What is speaker power: what does it depend on and how is it measured. How to choose speakers by power? And what is this power? The best speakers for one water supply point

Greetings to all readers! Anyone who has ever chosen a speaker system has thought about the power of the speakers in watts - what this parameter is and how it affects the volume of the equipment.

Today I will tell you how sound in speakers is measured, what volume depends on, and how to find out sufficient parameters for a room of a certain size.

Effect of total output power on volume

Oddly enough, the high power of the equipment does not always mean that it will play loudly and “meaty”. When choosing speakers for your computer, you should remember that watts, roughly speaking, is the amount of energy consumed by the equipment.

Depending on the efficiency of the system (and it can sometimes be extremely low), the final volume can be significantly adjusted.

Sound volume is a subjective characteristic. It is measured by intensity, which is proportional to the square of the sound pressure amplitude. It is affected by the sensitivity of the human ear.

Different people may perceive the same frequency ranges differently. In addition, sensitivity decreases with age.

General output power is not the only parameter that affects sound pressure. The volume of the system as a whole also depends on the sensitivity of the speakers and the power of the amplifier.

The lower the sensitivity of the speaker, the more powerful the amplifier will be required to activate it.

Measuring systems

Despite the above, the most effective tool for marketers when selling PC speakers remains power, expressed in watts.
Just recently, about 20 years ago, only old acoustics produced by Soviet industry and Chinese equipment, which was beginning to capture world markets, were available on the market.

High-quality European and American electronics were simply not supplied to us due to the sky-high cost, inaccessible to the vast majority of customers.

The passport of Soviet, and subsequently Russian electronics, indicated the rated power, which continues to be considered one of the most objective parameters. This characteristic is determined at the middle position of the volume control.

The Chinese have traditionally indicated PMPO - the maximum power that a speaker can theoretically withstand without mechanical damage, and the amplifier can “pass” through itself without burning out or melting the filling.

It was not uncommon to see a proud 500 Watt sticker on a miniature speaker. Naturally, not a single such system was equipped with a power supply capable of accumulating such an amount of energy.

This calculation system was called “Chinese watts”. According to the results of numerous tests, this figure was 20–30 times higher than the rated power. On current moment, fortunately, PMPO is almost never used, and the characteristics of Chinese electronics indicate the rated power.

This is understandable: apart from China and some other Asian countries, today almost no one produces equipment. It no longer makes sense to fight for the market with the help of such cunning manipulations - it has long been captured and monopolized.

Other standards

In this topic it is impossible not to mention the DIN 45500 standard, which first classified the concept of Hi-Fi equipment.
According to accepted standards, DIN Power is measured here by applying a signal with a frequency of 1 kHz to the linear input for 10 minutes.

When 1% THD is reached, power is measured. This system is completely identical to the Japanese EIAJ. DIN Music Power is another parameter, the maximum signal that the equipment will withstand without damage for a long time.

This indicator meets IEC Power, according to the International Electrotechnical Committee standard IEC 268–5. The duration of the load is 100 hours.

RMS is the maximum sinusoidal power, that is, the one with which the device can operate for an hour without damage. Typically this value is 150–200% more than the Soviet rated power and 20–25% more than DIN Music Power. AES2-1984 is close to this standard, according to which measurements are taken over a two-hour period.

How to determine the appropriate power

So, we come to the main question: the total power of the speakers - what is it and how does it affect the sound quality. Total power – the sum of the powers of the subwoofer and satellites in the speaker system. For what area of ​​the room which acoustics are best suited can be determined according to the following principle:

• For an office and other workplace - no more than 20 Watts, so as not to disturb colleagues;
• For the room standard size– from 20 to 50 Watt;
• For a living room, home theater or game room - from 50 to 150 watts.

It makes no sense to take more powerful speakers - anyway, you won’t be able to use them “to their fullest” without disturbing your neighbors in the house. If you live in the private sector and prefer very loud music, you can take at least 300 Watt speakers, put them outside and delight the residents of the neighborhood with your musical preferences.

And this is a purely subjective characteristic, therefore, even when buying sophisticated speakers from a world-famous brand, do not be lazy to conduct a test listening - in case you don’t like the frequency range.

About the main parameters and technical specifications speakers for PC. Also on this topic, I advise you to read audio speakers for PC and pro and development acoustic speakers. I would be grateful if you share this post on social networks. See you tomorrow!

In a high-quality audio system, the main role is played by stereo or multi-channel speaker systems.

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Thanks to them, electrical impulses are converted into sounds in the acoustic range different frequencies. For some, a clean sound that is as close to the original as possible is important. musical instruments, and for some, the voice of the vocalist, film actors or teacher from educational video courses comes first.

How important is the sound system?

It is the basis for the entire audio system.

It is preferable to start selecting a suitable audio system with acoustics.

Moreover, for everyone they will be a priority different options equipment. The choice is influenced by such factors as the “tailoredness” of such a system to those genres that the future owner likes and the price category.

For lovers of the most accurate sound, hi-fi speaker systems are suitable.
Despite the myths, not every expensive audio equipment offers the mentioned capabilities.

When exclusivity comes first, the audio system market provides fans of high-quality sound with Hi-End audio equipment.

Reference! High End is a marketing term that refers to the elite quality of software and hardware that enhances sound. Accordingly, the price of such audio systems does not scare only ardent music fans or lovers of non-serial audio equipment who have a good financial condition.

Types speaker systems

There are several categories of speaker systems, each of which is capable of satisfying specific customer needs. Based on basic differences, there are 5 basic classification groups.

• The principle of equipment installation. Acoustic systems are divided into floor-standing and bookshelf depending on their size. The former are preferable for large premises such as cinemas. Using them at home for a TV or computer is unprofitable. It is best to use bookshelf speakers.
• Number of speakers. Otherwise, this is called division by the number of sound bands. The manufacturer may include from 1 to 7 speakers. The most optimal option for the budget is 3 speakers, where one band is responsible for low frequencies, another for middle frequencies and a third for high frequencies.

• The presence or absence of a sound amplifier in the speakers. In the first case they are called active, in the second - passive. Passive options are much more common. They are preferred by audiophiles due to the crossover filter and, accordingly, higher sound quality due to frequency separation.
• By design, speakers are divided into planar, dynamic, electrostatic and other types, and in some cases the equipment does not fall into any category.
• Design. Speakers can have a closed or open body; a good addition would be a bass inverter - a pipe in the column tuned to certain frequency and amplifying sounds within its boundaries. Thanks to this hole, lower frequencies are reproduced than with conventional equipment. If the pipe is bent inside the body, increasing its length, power and range of reproducible low frequencies, you will get speakers with an acoustic labyrinth. They are more expensive and require greater precision in manufacturing.

Areas of use of acoustic systems

The first and main area of ​​application is home use.

This includes the need for high-quality sound for greater immersion in video games, power and strength of sound for watching TV, clarity and proximity to the original sound for music lovers of various genres.

Fans of high-quality music in the car are recommended to purchase multi-band audio systems.

Moreover, for better sound, high-frequency and mid-frequency elements of the Car system are located in the front of the car. Low-frequency speakers are often assigned to the rear of the car.

Concert versions of acoustic systems are designed not only to provide sound access to any point in a large room or hall, but also to satisfy the sound quality requirements of many listeners. The most common concert audio packages include monitors for nuanced sound, front speakers for high-density direct sound, and center speakers for vocals.

Speakers 1 kW

A separate category is recording studios. They prefer studio monitors that are capable of reproducing sound with all its pros and cons, which ultimately contributes to the creation of a purer and more authentic-sounding track.

Regardless of where the speaker system will be used, it is recommended to first determine the criteria by which suitable equipment will be selected.

With their help, you will be able to get equipment that will bring you as close as possible to the sound of your dreams.

The first geysers appeared in 1895 in Germany, and in Russia they began to be actively used only in the middle of the last century. At that time, the country was experiencing a housing boom, and hot water supply and a private bath became mandatory attributes city ​​apartment, just connect to common system Not everything worked out at home. It was then that in Khrushchev and early Brezhnevkas they began to install columns – instantaneous gas water heaters. There was little choice, and in terms of ease of use, the first units left much to be desired. Today, such devices have become more technologically advanced, functional and safe, and their range has grown significantly. Let's try to figure out how to choose geyser for an apartment and a house, and we’ll figure out what parameters you should definitely pay attention to.

No. 1. Types of gas water heaters: instantaneous and storage

Depending on the device, gas water heaters are divided into two types:

• flow-through;
• cumulative.

Wall-mounted instantaneous water heaters are popularly called geysers. They are the most widespread. Storage-type devices are practically not used in domestic spaces.

Instantaneous gas water heaters

The geyser does not have a storage tank and is intended for instant water heating. Inside the unit there is a heat exchanger through which a water tube passes. Under the heat exchanger is gas burner. As a result of gas combustion, heat is generated, which heats the water passing through the heat exchanger. Exhaust gases are collected in a collector and discharged to the street. This circuit diagram operation of the column, but the operating features of some components may differ from model to model.

In the simplest columns light the burner will have to be done manually; more expensive models provide automatic ignition: as soon as someone turns on the tap hot water, the column will start working and turn off when the tap is closed. The water temperature can be regulated either by a simple gearbox or by sophisticated modern electronics.

From your school chemistry course, you must remember that to burn gas, you need oxygen, which is contained in the air. Simple household speakers equipped with open combustion chamber and receive air from the room. Combustion products are removed either through normal chimney(option for private houses), or through a horizontal pipe with a fan providing forced draft. The latter option is used in apartment buildings.

Gas water heaters are equipped multi-stage security system, therefore they cannot cause any harm, unless, of course, the installation was carried out correctly and you do not violate safety precautions.

Advantages of geysers:

Some manage to install the speaker even in rooms not connected to a gas pipeline, since there are models that allow powered by gas cylinder.

Gas water heaters also have disadvantages.:

Storage gas water heaters

Similar devices in design resemble electric boilers. The only difference lies in the source of heat: instead of electricity, gas is used here. The basis of such a unit is storage tank where the stock is stored hot water. A tube passes through the tank - this is a heat exchanger, inside which hot gas combustion products move. A burner is installed at the bottom of the tube, where the combustion process takes place. So that the gases, moving upward, have time to give up all their heat, the heat exchanger receives a complex design with dividers.

Tank volume ranges from 50-500 liters, but the most widespread models are 100 and 200 liters. For a family of 2-3 people, a unit with a volume of 80-150 liters is suitable. The tank receives reliable thermal insulation, so a once heated supply of water can be stored relatively long time– there is no need to turn on the device every time.

To the main advantages cumulative gas water heaters can be attributed:

• efficiency;
• availability of a constant supply of hot water;
• possibility of installation where the gas supply line is weak;
• ability to work with a large number of water intake points.

Similar units take up a lot of space, but this is not their main drawback. They stand quite expensive, have not become widespread in our area, so their range is extremely modest. Most people choose flow heaters or . Due to the low popularity of this type of unit, we will focus our attention on how to choose a geyser - a device with a flow-through type of heating.

No. 2. Gas water heater power

The power of the geyser is indicated in kW. It is directly related to productivity equipment and indicates how many liters of water per minute the column can heat. It is worth noting that the best geyser is not necessarily the most powerful device. It all depends on how many people live in the apartment, and how many of them can use hot water at the same time (or how much is installed). It is believed that one mixer is capable of flowing 6-7 l/min. It is enough to multiply this parameter by the number of taps, add a small margin and get the result. The power is indicated either on the column itself or in the technical documentation for it. For example, a column with a power of 23-24 kW allows you to heat about 14 liters of water per minute to a temperature of about 25 degrees.

Based on power, speakers are divided into several types:

• 17-20 kW – minimum power sufficient to supply one water intake point, i.e. you can either take it comfortably or wash the dishes - it will be difficult to do both at the same time. Their productivity is 9-10 l/min, no more. Option for a small family or one person;
• 20-26 kW - medium power columns, heat 15-20 l/min and are suitable for heating water up to comfortable temperature for 2-3 points of water consumption. The most popular option;
• more than 26 kW - powerful units for large families and private homes.

In pursuit of power, do not lose common sense and do not forget to take into account the water pressure indicator. There is no point in purchasing a water heater designed to heat 25 liters of water per minute if the water supply network is not capable of providing such pressure.

No. 3. Gas water heater ignition type

The type of ignition is one of the most important parameters columns. It determines how often you will approach the device, as well as how safe and economical the process of generating a flame will be. So, one of the following can be used in geysers: ignition types:

Columns with electric ignition can be divided into two types: volatile and non-volatile. In volatile ones, the ignition system is connected to the household electrical network. If you live in a city apartment and do not experience any special problems with the supply of electricity, then this is quite a good option. Ignition in non-volatile electric speakers can be implemented in several ways:

No. 4. Combustion chamber type

To choose a gas water heater, you need to pay attention to a lot of technical details, and the type of combustion chamber is one of the most important points. There are only two options here:

• open combustion chamber;
• closed combustion chamber.

Open chamber speakers- the simplest and cheapest. They use air from the room in which the device hangs to burn gas. The intake is carried out through the holes at the bottom of the column. Such units are installed in kitchens or in separate utility rooms ( great option for owners of private houses). Combustion products are removed through the chimney due to natural draft. These types of devices are characterized by minimal noise during operation, but are more suitable for private homes, as they require connection to a chimney. In addition, in the room where the device will be installed, it is necessary to provide sufficient.

Columns with a closed combustion chamber get air from the street. The chimney in such units is horizontal, goes out through the wall and is represented by a coaxial pipe (pipe in a pipe). Through the inner part of the pipe, combustion products are removed to the street using a fan, and air is supplied to the column through the outer pipe. You can install such a unit in any room, it is safer, but you will have to pay more for such a speaker, and the operation of the fan depends on the availability of electricity and is accompanied by slight noise.

No. 5. Removal of combustion products

We have already partially discussed this issue above, but now we will dwell in a little more detail. Depending on the type of carbon monoxide removal, there are:

• classic, with chimney. Great for homes that already have a chimney. Otherwise, it will have to be built separately. For residents apartment buildings In most cases, such an option cannot be implemented;
• chimneyless or turbine. Combustion products are discharged through a pipe, a hole for which is made in the wall. Combustion products are drawn out due to the operation of the fan.

The room in which the speaker is located must be well ventilated. If they were installed, you will have to equip them with a ventilation valve.

No. 6. Column heat exchanger type

The durability and wear resistance of the column is directly related to the material used to make the heat exchanger:

It turns out that the preferred options would be stainless steel and refined copper.

No. 7. Water and gas pressure

For each column, the data sheet specifies two main water pressure parameters: the minimum at which the unit will turn on, and the maximum - the pressure that the heat exchanger can withstand without losing its integrity. It is advisable to clarify all the parameters of your water supply network before choosing a gas water heater. For city apartments where speakers are used (and these are mostly Stalinist, i.e. old housing stock with worn-out communications) it is better to choose a unit that can work with minimal water pressure. Therefore, pay attention to those devices that can heat water at a pressure of as low as 0.15 bar.

High pressure can be destructive to the column, and water hammer, alas, is not uncommon. Buy units that can withstand a short-term increase in network pressure up to 11-12 bar.

Also, do not forget to specify with which gas pressure the column can work. In domestic gas pipelines, the gas pressure is lower than in European ones (13 mbar versus 20 mbar), so when buying a dispenser from a European manufacturer, you need to inquire for which market it was produced and whether it has gas reducer in order to maintain constant pressure.

No. 8. Burner type and power modulation

Burners in geysers can be of two types:

• with constant power. The simplest option, the main advantage of which is its low cost. When changing the water pressure, you will have to manually change the temperature on the column, and you can get tortured. If you do not change the temperature, the water can flow at a scalding temperature. Let's say your neighbor turned on the water or someone flushed the water. The water pressure has decreased, but the flame strength has remained the same, so the reduced amount of water that will flow through the heat exchanger will heat up to uncomfortably high temperatures;
• with modulated power. Everything here is much more modern. You just need to enter the desired water temperature, and the flame power will be adjusted depending on the water pressure. This is the preferred option. Of course, water temperature control is present on all water dispensers, but conventional devices cannot adapt to changes in gas pressure and pressure, and units with modulated power will produce water with a clearly defined necessary parameters. Such speakers are more expensive, but they are not only more comfortable to use, but also more economical.

Of course, the preferred option would be a burner with modulating power.

No. 9. Gas water heater security system

Many people are still afraid to use geysers. Data on real estate sales show that apartments with similar equipment are 15% cheaper than similar ones, but without gas water heaters, and 70% of buyers do not even consider buying such housing. If you approach the selection and operation of a gas water heater wisely, then all risks can be minimized. It is important that the column automatically turns off when there is no supply of water, gas or the necessary draft, and does not allow poisoning carbon monoxide. For this purpose, modern units are literally stuffed with all kinds of security systems:

No. 10. The best manufacturers of geysers

It is difficult to argue with the well-known fact that they produce high-quality, reliable and durable equipment. When safety and comfort are at stake, it’s better to overpay a little, but sleep peacefully, so we recommend pay attention to gas water heaters from such manufacturers:

Finally, we note that there is no need to be afraid of geysers - you just need to learn how to choose them correctly and ensure compliance with the operating rules.

What questions are best for you to ask in the store, what is important to know before purchasing in order to make a good decision, and what features of the engineering system of your apartment are best taken into account when choosing a device such as a geyser - we will now consider. In addition, we will give some tips on using the column that will allow you to use the column for as long as possible. We will separately discuss solutions for the hot water supply system country house.

We sell a large number of gas water heaters; in addition, we provide installation of geysers, their warranty, and of course post-warranty service. And therefore, our article is not so much a help to you, but to us - after all, we are, without a doubt, the most interested party in ensuring that your choice is successful and meets all expectations.

To choose the most suitable water heater for you, you need to understand how a gas water heater works, what performance of the device will meet your requirements, how much your choice should depend on the water pressure in the system, whether you need modulation of the water heater’s power and what type of ignition is most preferable for you. These are the 5 most important aspects when choosing this device, which we will consider below. It would also be useful to find out what type of heat exchanger the column is equipped with and what protection measures it has. We will try not to focus your attention on manufacturers and specific models. After reading this article, you can choose a gas water heater specifically for your conditions and needs.

So, how does a gas water heater work?

The operating principle of a gas instantaneous water heater is extremely simple - cold water, coming from the system, passes through the heat exchanger of the column, heated by the burner flame, and is issued to the consumer. This, in fact, is the main advantage of a instantaneous water heater over a storage one - here you get hot water immediately, when you need to get hot water using storage water heater you would need up to several hours of waiting.

It is worth noting that gas is the cheapest product, which again indicates the benefits of using gas equipment instead of electrical appliances. Some statistics: a liter of water obtained by heating from gas is much cheaper than from electricity and even cheaper than from central heating. Also, thanks to the use of gas equipment, it is possible to achieve very high power of the devices - this is about 24-26 kW, which significantly exceeds the capabilities of residential electrical networks. Conveniently, the instantaneous water heater, despite all its colossal advantages and performance, is also compact, which allows you to save a lot of space.

What column performance meets your needs?

The performance of a gas water heater is most often indicated in l/min - this is generally accepted among all water heater manufacturers. The performance of the column depends on its power (kW) and on the flow rate set by the consumer, which, in turn, is limited by the maximum flow rate of your cold water system - this is worth remembering and taking into account when choosing a column. The standard representation is the number of liters of water that the water heater will heat by 25 degrees per minute. These values ​​usually range from 10 to 15 liters. That is, with a column power of 10 l/min and an incoming temperature of 10 °C, you get 10 liters of water at a temperature of 35 °C per minute. This value quite conditional.

In order to assess the performance you need, you need to understand how many water points or mixers you can use at the same time. Typically, when taking a shower, the flow rate is 7-8 l/min. When using a tap - about 3-5 l/min. From this we can already conclude that for comfortable use of hot water for showering and washing dishes, it is preferable to choose a column with a capacity of 13-14 l/min, or more if the needs for hot water require it.

But you should remember that the flow of water in your system directly depends on the water pressure.

How much does your choice depend on the water pressure in the system?

The geyser is instantaneous water heater- and therefore a very important characteristic of your water supply system is water pressure. It is necessary to understand what extreme conditions the device is designed for and how to protect yourself from trouble.

The very first thing to consider is the minimum pressure in your system. The value declared by the manufacturer usually does not exceed 0.15 bar, which is undoubtedly very small, but if there is still a lack of pressure in the system, which is especially typical for Stalin’s buildings, then you should refrain from purchasing dispensers with a hydrogen generator, which may simply not start, otherwise high power, which is fraught with premature failure of the column.

Water hammer is also possible, so it is important that the connections of the water heater and the column itself are strong enough to withstand them. The declared value that the system can periodically withstand is 11-12 bar. To prevent the risk of column leakage for this reason, it is recommended to install a pressure relief valve.

There is often a misconception that speakers Russian manufacturers more adapted to our conditions. This is not always the case. Several years ago, the State Unitary Enterprise MO "Mosoblgaz" conducted a study in which speakers presented on our market were independently tested, and the leaders turned out to be devices from the famous German brand Junkers (nowgeysers BOSCH ).

Do you need speaker power modulation?

When using a column, situations arise when the water pressure drops, which entails temperature changes that are uncomfortable for the consumer. Typical situation when the second faucet in the kitchen opens while taking a shower.

Temperature changes are eliminated automatically if the column is equipped with power modulation - this is usually in the range from 40 to 100% power. This range is sufficient for comfortable use of several mixers at once and allows you to avoid temperature fluctuations. Note that modulation occurs in a certain range, the upper limit of which is limited by the maximum power of your column, while the lower limit is limited by the sensitivity of the fittings inside the column. Thus, the larger this range, the more comfortable it will be to use the column.

Of course, this function does not come cheap to the consumer. Compare, for example, a geyser without modulation BOSCH W 10 KB and a device with very high-quality burner modulation Bosch WR 10-2B – the price difference is almost five thousand rubles! Calculate the difference between a speaker without modulation and its analogue . Even taking into account more power the latest device, it is easy to see that comfort is an expensive pleasure.

Selecting a column by ignition type

From the columns presented to the consumer on Russian market There are two types of ignition - ignition from the igniter and direct ignition of the burner. Ignition from the igniter is most preferable, since in this case the main burner is not ignited immediately, but only after the pilot flame of the wick has ignited. At the same time, unpleasant pops and even explosions, so familiar to users of old speakers, are eliminated when the speaker is turned on.

Direct ignition of the burner is used in inexpensive models. It is carried out by supplying gas and charging the electrode directly to the main burner. In this case, gas emissions occur significantly more, in comparison with ignition from an igniter, so this will be accompanied by characteristic pops. Also, if the ignition electrode was not configured correctly by the manufacturer, then start-up may occur with some delay and the bang will then be quite strong, which can cause discomfort for the consumer. If you choose a column with direct ignition, you should make sure that the ignition electrode and flame ionization control are located at the proper distance.

Ignition can be accomplished in several ways. The simplest option is piezoelectric element. When starting the column, the igniter is initially lit, to which a small amount of gas will be constantly supplied during operation of the column, and through the igniter, the main burner will be ignited at the right time.

The second option is battery ignition . In this case, at the moment the tap is opened, a charge is supplied to the electrode, which ignites the igniter. Then it ignites the main burner, after which the igniter immediately goes out. After closing the hot water tap, the gas supply is completely shut off and the main burner is turned off. The above, of course, does not apply to inexpensive models with direct ignition of the burner - everything is much simpler here.

There is a third option, whichThe first one is the most comfortable and does not require any influence from the consumer - a column with an installedhydrogenerator . The switching principle is the same as that of the version with a battery, but with one exception: the charge is formed due to the energy of the water flow, which ensures complete energy independence of the water heater.

Which heat exchanger is better?

The vast majority of columns have copper heat exchangers. However, not all manufacturers use high-quality copper to make the heat exchanger, which leads to a decrease in the service life of the column. High-quality copper has a characteristic shine and color; as a rule, low-quality heat exchangers are painted with a protective compound to protect it from exposure to water, since the content large quantity impurities make it vulnerable to corrosion. It is also worth paying attention to the soldering areas - black dots and lines indicate that the soldering was carried out manually and then overheated areas may form during operation. This leads to burnout and leakage of the heat exchanger.

We recommend making a choice in favor of established brands on the market - such as, for examplegeysers NEVA , Bosch speakers or geysers ARISTON .

Column safety

Before purchasing, you should make sure that the dispenser is equipped with the necessary safety equipment for gas equipment:

• Flame detection sensor . It is located directly next to the main burner and, in the presence of a flame, the space between the electrodes is ionized, thereby giving a signal to the gas fittings to keep the gas supply valve open. If the flame does not ignite, the gas valve closes.

• Chimney draft sensor . If the chimney draft is insufficient, flue gases are discharged through special channels, influencing the sensor. In the event of such a leak, the column is turned off.

• Temperature control. This sensor monitors the temperature in the heat exchanger so that it does not exceed a value close to 100˚C. In case of extreme heating, the gas supply also stops.

• Have your dispenser serviced annually.

• Periodically you need to ventilate the room in which the gas water heater is located, especially if it is located in a closed, poorly ventilated space.

Choosing a speaker for a country house

At the dacha, even without being able to use main gas, you can use a gas water heater for hot water supply. In this case, the column is reconfigured for liquefied gas. However, you should make sure whether the model you choose has this option. Some manufacturers set the setting already at the factory, which greatly simplifies the use of a dispenser with gas from cylinders.

To simplify the gas exhaust system, it is better to use a column with a closed combustion chamber and smoke exhaust using a coaxial chimney through the wall. At the same time, the column is equipped with a fan, which creates the necessary draft and does not use air from the room, since the air is taken from the street.

Happy shopping!

My dear organizers of parties, concerts, bikefests and openairs. The other day I was talking about looking for a one-time job as a sound engineer, but today let's talk about something else. About that same musical concert complex, which is otherwise called equipment, acoustics, portals, FOH and other less specific words. That is, about what looks into the hall, at the viewer. About what the viewer is listening to. More precisely, how to choose this device among the many offers.

Would you know how many times I have heard from a customer phrases like “We need at least three (five, ten, twenty) kilowatts of sound!” This is my favorite phrase. The only funnier thing is “We pay per kilowatt.” Having heard it, I understand that here he is, a sucker and everyone is milking him. Because he pays “per kilowatt”. And kilowatts are the same favorite object of manipulation among distributors as cards among magicians.

First, you need to remember once and for all and write on your forehead in capital letters: VOLUME AND POWER ARE DIFFERENT THINGS. The pros say: “Irons are measured in kilowatts.” Because loudness is determined by the PRESSURE OF ACOUSTIC WAVES, which is created by acoustics. Loudness, let it be known, is measured not in watts (power), but in decibels (sound pressure). Power directly affects current consumption only.

Of course, to be completely honest, we must remember that pressure does not come from anywhere; in order for the speakers to sound, you need to apply some force, and it seems that the higher the power, the louder it should be. But no, there is no direct correlation here. For example, the top speakers of the Italian brand RCF in the REC CS215 (1300 W) speakers produce a peak pressure of 139 dB. And the JBL SRX725 (1200 W), which is similar in design, is only 136 dB. Do you know what this means? That the volume of one REC CS215 speaker will be equal to two JBL SRX725. In the first case 1300 watts, in the second 2400 watts. Because to increase sound pressure by 3 dB, you need to apply twice the power.

What are we paying for?

I may greatly surprise you, but the power of absolutely identical acoustic systems can be different, it all depends on what standard is measured by. It all depends on the measurement standard. For example, in the nineties, the country was flooded with Chinese radios, on the speakers of which 500 watts, 700 watts, 2000 watts were written. Of course, citizens accustomed to measuring acoustic power in the RMS system, the PMPO watts were very puzzling.

Today, the AES speaker power measurement standard is becoming increasingly widespread in the world, the numerical value of which is usually 1.3 times greater than RMS (although it may coincide). There are other standards for measuring power and each time the numbers will be different.

That's not all! Power in acoustics can be long-term on a sine wave, long-term on a musical signal, and peak. It differs by 2 and 4 times. For example, 100 watts long-term = 200 watts musical = 400 watts peak. Same speaker system. Have you eaten? Just in case, the amplifier can actually be several times more powerful than the acoustics.

Oh, aren't you full? Well, I'll add some extra. In addition to the power of the speakers, there is also the power of the amplifiers. The same amplifier can output 100 watts into 8 ohms, 180 watts into 4 ohms, and 300 watts into 2 ohms. At the same time, two-channel (and single-channel amplifiers have not been made for a long time) amplifiers can operate in a bridge, with one output. And this in this case is 600 watts at 4 ohms and 1200 at 2 ohms. Guess the first time which power is more profitable to indicate to the rental company when paying “per kilowatt”?

Continue? If you please. The power of active speaker systems, in contrast to passive ones, is indicated by the manufacturer based on the power of the built-in amplifier. It’s easy to use an 800-watt amplifier unit in a speaker with a power of 200 watts across the speakers. Take for example the Electrovoice ZX-A1. And rest assured, if you pay for power, the rental company will indicate exactly 800 watts. This is such a managerial thing.

AND ALL THESE POWERS ARE IN THE DOCUMENTATION FOR THE EQUIPMENT, THAT IS, THEY ARE DECLARED BY THE MANUFACTURER! No cheating by and large No.

Now let's do the math. Suppose you are ready to pay a thousand rubles for a “kilowatt of sound,” and we are a smart-ass rental company. You require a minimum of 8 kilowatts for open air. We take a pair of conventional kilowatt speakers (1000 W RMS x 8 Ohm) and a conventional kilowatt amplifier (1000 W x 8 Ohm x 2 channels). We want to indicate the peak speaker power of 4 kW x 2 = 8,000 rubles, but we want the amplifier power at 2 ohms in the bridge - 12 kW = 12,000 rubles. Everything is fine, pay up, you loser! The main thing is that there is enough pressure, that is, volume.

And there are a lot of such features! Here, for example, is a typical case that I once analyzed in detail. Another example of a very cunning approach to marketing

We have a set of 2 active subwoofers MACKIE SRM1801, 2 speaker systems MACKIE SRM450 v2, Soundcraft epm 12 mixing console, HP pavilion dv 9000 laptop, TC Electronic M 350 effects processor and SHURE PGX24/SM58 radio microphone. They want 8,500 rubles for rent.

Acoustically, the set is announced by the landlord as 3 kW. Blatant lie. Are we counting?

Let's start with the calculation "as stated". 2x400+2x1000=2800. Well, almost 3000 watts, right? But let’s not rush, now let’s do the math without managerial cunning...

So, satellite MACKIE SRM450 v2. Manufacturer's specification http://www.mackie.com/products/srm450v2/pdf/srm450v2_om.pdf The RF driver power is 150 W, declared by the lessor - again, "fucking and profocation".

Subwoofer MACKIE SRM1801 with one 18" speaker with 3" coil. For reference, a 3" coil physically cannot be created for speakers with a power of more than 500 W. This is exactly what the manufacturer's specifications confirm http://www.mackie.com/Products/srm1801/pdf/SRM1801_SS.pdf For the illiterate: Rated Power - 500 watts RMS. And managerial 1000 watts is the power of the active subwoofer amplifier unit.

So, we REALLY have 2x400 + 2x500 = 1800 watts RMS.

Against the backdrop of the last example, I wanted to joke.

On some resources, power is measured by adding the power of the amplifiers (this is how it is indicated in the manufacturer’s specifications). Let me also measure how much power I have in one of my kits? With those same cunning-ass managerial methods. Let me remind you, this is a triamp set consisting of a pair of EV ZX5 http://electrovoice.com.ua/zx5-90 and a pair of TH 15" subwoofers with speakers http://beymapro.ru/products/item-162.htm Well, let's have a laugh?

Based on the sum of the peak RMS speakers (nominal power x 4) - a pair of EV ZX5 and a pair of Beyma 15P1200ND subwoofers will be: 2160 x 2 + 4800 x 2 = 13.920 watts.

NOTHING SO, ALMOST 14 KILOWATTS! But who measures the power of satellites by the sum of the power of the speakers? Even the manufacturer takes into account the power of the filter, so we will calculate according to the declared peak power of the speaker. Total 2400 x 2 + 4800 x 2 = 14.400.
There is another smart-ass managerial way to measure the power of a device: by the power of the amplifiers. This sums up the maximum declared power at the minimum permissible load. Well, you can count it that way. In the triamp I have 3 2SC amplifiers, and in the following: RMX 2051 HD - 2 x 1000W x 2 ohms; RMX 3051 HD - 2 x 1500W x 2 ohm; RMX 5050 HD 2 x 2600W x 2ohm. Let's sum it up and we get 2x1000 + 2x1500 + 2x2600 = 10.200 watts Well, of course, ten and a little kilowatts is not 14, not serious.))) And if you count 2 ohms in the bridge? But here it’s already wow, almost 41 kilowatts.

How do you weigh?

In general, keep this in mind, friends. Remember, when they call you crazy numbers, and instead of sound pressure (real volume) they use the concept of “device power” and “kilowatts of sound” - they are going to fuck you. Whether to lubricate yourself with Vaseline or put the impudent person in his place is up to you to decide.