayfields and pastures, which provide cheap and necessary roughage and green feed, is very low, which is associated with the unsatisfactory cultural and technical condition of natural lands and the extensive system of grassland management in the country. Large areas require reclamation work.

1.2. Main areas of crop and livestock production

The main grain crop in Russia is wheat, winter and spring. Winter wheat is a more productive crop compared to spring wheat, but it is more demanding on soils; it is a heat-loving crop. The main areas of its production are the Northern Caucasus and the Central Black Earth Region. Spring wheat crops are concentrated in the Volga region, the Southern Urals, Siberia, and the Non-Black Earth Region [.

A less demanding crop is rye, so its crops are located mainly in the regions of the Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia. The area sown with rye is constantly decreasing.

Barley can be grown almost everywhere; it can withstand temperature changes during the growing season and is drought-resistant. The main production regions are the North Caucasus, the Central Black Earth Region and the Volga region; barley is also grown in the Urals and Siberia.

Oats are a moisture-loving crop, but not demanding on soil, and are grown in the forest zone: in the Volga-Vyatka region, in the Urals, in Western and Eastern Siberia. Barley and oats are used for feed purposes and in the food industry.

Corn is a heat-loving plant; it is grown for grain in the southern regions of the country: in the North Caucasus and in the Central Black Earth Region, the Lower Volga region.

Main cereal crops: millet, buckwheat, rice. Millet is grown mainly in steppe zone: in the Central Black Earth Region, Volga region, North Caucasus, Urals. Buckwheat places increased demands on moisture conditions and does not tolerate elevated air temperatures well. Main production areas: Central Black Earth Region, Urals. Rice is grown in Russia in the North Caucasus, in the lower reaches of the Volga and in the Primorsky Territory (Far East) on irrigated lands.

Legumes (peas, beans, lentils, soybeans, etc.) are of great importance both as food crops and for feed purposes, covering the protein needs of animals.

Oilseeds in Russia are the main source of food and technical vegetable oils. The main oil crop is sunflower. It is cultivated for grain in the North Caucasus, the Volga region, and the Central Black Earth Region. Among other oilseeds, the most important are soybeans, curly flax, mustard, and castor beans. Hemp is an important spice and at the same time an oilseed crop. The main part of hemp is produced in the North Caucasus and the Non-Black Earth Region.

The leading technical crop in Russia is fiber flax. It is cultivated in the central, northern, northwestern economic regions of the European part of the country.

Sugar beets are used in Russia for the production of sugar; the tops and waste from its processing are valuable feed for livestock. The main beet-growing regions are the Central Chernozems and the North Caucasus.

Potatoes are grown almost everywhere in the country, but potato growing is a commercial industry in the Center and the Volgo-Vyatka region. Central Black Earth Region and Western Siberia The main crops of vegetables are in the North Caucasus, the Volga region, the Central Black Earth Region and some other regions. Fruits and berries are grown in the southern regions.

The leading branch of livestock farming is cattle breeding. Since January 1, 2006, the number of cattle in Russia has amounted to 27.2 million heads, including 12.7 million heads of cows. 37.4% of the livestock falls on household farms. The Middle and Southern Urals, the Volga region, Western Siberia and the Northern Caucasus have large livestock.

Dairy and dairy-meat cattle breeding is located mainly in suburban areas, taking into account the proximity to the consumer and the availability of labor resources, since this industry is very labor-intensive. For the development of dairy farming it is necessary a large number of succulent feed, the main part of which comes from field forage production, as well as pastures that are normally moistened in summer, which contributes to the growth of milk productivity. Traditionally, dairy cattle breeding gravitates towards areas of intensive farming. The main areas of dairy and dairy-meat cattle breeding: forest (Non-Black Earth Region), forest-steppe and steppe regions (Middle Volga region, Middle Urals, Siberia).

Meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding of a predominantly extensive type is developed in arid steppe and semi-desert regions: in the Lower Volga region, the North Caucasus, the Southern Urals, and southern Siberia. Here, on natural feeding grounds, with minimal labor costs, you can get the cheapest beef. The development of intensive beef cattle breeding is typical for areas of developed agriculture and suburban farming. Fattening of animals is carried out on the products of field feed production, waste from the processing of industrial crops using industrial technologies at large livestock complexes. The North Caucasus and Siberia are distinguished by this type of beef cattle breeding.

Sheep and goat farming provide valuable products and also help increase the use of farmland, since they use pastures that are unsuitable for other types of livestock; keeping sheep is cheaper than other animals. The sheep population in Russia totals 14.4 million heads. Households account for 63.3%. The bulk of the livestock is concentrated in the North Caucasus, the Volga region, Eastern Siberia and the Urals. Areas of sheep breeding that depend on the food supply: fine fleece (steppes of the North Caucasus, Lower Volga region, Siberia), semi-fine fleece (Centre, Middle Volga region), fur coat (north and north-west of the Non-Black Earth Region).

Goat breeding is of commercial importance in the southeast of the European part of the country and in the mountain-steppe regions of Siberia.

The most productive branch of livestock farming is pig farming. The pig population in Russia is 16.4 million heads. Pig farming is practiced in all economic regions countries, but it was most developed in the areas of grain farming and potato growing: in the North Caucasus, the Volga region, and the Central Black Earth Region. Pig farming is developing on an intensive basis in suburban areas; it widely uses waste from the food industry and public catering.

Poultry farming is one of the fastest growing industries in livestock farming; it is located everywhere, but it is mainly concentrated in the southern regions of large grain farming. Livestock farming also includes the following industries: horse breeding, deer breeding, deer breeding, rabbit breeding, sericulture, beekeeping, etc. In the future, it is necessary to increase the production of livestock products by deepening specialization and transferring its industries to an intensive path of development.

In the modern territorial structure of agricultural production, the Central, Volga, Southern and Siberian federal districts stand out. In accordance with the forecast for the development of agriculture of the Russian Federation in the Central federal district production growth will be ensured primarily at the expense of the Moscow, Tula and Belgorod regions, in the Volga region - at the expense of the Mari El Republic and the Kirov region. The Republic of Tatarstan occupies a special place, where it is successfully implementing regional program“Development of the agro-industrial complex of Tatarstan for 2000-2010.” In the Samara and Saratov regions, a significant increase in production is also predicted due to a 2-fold increase in yield. The leading place in the country in agricultural production is occupied by Krasnodar region, followed by the Rostov region. High growth rates are also expected in the Stavropol Territory. In the Volga Federal District, the most powerful area of ​​agricultural production is the Republic of Bashkortostan; similar indicators are in the Orenburg region. In Siberia, the largest area of ​​agricultural production is the Altai Territory. In the Far East, the main volumes of agricultural production occur in the Khabarovsk Territory and the Amur Region.

Chapter 2. Analysis of industry indicators. Problems and development prospects for the future

2.1. Identification of the dynamics of industry development for 2000-2006.

During the years of the crisis in agriculture, more than 30 million hectares of farmland were taken out of circulation, crop areas decreased by 17.5 million hectares, and the area of ​​irrigated and drained land decreased by 1.5 million hectares. Grain production fell to 1950s levels. In livestock farming, meat production decreased by 2 times. The number of cattle decreased by 28.4 million heads, dropping to the level of 1949, pigs - by 22 million heads, sheep and goats - by 42 million heads. Milk yield per cow is 2233 liters per year, although economically developed countries In leading farms, one cow produces up to 12,000 liters of milk per year. Capital investments in agriculture in 2000 compared to 1990 decreased by almost 25 times.

At this time, in 2006, Russian agriculture is characterized by a large scale of production. The volume of agricultural production in 2006 amounted to 844.9 million rubles.

Russia ranks 2nd in the world in potato and milk production, 6th in meat production, 7th in grain crops.

In 2000, the gross harvest of grain amounted to 63.4 million tons (in weight after processing), sugar beets - 14 million tons, sunflowers - 3.9 million tons, potatoes - 33.7 million tons, vegetables - 12 .3 million tons. Cultivated area - 88,329 thousand hectares, including grain crops - 46,555 thousand hectares, industrial crops - 7,505 thousand hectares. The production of livestock and poultry for slaughter (in live weight) amounted to 7 million tons, milk 31.9 million tons, eggs 33.9 billion. 108.2 million tons of feed were consumed in livestock farming, including 39.1 million tons of concentrated feed.

Meat production increased by 5% in 2006 compared to the previous year. The egg production of laying hens has increased to 302 eggs per year. The average milk yield per cow was 3574 kg, which is 282 kg more than in 2005.

In Russia, the level of productivity of agricultural crops is very low: the grain yield in 2000 was 15.6 centners per 1 ha, sugar beets - 18.8, sunflower - 9.0, potatoes - 104, vegetables - 145 centners per 1 ha . This is 2-3 times lower than in developed countries, even with similar natural and climatic conditions. In terms of labor productivity in agriculture, our country lags behind developed countries by 3-4 times.

In 2006, the gross grain harvest amounted to 78.6 million tons, the yield was 18.9 centners per 1 hectare of harvested area. The main grain producers are agricultural enterprises; they produce over 90% of all grain.

2.2. Problems and prospects for the development of this industry

The Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation has prepared the “Grain” program for the period 2001-2005. and until 2010 the main objective program - to ensure sustainable production and development of the grain market. Based on the introduction of new production systems, including latest technology production of grain, fertilizers, protective equipment, equipment, it is expected that gross harvests will increase to 90-92 million tons by 2007, and to 120-140 million tons by 2010. New production systems According to forecast data, they can ensure an increase in grain yields of up to 20-24 c per 1 hectare on average across the country. To achieve these results, it is necessary to improve the taxation system. The industry must accumulate at least 20 billion rubles annually for modernization.

State regulation should be aimed at legalizing the grain market, licensing the activities of elevators, creating a system of grain exchanges, providing modern infrastructure for the production and sale of grain, regulating seasonal price fluctuations, improving turnover and accounting land resources. The program provides for financing from extra-budgetary sources on the terms of short-term and long-term lending and budgetary funds for the re-equipment of basic farms in the main grain-producing regions. In 2007, the number of such farms is planned to increase to 70. With the successful implementation of the program, Russia will be able to ensure not only food independence, but also enter the foreign market.

Acquired particular poignancy social problems villages: according to all indicators, the standard of living in rural areas is significantly inferior to urban ones. The provision of cultural institutions, health care, public education, and specialists in these areas is low. The diet of a rural resident is poorer and less balanced. Wages are much lower, but prices are higher, etc. All this leads to migration of the population from the village to the city, with the population of young people leaving, the process of aging of the population and the extinction of the Russian village.

Natural resource potential Russia allows us to produce here almost all the main types of agricultural products, only some of them are limited by natural conditions (heat-loving fruits and vegetables, etc.). Nevertheless, our country is one of the main food importing countries. The main reasons are inefficient production, large losses and low quality products.

Russia is relatively well provided with agricultural land, but its size is constantly decreasing, which is associated with the seizure of land for industrial, transport, housing and communal construction, and in last years and with unprofitability of agricultural production. The size of the area of ​​farmland and arable land per capita is also gradually decreasing. Therefore, the main direction for the further development of agriculture is its all-round intensification. Intensification means an increase in material and labor costs per unit of land area in order to increase the yield of agricultural products per hectare, improve their quality, increase labor productivity, and reduce the cost of a unit of production. It is the most effective way to develop production. The main directions of intensification are comprehensive mechanization, chemicalization of agriculture, land reclamation, increasing the power supply of labor in agriculture, improving the production technologies used, intensification is carried out on the basis of deepening the specialization of agricultural production, further developing agro-industrial integration.

Science and practice have recognized that institutional transformations in the country’s agricultural sector have culminated in the creation of a multi-structure economy as a system of agricultural enterprises and organizations, peasant (farmer) and personal subsidiary plots of the population, and their associations with various forms of ownership. At the same time, the formation and development of a variety of forms of ownership and management has not become a stimulating factor in increasing production efficiency and competitiveness in agriculture.

The situation with feed is complicated by the fact that up to 30% of prepared feed loses its feed value due to violations in the technology of preparation and storage, not to mention physical losses. Due to a lack of quantity and incorrect feeding technology, a significant part of feed is spent not on obtaining products, but on maintaining the lives of animals, which negatively affects production efficiency and increases the feed capacity of products. In terms of this indicator, we have no analogues among developed countries, although we constantly experience a large shortage of feed.

The main direction in solving the feed problem is the intensification of feed production, including measures to improve the structure of feed areas, increase the yield of feed crops, the productivity of hayfields and pastures, reclamation and chemicalization of the feed base, improve seed production of feed crops, strengthen the material and technical base of feed crops. production, the introduction of new forms of labor organization, etc.

Methods and means of forming a multi-structured economy, such as denationalization of forms of land ownership, reform, disaggregation of collective and state farms, ignoring national experience in the functioning of large-scale enterprises, priority development of small forms of economic activity, led to a sharp decrease in agricultural production , destruction of the system industrial relations, cooperative and integration relations. Thus, during the reform period, the collapse in agricultural production is comparable to the losses during the Great Patriotic War. Patriotic War(i.e., 2 times), and food imports amounted to more than 40% of its consumption in 2006, with a food security threshold of 25%. The boundaries of rural poverty expanded several times, as the destruction of agricultural enterprises led to job losses, a sharp increase in unemployment (by almost 11%) and a decrease in wages (39% of the average wage in the country) .

At the same time, the authorities state that economic growth in agriculture has continued for 8 years in a row, and during the period from 1999 to 2006, the volume of gross agricultural output increased by 34.4%. However, this is biased, illusory data, if comparative analysis since 1999, and not since 1990, since such growth is several times lower than the growth rate of gross agricultural output at the beginning of the agrarian reform. At the same time, since 2002, there has been a tendency for the rate of development of agriculture to slow down and lag behind the rate of growth of the economy as a whole. If in 1999-2002. the average annual growth rate in agriculture was 6.4%, then in 2002-2006. - only 2%. This trend is also evidenced by economic indicators for 2006, which confirm that the emerging improvement does not contribute to a fundamental change in the agricultural sector. Despite some growth in gross agricultural output over the past two to three years, its volume in comparable prices in 2006 was about 75% of 1990 (only 53.3% in livestock and slightly higher in crop production).

Retrospective analysis of agricultural production in the country for 1990-2006. indicates that over the past three years grain production has remained at the level of 78 million tons, although this is more than in 1995 and 2000, but 20% lower than 1990 (in 2007 approximately 75 million are expected. T). The growth of the combination of forms of management in the conditions of a mixed economy and market relations, which should be carried out through their effective interaction, and not on the principles of opposition, has practically slowed down. During the period of transition economy, it is necessary to take into account the specific features of all forms of economic management, preserving state ones, while considering their ability to conduct efficient production.

To develop ways to improve the management of economic forms, we will analyze the results of their reform, determine their place and role in the agricultural sector of the economy. First of all, let's look at the dynamics of development of business forms. According to the State Statistics Committee of the RSFSR, as of January 1, 1991, there were 29,385 agricultural enterprises operating in the country, including 12,790 collective farms, 13,048 state farms, 1,498 inter-farm agricultural enterprises, as well as fishing collective farms and subsidiary farms of non-agricultural enterprises and only in rural areas— over 14 million personal subsidiary plots. For the first time, 21 thousand peasant (farm) farms were formed.

During the reforms in the agricultural sector, previously existing forms of management were reorganized taking into account the development various forms property. It is believed that the reorganization of agricultural enterprises was completed by 1997 and a multi-structure economy had emerged, with over 31 thousand new forms of management created. A structure of agricultural enterprises has emerged, in which almost 46% is occupied by agricultural cooperatives. The number of closed and open joint stock companies(total 16%); state enterprises make up 4%, collective farms - 5, partnerships (societies) with limited liability- 20.5%. Limited partnerships and associations of peasant (farmer) households are developing poorly.

As part of the State support of the agro-industrial complex adopted in 2007 for the development of social and engineering infrastructure in the village from 2008 to 2012. it is planned to send funds state support in the amount of 107.6 billion rubles. to support integrated compact development and improvement of rural settlements within the framework of pilot projects– 112.4 billion rubles. The implementation of projects will increase the level of comfort and attractiveness of living in rural areas and ensure an increase in investment activity in the socio-economic development of rural areas. The priority issue here is employment and increasing the incomes of rural residents.

The main task of transforming rural areas is to satisfy basic human needs and create stable economic foundations local government, making the development of the socio-economic potential of the village sustainable and irreversible.

Conclusion

In our country, which has embarked on the path of reform, the turn of real reform of agriculture has come. Thanks to the new laws, it is possible, although with great effort and investment, to bring the industry out of insolvency. There are noticeable improvements in this industry based on indicators for 2002-2006. This is manifested in a decrease in the amount of livestock and crop products imported from abroad. Also, the policy of protectionism allowed entrepreneurs to sell Russian products, and subsidies from the budget and assistance to the main producers of agricultural products played a role in making consumers more independent from foreign products. Thus, it was possible to significantly improve the quality of products with a slight increase in prices. The opening of branded sales outlets for products also had a positive effect on the development of the industry.

According to economists' forecasts, if the industry also develops at the same pace, then by 2015 the industry will become competitive in foreign markets.

Bibliography

1. the federal law dated 02.12.1994 No. 53-FZ (as amended on 02.02.2006) “On the purchase and supply of agricultural products, raw materials and food for state needs”

2. Federal Law of 07/07/2003 No. 112-FZ “On personal subsidiary plots”.

3. Federal Law No. 4-FZ dated January 10, 1996 (as amended on June 26, 2007) “On land reclamation”

4. Federal Law of 08/03/1995 No. 123-FZ (as amended on 06/26/2007) “On livestock breeding”

5. Federal Law of December 29, 2006 No. 264-FZ “On the Development of Agriculture”

6. Federal Law of July 21, 2005 No. 108-FZ “On the All-Russian Agricultural Census.”

7. Federal Law of December 19, 2006 No. 238-FZ (as amended on June 7, 2007) “On the Federal Budget for 2007.”

8. Gladkiy Yu.N., Dobroskok V.A., Semenov S.P. Economic geography of Russia. – M.: Gardarika. – 2003. – 752 p.

9. Regional economics / Ed. Morozova T.G. M.: 2004. - Unity. - 2004. - 446 p.

10. Toropov D. Strategy for the development of rural areas // Economist. – 2007. – No. 10. – p. 77-81

11. Ushachev I. Agriculture: Priority-target principle of development // Economist. – 2007. – No. 9. – p. 18-25.

12. Chezhegov E. Technological revolution in the agro-industrial complex - a strategic alternative for Russia // Izvestia. - 04/22/2003. - With. 9-11.

14. Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Russian Federation. Project to support the implementation of reforms in agriculture. Data for

The concept and essence of agriculture

Agriculture is one of the priority sectors of the national economy of the Russian state. Its development is actively supported by the state, both at the macro and micro levels.

Note 1

In a general sense, agriculture should be understood as a special type of activity that is aimed at growing, processing and producing agricultural products, and providing related services.

In relation to the national economy, agriculture correlates with a complex of industries aimed at providing the country's population with food products and obtaining certain raw materials for the manufacturing sectors of the national economy.

In fact, agriculture is one of the oldest industries, originating many thousands of years ago. Its emergence is usually associated with the Neolithic revolution, which took place about 12 thousand years ago. It was this that led to the emergence of a productive economy and subsequent civilizational development.

Today, agriculture is studied by many different sciences, including such as agronomy, land reclamation, economics, etc.

The generally accepted basis of agriculture is one of the main factors of production - land, in particular land.

Land should be understood as land involved in agriculture.

Land as a resource has a dual nature, simultaneously acting as:

• means of labor;
• subject of labor.

In the first case we are talking about her natural and artificial fertility, and in the second - about her ability thanks to mechanical impact on it, to produce certain products.

One way or another, agriculture is closely connected with other sectors of the national economy, including such as chemical industry, food industry etc. It also acts as the basis of the country’s agro-industrial complex.

Sectoral composition of agriculture

Agriculture consists of a number of sectors. IN general view they are presented in Figure 1. Let's look at them in more detail.

Figure 1. Agricultural sectors. Author24 - online exchange of student works

Fishing involves catching river and sea fish, as well as other seafood (crabs, clams, mussels, shrimp, etc.).

Livestock farming is based on the raising and breeding of farm animals for the subsequent production of livestock products. It includes areas such as:

• sheep breeding;
• pig farming;
• cattle breeding;
• rabbit breeding;
• sheep breeding;
• reindeer husbandry;
• beekeeping;
• aqua culture, etc.

One of the main branches of agricultural production is agriculture, as well as crop production closely related to it. The basis of agriculture is the use of land for the purpose of growing crops.

Crop farming is the cultivation and cultivation of cultivated plants. Depending on the species nature of the crops grown, crop production can be concentrated on the production of legumes, grains, vegetables, melons, citrus fruits, oilseeds, feed and other types of products. This also includes viticulture, hop growing and gardening.

Forestry is a special branch of social production based on the study, accounting, reproduction and cultivation of forests. Its tasks include the protection and protection of forests from diseases, pests and fires, as well as regulation of forest management and control of the use of forest resources.

Since ancient times, the fishing industry was based on hunting, fishing and beekeeping. Today it is represented by various folk crafts based on arts and crafts, crafts, etc.

Characteristics and importance of agriculture

Agriculture, as one of the most important sectors of social production, is characterized by a number of features.

Firstly, its main resource is land and land. Their quality and condition largely determine the results obtained.

Secondly, agriculture is influenced by many factors, primarily natural (soil fertility, climatic conditions and so on.).

Thirdly, the agricultural industry has a pronounced seasonal nature. The peak of activity occurs in the spring-summer-autumn period. In winter, its development stops.

Finally, the working period in agriculture does not coincide with the production period, and its products take part in further stages of the production process.

All this predetermines the features of the development of agriculture and its role in the state’s economy. Let's look at the importance of agriculture in more detail.

The importance of agriculture in the national economy of the country

Agriculture is a vital sector of the national economy. The level of its development is largely determined by the level economic security the country as a whole.

In general, the importance of agriculture in the country’s economy is presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Spheres of influence of agriculture. Author24 - online exchange of student works

Agriculture directly supplies the country and its population with food, as well as raw materials for the processing industry.

The agricultural industry serves as one of the main suppliers of raw materials for industry. Thus, according to some estimates, over 50% of products produced in agricultural sectors are sent for processing. Agricultural products find their application in the food, light and feed industries.

Note 2

In addition, agriculture has a certain impact on the standard of living of citizens. The well-being of the country’s population largely depends on the level of its development, including the size and structure of nutrition, consumption of goods and services, per capita income and social conditions life.

Finally, agriculture shapes market demand on labor and equipment (cars, tractors, fuel, etc.).

All this invariably stimulates the development of the national economy and encourages market competition on the agricultural market.

Subject and tasks of agricultural economics

The foundation of agricultural economics is economic theory.

As a science, agricultural economics studies and analyzes all forms of manifestation of economic laws in a given industry, as well as the mechanism of influence of these forms on the development of the entire agro-industrial complex and the economic patterns observed in the functioning of agricultural production.

The subject of agricultural economics is the study of all production relations that are observed in the agricultural sector, the study of the mechanism of influence of the laws of economics and the forms of their manifestation, taking into account all the specifics of this industry.

The object of this science is directly the entire agriculture of the country and the agriculture of its individual regions, as well as the activities of individual agricultural producers of any form of ownership.

Note 1

The main task of agriculture is to provide the entire population of the country with food, and industries with the necessary production raw materials.

IN modern conditions market economy This problem can be solved by increasing the economic efficiency of the agricultural industry. The level of food supply for the entire population is determined precisely by the efficiency of agricultural production. That is why one of the most important tasks of agricultural economics is to develop effective methods and the fundamentals for the development of this industry in a market economy.

The role of agriculture in the economy

In our country, agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the entire national economy. This industry allows us to produce food for the entire population of the country, raw materials for industry, and also allows us to provide other needs of society. Almost 80% of the country's population's demand for consumer goods is covered by agriculture.

In many ways, the standard of living and well-being of the population depends on the level of development of agriculture, since it is its level that determines the size and structure of nutrition, average per capita income, consumption of all kinds of goods and services, and social living conditions.

In Russia, the agricultural sector has always been the basis for other sectors of the economy.

The national income is replenished through agriculture to solve the current problems of the country. The growth of the country's economy as a whole depends on the rate of development of agriculture.

Agriculture is the main consumer of the country's material resources. For the needs of agriculture, the production of tractors, combines, fuels and lubricants, mineral fertilizers and so on is carried out.

The share of all agriculture accounts for over 15% of the cost of all fixed assets in Russia. More than a third of the country's total land is used for agricultural production.

Note 2

Agriculture is not only a sector of the economy, but also a living environment for the majority of the population.

Economic efficiency of agricultural production

In modern market conditions increasing the economic efficiency of agricultural production is a fairly urgent task. It allows us to further open up opportunities to accelerate the pace of development of production and further supply of food to the country’s population.

Increasing the efficiency of agricultural production means that we need to strive to obtain more products per unit of resources spent on its production. There are several types of economic efficiency in agriculture:

• Sectoral efficiency of agriculture;
• Efficiency of forms of agricultural enterprises and their divisions;
• Efficiency of individual sectors of agriculture;
• Efficiency of crops and agricultural products.

The economic efficiency of agricultural production depends on various factors: natural, economic and others. To determine efficiency in agriculture, the increase in agricultural products obtained per unit of land area is used at minimum costs both labor, material and financial.

Note 3

In order to determine the economic efficiency of agricultural production, one should take into account all labor costs that make it possible to ensure high level yield and productivity. The same level of productivity can be achieved with a ratio of different levels of labor inputs and funds.

In order to obtain a real reflection of the costs incurred and the results of production, the volumes of agricultural products received should be converted into value form.

The economic efficiency of agricultural production is determined by a number of indicators.

The ratio of gross output to the sum of current costs of production and fixed assets:

$E = \frac (VP)((C + K \cdot Phos))$, where:

$E$ – efficiency of agricultural production; $VP$ – gross output; $С$ – cost; $К$ - efficiency coefficient (0.07); $Fos$ is the average annual cost of agricultural production assets. Gross output is measured both in physical and value terms.

The ratio of gross income to the costs of obtaining it:

$E = \frac (VD)((C + K \cdot Phos))$

Ratio of profit to unit of costs incurred:

$E =\frac (P)((C + K \cdot Phos))$

Efficiency in the use of land resources is calculated by the ratio of gross output, profit and gross income to the entire agricultural area. land.

Profitability of agricultural production:

$P = \frac (P)( C) \cdot 100\%$

The level of profitability characterizes the profit received per 1 ruble of production costs.

Profitability rate:

$Nр =\frac (P)(Phos + Fob) \cdot 100\%$, where:

$Fos$, $Fob$ – average annual cost of general purpose pension funds and working capital. The rate of return characterizes the amount of profit received per 1 ruble of fixed and working capital spent on the production of products.

Russia in the 19th century was the leading agricultural country in the world at the beginning of the 20th century. supplied grain, dairy and meat products, wool, flax, honey, etc. to the world market, and since the 70s, it was an importer of basic types of food.

At the end of the 90s. the share of food imports in Russia was over 30%, that is, the country lost its role in the world market and food security. Until 1990, Russia occupied 6th-7th place in the world in terms of consumption of basic food products per capita, and by 2000 it was already 45th place.

The goal of doubling the country's GDP by 2010, set by the President of the Russian Federation, was unrealistic for agriculture given the agrarian policy in force before 2006. Over the past 5 years, the annual growth in production has averaged 1.4% across the country, and the financial recovery of agriculture has been slow. enterprises, the share of unprofitable farms in 2004 was 33.5%, the following negative trends in the agricultural sector of the economy continue today:

¦increasing gap in the living standards of rural and urban populations;

¦the socio-economic crisis in rural areas is worsening (unemployment, destruction of social infrastructure and depopulation of villages);

¦decrease in the share of own food to supply the country's population;

¦a crisis in the reproduction of material, technical, personnel and natural-ecological potential of agriculture caused by low investments.

Agriculture plays an important role in the present and future economy of the country as an industry that provides life support and gives development to many sectors of industry, fuel and energy and defense complexes, affects the demographic situation, public health and Russia’s participation in the global division of labor and integration.

According to Academician of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Director of the All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences I.G. Ushachev, the role of the agro-industrial complex should be considered from economic, social, environmental and political positions (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2.

Source: APK. 2005. No. 5. P. 24--31.

The share of agriculture in Russia's GDP was 5.4% in 2003 (630.8 billion rubles), and in the value of fixed assets 4.5% versus 11.4% in 1990 (2.5 times less) . The share of investment in agriculture fell from 15.4% in 1990 to 2.9% in 2003 (5.5 times), that is, the contribution of agriculture to Russia’s GDP is significantly higher than investment in it (1 ,7 times). But the importance of the agro-industrial complex cannot be assessed only by its share in GDP; its main role is in improving the quality of life of the population.

In the field of economics, the level of development of agro-industrial production mainly determines the amount and quality of food consumption by the population. Today, the population's expenses on food in total expenses amount to an average of 60% in Russia, which is 3 times higher than the level of 1990.

The level of food consumption per capita (in calories) decreased by 30%, including meat - by 40%, milk - by 50%, fish products - by 40% compared to the level of 1990 (Table 16) .

Table 16Food consumption per capita, kg/g.

The source is the same.

It is estimated that in the lowest income groups the share of food expenditures exceeds 70%. Meat consumption due to Russian production is only 32 kg out of 52 kg (60%).

Food imports to Russia have amounted to 20-25 billion dollars per year in recent years, although Russia has every opportunity to meet the population's needs for basic food products.

According to economists’ calculations, an increase in production volume in agriculture by 1,000 rubles. entails an increase in the need for the production of machinery and equipment by 2.3 thousand rubles, and for other industries (resource suppliers) - by 3 thousand rubles.

One agricultural an employee is able to provide employment for another 6-7 people. in other areas of the economy. The country's agriculture and food industry generate financial flows worth 2.5 trillion rubles, which is 18% of the output of all goods in the Russian economy. The agricultural sector in the economy is, first of all, socially significant. Monitoring conducted by the All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Economics made it possible to identify 5 priority areas in the country’s economy: demographic situation, formation of the labor and employment market, rural youth, poverty, development of social and engineering infrastructure in rural areas. Demographic situation in rural areas is deteriorating: compared to 2000, the rural population has decreased by 1.1 million people. (in 2006 only 38.35 million people), the share of the total population is 27%. The main reason for the deterioration is low birth rate; The mortality rate is 1.5 times higher than the birth rate due to high morbidity in the population, especially among pregnant women, which is associated with deteriorating working and living conditions.

The village also “leads” in mortality - 1.7 times higher than in the city. The mortality rate of men aged 30-49 years doubled by 1990. The process of rural depopulation is underway: during the period between censuses (1989-2002), more than 13 thousand rural settlements were depopulated.

Overall rural unemployment in many regions exceeds the critical level (10% in 2003), and actually amounts to about 4 million people, and the level of youth unemployment (under 30 years of age) has reached 17.3%.

In 2003, 25.2 million rural residents, or 66%, were below the income poverty line rural population. Wages in agriculture remain the lowest among sectors of the economy and are approximately 3 times lower than in cities.

All these facts require an urgent solution in rural social programs, which must be included in overall strategy development of the agro-industrial complex until 2012 and beyond.

The reasons for the agrarian crisis, according to leading agricultural experts (A.I. Arkhipov, I.I. Buzdalov, I.G. Ushachev, etc.), lie in the underestimation by our state and government, first of all, of the role and place of agriculture in the economy country, the absence of a clear concept for the development of reform, ignoring the opinion of the majority of peasants and their reluctance to change their usual way of life on collective and state farms, which they lost with the collapse of large agricultural enterprises. enterprises and certain social benefits that they had.

Therefore, reform from above did not find support from below and caused a deterioration in the economic situation in the village. Other reasons contributed to the rural crisis:

¦lack of economically sound pricing, financial, credit and tax policies;

¦increased monopoly of commercial banks and industries related to agriculture (processing, marketing, trade);

¦weak protection of domestic producers, stimulation of imports of many types of food to the detriment of their own agriculture. production;

¦underestimation of the role of science in carrying out reforms and the lack of a mechanism for economic incentives for the introduction of new technologies and achievements of scientific and technological progress.