Named noun 1. Definition of a noun

Each person uses several hundred nouns in his speech every day. However, not everyone will be able to answer the question of which category this or that word belongs to: proper names or common nouns, and whether there is a difference between them. Meanwhile, not only written literacy depends on this simple knowledge, but also the ability to correctly understand what is read, because often, only by reading a word, you can understand whether it is a name or just the name of a thing.

What is this

Before you figure out which nouns are called proper nouns and which are common nouns, it’s worth remembering what they are.

Nouns are words that answer the questions “What?”, “Who?” and denoting the name of things or persons (“table”, “person”), they change according to declensions, genders, numbers and cases. In addition, words related to this part of speech are proper/common nouns.

Concept about and own

Apart from rare exceptions, all nouns belong to the category of either proper or common nouns.

Common nouns include the summarized names of homogeneous things or phenomena that may differ from each other in some ways, but will still be called one word. For example, the noun “toy” is a common noun, although it generalizes the names of different objects: cars, dolls, bears and other things from this group. In Russian, as in most other languages, common nouns are always written with a small letter.

nouns are names individuals, outstanding things, places or persons. For example, the word “doll” is a common noun that names a whole category of toys, but the name of the popular doll brand “Barbie” is a proper noun. All proper names are written with capital letters.
It is worth noting that common nouns, unlike proper nouns, carry a certain lexical meaning. For example, when they say “doll”, it becomes clear that we are talking about a toy, but when they simply call the name “Masha”, outside the context of a common noun, it is not clear who or what it is - a girl, a doll, the name of a brand, a hair salon or a chocolate bar.

Ethnonyms

As mentioned above, nouns can be proper and common nouns. So far, linguists have not yet come to a consensus on the issue of the connection between these two categories. There are two common views on this issue: according to one, there is a clear dividing line between common and proper nouns; according to another, the dividing line between these categories is not absolute due to the frequent transition of nouns from one category to another. Therefore, there are so-called “intermediate” words that do not relate to either proper or common nouns, although they have characteristics of both categories. Such nouns include ethnonyms - words meaning the names of peoples, nationalities, tribes and other similar concepts.

Common nouns: examples and types

The vocabulary of the Russian language contains the most common nouns. All of them are usually divided into four types.

1. Concrete - denote objects or phenomena that can be counted (people, birds and animals, flowers). For example: “adult”, “child”, “thrush”, “shark”, “ash”, “violet”. Specific common nouns almost always have a plural and singular form and are combined with quantitative numerals: “an adult - two adults”, “one violet - five violets”.

2. Abstract - denote concepts, feelings, objects that cannot be counted: “love”, “health”, “intelligence”. Most often, this type of common noun is used only in the singular. If, for one reason or another, a noun of this type acquires a plural form (“fear - fears”), it loses its abstract meaning.

3. Real - denote substances that are homogeneous in composition and do not have separate objects: chemical elements(mercury), food (pasta), medicines (citramon) and other similar concepts. Real nouns cannot be counted, but they can be measured (a kilogram of pasta). Words of this type of common noun have only one form of number: either plural or singular: “oxygen” is singular, “cream” is plural.

4. Collective nouns mean a collection of similar objects or persons, as a single, indivisible whole: “brotherhood”, “humanity”. Nouns of this type cannot be counted and are used only in the singular form. However, with them you can use the words “a little”, “several”, “few” and similar ones: a lot of children, a lot of infantry and others.

Proper nouns: examples and types

Depending on the lexical meaning, the following types of proper nouns are distinguished:

1. Anthroponyms - first names, surnames, pseudonyms, nicknames and nicknames of people: Vasilyeva Anastasia,
2. Theonyms - names and titles of deities: Zeus, Buddha.
3. Zoonyms - nicknames and nicknames of animals: the dog Barbos, the cat Marie.
4. All types of toponyms - geographical names, cities (Volgograd), reservoirs (Baikal), streets (Pushkin) and so on.
5. Aeronautonim - the name of various space and aircraft: the Vostok spacecraft, the Mir interorbital station.
6. Names of works of art, literature, cinema, television programs: “Mona Lisa”, “Crime and Punishment”, “Vertical”, “Jumble”.
7. Names of organizations, websites, brands: “Oxford”, “Vkontakte”, “Milavitsa”.
8. Names of holidays and other social events: Christmas, Independence Day.
9. Names of unique natural phenomena: Hurricane Isabel.
10. Names of unique buildings and objects: Rodina cinema, Olimpiysky sports complex.

Transition of proper into common nouns and vice versa

Since language is not something abstract and is constantly influenced by both external and internal factors, words often change their category: proper nouns become common nouns, and common nouns become proper nouns. Examples of this occur quite often. So the natural phenomenon “frost” - from a common noun turned into a proper noun, the surname Moroz. The process of turning common nouns into proper ones is called onymization.

At the same time, the name of the famous German physicist who was the first to discover X-ray radiation, in colloquial speech Russian language has long ago become the name for the study of something using the “X-ray” radiation he discovered. This process is called appeal, and such words are called eponyms.

How to distinguish

In addition to semantic differences, there are also grammatical ones that allow one to clearly distinguish between proper and common nouns. The Russian language is quite practical in this regard. The category of common nouns, unlike proper nouns, as a rule, has both plural and singular forms: “artist - artists.”

At the same time, another category is almost always used only in the singular: Picasso is the artist’s surname, singular. However, there are exceptions when proper nouns can be used in the plural. Examples of this are names originally used in the plural: the village of Bolshiye Kabany. In this case, these proper nouns are often deprived of the singular: Carpathian mountains.
Sometimes proper names can be used in the plural if they denote different persons or phenomena, but with identical names. For example: There are three Xenias in our class.

How do you spell

If with the writing of common nouns everything is quite simple: they are all written with a small letter, and otherwise you should adhere to the usual rules of the Russian language, then the other category has some nuances that you need to know in order to correctly write proper nouns. Examples of incorrect spelling can often be found not only in the notebooks of careless schoolchildren, but also in the documents of adults and respectable people.

To avoid such mistakes, you should learn a few simple rules:

1. All proper names, without exception, are written with capital letters, especially when it comes to the nicknames of legendary heroes: Richard the Lionheart. If a given name, surname or place name consists of two or more nouns, regardless of whether they are written separately or hyphenated, each of these words must begin with a capital letter. An interesting example may serve as a nickname for the main villain of the Harry Potter epic - the Dark Lord. Afraid to call him by name, the heroes called the evil wizard “He Who Must Not Be Named.” In this case, all 4 words are written in capital letters, since this is the character's nickname.

2. If the name or title contains articles, particles and other auxiliary particles of speech, they are written with a small letter: Albrecht von Graefe, Leonardo da Vinci, but Leonardo DiCaprio. In the second example, the particle “di” is written with a capital letter, since in the original language it is written together with the surname Leonardo DiCaprio. This principle applies to many proper names of foreign origin. In eastern names, the particles “bey”, “zul”, “zade”, “pasha”, and the like indicating social status, regardless of whether they appear in the middle of the word or are written at the end with a small letter. The same principle applies to writing proper names with particles in other languages. German “von”, “zu”, “auf”; Spanish "de" Dutch “van”, “ter”; French “deux”, “du”, “de la”.

3. The particles “San-”, “Saint-”, “Saint-”, “Ben-” located at the beginning of a surname of foreign origin are written with a capital letter and a hyphen (Saint-Gemain); after O, there is always an apostrophe and the next letter is capital (O’Henry). The part “Mc-” should be written as a hyphen, but it is often written together because the spelling is closer to the original: McKinley, but McLain.

Once you understand this rather simple topic (what a noun is, types of nouns and examples), you can once and for all rid yourself of stupid, but rather unpleasant spelling errors and the need to constantly look in the dictionary to check yourself.

Noun - This is the most essential part of speech; in grammar it is considered frequently occurring.

All schoolchildren need to know about it in order to correctly complete tasks both in the Unified State Exam and in the State Examination. In particular, in the 11th grade exam there is a task in which you need to choose the correct form of a noun. This collection will also help you make a morphological analysis of any noun.

DEFINITION: noun is a part of speech that stands forITEM and answers questions WHO? or WHAT?

Proper and common noun

• OWN nouns mean - first names, last names, patronymics, names of animals, geographical names, names of books, newspapers, magazines ( Moscow, Volga, Maria, Kashtanka, Alexey Maksimovich).
• DENOMINAL nouns - the name of objects and phenomena ( student, textbook, country, forest, dog).

Animated and inanimate

• ANIMATE nouns answer the question WHO? and call people and animals ( teacher, schoolboy, sister, cat, bird).
• INANIMATE nouns answer the question WHAT? and call inanimate objects ( cloud, forest, water, notebook, bus).

Number of nouns

• THE ONLY THING number - denotes one item ( letter, child). Some nouns are used only in the singular ( milk, kindness, Kaluga, singing, youth, France).
• PLURAL number - denotes several items ( letters, children). Some nouns are used only in the plural ( glasses, sleigh, name day, scissors, gates, Alps).

Gender of noun

GENUS- a constant attribute of a noun. Nouns do not change by gender.

• MALE- he is mine ( horse, car).
• FEMALE- She is mine ( rye, earth).
• AVERAGE- it's mine ( village, ring).

RULE: to determine the gender of a noun, you need to put this noun in the initial form: with balls - ball (m.r.), on the ground - earth (f.r.), by the sea - sea (m.r.).

• COMMON GENDER- he, my, this/she, my, this ( crybaby, orphan).

Spelling "Soft sign (b)after the hissing ones at the endnouns"

• It is written- in the feminine gender ( mouse, rye, oven, lie, power).
• Not written- in the masculine gender ( garage, reeds, comrade, borscht).

A soft sign after a sibilant at the end of a noun indicates that the noun is feminine..

Declension of a noun

DECLINATION OF NOUNS- this is a change of words according to cases. Case is determined by questions.

Cases and questions:

To make it easier to remember case questions, you can substitute auxiliary words.

• Nominative case (is) who? What?
• Genitive case (no) whom? what?
• Dative case (I give, glad) to whom? what?
• Accusative case (I see) whom? What?
• Instrumental case (satisfied, admiring) who? how?
• Prepositional case (think, talk) about whom? about what?

RULE: To determine the case of a noun, you need to find the word with which this noun is connected in meaning and pose a case question from it.
EXAMPLE: The old man was catching fish with a seine. (A.S. Pushkin)

Caught (with what?) with a seine (T. p.); caught (who?) fish (V.p.).

INITIAL FORM OF THE NOUN- nominative singular form ( always determined in morphological analysis).

Three declensions of nouns

In Russian, nouns that have the same endings in the same cases are divided into three groups - DECLINATIONS.

• TO 1st declension names include feminine nouns And male with endings -A, -I in the nominative singular (ruler, earth, mom, dad, uncle).
• Co. 2nd declension names include masculine nouns ending in zero And neuter with endings -O, -E in the nominative singular ( lesson, day, mirror, field).
• TO 3rd declension relate feminine nouns ending in zero in the nominative singular case and ending with a soft sign (blizzard, carrot, thing, daughter).

RULE: to determine the declension of a noun in the plural, you need to put this noun in the initial form, determine its gender and highlight the ending.

SPELLING “The letters E and I in the case endings of nouns”

To write unstressed words correctly case ending noun, you need:
1. Determine case.
2. Determine the declination.
3. Remember the ending of the nouns of this declension in the required case: letter (to whom?) to grandmother (1st letter, D. p., singular, -e); ride (what?) on a bicycle (2nd class, pp., singular, -e).
4. Check the unstressed case ending with the stressed ending of a noun of the same declension: thinking about the Motherland (land); trees in frost (in silver); I saw in an ice hole (in the steppe).

SPELLING “The letters O and E after sibilants and C in the endings of nouns”

After hissing And C at the endings of nouns in the instrumental case, a vowel is written under stress ABOUT, and without stress - a vowel E: The doctor is the task, the chick is the bird.

Morphological analysis

1. Part of speech. What does it mean, what question does it answer.
2. Initial form (nominative singular).
3. Immutable characteristics: animate or inanimate; proper or common noun; gender (masculine, feminine, neuter); declination (1,2,3).
4. Changeable: case, number.
4. Role in the sentence.

This is the part of speech that names an object and answers questions "who what?". Nouns have a number of features that can be used to classify all nouns by type.

Basic features of a noun.

• Grammatical meaning of a noun- the general meaning of the subject, everything that can be said about this subject: this What ? Or Who ? This part of speech can mean the following:

1) Name of objects and things ( table, ceiling, pillow, spoon);

2) Names of substances ( gold, water, air, sugar);

3) Names of living beings ( dog, person, child, teacher);

4) Names of actions and states ( murder, laughter, sadness, sleep);

5) The name of natural and life phenomena ( rain, wind, war, holiday);

6) Names of signs and abstract properties ( whiteness, freshness, blue).

• Syntactic feature of a noun is the role it occupies in a sentence. Most often, a noun acts as a subject or object. But in some cases, nouns can also act as other members of a sentence.

Mother prepares very tasty borscht (subject).

Borscht is prepared from beets, cabbage, potatoes and others vegetables (addition).

Beetroot is vegetable red, sometimes purple (nominal predicate).

Beet from the garden- the most useful (definition).

Mother- cook knows how to surprise her household at the table, mom- Friend knows how to listen and console (application).

Also, a noun in a sentence can act as appeals:

Mother, I need your help!

• By lexical basis nouns can be of two types:

1. Common nouns are words that mean general concepts or call the class of objects: chair, knife, dog, earth.

2. Proper names- these are words meaning single objects, which include names, surnames, names of cities, countries, rivers, mountains (and other geographical names), names of animals, names of books, films, songs, ships, organizations, historical events etc: Barsik, Weaver, Titanic, Europe, Sahara and etc.

Features of proper names in Russian:

1. Proper names are always written with a capital letter.
2. Proper names have only one number form.
3. Proper names can consist of one or more words: Alla, Viktor Ivanovich Popov, “Loneliness on the Internet”, Kamensk-Uralsky.
4. Titles of books, magazines, ships, films, paintings, etc. written in quotation marks and with a capital letter: “Girl with Peaches”, “Mtsyri”, “Aurora”, “Science and Technology”.
5. Proper names can become common nouns, and common nouns can become proper names: Boston - boston (type of dance), truth - newspaper "Pravda".

• By type of designated objects nouns are divided into two categories:

1. Animate nouns- those nouns that denote the names of living nature (animals, birds, insects, people, fish). This category of nouns answers the question "Who?": father, puppy, whale, dragonfly.

2. Inanimate names nouns- those nouns that relate to real things and answer the question "What?": wall, board, machine gun, ship and etc.

• By value nouns can be divided into four types:

Real- type of noun naming substances: air, dirt, ink, sawdust etc. This type of noun has only one number form - the one we know. If a noun has a singular form, then it cannot have a plural form and vice versa. The number, size, volume of these nouns can be adjusted using cardinal numerals: little, a lot, a little, two tons, cubic meter and etc.

Specific- nouns that name specific units of objects of living or inanimate nature: man, pillar, worm, door. These nouns change in number and combine with numerals.

Collective- these are nouns that generalize many identical objects into one name: many warriors - army, many leaves - foliage etc. This category of nouns can only exist in the singular and cannot be combined with cardinal numerals.

Abstract (abstract)- these are nouns that name abstract concepts that do not exist in the material world: suffering, joy, love, grief, fun.

Nouns have a constant morphological feature kind and belong to masculine, feminine or neuter.

Masculine, feminine and neuter gender include words with the following compatibility:
male new student has arrived-(a,and)
female new student has arrived
medium large window open
Some nouns with the ending -a, denoting characteristics, properties of persons, in I. p. have a double gender characterization depending on the gender of the designated person:

your ignoramus has come,

your ignoramus came.

Such nouns are classified as general gender u.

Nouns only plural(cream, scissors) do not belong to any of the genders, since in the plural the formal differences between nouns of different genders are not expressed (cf.: desks - tables).

Nouns change by numbers and cases. Most nouns have singular and plural forms (city - cities, village - villages).

However, some nouns have or only singular form(eg peasantry, asphalt, combustion),

or just plural form(for example, scissors, railings, everyday life, Luzhniki).

They only have the plural form:
-some real nouns: ink, sawdust, cleaning;
some abstract nouns: name days, elections, attacks, intrigues, beatings;
-some collective nouns: money, finance, wilds;
some proper names: Karakum, Carpathians, novel “Demons”;
-words denoting paired objects, that is, objects consisting of two parts: glasses, trousers, sleds, gates, scissors, pliers;
-some names of time periods: twilight, day, weekdays, holidays.
Note. For nouns that have only a plural form, gender and declension are not determined.

Features of the formation of plural forms in some nouns.
-Words man and child form the plural forms people and children.
-Words son and godfather -s: sons, godfathers.
-Words mother and daughter in all forms of the singular (except for the nominative and accusative cases) and plural they have a suffix -er: mothers, daughters.
-Words miracle, sky and tree in the plural they take on the suffix -es: miracles, heaven, trees.

Words body and word have obsolete plural forms with this suffix: bodies, words along with regular bodies, words.
-Word eye very : eyes, eyes, eyes.
-Word ear plural has a stem ush-: ears, ears, ears.
-Word vessel(meaning “ship”) in the plural loses the last phoneme of the root -n: ships, ships, ships.
-Word church when declension in the plural it has a variant with a solid base: churches and churches, about churches and about churches.

In the Russian language, along with the singular and plural, there are the following phenomena of a numerical nature:
-collective number of nouns, agreeing with plural adjectives ( teeth, sons, stakes, knees, leaves, roots against plural. teeth, sons, colas, knees, leaves, roots);
-collective number of nouns, agreeing with adjectives in the singular ( fool, beast against plural fools, animals);
-plural number expressing a set of volumes or types uncountable noun (sands, waters, running)

Case as a morphological feature of nouns

Nouns change by case, that is, they have an inconsistent morphological sign of number.

There are 6 cases in the Russian language: nominative (I. p.), genitive (R. p.), dative (D. p.), accusative (V. p.), instrumental (T. p.), prepositional (P. P.). These case forms are diagnosed in the following contexts:

I.P. Who is this? What?

R.p. no one? what?

D. p. glad to whom? what?

V.p. I see who? What?

Etc. proud of whom? how?

P.P. I'm thinking about whom? how?

The endings of different cases are different depending on which declension the noun belongs to.

Declension of nouns

Changing nouns by case is called declination.

To the 1st declension include nouns husband. and wives kind with ending I. p. unit. numbers -a(-i), including words ending in -i: mom-a, dad-a, earth-ya, lecture-ya (lecture-a). Words with a stem ending in a hard consonant (hard version), a soft consonant (soft version) and with a stem ending in -иj have some differences in endings, for example:

Case	Singular
	Solid option	Soft option	On - and I
Name	Countries - A	Earth -I	Army -I
R.p.	Countries - s	Earth -And	Army -And
D.p.	Countries - e	Earth -e	Army -And
V.p.	Countries - at	Earth -Yu	Army -Yu
etc.	Countries -Ouch (-oh )	Earth -to her (-yoyu )	Army -to her (-her )
P.p.	Countries -e	Earth -e	Army -And

To II declension include nouns husband. genders with zero ending I. p., including words starting with -iy, and nouns m. and cf. gender ending -o(-e), including words starting with -e: table-, genius-, town-o, window-o, pol-e, peni-e (penij-e).

To III declension include nouns female. kind with a zero ending in I. p.: dust-, night-.

1st declension	2nd declension	3rd declension
m.r. with endings -а, -я For example: Papa Kolya. and. R. with endings -а, -я For example: vase, nanny	m.r. with a null ending (except for the word “path”) For example: horse build a table cf. R. with endings -о, -е. For example: cloudsea	and. R. null-terminated with soft sign at the end For example: square , trifle

Divergent nouns are declined in a special way, and therefore do not belong to any type of declination. These are 10 nouns in -MYA:

Burden time banner tribe stirrup flame name crown udder seed

And also nouns PATH and child. For nouns ending in -MYA in the singular, the suffix -EN- is added in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases, and for the noun child - the suffix -YAT-.

CHILD child child child child about child

In Russian there are so-called indeclinable nouns.

Indeclinable nouns include:

1) borrowed, ending in vowels;

For example:avenue, aloe, role, depot, cockatoo, muffler

2) many foreign-language proper names;

For example:Zambezi, Tokyo, Merimee, Zola

3) abbreviations and compound words ending in vowels;

For example:MGIMO, TSO, general store

4) foreign surnames denoting female persons: Smith, Raulf(foreign surnames denoting male persons are declined as second declension nouns);

5) Russian and Ukrainian surnames ending in -О and -ИХ(-ИХ).

For example:Koreiko, Sedykh

They are usually described as words without endings.

Formation of forms should be remembered genitive case plural of some nouns, where the ending may be null or -s.

This includes words calling:

1) paired and composite items: (no) felt boots, boots, stockings, collars, days (but: socks, rails, glasses);

2) some nationalities (in most cases, the stem of the words ends in n and r): (no) English, Bashkirs, Buryats, Georgians, Turkmens, Mordvins, Ossetians, Romanians (but: Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Yakuts);

3) some units of measurement: (five) amperes, watts, volts, arshins, hertz;

4) some vegetables and fruits: (kilogram) apples, raspberries, olives (but: apricots, oranges, bananas, tangerines, tomatoes, tomatoes).

In some cases, plural endings perform a semantic distinguishing function in words. For example: dragon teeth - saw teeth, tree roots - fragrant roots, sheets of paper - tree leaves, scratched knees (knee - “joint”) - complex knees (knee - “dance move”) - trumpet knees (knee - “ joint at the pipe").

Morphological analysis of a noun

I. Part of speech. General value. Initial form (nominative singular).

II. Morphological characteristics:

1. Constant signs: a) proper or common noun, b) animate or inanimate, c) gender (masculine, feminine, neuter, common), d) declension.
2. Variable signs: a) case, b) number.

III. Syntactic role.

Sample morphological analysis noun

Two ladies ran up to Luzhin and helped him get up; he began to knock the dust off his coat with his palm (according to V. Nabokov).

I. Ladies- noun;

the initial form is queen.

II. Constant signs: nat., soul., female. genus, I class;

inconsistent signs: plural. number, I. p.

III. The ladies (part of the subject) ran up (who?).

I. (to) Luzhin- noun;

initial form - Luzhin;

II. Constant signs: own, soulful, male. genus, I class;

inconsistent signs: units. number, D. p.;

III. They ran up (to whom?) .underline ( border-bottom: 1px dashed blue; ) to Luzhin (addition).

I. Palm- noun;

initial shape - palm;

II. Constant signs: nav., inanimate., female. genus, I class;

inconsistent signs: units. number, T. p.;

III. He began to knock down (with what?) his palm (addition).

I. Dust- noun;

the initial form is dust;

II. Constant signs: nav., inanimate., female. genus, III class;

inconsistent signs: units. number, V. p.;

III. He began to knock down (what?) dust (addition).

I. Coat- noun;

the initial form is a coat;

II. Constant signs: vernacular, inanimate, cf. gen., undeclined;

inconsistent signs: the number is not determined by the context, R. p.;

III. He began to knock (why?) off his coat (addition).

Noun definition:

A noun is a part of speech that denotes an object and expresses the categorical grammatical meaning of objectivity in the private grammatical categories of animate/inanimate, gender, number and case. Nouns name objects in a broad sense, that is, not only specific objects of the surrounding reality, their aggregates or components, but also living beings, as well as actions and states in abstraction from their producers, properties and quantities in abstraction from their carriers. Consequently, the meaning of objectivity is an abstract grammatical meaning characteristic of all nouns without exception.

Proper/common nouns:

Proper nouns denote the individual name of an individual item. Basic grammatical feature proper nouns is the absence of change in numbers. For example, “Zhiguli”, Alps have only a plural grammatical form, and “Artek”, Moscow - only a singular form. Basic spelling feature proper nouns is to write them with capital letter. IN literary texts and in speech one encounters the use of proper names of nouns that have only a singular form in the plural form. In this case, the noun ceases to denote an individual object, but acquires the meaning of a generalization of some phenomenon or some objects or has an evaluative connotation, that is, it actually changes its semantics, for example: Vasya Ivanov - good man. The Ivanovs were going on vacation. In the first example - an individual nomination of an object, in the second - a generalized name of an object. In any case, contrasting proper nouns by number without changing the lexical meaning is impossible. Common nouns nouns denote an object from a number of similar, homogeneous objects, concepts, substances. Basic grammatical feature is a change in numbers if there are no semantic restrictions; basic spelling feature is written with a lowercase letter.

Animate/inanimate nouns:

The division of nouns into animate and inanimate, of course, is based on the semantic factor. However, in grammar absent the identity of the concepts “animate - inanimate” and “living - inanimate”. Often biologically living objects are considered as grammatically inanimate, for example, oak, birch, spruce. And biologically inanimate objects are often considered as grammatically animate objects, for example, a dead person, a corpse, a doll, a robot, an idol and many others. In addition, grammatical animateness and inanimateness are characteristic only of concrete nouns that can change in number.

It should be noted that the main factor in determining animateness or inanimateness in the Russian language is grammatical factor, namely - the coincidence of the endings of the nominative and accusative plural cases for inanimate nouns and the nominative and genitive plural cases for animate nouns. It is worth noting that this method of determining grammatical animation/inanimateness is almost universal and does not present any difficulties for students. Among the many nouns, there are those that show fluctuations in belonging to one of the categories, for example, some names of microorganisms or insects and fish. Many linguistic sources indicate that nouns such as youth, students, people are inanimate nouns. It should be clarified that these nouns denote a set of biologically living objects, they belong to the category of collective nouns that do not change in numbers, therefore it is impossible to establish their grammatical animateness/inanimateness. In our opinion, these and other nouns that do not have plural forms should not necessarily be included in any of the two categories; it is enough to indicate that they are outside the animate/inanimate grammatical indicator, which, as noted earlier, is recognized by all linguists decisive factor.

Specific and material nouns:

Suffice it to say that only specific nouns can vary in number and be combined with cardinal numerals, since they denote a specific object, have, as a rule, a complete declension paradigm, and can be grammatically defined as animate or inanimate. Real nouns denote a substance, abstract nouns - an abstract concept, collective nouns - an object as a set, all of them cannot change in number and be combined with cardinal numerals, that is, counted, which means they have an incomplete declension paradigm (it consists of only 6 members) and are outside of grammatical animate/inanimate. Note, however, that the amount of a substance can be measured, so material nouns can be combined with words of measure, which does not change the other characteristics of this category of words. So, highlighting all lexico-grammatical categories of nouns important For system characteristics noun, and, regardless of what is noted in each specific textbook of the Russian language and what is not noted, we are deeply convinced that it is not worth neglecting lexical and grammatical categories.

The gender category for a noun is a classifying category. U everyone of nouns, except those that are always used in the plural, the grammatical gender is determined by the initial form. You just have to remember that nouns do not change by gender. Should be used various methods determination of gender for mutable nouns and unchangeable nouns.

Modifiable nouns can have forms and meanings of masculine and feminine, a neuter form, there are nouns of general gender and those that are outside the category of gender. The main indicator of the gender of modifiable nouns is morphological, which is presented in two varieties: 1) for nouns that have a solid base and null ending or a soft base and a materially expressed ending in a paradigm (table, wall, ground, window, field), morphological the indicator is the ending of the nominative case singular: -а (-я) – for the feminine gender, zero ending – for the masculine gender, -о, -е – for the neuter gender. 2) for nouns that have a soft stem and a zero ending in the nominative case (pen, laziness) or a hissing stem (cloak, rye), morphological the indicator is the ending of the genitive case, since in the nominative case these nouns do not differ: stump, laziness, cloak, rye.

Other gender indicators for modifiable nouns are semantic, word-formative and syntactic. Semantic indicator used to distinguish the gender of nouns denoting male or female persons: mother, father, aunt, uncle, grandmother, grandfather. In this case, the category of gender has a nominative character.

Word formation indicator used if the noun has a suffix of subjective evaluation: hostess, little house, little house. To determine the gender of such nouns, it is necessary to discard the suffix of subjective assessment and return to the generating base: hare, mistress, house, and then turn to the morphological indicator of gender. Students should pay attention to the ending of a noun with a subjective assessment suffix.

Syntactic indicator allows you to determine the gender of common nouns in the text. It is known that in the Russian language there are nouns that can equally designate persons of both male and female gender, that is, act in the meaning of both masculine and feminine, while the formal gender indicator classifies them as feminine. It is not possible to determine a specific gender based on the lexical meaning of these nouns, since the meaning of any of the two genders can only appear in context, hence the choice of gender indicator - syntactic. One modifiable noun may have two or more indicators, and it is advisable to note this.

Immutable nouns are predominantly borrowed from different languages, do not have special indicators gender in the Russian language, since they do not have a stem and ending, therefore the most significant factor in determining their gender is semantic factor. Before determining the gender of unchangeable nouns, it is necessary to find out in explanatory dictionaries or dictionaries foreign words their lexical meaning in Russian. Attention should be paid to the fact that most nouns belong to one gender, but there is a group of words that, while retaining their lexical meaning, can be used in two gender forms, for example: platskart and platskarta, langustilangousta, keys and keys, strong coffee and coffee strong, cuff and cuff. It is customary to say about these nouns that they have fluctuations in gender, and the forms themselves are called generic variants of the word. If you have difficulty determining the gender of a noun, you should consult a dictionary. Correctly determining the gender of a noun is very important, since it determines right choice syntactic forms consistent with the noun (adjective or verb in the past tense) in students’ independent written works and their oral speech.

And answering the question "who what". One of the main lexical categories; in sentences, the noun usually acts as the subject or object.

A noun names objects in the broad sense of the word; these are the names of things (table, wall, window, scissors, sleigh), persons (child, girl, youth, woman, man), substances (cereals, flour, sugar, cream), living beings and organisms (cat, dog, crow , woodpecker, snake, perch, pike; bacteria, virus, microbe), facts, events, phenomena (fire, performance, conversation, vacation, sadness, fear), as well as qualities, properties, actions, states (kindness, stupidity, blue). , running, decision, hustle).

Common noun

Common nouns serve as a general name for a class of single items: article, house, computer etc.

Transition N. and. in proper is accompanied by the loss of the name linguistic concept(for example, “Desna” from “desna” - “right”). N. and. There are concrete (table), abstract or abstract (love), real or material (sugar), and collective (students).

Proper name

Proper nouns serve as the name of a specific object, distinguished from a class of homogeneous ones: Ivan, America, Everest.

Grammar

A noun has a number of attributes (nominal classes), the number of which is different languages various. Such attributes may be:

• Gender (masculine, feminine, neuter, there are also common nouns)
• Case (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional)
• Number (singular, plural)
• Animation

The set of these characteristics defines the paradigm of inflection called declension.

All nouns have one of 3 declension: Nouns of the 1st declension - masculine and feminine nouns with a singular nominative case ending -a, -ya, for example, dad, mom, family. Nouns of the 2nd declension - masculine and neuter nouns with endings in the nominative singular: zero ending for the masculine gender and zero or -о, -е for the neuter gender, for example, window, dove, table. Nouns of the 3rd declension are feminine nouns that have a zero ending in the nominative singular form, for example, mouse, shawl, lie.

There are also nouns that are indeclinable, for example, nouns ending in -iya, such as army, nation, police, they do not obey general rules none of the declinations.

Coordination

with a transitive verb with the particle -not-

In the phrase “particle -not- + transitive verb + noun” the noun is always in the Genitive case.

see also

Literature

• A. Potebnya, “From notes on Russian grammar” (I)
• K. Brugmann, “Grundriss der vergl. Gram.” (II, 429-462)
• Paul, “Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte” ( , pp. 331-333).

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See what “Nouns” are in other dictionaries:§ 078. CONSOLIDATED NOUNS - § 78. Written together: Complex names

nouns formed using connecting vowels, as well as all formations with aero, avia, auto, moto, bicycle, cinema, photo, stereo, meteo, electro, hydro, agro, zoo, bio, micro, macro,... ... ABSTRACT, oh, oh; ten, tna. Based on abstraction (in 1 value), abstract. Abstract concept.. Abstract thinking Dictionary Ozhegova. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 …

Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary Ozhegova. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 …

REAL, oh, oh; vein, vein. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegova. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 …

SPECIFIC, oh, oh; ten, tna. Really existing, completely accurate and materially defined, in contrast to the abstract, abstract. Specific concept. K. example. K. subject. To speak specifically (adv.). Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov,... ... Ozhegova. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 …

DISTRACTED, oh, oh; yong Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 …§ 079. HYPHENED NOUNS - § 79. Written with a hyphen: Compound nouns , having the meaning of one word and consisting of two independently used nouns, connected without the help of connecting vowels o and e, for example: a) firebird, battle woman, diesel... ...

Russian spelling rules See proper nouns (noun in the article) ...

Dictionary of linguistic terms See onomastics. Literature and language. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. Gorkina A.P. 2006 ...

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The names of monarchs and nobility are one or more official (metric, titular, throne) and unofficial names or nicknames by which a person of a royal, princely or noble family could be known. Contents 1 Types of names 1.1 ... ... Wikipedia Since medieval chronicles there are in the spelling of the names of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, currently entrenched in the coexistence of several national historiographical traditions. The table is intended to facilitate... ... Wikipedia

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• Russian semantic dictionary. Volume 3. Nouns with abstract meaning. Being. Matter, space, time. Connections, relationships, dependencies. Spiritual world. The state of nature and man. Society , . The third volume of the "Russian Semantic Dictionary" contains a description of abstract nouns (words and meanings), grouped into hierarchically organized lexical-semantic...