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Historically, in Russia the role of industries related to the development of mineral resources has always been great. In the depths of Russia there are 12% of the world's proven reserves of hard coal and 34% of brown coal, about a third of natural gas and a seventh of the world's oil reserves (about 13%).

Differences in the provision of raw materials, fuel and energy and labor resources, economic potential, as well as the historical features of the development of the European part of Russia, Siberia and the Far East determined the nature of their economic specialization.

The regions of the European part of Russia and the Urals, occupying a quarter of Russia’s territory, account for 4/5 of the total. Most of the material wealth is concentrated here, with a shortage of fuel and energy resources. Therefore, the industry of the European part of Russia is focused on the development of labor-intensive industries. Most agricultural products are produced here. Siberia and the Far East have the largest raw materials, fuel and energy resources, which has led to the development of energy-intensive industries. These are the main areas of extraction and processing of oil, natural gas, coal, non-ferrous metals, and wood.

The distribution of fuel and energy resources does not coincide with the main areas of their consumption. IN eastern regions The country contains 90% of mineral fuel reserves and over 80% of hydropower resources, and 80% of fuel and energy is consumed in the western regions. Modern sectoral structure of Russian industry (% in value terms, 2001): fuel and energy - 30.1; ferrous metallurgy - 7.9; non-ferrous metallurgy- 8.4; chemical and petrochemical - 6.9; mechanical engineering and metalworking - 20.3; building materials - 3.1; food - 13.7; other industries - 9.6.

It has large resources of agricultural land: 1.5 hectares per capita, including 0.84 hectares of arable land.

The main agriculturally developed territory of the country extends from the zone of soddy-podzolic soils of the European part of Russia to the zone of dark chestnut and chestnut soils, to the south of which there are semi-desert pasture areas. The area of ​​agricultural land in all categories of farms engaged in agriculture in 2000 amounted to 197.0 million hectares or 11.5% of the total land area countries. The majority of them (157.6 million hectares) are used by agricultural enterprises, 14.2 million hectares are in the possession of farms, and 11.0 million hectares are in the personal use of citizens. total area arable land accounts for 119.7 million hectares or 61% of the total area of ​​agricultural land. The areas of agriculturally developed lands are confined primarily to areas of forest-steppe, steppe and deciduous forest zones. A significant part of the arable land area falls on forest-steppe and steppe soil zones.

On the formation of types Agriculture influenced by socio-economic factors. Highest density rural population in the central regions of the forest-steppe and steppe zones, as well as near large cities and urban agglomerations. Within the European part of Russia (where about 3/4 of the total population of Russia lives) the majority of products and livestock are produced.

On the territory of Russia, eleven large economic regions have historically developed, differing in the conditions of formation and economic characteristics, which is reflected in the system of inter-district division of labor.

I. Northern region
(Republic of Karelia, Komi Republic, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Murmansk regions, Nenets Autonomous Okrug)

Harsh natural conditions affected the population of the area. Despite its large area (8.6% of Russia's territory), only about 4% of the country's population lives here.

Mineral resources, fuel and energy resources of the Pechora basin, the Timan-Pechora oil and gas province and forest resources determined the development of extractive industries. On the basis of the iron ores of the Kola Peninsula and the Republic, as well as Pechora coal, a metallurgical plant operates in Cherepovets. In the modern industrial structure, the fuel and energy industries are in first place, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy are in second, and woodworking and pulp and paper industries are in third.

Mining and enrichment of copper-nickel ores is carried out in the city of Nikel, and metallurgical processing is carried out in Monchegorsk. The main enterprises of the woodworking and pulp and paper industries are located in Syktyvkar, Arkhangelsk, Kondopoga, Koryazhma and other cities.

Thanks to the ice-free city, Murmansk is one of the major ports not only of the region, but also of the country.

The predominant part of the region's territory is occupied by taiga forests, which are associated with timber production, forestry and hunting. In the north, in the tundra and forest-tundra zones, reindeer husbandry is developed in combination with hunting and fishing.

Agricultural lands are confined mainly to the valleys of large rivers with more fertile soils and valuable meadows. The basis of specialization is dairy and beef cattle breeding. The level of production of grain and livestock products does not fully meet the needs of the local population.

II. North-West region
(St. Petersburg, Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Kaliningrad regions)

The North-Western region occupies 1% of Russia's territory, where 5.4% of the country's population lives.

The region's mineral and fuel and energy resources are limited. Pechora coal, Timan-Pechora oil and Tyumen gas come here. Own resources are represented by oil shale (Slantsy) and Tikhvin bauxite. North-West specializes in the production of high-tech and labor-intensive industrial products.

In the industrial structure of the region, a quarter is made up of mechanical engineering and metalworking. They are represented by factories of heavy engineering, instrument making, radio electronics, etc. Machine-building enterprises are located in St. Petersburg and Pskov. Chemical and petrochemical production (Veliky Novgorod and Kirishi) are based on imported raw materials. Alumina and aluminum are produced in Volkhov. The cities of St. Petersburg, Pskov, Velikiye Luki have long been centers. St. Petersburg is the most important cultural and scientific center of the country. It is one of the largest ports in Russia. The second most important port in the North-Western region is Kaliningrad.

As part of the land use of agricultural enterprises, 22% are arable lands and 16% are natural forage lands. The basis of the specialization of most agricultural enterprises is dairy and beef cattle breeding in combination with flax growing. The most intensive types of agricultural enterprises, formed to meet the needs of the population and other large cities, specialize in dairy and beef cattle breeding, poultry farming, pig farming, potato growing and vegetable growing.

III Central District
(Moscow, Bryansk, Vladimir, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostroma, Moscow, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl regions)

IN Central region a fifth of the population of Russia lives and produces over 20% of the gross internal product(GDP) of the country. This is one of the economically most developed regions; 4/5 of the population lives in urban areas. Industry, mainly manufacturing, has long been established in the region. Almost a third of all industrial enterprises in the country are located here. The industrial specialization of the region is mechanical engineering. The region holds leading positions in the domestic automotive industry (Moscow, Yaroslavl, Bryansk). The chemical industry primarily uses raw materials supplied to oil refineries (Moscow, Ryazan, Yaroslavl). Enterprises for the production of plastics in Moscow and Vladimir operate using imported raw materials; chemical fibers in Ryazan and Tver. Natural gas serves as a raw material for the production of fertilizers in Novomoskovsk (Tula region). Light industry retains its historical importance in the region. Ivanovo, Kostroma, Kovrov, Murom, Orekhovo-Zuevo are its main centers. The food industry and the production of building materials serve the internal needs of the region.

The city of Moscow is the largest economic center of Russia, the most important transport hub.

The central region is characterized by relatively high agricultural development of the territory. Arable lands occupy 29%, and hay-pasture lands – 13% of the total land area.

Dairy and beef cattle breeding, as the main industry, is combined with pig farming, flax farming, potato farming and grain farming.

Types of agriculture with developed flax growing predominate in the north-west, where climatic and soil conditions are most favorable for this. The region accounts for over half of the gross fiber flax harvest in Russia.

The countryside is adjacent to the core of the country's largest metropolitan agglomeration of almost 15 million people. However, agricultural production provides only part of the needs of the capital’s population, especially for relatively poorly transportable products. The food program is largely implemented through imports.

IV Volgo-Vyatsky district
(Republic of Mari El, Republic of Mordovia, Chuvash Republic - Chuvashia, Kirov, Nizhny Novgorod regions)

The development of the Volga-Vyatka region, which occupies 1.5% of the country's territory and is home to about 6% of Russia's population, is facilitated by its proximity to economically developed areas.

The industry plays a leading role and is based mainly on imported oil from Siberia and. Mechanical engineering accounts for almost 2/5 of industrial output. The leading industries are automobile and shipbuilding (), electrical industry (Saransk), instrument making and tractor production (Cheboksary).

More than half of the region's territory is covered with forest, which provides raw materials for the woodworking (Kirov) and pulp and paper (Balahna) industries.

Arable lands occupy more than half of the agricultural land area. The structure of crops is dominated by grain and fodder crops. In the southern forest-steppe regions, potato growing is of commercial importance. In the Republic of Mordovia and Nizhny Novgorod region Sugar beets are grown and processed at local sugar factories.

The basis of specialization is dairy and meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding. Agriculture largely meets the needs of the local population for basic food products.

V Central Black Earth Region
(Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Tambov regions)

The Central Black Earth region occupies only 1% of the territory of Russia, where 5% of the country's population lives, and is characterized by a high degree of economic development territories. The region has huge reserves of iron ore (Kursk magnetic anomaly) and fertile chernozem soils. However, the region is poorly supplied with fuel and energy resources. The industrial structure is dominated by: ferrous metallurgy (25%), food (22%), mechanical engineering and metalworking (18%). The main centers of ferrous metallurgy are the cities of Lipetsk and Stary Oskol. The machine tool industry (Voronezh, Lipetsk), the production of aviation and television equipment (Voronezh), and spare parts for agricultural machinery (Kursk) are developed.

About 9/10 of the district's land fund is used by agricultural enterprises. Arable land occupies 79% of the agricultural land area. The sown areas include grain, industrial and fodder crops. In forest-steppe landscapes, the main industrial crop is sugar beet, and in steppe landscapes – sunflower. The region accounts for almost 50% of the total sugar beet production in Russia. Livestock farming in the region develops primarily on the basis of field feed production. The basis of agricultural specialization is grain and industrial crops in combination with meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding.

In terms of the level of production of basic agricultural products per capita, the region occupies a leading position in Russia. One of the largest breadbaskets in the country was formed here.

VI North Caucasus region
(Republic of Adygea (Adygea), Republic of Dagestan, Republic of Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Chechen Republic, Krasnodar, Stavropol Territories, Rostov Region)

The North Caucasus region occupies 2% of the territory, where 12% of the country's population lives. The region has a diversified agriculture and fairly developed industry. The largest health and recreational region in Russia is located here.

It has its own fuel and energy resources of gas (Stavropol Territory), oil (Maikop, Grozny), coal (Rostov Region). Deposits of lead, zinc, molybdenum, and tungsten are being developed here.

The basis of the region's industry is made up of industries (almost 23%), (34%) and mechanical engineering (more than 14%). Agricultural engineering, as well as the production of electrical equipment and instruments (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog, Krasnodar, etc.) are highlighted. The chemical industry is associated with the processing of oil and gas raw materials and is represented in the cities of Nevinnomyssk, Stavropol, Krasnodar, Novocherkassk, Volgodonsk, etc.

The North Caucasus is distinguished by a variety of types of agriculture. Intensive agriculture with specialization in grain crops, beet growing, sunflowers in combination with meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding is typical for the northwestern Ciscaucasia. In the lower reaches of the Kuban River, on newly developed lands, rice growing and meat and dairy cattle breeding developed; in the forest-steppe foothills of the Caucasus, tobacco growing, grain and fruit crops, meat and dairy cattle breeding and sheep breeding. The region of viticulture and fruit growing is located in the far west Krasnodar region(Anapa-Taman). In the flat-foothill landscapes of the Black Sea coast, the basis of agriculture is tea growing and vegetable growing. The Black Sea region is the largest recreational region in Russia.

The basis of the specialization of the Eastern Ciscaucasia is grain crops, sheep breeding and meat and dairy cattle breeding. In the foothill regions of the Chechen Republic and the Republic of Dagestan, viticulture, fruit growing, vegetable growing in combination with meat and dairy cattle breeding and sheep breeding are developed on irrigated lands. In the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus, farms specialize in meat and dairy cattle breeding and sheep breeding, with a small commercial value of grain and fruit crops.

The North Caucasus provides the food needs of its own population and supplies grain, fruits and vegetables to other regions of the country.

VII Volga region
(Republic of Kalmykia, Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan), Astrakhan, Volgograd, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk regions)

The Volga region occupies 3% of Russia's territory, where 11.5% of the country's population lives.

Oil and gas are the basis of the region. 14% of all Russian oil is produced here. There are several large petrochemical enterprises in the area (Samara, Syzran, Saratov) and a gas and chemical plant in Astrakhan.

The industrial structure includes mechanical engineering, fuel and energy, chemical and petrochemical industries. Mechanical engineering accounts for almost a third of the region's industrial output. A special place is occupied by the production of cars and trucks, airplanes, helicopters, ships, bearings and machine tools. A quarter of the country's trucks are produced in the Volga region. The main ones: Samara, Kazan, Saratov, Togliatti, Ulyanovsk, Naberezhnye Chelny.

The Volga region performs large transport functions.

Within the forest-steppe, the specialization of agricultural enterprises is grain crops in combination with dairy and meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding. In steppe landscapes, sunflower is also of commercial importance. Irrigated lands are located in the left bank areas of the Saratov region, as well as in the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions. Within the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain, vegetable growing and melon growing are developed, along with meat and dairy cattle breeding and sheep breeding, based on both floodplain and semi-desert pastures. On the semi-desert lands of the Caspian lowland, pasture and livestock farms specialize in sheep and beef cattle breeding.

VIII Ural region
(Republic of Bashkortostan, Udmurt Republic, Kurgan, Orenburg, Perm, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk regions, Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug)

The Ural region occupies about 5% of Russia's territory and includes 14% of the country's population. Almost three quarters of the population of the Urals are urban residents.

The Urals is a long-established industrial region, with highly developed industries fuel and energy complex (26%), ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (30%) and mechanical engineering (16%). By volume industrial production The Urals ranks first among Russian regions. The Urals are one of the main metallurgical bases country - produces almost half of Russian cast iron, steel and rolled products. The main centers of ferrous metallurgy are Magnitogorsk and Nizhny Tagil. Among the iron ore resources of the Urals, the Kachkanar group of titanium-magnetite deposits stands out in terms of reserves and iron content in ore. The largest enterprises producing copper, zinc, aluminum and other non-ferrous metals operate in the Urals. 40% of alumina production is concentrated here (Krasnoturinsk, first place in the country). The Urals are a region of developed mechanical engineering (Orsk, Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk, Izhevsk, Kurgan). The chemical industry is based on local raw materials - oil, gas, coal, potassium and table salts, waste from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. All potash fertilizers in Russia are produced in the Urals (Berezniki, Solikamsk). Other large centers of the chemical industry in the Urals are Perm, Ufa, Orsk, Orenburg, and Tchaikovsky.

The region's transport network performs important transit functions.

About half of the total land fund of the region is used in agricultural production. Arable lands occupy about 65% of the agricultural land area.

In the northern part of the region, agricultural lands are confined mainly to the valleys of large rivers, and dairy and meat cattle breeding farms predominate here. In forest-steppe landscapes, the basis of specialization is grain crops in combination with meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding. The Southern Urals are characterized by high agricultural development. In the steppe Cis-Urals, the territorial concentration of grain crops increases, supplemented by meat and dairy cattle breeding and sheep breeding.

Near large cities and industrial centers, dairy and beef cattle breeding, pig farming, poultry farming, vegetable growing and potato growing predominate.

IX Western Siberia
(Altai Republic, Altai Territory, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen regions, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Ugra, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug)

The territory of Western Siberia, stretching from north to south for almost 3 thousand km, makes up 14% of the total area of ​​the country, where 10% of its population lives. The main oil and gas bearing region of Russia is located here. It accounts for more than 80% of natural gas reserves and more than 90% of its production, 70% of oil reserves and more than 60% of its production. The region ranks first in Russia in terms of coal reserves (about 50% of the country's reserves) and produces almost 40% of its production.

Industry ranks first in the economic structure of Western Siberia. It is based on the fuel and energy industries, which account for 2/3 of all industrial output.

Oil and gas reserves in the north of Western Siberia provided the basis for the formation of a petrochemical complex in the region. There are two largest metallurgical plants here - West Siberian and Kuznetsk. The raw material base for them is coal and iron ores from Mountainous Shoria, the Republic of Khakassia and the Angara-Ilimsk basin. Polymetallic ores from Salair are used to produce zinc metal and lead concentrates in Belovo. Mechanical engineering is developed in Omsk, Tomsk, Biysk, Novoaltaisk.

Railways are the basis transport network district (, Central Siberian and South Siberian Mainlines).

Agriculturally developed forest-steppe and steppe lands occupy the southern part of the West Siberian Lowland and the foothills of the Altai and Sayan Mountains. Within the forest-steppe zone, the most important commercial areas are dairy and meat, meat and dairy cattle breeding and grain farming. In the steppe zone, the commercial value of grain increases (strong and durum wheat varieties). On the Altai plains with more favorable agroclimatic conditions, early varieties sugar beets, and in areas with large thermal resources - sunflower. In steppe landscapes with meadow-salt marsh soils, pedigree fine-fleece sheep breeding acquires commercial importance. In the Altai Mountains, meat and dairy and beef cattle breeding, sheep breeding and deer breeding predominate. In the highlands, pasture sheep breeding is supplemented by goat and yak breeding.

The agriculturally developed southern regions of Western Siberia are the main breadbasket of Siberia and the Far East.

X Eastern Siberia
(Republic of Buryatia, Republic of Tyva, Republic of Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk, Chita regions, Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets), Evenki, Ust-Ordynsky Buryat, Aginsky Buryat autonomous districts)

Eastern Siberia is one of the largest regions of Russia by territory (24%), where only 6% of its population lives. The dominant sectors here are the fuel and energy complex (almost a third of total industrial production), non-ferrous metallurgy (about a third of industrial production), mechanical engineering, pulp and paper and woodworking industries (8% each). The two largest coal basins – the Tunguska and Kansko-Achinsk – contain more than half of all Russian coal reserves. The region ranks third in the country in terms of iron ore reserves.

Polymetallic ores are used to produce lead and zinc concentrates. The Norilsk region, with rich copper-nickel sulfide ores, is the largest center of non-ferrous metallurgy. Here they produce nickel, cobalt, copper, platinum, rare metals, and from waste they get sulfuric acid, soda and other products. Bodaibo has been a center of gold mining since the 19th century. Eastern Siberia ranks second in Russia in alumina production.

Rich forestry, energy and water resources determined the development of the pulp and paper industry (Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Krasnoyarsk, etc.).

The predominant part Eastern Siberia located in the tundra. The agriculturally developed territory is confined to pockets of forest-steppe and steppe in the south of Eastern Siberia. The basis of agriculture in the south of the Irkutsk region is grain crops, meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding, and in Transbaikalia - sheep breeding, meat and dairy cattle breeding. They use natural feeding grounds and agricultural feed.

XI Far Eastern region
(Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Primorsky, Khabarovsk territories, Amur, Kamchatka, Magadan, Sakhalin regions, Jewish Autonomous Region, Koryak and Chukotka Autonomous Okrugs)

The region occupies 36% of Russia's territory, where 5% of its population lives.

The region has fuel and energy resources. These are the coal deposits of Primorye, Sakhalin and Magadan regions and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Oil is produced on the island. Sakhalin and processed at factories in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. However, the region is not fully provided with its own fuel and energy resources.

Almost half of the territory is occupied by the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), which has deposits of diamonds, gold, tin, mica, tungsten, polymetallic and iron ores. Almost three-quarters of Yakutia’s industry comes from mining industry associated with the development of these deposits. The city of Mirny is a modern center of the diamond industry. The city of Aldan was formed in connection with the discovery of rich gold deposits and is the center of a mining region where mica is also mined. The village of Deputatsky is the main center for the development of tin ores.

Mechanical engineering is based primarily on imported metal. Large mechanical engineering centers - Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, etc.

Given the vast extent and sparse population of most of the territory, the development of transport is of particular importance. In the southern part of the region, the main role is played by the transport railway and its branches, as well as the section Baikal-Amur Mainline. In the poorly developed northeastern part, the role of aviation and road transport. Seaports - Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Vanino - provide domestic and international transportation.

Large tracts of agricultural land with a predominance of arable land are located in the southern regions, where cereals and soybeans are grown in the monsoon climate. Livestock farming largely relies on field forage production. In the south of the Primorsky Territory, meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding in combination with grain crops, soybeans and rice are developed; near large cities and industrial centers - vegetable growing, potato growing, dairy and beef cattle breeding, pig farming, poultry farming.

Areas of agricultural land with small areas of arable land along the valleys of the Lena River and its large tributaries are found in the central part of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), where cattle and local horse breeds are raised.

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“Economic regions of the Russian Federation” - Automotive industry PER. VSER farming conditions. Copper industry of the Urals-2. Copper industry of the Urals-1. Project for the reconstruction of the Volzhsky cascade of hydroelectric power stations. Central Black Earth ER. The Trans-Siberian Railway and the BAM are the basis of transport in the VSER and the Far East. North Caucasus ER. Povolzhsky ER. Composition and structure of the CER. West Siberian TPK. Economic regions of the Russian Federation and foreign economic relations RF. Kaliningrad region.

The cities of the Volga region are like beads, which are often located from each other, while being in close proximity to the Volga. It was this river that contributed to their emergence and development. There is a close connection between it and the Volga cities. Among them there are those that stretch parallel to the river for many kilometers. Thus, the territory along the right bank of the Volga with a length of 100 km is occupied by such famous city, like Volgograd. The emergence of the largest cities and regions occurred in those areas where railway tracks passed through the Volga.

Industrial hubs of the Volga region

• Kazan is one of the ancient cities of the Volga region. Already since the 18th century, it has the status of a large administrative, commercial and industrial center. In the 20th century, areas such as mechanical engineering and the petrochemical industry began to actively develop in Kazan. It was the construction of the Kuibyshev reservoir that allowed the city, which had previously been several kilometers away from the Volga, to turn into a large river port.
• If we consider other industrial centers of the Volga region, it is worth highlighting Naberezhnye Chelny. This city stands out for its advantageous location, which was noticed in the mid-19th century when construction of one of the first domestic chemical enterprises began, employing about a thousand workers. A place was allocated for this enterprise higher up the Kama, in an area called the Quiet Mountains. At that time, the entire coast of the Kama and Volga, including the village of Berezhnye Chelny, bore a similar name.
• Initially, at the time of its appearance in 1663, Penza was only a fortress. However, some time later it acquired the status of the administrative center of the province. Many objects were built on its territory, among which the stationery factory and steam mills deserve special attention. In the twentieth century, Penza acquired the status of a center of precision and power engineering.
• Ulyanovsk was created precisely as a fortress. After its foundation, which happened in 1648, some time passed and it acquired the status of a large industrial and cultural center of the Volga region. IN modern period a significant number of industrial and cultural objects of the region are concentrated in it. On the territory of Ulyanovsk there are factories that produce cars, machine tools, as well as light and food industry products.
• Among all the cities that arose on the left bank, Samara was the first. Having appeared in 1586, it began to actively develop. The shipping company had a significant influence on this process, as well as the laying through it railway tracks. All this allowed it to become a large thriving city and demonstrate to other cities how rapid growth can be. It was Samara’s favorable location that became a favorable factor, thanks to which it was able to become one of the country’s significant markets, where products such as bread, livestock, lard and textile goods were offered. Modern Samara is a place where many engineering enterprises are concentrated. Also in this city, areas such as oil refining, the construction industry, and in addition to this, the light and food industries are actively developing.
• Togliatti ranks second in size among the cities of the Volga region. Its popularity was brought to it by the Volzhsky Automobile Plant, located on its territory, as well as a significant number of enterprises chemical industry and mechanical engineering. Its origin is associated with the 18th century.
• The year 1590 is considered to be the period when Saratov emerged. In the 19th century, the city achieved considerable results in terms of economic development and improvement. According to such characteristics as the number of inhabitants, it was considered a leader among the cities of the Lower Volga region. Significant role in the formation National economy Saratov was assigned to such areas as grain trade, flour milling, as well as trade and transport operations with salt and petroleum products. In the modern period, factories producing aircraft, instruments and machine tools have come to the fore, and areas such as the petrochemical and glass industries are actively developing.
• The city, which arose back in 1589 in Lower Volga region, these days has acquired a new name - Volgograd. It was assigned the role of a key strategic point. Until the nineteenth century arrived, it was regularly attacked by local nomadic peoples, as well as rebel Cossacks. When Tsaritsyn lost its status as a military city, starting from the abolition of serfdom, it did not take him very long to acquire the position of a commercial and industrial center. In modern Volgograd, the transportation of Baku oil, as well as forests from the northern territories, Astrakhan fish and other products is actively developed.

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“Natural resource potential of Russia” - Resource bases of Russia. Difference natural conditions from natural resources. Natural resource potential Russia. By nature of use. By exhaustibility. By origin (genesis). Classification of natural resources.

“Composition and structure of the population” - National composition of states: Questions for repetition. Lesson objective: Which countries are experiencing the greatest population growth? Geography. Economically active population(EAN). Reasons preventing the solution of national problems. Asian countries. Binational. World religions. Predominance of the male population.

“Soil composition” - Various animals. There is humus in the soil. The soil contains salts. There is water in the soil. Plant roots. The soil. Humus. Clay. Sand settles to the bottom, and clay settles on top of the sand. Water. Sand. Fertility is the main property of the soil. Bacteria. There is air in the soil. Air. Content. Soil composition. Mineral salts.

Geography of industry of the Samara region

Introduction

Geographical characteristics of the Samara region

Geography of industry of the Samara region

1 Energy industry

3 Automotive industry of the Samara region

5 Aerospace

6 Light industry

Conclusion

Introduction

The topic of this course work is "Geography of industry of the Samara region." The Samara region is one of the most developed industrial regions of Russia, it is one of the leading regions of the Volga Federal District in terms of the total volume of shipped goods, the volume of shipped goods from manufacturing industries and the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water (2nd place in the district) and 6- 7th place - in the Russian Federation.

The industrial complex of the Samara region occupies a leading position in Russia in the production of a number of significant product items: 1st place in the production of passenger cars, synthetic ammonia, rolling bearings, linoleum; 2nd place in the production of synthetic rubbers, 3rd place in primary oil refining.

The region produces about 70% of all passenger cars produced in Russia, 66% of linoleum, more than one fifth of synthetic ammonia, synthetic rubbers, every fourth bearing, a tenth of petroleum products and nitrogen fertilizers, up to 6% of synthetic resins and plastics.

The basis of the region's industrial specialization is high-tech competitive clusters - automotive, aerospace, and petrochemical.

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the need to assess the industrial potential of the Samara region in modern economic conditions to achieve sustainable development region.

Goals and objectives. Purpose this study is to study the geography of industry in the Samara region, which involves solving the following problems:

?familiarization with the concept of industrial geography;

?study of the geographical characteristics of the Samara region;

?study of the geography of industry in the Samara region.

The object of the study is the industry of the Samara region. The subject of the study was the promising industries of the Samara region.

1. General concepts industrial geography

Industrial geography is a branch of economic geography that studies the location of industrial production, its factors and patterns, conditions and features of the development and location of industry in various countries and regions.

For industrial geography, the following important features of industrial production are most significant:

a) a clear and far-reaching division into industries, the number of which is constantly increasing, especially during the period of the modern scientific and technological revolution;

b) the exceptional complexity of production, technological and economic ties, which is due to the versatility of types of industrial enterprises;

c) variety of forms of social organization of production (specialization, combination, cooperation);

d) the formation of local and regional production-territorial combinations (in socialist conditions, systematically, mainly in the form of complexes);

d) high degree production and territorial concentration (of all types of material production, industry is the least evenly distributed over the territory of the earth), associated with the need for certain conditions for this type of production (availability of raw materials, personnel, energy, need for products, favorable economic and geographical location, provision of infrastructure, etc. .d.).

Due to the large number of industries and the diverse nature production process, on the one hand, and the universal significance of industry, on the other, its placement is determined by the complex interweaving various factors. Among them, socio-economic factors play a decisive role. The importance of technology, which mediates the impact of the natural environment and especially natural resources on the location of industry.

The interaction of these factors is regulated by general economic laws, which are sharply different in different socio-economic formations. Under socialism, the distribution of industry proceeds in accordance with the law of planned, proportional development of the national economy and is subject to the requirements of its growth in various regions of the country. One of the central tasks of the geography of industry in socialist countries is the development theoretical foundations territorial organization of industrial production (due to the need to create prerequisites for a harmonious combination productive forces) within individual countries, taking into account the ever-expanding international socialist division of labor and related interstate integration processes.

Depending on the time of origin, all industries are usually divided into three groups.

The first group includes the so-called old industries that arose during industrial revolutions - coal, iron ore, metallurgy, rolling stock production railways, shipbuilding, textile. Typically, these industries are growing at a slower pace these days.

The second group includes the so-called new industries that determined scientific and technological progress in the first half of the twentieth century - automobile manufacturing, aluminum smelting, plastics, and chemical fiber production. As a rule, they are growing at a faster pace (about 200 thousand cars roll off assembly lines around the world every day), although in Lately and not as fast as before.

Finally, the third group is formed by the newest industries that arose already in the era of scientific and technological revolution and mostly related to knowledge-intensive industries, or, as they are often called, high-tech industries. These are microelectronics, computer technology, robotics, the computer science industry, nuclear and aerospace production, the chemistry of organic synthesis, the microbiological industry - the true “catalysts” of scientific and technological revolution. They are generally growing at the fastest and most consistent rates these days.

2. Geographical characteristics of the Samara region

The Samara region, the fifth largest region of the Volga region, occupies an area of ​​53.6 thousand km², which is 0.31% of the territory of Russia. The region stretches from north to south for 335 km, and from west to east for 315 km. The geographical position of the region is determined by the coordinates 51°47? and 54°41? north latitude and 47°55? and 52°35? e.d.

The region is located in the southeastern part of the European territory of Russia, in the middle reaches of the Volga, on both sides. The Volga and Samara rivers are the boundaries of the internal division of the region according to relief. There are three parts: Right Bank, Northern and Southern Left Bank. Most of the region's territory (91.2%) is located in the Left Bank.

The Right Bank is an elevated region; the Zhiguli Mountains are located in it. In the north of the Left Bank there is a flat plain and the High Trans-Volga region - the Bugulmino-Belebeevskaya Upland (Sokskie, Kinelskie, Sokoly Mountains). The south of the Left Bank is a gently undulating plain; in the southeast of the region there are spurs of the General Syrt hill (Blue, Middle, Stone Syrt).

Natural resources areas are significant: oil, natural gas, oil shale, native sulfur, various mineral and construction raw materials, as well as water resources. The main river of the Samara region is the Volga with tributaries Usa, Syzran, Bolshoi Cheremshan, Sok, Samara, Chapaevka, Chagra, Bolshoi Irgiz.

The region is located in the forest-steppe and steppe zones. Dark gray soils and chernozems predominate. Forests occupy about 12% of the territory.

The Samara region is the most developed in the Volga region. It is one of the most important regions, concentrating 4.3% of the total Russian industrial production. The leading industry in the region is mechanical engineering and metalworking; Oil refining, petrochemistry and chemistry, food and light industries are developed. Main industrial centers: Samara, Tolyatti, Syzran, Novokuybyshevsk, Chapaevsk.

The Samara industrial hub is the largest in the Volga region economic region. The unit is characterized mainly by missile and aviation (aviation plant, "Progress", named after M.V. Frunze), mechanical engineering (plant named after Maslennikov, two bearings, machine tool, aggregate, automotive equipment, etc.), metallurgical (named after V.I. Lenin ), chemical, construction and a number of other industries.

More than 150 large and medium-sized industrial enterprises operate in Samara. According to the Volga-Info information system, 1/4 of all Russian bearings and 2/3 of all communication cables produced in Russia are produced in Samara.

The volume of shipped goods of own production, works and services performed in-house by manufacturing industries for 2012 - 138.075 billion rubles.

In the industrial production sector of the city, the largest volumes of shipped products are:

production of machinery and electrical equipment, Vehicle 43,5%

production food products, including drinks 21.8%

metallurgical production and production of finished metal products 19,9%

production of petroleum refining products 6.7%.

The Togliatti industrial hub is the center of the automotive industry (Volzhsky Automobile Plant) and the chemical industry (Sintezkauchuk, Kuibyshevazot, Kuibyshevphosphor, etc.).

The Syzran industrial hub is dominated by the mechanical engineering, chemical and food industries.

3. Geography of industry of the Samara region

The Samara region is one of the most economically developed regions of the Russian Federation. The region is distinguished by a diversified economy, including industries from the agro-industrial complex and food industry to oil refining and automotive manufacturing. The constant expansion of economic specialization is facilitated by its favorable geographical location, developed transport infrastructure, its own mineral resources, and high labor and educational potential. The competitiveness of the Samara region is also increased by the regional investment policy, which attracts more and more Russian and foreign partners.

Unlike most Russian regions A multipolar, diversified economy has developed in the Samara region. Among the main segments of the regional industrial complex are the automotive and aerospace clusters, electric power, oil production and oil refining industries, metallurgy, chemistry, mechanical engineering and metalworking. There are approximately 700 large and medium-sized companies in the region, as well as about 900 small enterprises of the industrial complex. In a number of areas of industry, the Samara region is in a leading position in the Volga region federal district.

A special industrial-production economic zone "Togliatti" and a high-tech technopark "Zhigulevskaya Valley" are being built in the region. They will provide an additional impetus to the development of the economy of the Samara region.

The key industries of the Samara region are automotive and aerospace.

3.1 Energy industry

The Samara energy system is one of the largest energy systems in the country. It occupies a special place in the Unified Energy System of Russia: due to its geographical location and economic potential, our region is a crossroads of the largest energy highways.

The basis of the region's energy base is thermal power plants, electrical and heating network enterprises. The largest enterprise in this industry in the Volga Federal District is OJSC Volzhskaya TGC. Its main activity is the production of thermal and electrical energy, the sale of electricity on the wholesale market, and heat supply to domestic and industrial consumers.

The leading enterprises of the fuel and energy complex of the Samara region are the Volzhskaya HPP in Zhigulevsk (2.3 million kW), the largest thermal power plants are the Novokuibyshevskaya and Togliatti CHPPs (250 thousand kW each). The headquarters of the Volga Territorial Generating Company, which includes all thermal power plants in the region, is located in Samara. The branch of JSC RusHydro, Zhigulevskaya HPP, produces about 11 billion kW/h.

The Zhigulevskaya HPP is one of the largest hydroelectric power plants in the world in terms of capacity and electricity generation and the very first giant of the domestic energy sector. This is the sixth stage and the second most powerful hydroelectric power station of the Volga-Kama cascade. The station annually generates more than 10 billion kWh of inexpensive electricity with its subsequent transfer to the Unified Energy System of Russia.

The largest energy sales company in the Middle Volga region, which supplies energy to about 79% of the total electricity consumption of the Samara region - Open Joint-Stock Company energy and electrification "Samaraenergo".

Open joint-stock company for energy and electrification "Samaraenergo" provides consumers with electrical energy on an area of ​​53.6 thousand sq. km. and supplies electricity to all cities and districts of the Samara region.

The coverage area of ​​Samaraenergo OJSC as a guaranteeing supplier includes all cities and administrative districts of the Samara region (10 cities, 27 districts).

Samaraenergo OJSC includes 18 branches located in different cities and populated areas Samara region, which are not legal entities and acting on the basis of the approved Regulations. To improve the conditions for servicing consumers in remote areas, production areas that are part of the branches have been organized in four branches. In order to improve the quality of customer service, in 2009, Samaraenergo OJSC opened customer service centers (CSC) in 9 districts and 3 cities of the Samara region.

One of the important areas of activity to improve energy efficiency and rational use fuel and energy resources is the development of small-scale energy.

The energy industry as a whole can be divided into large generating facilities and small capacity facilities operating on traditional and non-traditional fuels.

The share of small-scale energy installations operating on non-traditional fuels is extremely small. The vast majority of facilities operate on two main types of fuel: gas and diesel fuel. Electricity supply to small-scale energy consumers is provided from stationary and mobile diesel power plants, gas turbine units, gas piston stations.

Small-scale energy, mobile and local in nature, is capable of quickly solving energy supply problems in areas with energy shortages. In addition, the use of small-scale energy based on renewable energy sources has a significant environmental effect.

It is worth noting that in the Samara region systems approach to the development of small-scale energy is represented by the regional target program for the development of small-scale energy in the Samara region for 2006-2015 (hereinafter referred to as the Program).

The program provides for the design and construction in the Samara region of a mini-CHP with cogeneration (combined) production of heat and electricity.

With the existing centralized method of producing heat and electricity, there is a significant overconsumption of fuel associated with the low efficiency of power plants and losses in electrical and thermal networks. The optimal solution to this problem is the development of small-scale energy based on modern cogeneration plants.

Cogeneration is a combined process of simultaneous production of heat and electrical energy within a single device. Cogeneration plants have an efficiency of energy resource use that is 30-40% higher than equipment that generates only electricity or only heat. Cogeneration plants are more environmentally friendly and more cost-effective.

In the Samara region, consistent and systematic work has begun to create small generating capacities within the framework of the above Program. During this work, we analyzed current state and trends in the development of small-scale energy in the region, experience was gained in implementing the main provisions of legislative acts when resolving issues of fuel supply, connecting small-scale energy facilities to grid enterprises.

To implement the Small Energy Program, a state government was created unitary enterprise"Samara Regional Energy Corporation" (hereinafter - SUE "SamREK"). In order to attract strategic investors, the State Unitary Enterprise "SamREK" was transformed into an open joint-stock company in 2006. Currently, 100% of the shares of SamREK OJSC belong to the Samara Region through the Ministry of Property Relations of the Samara Region. To attract strategic investors interested in financing small-scale energy development projects, it is planned to sell 51% of the shares of SamREK OJSC.

Currently, within the framework of the Program, work has been completed on the design of 13 mini-CHPs to provide energy resources to consumers of municipal housing and communal services enterprises in a number of municipalities with a total installed capacity of 82.5 MW and a total thermal capacity of 164 MW. At the same time, the amount of utilized capital investments in the implementation of mini-CHP projects will be approximately 4,216.7 million rubles.

To date, the main problem in the development of small-scale energy facilities in the Samara region is the lack of investors willing to participate in the construction of small-scale energy facilities in the Samara region.

2 Metallurgical industry

Metallurgy is one of the important industries of the Samara region, occupying about 4% of the region's industrial production.

Enterprises of this industry in the Samara region are Samara Steel Plant LLC, Russian Aluminum Rolled Trading House, Balasheysky Production Plant CJSC, Samara Experimental Plant OJSC.

The leading enterprise in the industry is Samara Metallurgical Plant OJSC, whose main products are rolled sheets, profiles, and stampings from aluminum alloys.

Samara Metallurgical Plant (SMZ) is Europe's largest manufacturer and supplier of semi-finished aluminum alloys for the shipbuilding industry. Constantly improving the technology and equipment of its production, SMZ was the first in the country to master the large-scale production of ribbed pressed panels for shipbuilding. Semi-finished products produced by the plant are made from all types of aluminum alloys in accordance with the requirements of international and Russian standards.

The most intensive sectors of food consumption metallurgical complex The region's domestic markets are the automotive industry (secondary alloy casting), the food (processing) industry and the perfume industry.

geography industry Samara economics

3.3 Automotive industry in the Samara region

The automotive industry is systemically important for the Volga region. It concentrates 65% of all fixed assets of the region's industry and 40% of jobs. The products of this industry account for 20% of the exports of the Samara region. In the future, it will become the most profitable for the region.

The development of the automotive cluster of the Samara region is a priority in the development of the region’s economy. Specific gravity The automotive industry in the volume of industrial production of the region is more than 35%, in mechanical engineering - over 70%.

The automotive cluster includes a significant number of companies producing cars and auto components, as well as providing auto services. The largest of them are: JSC GM-AvtoVAZ, JSC AvtoVAZagregat, JSC VAZinterServis, JSC Autocentre-Togliatti-VAZ, JSC Samara-Lada, JSC Motor-Super, etc.

The leader in the production of passenger cars in Russia is JSC AvtoVAZ. The company produces over 80% of domestic passenger cars. More than 300 Samara enterprises supply automotive components and materials for OJSC AvtoVAZ and other car assembly plants in the country.

4 Chemical and petrochemical industry

The chemical and petrochemical industry is one of the basic sectors of the economy of the Samara region. In terms of annual production volume, it ranks 2nd in the sectoral structure of the region's industry. The enterprises of the complex produce 20% of Russian production of synthetic ammonia and synthetic rubbers, 10% of methanol, 5% of synthetic resins and plastics and chemicals plant protection. The main products of Samara oil refineries are motor gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel(summer and winter), heating oil.

Not far from Togliatti there is also the world's largest ammonia production plant, TogliattiAzot. The Tolyatti-Odessa ammonia pipeline, which is one of the largest in the world, originates in the region, the Sintezspirta plant, and the Sintezkauchuk production facility - the production of synthetic alcohol, phenol, and acetone. PA "Kuibyshevazot", PA "Kuibyshevphosphor", CJSC "Chapaevsky Chemical Fertilizer Plant", JSC "Uglerod" - production of mineral fertilizers. JSC "Plastik" - synthetic resins, polymer films.

The production of petroleum products such as motor gasoline, heating oil, diesel fuel on an all-Russian scale is 10-12% (Samara, Novokuibyshevsk and Syzran refineries).

3.5 Aerospace

Today, the Samara aerospace complex is an integrated system that includes raw materials and energy enterprises, component manufacturing plants, assembly plants, as well as all specialized research organizations and an aerospace university that trains specialists in this field.

The achievements of the developers and creators of aviation and space technology in the Samara region are inextricably linked with the name of the general designer of NK engines - Nikolai Kuznetsov. The enterprise where he worked for many years is named after him.

The aerospace complex of the Samara region is:

medium-haul Tu-154 aircraft of various modifications;

launch vehicles of the spacecraft "Vostok", "Voskhod", "Soyuz", "Molniya", "Progress";

rocket launch engines, aircraft engines;

spacecraft of the “Cosmos”, “Fram”, “Resurs”, “Foton”, “Bion”, “Ether” types;

propulsion systems for launch vehicles;

units for Tu-204, Tu-334, Tu-154, Il-90-300, Il-114, Mig-29, Mig-32, Su-27, Su-29 aircraft, NK-22, NK-86 engines, NK-88.

Currently, there are 12 enterprises and organizations of the aviation industry operating in the Samara region, subordinate to the Russian Agency for Industry. These enterprises are engaged in both production activities and scientific research in the field of aviation. The total number of employees is about 28 thousand people, the total annual production volume based on the results of work in 2006 amounted to 5.7 billion rubles.

The leader of the aircraft industry in the Samara region is Aviakor-Aviation Plant OJSC, which has mastered serial production of the new regional aircraft AN-140. The An-140 project was implemented without the slightest support from federal structures, but exclusively at the expense of the enterprise and with the financial support of the Government of the Samara region.

The Samara aerospace complex is represented by several basic enterprises: OJSC SNTK named after N.K. Kuznetsov, OJSC Motorostroitel, OJSC Samara Mechanical Engineering Design Bureau, OJSC Metalist-Samara, CJSC AviakorProm, State Research and Production Space Center SKB-Progress ", OJSC "Aviaagregat", OJSC "Start", OJSC "Agregat" and others.

6 Light industry

Light industry in the Samara region is represented by textile, knitwear, clothing, fur and footwear sub-sectors.

The region's light industry is represented by enterprises from almost all sub-sectors: textile, knitwear, clothing, fur and footwear. The largest share of products belongs to the clothing and textile sub-sectors.

More than 400 enterprises operate in this industry in the region various forms property. They have defense significance, provide the population with essential goods, and also satisfy the need for textile goods and workwear at regional enterprises.

The largest enterprise is CJSC Novokuybyshevsk Knitted Fabric Factory. No less significant are NFTP CJSC, Samara Knitting Factory CJSC, Rus Plus LLC, Samara Garment Factory OJSC, PShO Volga OJSC, Novokuibyshevskaya Garment Factory OJSC, Syzran Garment Factory OJSC, LLC "Fur company "Otrada", LLC "Promkombinat oblpotrebsoyuz", LLC "Chapaevsky bag packing plant", JSC "Obuvprom", LLC "Training and production plant".

Based on the results of work for 2012, the enterprise light industry sold products of their own production and provided services in textile and clothing production worth more than 2 billion rubles.

7 Agro-industrial complex and food industry

The agro-industrial complex of the Samara region includes more than 500 agricultural enterprises of various forms of ownership, about 3,500 peasant (farm) enterprises and about 1,000 enterprises of the food, processing industries and agricultural service organizations, four million hectares of agricultural land, including three million hectares of arable land. It produces 29 percent of the gross domestic product. The economic and social situation of more than thirty percent of the region's population is associated with the agro-industrial complex.

The Samara region is one of the leading agricultural regions of Russia. The basis of the agricultural potential of the Samara region is fertile soils - four types of chernozems. Their high productivity predetermines the agricultural nature of the development of the territory of the Samara region. The total area of ​​agricultural land is more than 4.0 million hectares, including arable land - 3 million hectares.

The main areas of specialization of agricultural organizations in the region are the production of grain, sunflowers, potatoes, vegetables, meat, milk, and eggs.

The food and processing industry of the Samara region is represented by high-tech and competitive enterprises producing meat and dairy products, vegetable and animal oils and fats, bread and bakery products, products of the flour and cereal industry, confectionery, vodka and liquor products, beer and soft drinks.

Since 1998, the region has been implementing the program “Improving grain production using resource- and moisture-saving technologies,” in which enterprises from most districts participate. They have been leased a sufficient number of sets of equipment to complete the assigned tasks.

In general, in the region, 560 thousand hectares of grain crops (44 percent of the area), vegetables and potatoes - on 82 percent of the area, sugar beets - on 100 percent of the area - are cultivated using resource- and moisture-saving technologies using combined complexes. The yield on farms participating in the Grain Project exceeds the regional level by 11 percent.

Samara farmers build dairy production using advanced global technologies. The priority direction in livestock farming is the development of pig and poultry farming.

IN farms Non-traditional sectors of livestock farming, crop production and horticulture for the Samara region are being tested. A farm for fattening turkeys has been created in the village of Rozhdestveno, and American dairy goats are raised in the village of Lopatino.

In the food and processing industry of the Samara region, great importance is attached to production innovations that make it possible to produce competitive products. Through investments, more than 200 types of new products were developed.

Conclusion

This course work examines the topic: "Geography of industry in the Samara region."

The Samara region is one of the largest industrial centers in Russia, located in the southeast of the European part of the country. The key industries of the Samara region are automotive and aerospace.

Feature regional economy - high level concentration. In 2012, the production volume of the ten largest organizations accounted for about 60% of the region's industrial production. These enterprises represent mainly export-oriented industries. 35.5% of industrial production belongs to the automotive industry, and three quarters of this volume belongs to AVTOVAZ.

The largest enterprises of the aerospace cluster are OJSC Aviakor - Aviation Plant, State Research and Production Rocket and Space Center TsSKB - Progress, OJSC SNTK named after N.D. Kuznetsov, OJSC Motorostroitel, OJSC Aviaagre- gat". Currently, the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "GNPRKTs TsSKB-Progress" is implementing a joint project to launch Samara launch vehicles "Soyuz-2 ST" at the Kourou cosmodrome in French Guiana.

The industrial complex of the region occupies a leading position in Russia. By total volume of shipped goods of own production industrial types activity, the region ranks second in the Volga Federal District after the Republic of Tatarstan, in Russia - sixth place after the Tyumen region, Moscow, Sverdlovsk and Moscow regions, and the Republic of Tatarstan. In terms of the volume of shipped goods from “manufacturing industries,” the region ranks first in the Volga Federal District. The Samara region ranks first in Russia in the production of the most important types of industrial products: passenger cars, rolling bearings, synthetic ammonia and linoleum.

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