An ancient vessel for cooking food in the oven. Wooden dishes of Rus'

03.06.2015

Our ancestors did not have the word “dishes”. Anything that could be eaten from was called a “vessel.” And what you could drink from was called a “vessel.” As a rule, in Domostroy, the word “vessel” is used as a general word to name almost all tableware. The first mention of the word "ware" dates back to the seventeenth century. The production of dishes was manual, and they were made from simple clay.

POT

Pot - (“gornets”) and “potter” (“gornchar”) come from the Old Russian “grn” (“horn” - melting furnace), according to V. Dahl: (same for flowers) - round, oblong clay vessel various types, scorched by fire. Also, a low, stable vessel with a wide neck can have a variety of purposes. Korchaga, south. makitra, the largest pot, a turnip, with a narrow bottom; melting and glass pots or pots are more or less the same; pot shchanoy, tamb. estalnik, ryaz. Negolnik, the same species, is the same as kashnik, but only smaller. The pots are called: makhotka, potshenyatko, baby. Tall pots, narrow-necked, for milk: glek, balakir, krinka, gornushka, gorlach. For many centuries it was the main kitchen vessel in Rus'. It was used in royal and boyar cooks, in the kitchens of townspeople, and in the huts of peasants. The shape of the pot did not change throughout its existence and was well suited for cooking in a Russian oven, in which the pots were on the same level with burning wood and heated not from below, as on an open hearth, but from the side. The pot, placed under the stove, was lined around the lower part with firewood or coals and thereby became engulfed in heat from all sides. The potters successfully found the shape of the pot. If it had been flatter or had a wider hole, then boiling water could have splashed out onto the stove. If the pot had a narrow, long neck, the process of boiling water would be very slow. The pots were made from special potting clay, oily, plastic, blue, green or dirty yellow, to which quartz sand was added. After firing in the forge, it acquired a reddish-brown, beige or black color, depending on the original color and firing conditions. Pots were rarely decorated; they were decorated with narrow concentric circles or a chain of shallow dimples and triangles pressed around the rim or on the shoulders of the vessel. A shiny lead glaze, which gave an attractive appearance to a newly made vessel, was applied to the pot for utilitarian purposes - to give the vessel strength and moisture resistance. The lack of decoration was due to the purpose of the pot: to always be in the stove, only briefly on weekdays to appear on the table during breakfast or lunch.

BROTHER'S POT

Bratina's pot - the dish in which food was served to the table, differs from an ordinary pot in its handles. The handles are glued to the pot so that it is convenient to grasp them, but they should not extend too far beyond the dimensions of the pot.

POT FOR HEATING OIL

A pot for heating oil is a specialized form of ceramic ware that had a wavy rim and a handle directly for removal from the stove.

GOSTER

Goose pan is a ceramic utensil for frying meat, fish, cooking casseroles, scrambled eggs in a Russian oven. It was a clay frying pan with low (about 5-7 cm) sides, oval or, less commonly, round in shape. The rim had a shallow groove for draining fat. The patch could be with or without a handle. The handle was straight, short, and hollow. A wooden handle was usually inserted into it, which was removed when the patch was installed in the oven.

ENDOVA

Endova - low, large ceramic, tinned, with a stigma, for beer, mash, honey; drinks are served in the valley at feasts; it is also found in taverns and taverns, on ships, etc. The peasants call a wooden, tall vessel, a jug, or a horse-dish.

ROASTER

A brazier is a stove in the form of a vessel filled with hot coals. Dutch ovens are one of the primitive kitchen utensils, and our use of them is decreasing day by day. The Turks and Asia Minor have various forms and types of braziers, and their use also has different purposes, for example, for brewing coffee, for lighting pipes, etc.

KANDYUSHKA

Kondushka, kondeya - the same as valley. Vyatka, Nizhny Novgorod, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tambov, Tver provinces. This is the cup small size, made of wood or clay, sometimes with a handle, was used for drinking kvass, melting butter and serving it on the table.

KANOPKA

A canopka is a clay vessel that performs the functions of a mug. Pskov province.

KATSEYA

Katseya - in the old days, a brazier, according to the explanation of the alphabet books, “a vessel before censing.” In the old days, katsei were made with handles, clay, stone, iron, copper and silver. Archbishop Filaret (Gumilevsky) sees sprinkler bowls in Katsei, pointing to the Czech “katsati” - to sprinkle with water.

POTTY POT

A pot is a small pot with one handle. Intended for frying and serving thick (second) dishes and porridges.

KISELNITSYA

Kiselnitsa is a large bowl with a spout. Kiselnitsa - a jug for serving jelly on the table. A convenient item for a ladle and a ladle and a mug, and also with a spout for draining the rest of the jelly.

KORCAGA

Korchaga - clay vessel large sizes, which had a wide variety of purposes: it was used for heating water, brewing beer, kvass, mash, boiling - boiling laundry with lye. The pot could have the shape of a pot, a jug with an elongated, almost cylindrical body. Korchagi jugs had a handle attached to the neck and a shallow groove - a drain on the rim. In korchag pots, beer, kvass, and water were drained through a hole in the body located near the bottom. It was usually plugged with a stopper. As a rule, the pot did not have a lid. When brewing beer, the neck was covered with canvas and coated with dough. In the oven, the dough was baked into a dense crust, hermetically sealing the vessel. When boiling water or steaming laundry, the vessel was covered with a board after the fire in the stove burned out. Beer, kvass, and water were drained from the pot through a hole in the lower part of the body. Korchagas were widespread throughout Russia. Each peasant household usually had several of them of different sizes, from pots of half a bucket (6 liters) to pots of two buckets (24 liters). 2. Same as tagan. IN Kievan Rus 10th-12th centuries a clay vessel with a sharp or round bottom, widening at the top, with two vertical handles at a narrow neck. Its shape is similar to an antique amphora and, like an amphora, it was intended for storing and transporting grain and liquid. Images of korchaga are available in ancient Russian miniatures. Their fragments are often found during archaeological excavations of ancient Russian cities. On the pot found in the Gnezdovo mound, the word “pea” or “pea” is scratched, i.e. mustard seeds, mustard. This word is the oldest Russian inscription (early 10th century). There are also other inscriptions. Thus, on a vessel from the 11th century, found in Kyiv, it is written “Blessed is this pot full of grace” (i.e., “Blessed is this pot full of grace”). In modern Russian, the word “korchaga” means a large, usually clay pot with a very wide mouth. In the Ukrainian language, the idea of ​​korchaga as a vessel with a narrow neck has been preserved.

KRYNKA (KRINKA)

Krynka is a lined vessel for storing and serving milk on the table. Characteristic feature Krinki has a high, rather wide throat, smoothly turning into a rounded body. The shape of the throat, its diameter and height are designed to fit around the hand. Milk in such a vessel retains its freshness longer, and when soured it gives a thick layer of sour cream, which is convenient to remove with a spoon. In Russian villages, clay cups, bowls, and mugs used for milk were also often called krinka.

JUG

Jug - derogatory jug, kukshin, kuka - a clay, glass or metal vessel, relatively tall, barrel-shaped, with a recess under the neck, with a handle and a toe, sometimes with a lid, urn, vase.

JUG KRUPNIK

A krupnik jug (or pudovik) is a container for storing bulk products (15-16 kg).

CUP

A jug is the same as a ladle, a salt shaker, round in shape, with a lid. A clay vessel with a wide body, sometimes with a handle. Vladimir, Kostroma, Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Yaroslavl provinces.

PATCH

Latka is an ancient clay oblong frying pan for frying vegetables. The patches were usually covered with a clay lid, under which the meat was not so much fried as steamed - “spun” in own juice. Vegetables are “hidden” under the lid in sour cream or butter. Patches were widespread both in cities and villages already in the 15th-17th centuries, and were used in peasant farming until the mid-20th century.

A BOWL

Bowls - small clay or wooden bowls for individual use. There were special “lenten” bowls, which, together with similar pots and spoons, were used only on fasting days. In the wedding rituals of the northern provinces, the bowl, along with wedding bread and other utensils, was sewn into a tablecloth, which the newlyweds had to embroider after visiting the bathhouse. They used a bowl to tell fortunes: before going to bed, the girl placed a bowl of water on which a “bridge” of straw was formed at the head of the bed or under it, asking her future husband to lead her across the bridge. On the day of St. Andrew the First-Called, November 30 (December 13), the girls placed a bowl of porridge on the gate and whispered: “Betrothed and betrothed, come eat porridge with me!” - after which they were supposed to see the image of the groom. It is known to use a bowl in folk medicine. During a special type of treatment - “spraying” - a bowl of water was placed in an empty hut, salt, ash, and coal were laid out in the corners. A person who came to a healer for treatment had to lick objects placed in the corners and wash them down with water from a bowl. At this time, the healer read incantations. On the third day, a thunder arrow was given to the person and slander was transmitted verbally. When treating sleepyhead (an abdominal disease), the healer asked for a bowl that “would hold three glasses of water,” hemp and a mug. He placed a bowl of water on the patient’s stomach, lit the hemp and wrapped it around the patient. After which he put the hemp in a mug, and put the mug in a bowl and read the slander. The patient’s screams during treatment were attributed to “removal evil spirits" After the treatment was completed, the healer gave the patient water to drink. The term bowl has been known since ancient times. In the 12th century. Daniil Zatochnik called a large common bowl from which several people ate “salt.” In the XVIII-XIX centuries. the term bowl was widespread throughout Russia. At this time, other utensils - a dish, a plate, a bowl - were sometimes called a bowl.

JARGER

Oparnitsa is a ceramic vessel, a pot in which sour dough dough is prepared. The utensils for preparing the dough and nurturing the dough for pies, white rolls, and pancakes were a round clay vessel with a wide neck and slightly tapered walls towards the tray. WITH inside The jar was covered with glaze. The height of the jar ranged from 25 to 50 cm, the diameter of the neck from 20 to 60 cm. The shape was convenient for kneading the dough both by hand and with a whorl. To prepare the dough in warm water leaven was added (usually dough left over from previous baking), mixed with half the flour needed to make bread or pies, and left in a warm place for several hours. After souring, the dough, if it was intended for baking rye bread, was transferred to a bowl or kneading bowl, flour was added, kneaded and, tightly closed with a lid, placed in a warm place. If the dough was used for pies, then it was left in the jar, flour, eggs, sour cream were added, kneaded and left to rise. In the popular consciousness, the word “dough” was interpreted as an unfinished, unfinished business. When matchmaking was unsuccessful, they usually said: “They came back with the dough,” and if the matchmakers knew in advance that they would be denied matchmaking, they said: “Let’s go get the dough.” The term was used throughout Russia.

BOWL

Ploshka - (flat) low, wide, sloping vessel, b. including clay, skull; patch, clay frying pan, round or long.

MILKER (MILKER, MILKER)

A milk pan is a milking utensil that is a wooden, clay, or copper vessel with an open wide neck, a spout located in the upper part, and a bow. Clay and copper vessels had the shape of a pot, while wooden vessels followed the shape of a bucket with walls widened upward. The milk pan was usually made without a lid. Freshly milked milk was protected from dust by a thin linen cloth tied around the neck of the vessel. Milk that was capped immediately after milking could turn sour. The milk pan was always bought together with the cow. However, it could not be taken with a bare hand. It was passed from floor to floor, from mitten to mitten, it was lifted from the ground, blessed. If the cow did not milk in the new place, the sorcerer baptized the animal’s horns, hooves, and nipples with a milk pan filled with water, whispered a spell and sprayed it with water from the milk pan. For the same purpose, all other milk pans were filled to the brim with water. Milk pans were distributed throughout Russia under different names, derived from the word “milk”.

POLEVIK POT

Polevik pot - polevik, raspberry, polnik, polyukh, polelyushek, jug - a ceramic vessel for carrying drink in the field.

ROLLER

Rilnik - a vessel for churning and melting cow butter, was a clay vessel with a wide neck, a round body, slightly tapering towards the bottom. At the top of the body there was a short spout - a “stigma” or a small hole for draining buttermilk and melted butter. On the side of the body opposite the spout there is a long clay straight handle. When churning butter, sour cream (cream, slightly sour milk) was poured into the firebox, which was churned together with a whorl. The oil that had clumped together was pulled out, washed, and placed in a clay basin. The buttermilk was poured into the tub for drinking water for the cattle. When reheating, a firebox filled with oil was placed in a well-heated oven. The melted butter was poured into wooden tub. The residue left at the bottom of the firebox is oily curd went to prepare pies and pancakes.

WASH BASIN

Washbasin - ceramic dishes for washing. Suspended on a leather strap. It was made in two versions: with one neck and with two.

SKULL

The skull is a small ceramic bowl. Intended for secondary dishes - salads, pickles and seasonings in ancient Rus'

Modern pottery

To this day, pottery masters create with their own hands ordinary and not so, but undoubtedly eco-friendly dishes for the kitchen of modern housewives.

For modern man So it’s natural when starting lunch, breakfast or dinner to use a spoon, fork, knife to eat, put food on a plate, and pour drinks into a mug or glass. And these are just the basic everyday table items that accompany our regular meals. And we don’t even think about how and when they appeared in our kitchen.

Let's start with the simplest knife. In traditional Russian cuisine, the knife began to be used a very long time ago. Our ancestors did not distinguish between a fighting, hunting or table knife. It’s just that each Russian had his own knife, which was worn in his belt or behind the top of his boot (only men wore it) and was used as needed. Special table knives appeared only in the 16th century, but in their own way appearance These knives were no different from combat or hunting knives: just as sharp and heavy. There is a belief that the first knife with a rounded end was ordered by Napoleon, who feared an attack by conspirators during a dinner party.

A spoon, like a knife, in Russian traditional cuisine has been used since time immemorial. The oldest mention of a spoon was found in the Tale of Bygone Years, where it is said that it is a familiar and absolutely necessary tool for eating. The story says that Prince Vladimir’s warriors began to complain that they were eating with wooden spoons and not silver. And the wise prince ordered spoons to be forged for them, because gold and silver cannot buy a real squad, but with a good squad you can always get both gold and silver.

Our ancestors made sheaths for knives, and special cases for spoons. However, much more often, a spoon, like a knife, was worn in a belt or boot. Imagine such a hero with a table set behind his boot. But what can you do - what happened, happened.

And if today we are talking about a table, tea or dessert spoon, then in traditional Russian cuisine the range of spoons was much wider: draft, mezheumok (simple wide), butyrka, burlatskaya, boskaya (long and blunt-nosed), semi-boskaya, thin, white, nosed and others.

Traditional Russian cuisine did not know the fork. More precisely, it would be said that for many centuries the fork was not used in Russian cuisine. This is one of the cutlery that appeared in Russian cuisine just some three hundred years ago. Our ancestors took the cut pieces with their hands or “as best they could.”

The aristocrats were the first to use forks during the time of Peter I. According to existing legend, the tsar's orderly was obliged to carry a wooden spoon, table knife and fork, and lay out the tsar's cutlery and plates - in those days, even aristocrats rarely used a fork and the tsar tried to instill culture nutrition. To be fair, it must be said that in Europe the fork was not used often at that time.

The forks were forged two-pronged. And very expensive. Perhaps for this reason, ordinary Russian people began to use a fork in the kitchen only in the 19th century.

Now let's talk about plates. Bowls in Russian cuisine, like spoons, have been known since ancient times. The bowls were made of clay or wood. This is from the peasants. Wealthy citizens, merchants and aristocrats used bowls made of gold and silver in the kitchen. Somewhat later, bowls made of iron appeared. Russian bowls were not intended for individual use, so they were quite large in size, because... The whole family ate from one such vessel.

There were even rules of etiquette that dictated how to eat from a common bowl. For example, cultured person should have wiped my spoon before scooping food because... Not everyone may like to eat food if someone dips a spoon into it directly from their mouth. Dubious advice: just imagine a family where everyone takes turns wiping spoons... What or how do they wipe them? Napkins appeared in Russian cuisine much later.

But let's get back to the plate. Still, a bowl is not a plate. Let's start with the fact that the plate is intended for individual use. So, real plates appeared in Rus' in the mid-16th century. But they became widespread only a hundred years later. And then only among the wealthiest part of the population. The common people used bowls for a long time: they became smaller in size, they began to eat from them individually, but these were still bowls, not plates.

For many centuries, Russian cuisine has made a ceramic pot the main serving vessel. There were pots different sizes and shapes, and were used as a modern saucepan, and as a jar for spices (and spices were very loved in Russian cuisine - Read “Traditions of Russian Cuisine”), and as a container for bulk and liquid, etc. They cooked cabbage soup, soups and porridges in pots and pots, stewed meat and fish, made sweets and butter, and boiled water. Accordingly, the sizes of the pots were very different - from multi-bucket pots to small ones with a capacity of 200-300 grams.

The pots also differed in their appearance. Russian cuisine has always been not only tasty and satisfying, but also beautiful. Those pots in which food was served on the table were decorated with ornaments and drawings. The most interesting are the pots that were made in ancient times. The more perfect pottery skills became, the less often the craftsmen applied ornaments to pots. Those ancient pots had extraordinary strength, and if it happened that the pot cracked, it was not thrown away, but was braided with birch bark and used for storing bulk spices and cereals.

There is an opinion that our distant ancestors, if only boiled, steamed and baked, did not eat fried food. Allegedly, there was not even such utensils in Russian kitchens. Once again, I suggest you read the article “Traditions of Russian Cuisine”, and there you will find a description of dishes that are described as frying dishes. It was frying pans, as we know them today, that appeared in Russian cuisine much later.

The traditional Russian frying pan was... ceramic!!! It was shaped like a pan that expanded at the top. Such pans were called patches. The patch had a hollow handle into which a wooden handle was inserted. Agree, it’s simply an analogue of a modern frying pan – ceramics with a removable handle.
However, over time, frying pans began to be made from cast iron.

Now let's talk about the tablecloth. This item is not new to Russian cuisine at all. The first written reference to survive mentioning a tablecloth dates back to 1150. This is the “Smolensk Charter”.

Now let's remember the cutlery that was intended for drinks. In my opinion, Russian cuisine has no competitors in this dishware: cups, horns, brothers, charms and cups, shot glasses and glasses, and, of course, ladles.

Ladles are a completely different story: scoops, brackets (with two handles), liqueurs (small ladles), ladles and more, great amount types of buckets.

And in conclusion of the article, it is necessary to recall such a traditionally Russian tableware as the samovar. The tradition of tea drinking appeared in Russia relatively recently - a little over three hundred years ago.

And this “water-heating vessel for tea with copper pipe"appeared... no, not in Tula. The first Tula samovar was made by master Lisitsyn in 1778. And in the Urals, samovars began to be made in 1740. And our Russian samovar had predecessors in Europe. True, the Russian samovar and its European analogue are similar only in name.

I will not engage in criticism, but will draw your attention to only one interesting fact. Have you ever drunk tea from a real samovar? Not electric! From a real Russian samovar? The thing is that in a Russian samovar the water heats up evenly, and does not boil from bottom to top. As a result, salts, scale, and mechanical particles contained in the water settle to the bottom of the samovar rather than being agitated. Accordingly, all this “garbage” does not end up in the tea. Our ancestors were wise.

A mandatory attribute of a Russian samovar was a tray.

Well, perhaps that’s all about the traditions of Russian cuisine.

I hope I was able to convince you that Russian cuisine has its own deep traditions not only in preparing dishes, but also in the use of kitchen utensils and utensils. This is part of Russian culture, which is being conveniently forgotten today.

Today it is difficult for us to imagine our life without dishes. To ancient people for a long time I had to do without it. Primitive man began to make his first dishes from bark and wood, and wove baskets from twigs. But all these dishes were inconvenient, you couldn’t cook in them, you couldn’t store liquids.

People tried to use all available materials to store food: shells, shells of large nuts, made bags from animal skins and, of course, hollowed out vessels from stone.

And only in the Neolithic era - in the last era of the Stone Age (approximately the 7th millennium BC) - was the first artificial material invented - refractory clay, from which they began to make ceramic dishes.

It is believed that pottery was invented by a woman. Women were more involved in housework, and it was they who had to take care of the safety of food. At first, wicker dishes were simply coated with clay. And, probably, by chance such dishes ended up not far from the fire. It was then that people noticed the properties of baked clay and began to make dishes from it.

To prevent the clay from cracking, sand, water, crushed stone, and chopped straw were added to it. There was no potter's wheel then. They made ropes from clay, placed them on top of each other in a spiral and squeezed them. To make the surface of the dishes more even, they smoothed them with grass. Raw dishes they covered it with some flammable material and set it on fire. In this way it was possible to burn the dishes from all sides.

The oldest ceramic dishes are simple in shape: the bottom is pointed, the walls widen towards the top and resemble an egg with the upper part cut off. The walls of the vessels are thick, rough, unevenly burned. But, already having such dishes, a person was able to significantly diversify his food, learned to cook porridge, soups, stews, fry in fat and oil, and boil vegetables.

Gradually, primitive potters improved their dishes; they became thinner and more perfect in shape. Ancient people sought to make it not only comfortable, but also beautiful. Various designs began to be applied to dishes. Rough dishes were covered with liquid clay and painted with mineral paints. Sometimes the pattern was scratched out with special sticks.

Most often, the dishes were decorated with various ornaments, these were geometric figures, dancing people, flower rosettes, animal figures.

In addition to dishes, primitive people learned to make stoves and hearths. Bread began to be cooked in ovens. Inside clay oven lit a fire. The walls of the oven became hot, and when the fire died down, bread cakes were placed in it.

Municipal budget educational institution

"Average comprehensive school No. 13 p. "Very convenient"

Shkotovsky municipal district of Primorsky Krai

Museum lesson summary

2nd grade

"Dishes of Ancient Rus'"

Designed by a teacher primary classes

MBOU Secondary School No. 13, Mnogoudnoe village

Nechipurenko L.N.

2016

Target : to form an understanding of the relationship between historical eras and one’s involvement in another time, another culture through communication with historical and cultural monuments.

Tasks:

Introduce children to a new form of teaching - a museum lesson.

Arouse interest in studying the history of your hometown.

To develop the ability to quickly grasp the meaning of what is heard, analyze, and remember.

to develop a sustainable need and communication skills with the museum;

develop the ability for aesthetic contemplation and empathy;

to develop respect for other cultures, a willingness to understand and accept a system of other values;

develop the need for independent exploration of the surrounding world through study cultural heritage different eras and peoples.

During the classes

Hello, my young friends!

You've probably had a very difficult day.

After visiting school, you had a lot of fun: peed, read and counted, chatted and walked. If you continue to be plagued by doubts about what else to do, because you do not suffer from childhood laziness and unwillingness, I suggest you get comfortable so that you can pick up a pencil and go to the country of Finders and Recognizers in order to continue to strive, achieve and rejoice in victory !

In this country of Finders and Finders live the Answers to all questions. And if we reach this country safely, each of you will receive a distinctive badge (you can come up with an emblem, badge, travel card, etc. ), which will give you the opportunity to go on your next trip.

Work on the topic

Yes itmuseum.

A museum is an institution engaged in collecting, studying, storing and exhibiting monuments of material and spiritual culture, as well as educational activities.

The word "museum" is derived from the word "muse". U ancient Greek god Zeus had 9 daughters, 9 muses (muse - from the Greek "musa" - thinking), who patronized the sciences and arts: Melpomene - the muse of tragedy, Thalia - the muse of comedy, Calliope - the muse of epic poetry, Euterpe - the muse of lyricism, Erato - the muse love songs, Terpsichore - the muse of dance, Clio - the muse of history, Urania - the muse of astronomy and Polyhymnia - the muse of sacred hymns. The goddesses usually performed under the guidance of the patron of the arts, Apollo, who received the second name Musaget from the gods. Therefore, a “museum” is a “temple of art”, i.e. a museum. Museions were the centers of the spiritual life of the ancient Greeks; philosophers, poets, singers, and musicians gathered here for scientific debates and competitions.

The museum has a lot of antiques, things from different countries, they talk about life in the past. The person who understands the silent language of things can go on an exciting journey.

What types of museums are there? How do you think museums themselves would answer the question: “What can be stored within your walls?”

Answer options. Clothing, household items, cars, musical instruments, remains of ancient animals and plants, technical inventions, paintings, works of art, etc.

Today it is customary to distinguish the followingtypes of museums :

artistic,

historical,

natural sciences,

technical,

literary,

memorial,

local history.

Museum exhibits - these are not just objects, but objects that have come to us from another time.

A museum exhibit or museum value can become:

any object from the surrounding world, if it helps to imagine the time in which it was created and “lived”,

unique creation of nature,

an object that preserves the memory of an outstanding person or event,

beautiful creation of human hands ( technical structure, painting, sculpture, park).

A collection of museum exhibits can tell us more than one thing about its time and owners.

The museum has original exhibits and replicas of exhibits.

Script – this is a thing, a testament to the era.

Copy looks like the original in every way. The museum needs a copy if the original cannot be held in the light or on outdoors, if it replaces the lost part of the dilapidated original. Therefore, in museums next to the exhibit it is indicated whether it is genuine. But even the most exact copy cannot replace the genuine article.

Why do things end up in a museum?

Causes:

beauty
- native, Russian,
- alien, foreign.

Memory
- about an important event,
- about a great or terrible person,
- about customs, lifestyle
- Russians,
- foreign.

Craftsmanship (technological progress)
- Russian,
- foreign.

Antiquity.

Curiosity, rarity (rarity).

Relic (a thing revered by everyone, a symbol thing).

Part of the collection.

A thing resurrected under the hand of a restorer.

Today I want to invite you on an exciting journey to our school museum.

IN Ancient Rus' people had not yet used the word "ware" (appeared around the seventeenth century). It was replaced by another - “vessel” (for food), “vessel” - for drinking. The dishes in Rus' were very diverse and adapted for cooking in the oven.

Dishes of Ancient Rus'

One of the most ancient types of utensils was the dish. It was usually made of wood, but dishes could also be made of glass, tin and even silver. Two or even three people could eat from one dish.

The dish, of course, was unsuitable for liquid and semi-liquid food. That's why they came up with a bowl. It quickly came into use, becoming absolutely indispensable for soups, porridges, and broths. The bowls could be very large so that the whole family could eat from it. But there were also “individual” bowls. The bowl could be clay or wooden. In addition to its direct purpose, it was used for fortune telling, rituals, and health spells.

They cooked food in pots. It was also possible to serve food on the table. They made pots from clay, firing them on fire. Pots could be seen both in the kitchen of the king and in the kitchen of a simple peasant. They were round-shaped vessels that perfectly withstood the conditions of the Russian oven. Moreover, the heating of the pot and its contents occurred from the sides. The color of this household item was usually red, brown, black. The pot was sometimes decorated with painted ornaments.

A goose pot was a dish made of clay for preparing main courses (meat, casserole). Essentially it was a frying pan with small walls, most often round in shape.

A canopka is something like a modern mug.

The pot-pot was a small pot with one handle. Food was fried in it or food was served on the table.

Kiselnitsa is a bowl with a large capacity and a spout. Its purpose is clear from the name.

Korchaga was a huge vessel made of clay. The pot had a lot of functions. Water was heated in it, beer and kvass, and alcoholic drinks (mash) were brewed. You could even boil clothes in it! The shape of this dish resembled a pot or jug, and there was always a handle. Korchagi, in which beer was brewed, kvass or water were stored, were a special device. This was a hole closed with a special plug. It is interesting that the pot did not have a lid. Its role was played by wooden planks, as well as a canvas with dough (when brewing beer). The volume of the pot could be different: six liters, 24 liters.

A krynka is a clay vessel in which milk was stored and served. Distinctive feature This dish had an extended neck. It was designed so that it would be convenient to take it with your hand. It was noticed that the drink in such a vessel remains fresh for a long time. When the souring process begins, a dense layer of sour cream forms. It was removed with a spoon.

Jugs were also present in Ancient Rus'. They were made from clay, glass or metal. The jug looked like a small barrel, but had a handle and a spout.

Our ancestors also had a jug. It was possible to place a pound of any cereal or other bulk product in it.

A kubushka was something like a ladle or salt shaker with a lid. It was also made from clay.

Latka is a so-called frying pan in which vegetables were fried (stewed, steamed). Material: clay. The patch had a lid.

Oparnitsa was a clay vessel in which dough was made into dough. The jar had a wide neck (about 20-60 centimeters), a round shape, and up to half a meter in height.

A bowl is a low and wide vessel made of clay.

A milk pan is a special utensil for milking. It could be made of wood, clay, copper. The neck of the milk pan was quite wide and had a spout. It was shaped like a jug or bucket; it did not have a lid. As the name suggests, milk was milked into it. The peasants had a sign: not to take the milk pan with bare hands (only with mittens or holding it by the floor).

The skull had the function of being a container for spices, pickles or salads. It was made of clay.

Materials for making dishes, history of dishes in Rus'

As already mentioned, initially dishes in Ancient Rus' were made of wood, but not just any wood. More often they took linden, rowan, and birch. According to our ancestors, wood has beneficial properties. Absolutely everything was made from wood: spoons, bowls, salt shakers (birch bark), jugs, and many other utensils. Pottery appeared in Rus' later. The history of pottery in Ancient Rus' closely parallels the development of pottery production.

Wood was not chosen as a material by chance. It is easy to process, inexpensive and natural. According to archaeologists, turned wooden utensils in Rus' (that is, made on special machines) appeared around the tenth century.

The history of pottery in Rus' goes back to the distant past. Additional substances (for example, quartz sand) were added to the clay and fired. This is how ceramics were made. It was unusually durable and resistant to various adverse factors. The heyday of ceramic dishes came in the Middle Ages, but clay dishes were used even earlier. Previously, clay dishes were made from separate parts. The pottery of Ancient Rus' became the ancestor of modern tableware.

There is evidence that the dishes were made from copper and other metals. But, of course, this trend appeared later among the more prosperous part of the population.

The dishes were decorated with carvings, patterns, and paintings. Such dishes were served for holidays, weddings and other celebrations. Some of the ornaments were of a protective and protective nature.

Summary, consolidation of knowledge

The fat guy is standing
With your barrel akimbo,
Hisses and boils
He orders everyone to drink tea.Samovar

I make thin dishes,
Delicate white and sonorous
They have been burning since ancient times.
I call myself...
Porcelain

I'm puffing, puffing,
I don't want to get warm anymore.
The lid rang loudly:
“Drink tea, the water has boiled!”
Kettle

Carrying water
To please the owner;
Lives with him
Until it falls.Cup

Unapproachable in appearance
Standing with his arms akimbo,
And look inside, look
Treat inside!
Sugar bowl

I keep it hot
I keep it cold
I have both the oven and the refrigerator.
I’ll replace it for you on your trip.
Thermos

If I'm empty,
I don’t forget about myself,
But when I bring food,
I will not pass by your mouth. Spoon

New dishes,
And it's all full of holes. Sieve

It can be deep.
It can be small.
However, this is not a river. Plate

I was born in the earth
Tempered in fire. Pot

Fire burns among the water,
Water doesn't flood it. Samovar

Made for liquid
but the liquid does not hold in it. Funnel

Teapot girlfriend
Has two ears
He cooks porridge and soup for Yulia.
And her name is...
Pans

I feed everyone with pleasure,
And she herself is mouthless. Spoon

If sharpened well,
He cuts everything very easily -
Bread, potatoes, beets, meat,
Fish, apples and butter. Knife

The whole top of the head is full of small holes -
Bitterness is bitter in the plates. Pepper shaker

Among spoons I am a colonel.
And my name is...
Ladle

New vessel
all full of holes. Sieve

Bought a new one
so round
shake in hands
and it's all full of holes. Sieve

Tell me what to call it:
Her teeth are all full of holes,
But beets, radishes, horseradish, carrots
She grinds deftly. Grater