A phraseological unit that is a tracing paper from the German language. Typically German phraseological units

Typically German phraseological units: how to speak so that it seems that German is your native language! A selection of interesting phrases and their meanings! Learn them all after reading the article!

Phraseologisms are the linguistic wealth that has been formed in the language over many centuries. In order to fully communicate with native speakers, it is not enough to know grammar and have a large vocabulary. It is the knowledge of phraseology, sayings and set expressions that indicates deep penetration into a foreign language.

In any European language you can find many similar phraseological units, which is not surprising, since most of the popular expressions were borrowed from the same sources: ancient mythology and the Bible. However, each language gradually formed its own phraseological units, related to the historical and cultural realities of the country and often having no analogues in other languages. In this article we will talk about some catchphrases that can be considered typically German.

Deutscher Michel / German Michel /

The German Michel is an allegorical figure, personifying the entire German people (like the American Uncle Sam or the French Marianne). This concept arose in the Middle Ages, when a great division began to appear between the upper classes of society, using Latin as the language of education, and the common people.

The German Michel represented the image of a real German, although simple and uneducated, but faithful to his native language and traditions. Thus, in German culture it was a kind of patriotic symbol. But from the 19th century, the expression gradually began to acquire a humorous and ironic connotation and began to be used when talking about “leavened” patriotism. The figure began to personify a simple-minded and narrow-minded person.

The German Michel was depicted in caricatures as a man wearing a nightcap or a hat with a tassel, which was a mandatory attribute.

Hier stehe ich, ich kann nicht anders / I stand on this and cannot do otherwise /

The famous saying is attributed to Martin Luther, who allegedly uttered these words in 1521 in his speech before the Reichstag in the city of Worms, where he addressed representatives of various classes. The founder of the Reformation was forced to renounce his views, to which he replied: “I stand on this and cannot do otherwise, God help me, amen.” However, the authenticity of this statement has not been proven.

Etwas auf die lange Bank schieben / Sticking something into a long bench /

The phraseological unit is similar to the Russian proverb “put on the back burner.” It originated in the city of Regensburg, in whose town hall meetings of the Reichstag of the Holy Roman Empire were held.

This public education, which existed for more than eight centuries, covered various countries, including the territory of modern Germany. Therefore, the parliament that met in Regensburg was especially significant; many major matters were considered in it. The number of envoys from different parts of the Holy Roman Empire was so large that they had to wait a long time for a decision to be made. The documents brought were put into special large chests that could be used as benches.

Often the wait for the process dragged on for a long time, so that some matters were simply forgotten, and they remained lying in chests like dead weight, and this is how this phraseological unit appeared in the language.

Etwas am grünen Tisch entscheiden / Decide something at the green table /

Another expression associated with the Reichstag in Regensburg, which means some kind of bureaucratic decision made without knowledge of the matter and unfavorable for the people. This phraseological unit is explained by the fact that in the city hall the table at which parliamentary meetings were held was covered with green velvet.

Auf der Bärenhaut liegen / Lying on a bear skin /

The phraseological unit is similar to the Russian “beat the thumbs”. In his famous work on the life of the ancient Germans, the Roman historian Tacitus described some customs, including the fact that these tribes used bear skins for recreation. However, the expression “auf der Bärenhaut liegen” became known thanks to the humorous song “Tacitus and ancient Germans”, composed by students of the 19th century, in which there were the following words:

An einem Sommerabend / One summer evening /
Im Schatten des heiligen Hains, / In the shadow of the sacred oak grove /
Da lagen auf Bärenhauten / On bear skins /
Zu beiden Ufern des Rheins / On both sides of the Rhine /
Verschiedene alte Germanen, /Various ancient Germans were lying there, /
Sie liegen auf Bärenhauten / They lay on bearskins /
Und trinken immer noch eins. /And they drank again and again. /

Hans im Glück / Lucky Hans /

Lucky Hans is a carefree and carefree person.

This name was borrowed from the Brothers Grimm fairy tale of the same name, in which the simpleton Hans receives a bar of gold as payment for seven years of work. First, the guy exchanges it for a horse, which he soon exchanges for a cow, and then an exchange follows for a pig and a goose. In the end, Hans is left with simple stones that accidentally fall into the well, and he feels relieved of his heavy burden and completely happy.

Ab nach Kassel! /Away to Kassel! /

This expression is used when they want someone to leave or disappear, which is why it sounds quite unfriendly (can be compared to the Russian “fuck off!”). However, if a phraseological unit is used in communication with friends, then it does not carry a negative connotation and sounds humorous. The catchphrase arose in 1870, when, after the defeat of France in the war with Germany, Napoleon III was arrested and sent to one of the castles of the city of Kassel in the land of Hesse, and the people present at the station when the emperor was sent shouted “Away to Kassel!”

Berliner Luft / Berlin Air

The expression arose thanks to Paul Linke’s operetta “Frau Luna”, one of the most popular numbers of which is called “Berlin Air”. This song, written in the style of a march, became the unofficial anthem of the German capital and is considered one of the most famous German hits of the 20th century.

Currently, the expression “Berlin air” is used when they want to emphasize the cultural and social atmosphere of the capital, as well as the special feeling of life of Berliners.

Typically German phraseological units.

Phraseologisms are the linguistic wealth that has been formed in the language over many centuries. In order to fully communicate with native speakers, it is not enough to know grammar and have a large vocabulary. It is the knowledge of phraseology, sayings and set expressions that indicates deep penetration into a foreign language.

In any European language you can find many similar phraseological units, which is not surprising, since most of the popular expressions were borrowed from the same sources: ancient mythology and the Bible. However, each language gradually formed its own phraseological units, related to the historical and cultural realities of the country and often having no analogues in other languages. In this article we will talk about some catchphrases that can be considered typically German.

Deutscher Michel / German Michel /

The German Michel is an allegorical figure, personifying the entire German people (like the American Uncle Sam or the French Marianne). This concept arose in the Middle Ages, when a great division began to appear between the upper classes of society, using Latin as the language of education, and the common people.

The German Michel represented the image of a real German, although simple and uneducated, but faithful to his native language and traditions. Thus, in German culture it was a kind of patriotic symbol. But from the 19th century, the expression gradually began to acquire a humorous and ironic connotation and began to be used when talking about “leavened” patriotism. The figure began to personify a simple-minded and narrow-minded person.

The German Michel was depicted in caricatures as a man wearing a nightcap or a hat with a tassel, which was a mandatory attribute.

Hier stehe ich, ich kann nicht anders / On this I stand and cannot do otherwise /

The famous saying is attributed to Martin Luther, who allegedly uttered these words in 1521 in his speech before the Reichstag in the city of Worms, where he addressed representatives of various classes. The founder of the Reformation was forced to renounce his views, to which he replied: “I stand on this and cannot do otherwise, God help me, amen.” However, the authenticity of this statement has not been proven.

Etwas auf die lange Bank schieben / To put something into a long bench /

The phraseological unit is similar to the Russian proverb “put on the back burner.” It originated in the city of Regensburg, in whose town hall meetings of the Reichstag of the Holy Roman Empire were held.

This state formation, which existed for more than eight centuries, covered various countries, including the territory of modern Germany. Therefore, the parliament that met in Regensburg was especially significant; many major matters were considered in it. The number of envoys from different parts of the Holy Roman Empire was so large that they had to wait a long time for a decision to be made. The documents brought were put into special large chests that could be used as benches.

Often the wait for the process dragged on for a long time, so that some matters were simply forgotten, and they remained lying in chests like dead weight, and this is how this phraseological unit appeared in the language.

Etwas am grünen Tisch entscheiden / Deciding something at the green table /

Another expression associated with the Reichstag in Regensburg, which means some kind of bureaucratic decision made without knowledge of the matter and unfavorable for the people. This phraseological unit is explained by the fact that in the city hall the table at which parliamentary meetings were held was covered with green velvet.

Auf der Bärenhaut liegen / Lying on the skin of a bear /

The phraseological unit is similar to the Russian “beat the thumbs”. In his famous work on the life of the ancient Germans, the Roman historian Tacitus described some customs, including the fact that these tribes used bear skins for recreation. However, the expression "auf der Bärenhaut liegen" became famous thanks to the humorous song "Tacitus and the Ancient Germans", composed by students in the 19th century, which included the following words:

An einem Sommerabend / One summer evening /
Im Schatten des heiligen Hains, / In the shade of the sacred oak grove /
Da lagen auf Bärenhäuten / On bearskins /
Zu beiden Ufern des Rheins / On both sides of the Rhine /
Verschiedene alte Germanen, /Various ancient Germans lay there, /
Sie liegen auf Bärenhäuten / They lay on bearskins /
Und trinken immer noch eins. /And they drank again and again. /

Hans im Glück / Lucky Hans /

Lucky Hans is a carefree and carefree person.

This name was borrowed from the Brothers Grimm fairy tale of the same name, in which the simpleton Hans receives a bar of gold as payment for seven years of work. First, the guy exchanges it for a horse, which he soon exchanges for a cow, and then an exchange follows for a pig and a goose. In the end, Hans is left with simple stones that accidentally fall into the well, and he feels relieved of his heavy burden and completely happy.

Ab nach Kassel! /Away to Kassel! /

This expression is used when they want someone to leave or disappear, which is why it sounds quite unfriendly (can be compared to the Russian “fuck off!”). However, if a phraseological unit is used in communication with friends, then it does not carry a negative connotation and sounds humorous. The catchphrase arose in 1870, when, after the defeat of France in the war with Germany, Napoleon III was arrested and sent to one of the castles of the city of Kassel in the land of Hesse, and the people present at the station when the emperor was sent shouted “Away to Kassel!”

Berliner Luft / Berlin air

The expression arose thanks to Paul Linke’s operetta “Frau Luna”, one of the most popular numbers of which is called “Berlin Air”. This song, written in the style of a march, became the unofficial anthem of the German capital and is considered one of the most famous German hits of the 20th century.

Currently, the expression “Berlin air” is used when they want to emphasize the cultural and social atmosphere of the capital, as well as the special feeling of life of Berliners.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Buryatia Municipal Educational Institution Bagdarinskaya Secondary School XV Scientific Conference of Young Researchers “Step into Science” Phraseologisms as a mirror of the national culture of the German people Completed by: Andrey Bazarov, student of grade 9A Scientific supervisor: Tsyrenova I.A., German language teacher S. Bagdarin 2010 Contents Introduction Chapter 1. Historical origin of phraseological units Chapter 2. Phraseologisms as a mirror of national culture, national character and experience of the German people Conclusion References Appendix Introduction Learning languages ​​is one of the most important ways of understanding the world. Because it is through language that the historical and cultural heritage from one generation to another. History knows quite a few facts when simple ignorance of the traditions or cultural customs of a particular people led to serious national conflicts. Studying the features and structural components language of a particular people, we get the opportunity to better understand people speaking other languages, to more accurately express our own thoughts, which means building more harmonious and diplomatic relationships between peoples and countries. The topic of my work was the study and comparison of phraseological expressions in German and Russian. Because phraseological units are a kind of storage of folk wisdom and historical experience, crystallizing over the centuries and reflecting various aspects of the everyday life of many generations. Thanks to understanding the meaning of phraseological units, ideas about labor activity, life and culture, and therefore the lives of the people of the country of the language being studied. Understanding the meanings of phraseological units, proverbs and sayings will allow you to use them more accurately and correctly in speech, giving your speech a unique originality and special expressiveness. The purpose of this work is to consider how German phraseological units reflect the culture of the people, their national character and experience. Research objectives: 1. explore the history of the origin of phraseological units; 2. consider German phraseological units as a linguistic means of reflecting national culture; 3. identify universal and nationally specific categories presented in German phraseological units. The object of the study is the culture of the German people, and the subject of the study is phraseological units selected by continuous sampling from phraseological dictionaries of the German language. The research method is comprehensive analysis German and Russian phraseological units in a speech context. Hypothesis: if I explore the semantics and structure, as well as the national cultural specifics of German phraseological units, then I will activate my vocabulary and be able to communicate better with native speakers and understand authentic texts more accurately. Chapter 1. Historical origin of phraseological units Units lexical system can be represented not only by words, but also by special types of stable phrases. Everyone knows that speech in any language consists of statements or phrases - minimal segments that have relative independence and are characterized by the unity of a harmonic structure (they have the form of a sentence), lexical content and a certain intonation. Both Russian and German languages ​​have many short, apt, witty and figurative expressions. Such expressions are called phraseological units, and the branch of linguistics that studies them is phraseology. Phraseology (from the Greek phrásis) is a branch of linguistics that studies the phraseological composition of a language in its current state and historical development. The most important problems of phraseology are the delimitation of phraseological units from combinations of words formed (and not reproduced) in speech, and the determination on this basis of the characteristics of a phraseological unit. Phraseologism is a phraseological unit, idiom, stable combination words, which is characterized by a constant lexical composition, grammatical structure and a meaning known to native speakers of a given language (in most cases, figurative), which is not deduced from the meaning of the constituent phraseological components. This meaning is reproduced in speech in accordance with historically established norms of use. Linguists have studied various aspects of phraseology, but until today there is no consensus on the issue of the scope of phraseology, there is no unified classification of phraseological units in both the Russian and German languages. The first classification of phraseological units from the point of view of their semantic unity was proposed by Sh. Bally, who identified three types of phraseological units in French. V.N. Shansky offers a classification of phraseological units from the point of view of their semantic unity, consisting of four groups. This classification is generally accepted today. By semantic unity N.M. Shansky understands “the relationship that exists between the general meaning of a phraseological unit and the “particular” meanings of its components.” 1. There are phraseological units with a completely rethought composition and unmotivated meaning - phraseological adhesions. “This is a semantically indivisible phraseological turn of phrase, in which its integral meaning is completely incompatible with the meanings of its components.” In phraseological fusions there are no words with their independent meanings, therefore the meaning of a phraseological unit does not follow from the meanings of the individual components. For example: “to eat the dog”, Durch dick und dünn gehen (through fire and water). Da liegt der Hase im Pfeffer (This is where the dog is buried). 2. Phraseologisms with motivated meaning - phraseological unities. “This is a semantically indivisible and integral phraseological phrase, the meaning of which is motivated by the meanings of its constituent words.” The indivisible meaning of phraseological unity arises as a result of the merging of the meanings of its constituent words into a single, generalized figurative: “taking the bull by the horns”, Wie Gott in Frankreich leben (like rolling cheese in butter). 3. Phraseological combinations - “this is a phraseological turn of phrase in which there are words with both a free meaning and those with a phraseologically related meaning. Phraseological combinations are formed from words with a free and phraseologically related meaning." For example: “fragile boat, pitch hell, deep silence.” 4. Phraseological expressions - “this is a phraseological turn of phrase that is stable in its composition and use, which is not only semantically distinct, but also consists entirely of words with free meaning.” Phraseological expressions are reproduced as ready-made units with a constant meaning and composition: “all ages are submissive to love, to be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest, seriously and for a long time”, Wie die Saat, so die Ernte (what you sow is what you reap), “Mit Ach und Krach" (with half a sin). A set of phraseological units of different nature of meaning and structure forms the phraseological composition of a language. Phraseological units are different in their origin. In particular, many of them passed into the literary language from the speech of representatives of various professions. The expressions clumsy work, cut like a nut, Gutes Werkzeug - halbe Arbeit came from the speech of carpenters; to set the tone, die Flotentone beibringen (to straighten the brains) - from the speech of musicians, to baffle - from the speech of railway workers, to bring to a common denominator - from mathematicians. Some phraseological expressions are based on facts past history, as well as legends and facts of ancient history. Some phraseological units have come to us from religious books: let him who has ears hear, in the image and likeness, of throwing pearls before swine. Phraseology also includes folk proverbs, sayings, bright and apt “winged” expressions of writers, scientists, and public figures. As we see, the origin of phraseological units has various roots: historical, social, literary and others. Comparing Russian and German phraseological units, we can notice that although their meaning is the same, other images are more often used, which are closer and more understandable to one or another people. Thus, by comparing phraseological units in different languages, we will undoubtedly learn more about the history and culture of the people. Chapter 2. Phraseologisms as a mirror of national culture, national character and experience When studying any foreign language, one comes into contact with the history and culture of a given people. Important integral part any language is folklore, i.e. folk art, including proverbs, idioms and sayings. It is impossible to understand the present and see the past of any nation without knowing its history. The connection between the history and culture of a people and language is especially clearly manifested at the phraseological level. Big number phraseological units reflect specific national features, their roots go back to the history of the people, their way of life, customs, and traditions. First of all, the vocabulary reflects fragments of social experience determined by the main activities of a given people. The existence of certain lexical units is explained, as it were, by practical needs. It is the relationship between the phraseology of a certain people and the cultural and historical features of its development that can explain, for example, the presence in the Mongolian languages large quantity phraseological units associated with such concepts as nomadic life, camel, horse riding, while for Slavic languages ​​these phenomena are irrelevant. In Italian and Spanish phraseological units have become widespread ecclesiastical origin associated with rituals and symbols catholic church, since the church has always played an important role in the life of the people. In the German language there are especially numerous idioms reflecting the development of the monetary system and military affairs in Germany, in the English language - phraseological units related to the sea, and in English colloquial Many idioms related to hunting and horse racing were included. Thus, a semantic field that is significant for one people may be completely irrelevant (important, noun, act) for another. Two national cultures never completely coincide. Academician L.V. Shcherba notes that since the systems of concepts in different languages do not coincide, to the extent that when studying a foreign language you have to learn not only the new sound form of words, but also new system concepts underlying them. The regional value of phraseological units consists of three components: 1. Reflection of national culture by all elements, i.e. there are no analogues in other cultures. Wissen, wie der Hase läuft - to know a lot about business. Auf den Hund kommen - to descend, to become impoverished 2. Reflection of national culture by the units of its composition. Aus einer Mücke einen Elefanten machen – Making a mountain out of a molehill. Aus dem Augen, aus dem Sinn - Out of sight, out of mind. 3. Reflection of national culture with its prototypes, since genetically free phrases described certain customs, traditions, details of life and culture, historical events and much more. Schwarzes Schaf; auf der Bärenhaut liegen. How could the image of a “black” sheep arise? A little historical background helps us understand this. The importation of merino sheep into Germany contributed to the development of livestock farming. The wool of these sheep is usually white . Therefore, the black sheep was not typical of sheep flocks. It would stand out sharply with its color. This, apparently, formed the basis for the image of a stable expression. This phraseological unit is a means of negatively assessing a person, indicating that he is sharply different from others in some negative qualities. Tacitus, describing the life of the ancient Germans, reports that male warriors, during breaks between military battles, lay in their huts on bear skins. From them came the phraseological expression “auf der Bärenhaut liegen” - “to mess around, to be lazy.” In the phraseological composition of the modern German language, as in other languages, there is a group of phraseological units, which owes its origin to ancient customs, beliefs, and signs. An explanation of such phraseological units seems possible if the reasons that served as the source for their formation are reflected in written monuments or have been preserved among the people to the present day. Das Abendmahl darauf nehmen - (colloquial) to swear to something. This phraseological unit owes its origin to a medieval custom, when an accused whose guilt was difficult to prove was often subjected to “God’s judgment.” He had to swallow a piece of stale bread or cheese, and depending on whether he did it with ease or the piece got stuck in his throat, a decision was made about his guilt or innocence. Den Stab uber jmdn brechen - to pass judgment on someone, (lit.) to break a stick over someone. This phrase goes back to an ancient German court case. Before execution, the sentence was solemnly read out to the person sentenced to death once again, and the judge, breaking a wooden stick into three parts, threw them at the feet of the condemned person with the words: Nun hilf dir Gott, ich kann dir nicht mehr helfen. This action initially did not mean anything other than the end of an unpleasant procedure: the trial was over, the criminal was convicted. Bei jmdm in der Kreide stehen-1) to owe someone, to be indebted to someone, 2) (trans.) to be in debt to someone. The phraseological unit is reminiscent of the custom of the owners of small restaurants, who wrote down with chalk on a blackboard the number of glasses of beer drunk per evening by one or another visitor. Einen Korb bekommen. Jmdm. einen Korb geben-1) to be refused, to refuse the groom, (lit.) to receive a basket, to give someone a basket. This phraseological unit goes back to the old custom of lowering from the window to the groom, whom they want to refuse, a basket with such a bad bottom that he would fall through if he tried to climb up in it. In the 17th and 18th centuries, this custom changed somewhat: the bride sent the unwanted groom a basket with no bottom at all. In modern German, these expressions are used in the broadest sense: to refuse someone, to refuse something, to be refused. Den Teufel an die Wand malen- (colloquial) to draw all sorts of horrors (scaring someone), (lit.) to draw a devil on the wall. The expression is based on an ancient belief, according to which you can cause trouble or summon a demon by saying his name. The expression has been used since the 16th century. Hals-und Beinbruch! - I wish you success! Break a leg! (lit.) break (your) neck and legs. This phraseological unit is associated with a popular belief: in order to ward off misfortune from someone, you need to wish it on them. The phraseology jmndn ins Bockshorn jages is very old. Its earliest literary recording dates back to the 15th century. The noun Bockshorn has several meanings: 1) ram's horn, 2) hag. But the phraseological unit itself has nothing to do with either the ram’s horn or the name of the plant. According to German linguists, the explanations of F. Dornseiff are quite convincing, who believes that the prototype of the phraseological unit goes back to the custom of burning fires (bonfires) at Easter. Bockshorn is the name of the Easter fire in Harz (Name des Osterfeuers im Harz). Eine ruhige Kugel schieben decomposition. fam. 1) do easy work, be at a quiet job; 2) work coolly, take your time (lit., push the ball slowly). We are talking about a game of Skittles. Germany is considered the birthplace of skittles, where this game was known already from the 17th - 18th centuries. The goal of the game is to knock down a larger number of wooden or plastic figures - pins, placed on the court in a certain order, with a smaller number of balls thrown by hand (usually on a wooden flooring). In the XIX - XX centuries. skittles have become widespread in many countries not only as a game of entertainment, but also as one of the popular types of sports games Alle neune! All! ready! every single one! (lit: all nine; exclamation when playing bowls, when all the pieces are knocked down). In this context, the expression is used in the sense of “completing everything to the end.” Conclusion The value of phraseological units is that they have deep content. Behind a simple form, not only human experience is often hidden and stored, but also the living conditions of the people - native speakers, their history, culture, philosophy, laws, geography of the country, i.e. cultural - national component. Phraseologisms not only reflect, but also form certain behavioral stereotypes, as well as the properties, advantages and disadvantages of a person, which are valued or condemned in the corresponding society and the corresponding culture. Certain qualities of national character are manifested in language in one way or another, and a person, from childhood, masters vocabulary, idioms and grammar native language, without realizing it, learns to perceive the world and oneself in it in the way that is customary among people who speak this language. German phraseology not only reflects the character traits and behavior of the Germans, but also educates a person within the framework of the national tradition. A comparison of phraseological correspondences demonstrates not only the distinctive features in character typology, but also raises questions of the figurative thinking of native speakers. Thanks to understanding the meaning of phraseological units, ideas about work, life and culture, and therefore the life of people in the country of the language being studied, become more correct. Understanding the meanings of phraseological units, proverbs and sayings will allow you to use them more accurately and correctly in speech, giving your speech a unique originality and special expressiveness. References: 1. A. Lebedeva. National and cultural specificity of phraseological units. “Teacher” No. 6, 2006, p. 47 2. T.M. Gurevich. Phraseology in Japanese lessons. " Foreign languages at school" No. 3, 2006, p. 76 3. A.V. Sarapulova. From the history of phraseological units of the German language “Foreign languages ​​at school” No. 2, 2006, p. 72 4. Shansky N.M. Phraseology of the modern Russian language. M., 1985, 149 p. 5. German-Russian phraseological dictionary. Comp. L.E.Binovich and N.N.Grishin. Publishing house "Russian language" Moscow - 1975. 6. S. G. Ter-Minasova “Language and intercultural communication” M, Slovo, 2000. jmdm app. den Schwarzen Peter zuschieben (zuspielen) coll. palm off on smb. unpleasant matter; cleverly shift the blame (or responsibility) onto smb. (lit. slip “Black Peter” to someone) “Black Peter” - children’s card game"Shark" type. Whoever still has “Black Peter” in his hands has lost and is smeared black. den Schwarzen Peter haben remain guilty; be responsible (for sth.) ach, du grüne Neune! decomposition fam., here you go!, here you go! (lit. oh you green nine) In a German card game green color- color of the suit of spades. der grüne Bube (or König) cards, jack (or king) spades (lit., green boy, king) eine böse Sieben colloquial. outdated, evil woman, shrew, witch, Baba Yaga (lit., evil seven) Sieben - in the card game “Karnöffelspiel” - a seven with the image of a devil, instead of which they later began to draw a witch. Karnöffelspiel is an ancient card game from XV – XVI bb., so named after the main card of the Karnöffel deck. This card could beat all cards except the “evil seven”. aus dem Schneider herauskommen (sein) 1) iron. to be already (far) over thirty, to be no longer in your first youth (about women); 2) get out of a difficult situation; 3) to be out of danger The expression is borrowed from the game of "skat", where Schneider means 30 points. Aus dem Schneider sein - score more points. Blindekuh spielen play blind man's buff; not to see anything “Blindekuh spielen” - this is the name of the children's game of blind man's buff (lit. play blind cow). “Blind Man's Bluff” is a game where one of the players, blindfolded, catches the others. As L. Roerich notes, this game is known to all European peoples, but the phraseological correspondence Blindekuh spielen is characteristic of the German language. In modern German, the phraseological unit einen Stein bei jmdm is very common. im Brett haben decom. to be in good standing with someone; take advantage of smb. location German and Russian phraseology also have their own humorous and ironic nicknames for very tall people. In German villages, hops (der Hopfen) and beans (die Bohnen) have been grown for a long time. It is too climbing plants. In order for the shoots to rise upward, supports are placed - die Stangen. Here it is customary to talk about tall and skinny people eine lange(dьrre) Hopfenstange eine lange(dьrre) or Bohnenstange. The Germans speak of little people not without ridicule: kaum drei Kase hoch. The word Der Kase is used here to mean “head of cheese” (der Kaselaib). Cheese making is an original German peasant craft. phraseological unit es faustdick (knüppeldick) hinter den Ohren haben, used to evaluate a person’s life experience, his cunning, dexterity, and prudence. It turns out that in the old days it was believed that in different parts human heads are located and different types mind. Cunning, cunning, trickery are hidden somewhere behind a person’s ears. And if someone has accumulated cunning and trickery behind his ears the size of a fist (faustdick) or more, then he is a big cheat. The phraseological units ein Ritter ohne Furcht und Tadel and the knight without fear and reproach coincide verbatim, component by component. The phraseological unit represents a literal translation from French. In France, this expression was first used to describe specific historically famous persons: the brave and generous knight Pierre du Terrail Bayard (late 15th - early 16th century) and the outstanding commander Louis Tremoil, who lived at the same time. Subsequently, it was rethought, acquired a figurative meaning and began to be used as a means of characterizing any person who exhibits traits of courage, valor, and nobility.

The article examines phraseological units of the German language and characterizes the phraseological unit as a means of figuratively reflecting the world of the German people. The author focuses on the fact that phraseological units of the German language are of interest in linguistic and cultural terms, since they reveal a variety of information about the history, life, morality, and ethics of the German people.

Keywords: phraseological units, German language, evaluative attitude, language picture peace.

FRAZEOLOGICAL UNITS IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE

The article deals with the phraseological units of the German language, gives the description of the phraseological unit as a means of figurative reflection of the world of the German people. The author draws attention to the fact that the phraseological units of the German language are of interest in the linguistic and cultural landscape, since they disclose a variety of information about the history, life, morals, ethics of the German people.

Keywords: phraseological units, the German language, attitude estimated, linguistic world- image.

Phraseologisms are a means of figuratively reflecting the world, incorporating historical and mythological events, religious and ethical ideas of a certain ethnic group of different eras and generations. Human factor plays a crucial role in the creation of phraseological units, since a large number of them are associated with a person and various areas of his activity. According to A.V. Sarapulova, the emergence of phraseological units is due to the process of cognition by representatives of a certain ethnic group of various phenomena of reality: natural, socio-cultural and spiritual-worldview. Unlike other units of language, phraseological units are designed not so much to record the experience of knowing various phenomena of the world, but to convey an evaluative attitude towards them (positive or negative, positive or not), which makes speech more expressive and emotionally charged.

Phraseologisms are interpreted through cultural considerations: stereotypes, beliefs, traditions and the like. The role of cultural ideas about the figurative basis of phraseological units in cultural studies is pointed out by V.N. Telia.

Phraseologisms of the German language are of interest in linguistic and cultural terms, since they reveal a variety of information about the history, life, morality, and ethics of the German people. But it is phraseological units that are considered especially difficult both when learning a foreign language and when directly communicating with native speakers in the process intercultural communication. For example, “eine Kartoffel im Strumpf haben” - “to walk in holey stockings”, “Hopfen und Malz, Gott erhalt’s” - lit. “God grant us hops and barley every day.” Hops and barley, malt used to make beer, symbolize materialized labor. (NRFS) “jmd. hat Schwein" (lit. someone has a pig) - colloquial. fam. "to smb. lucky, happiness smiles"; “Das nenne ich Schwein!” - colloquial family name “This is luck! That's lucky! " "Armes Schwein!" - colloquial fam. "unfortunate, poor thing."

N.M. Shansky groups phraseological units according to their occurrence into:

• indigenous: " jmdm. den Schwarzen Peter zuschieben (zuspielen)" -decomposition. "to palm off on smb. unpleasant matter; cleverly shift the blame (or responsibility) onto smb. (lit. to slip "Black Peter" to someone; "eine böse Sieben" - colloquially outdated, "evil woman, vixen, witch, Baba Yaga (lit., evil seven)." "Sieben" - in the card game " Karnöffelspiel" - a seven with the image of a devil, instead of which they later began to draw a witch. "Karnöffelspiel" - an ancient card game XV - XVI bb., so called after the main card of the Karnöffel deck. This card could beat all cards except the “evil seven”;
• borrowed: " die Schau stehlen" ‒ "to outshine someone. with one’s skill”, “das Gesicht wahren/retten” ‒ “save face”, “den Hut in den Ring werfen” ‒ “stand for election”, “Jahrmarkt der Eitelkeit/der Eitelkeiten” ‒ “vanity fair”, “nach Komplimenten fischen" ‒ "ask for compliments", "kalter Krieg" ‒ " cold war", "die schweigende Mehrheit" - "silent majority", "der eiserne Vorhang" - "iron curtain" and others.

The linguistic-migration process is an inevitable fact of existence and at the same time one of the factors in the development of language. Closely related languages ​​have the greatest influence in this sense. Phraseological migration, according to N.M. Shansky, is due to a number of reasons, among which is the strengthening of cultural ties between peoples, and in distant languages, of course, it is possible to identify stable expressions or phraseological units included in them from a foreign language culture.

Taking their scientific works as a basis, scientists distinguish the following stylistic types of phraseological units (hereinafter referred to as PUs) of the modern German language (bookish, neutral, colloquial and stylistically reduced), by which the scale of levels of stylistic coloring of PUs is determined. Thus, phraseological units are used differently in different sociolects. Phraseological correspondences are those phraseological units that coincide in meaning, stylistic coloring and the functions they perform in language and speech, but may differ in lexical composition, figurative basis and grammatical structure. Stylistically relative phraseological correspondences are phraseological units that, while having the same semantics, differ in functional and stylistic coloring. In the following examples, phraseological correspondences coincide in stylistic coloring (“unter dem Pantoffel stehen” - “to be under the shoe / under the heel, under the boot”; “eine bittere Pille zu schlucken geben” - “to present a bitter pill.” In some cases, phraseological correspondences are not coincide in stylistic coloring, that is, stylistically relative: “j-n über die Achsel ansehen” (neutral phraseological unit) - “turn up one’s nose” (colloquial-familiar phraseological unit); / lay bridges” (colloquial phraseological units).

The basis of phraseological semiosis of the phraseological picture of the world is metonymic and metaphorical rethinking. The process of rethinking is associated with the internal form of the phraseological unit, on the basis of which the thought process occurs.

Reinterpretation of the components of phraseological units occurs due to a denotative conceptual shift in the internal form of the components that made up the free phrase. This occurs due to a change in the shift (reduction) of the elements of the meaningful structure of the word. The degree of semantic reduction influences the formation of phraseological semantics. A phraseological unit is formed by merging conceptual content (significatum) with categorical meaning (the meaning of a word as a part of speech), as a result of which the denotation is renamed. Examples: “Durch Die Blumen Sprechen (Sagen)” - “to speak (to speak out) allegorically, in a roundabout way, in hints.” The idiom arose from the knightly tradition of giving ladies flowers of certain colors and varieties that had meaning. No words were needed. Red flowers meant love, pink meant sympathy, love, yellow meant separation. “J-dem für den Boden ausschlagen (aufstören, austreiben)” – “to spoil, undermine some business, overfill the cup; verbatim knock out the bottom of the barrel." Derived from a custom from the 14th century. knock out the bottom of the barrels if the beer they had was of poor quality and the merchants wanted to sell it. “Von J-M Etw, Geben Hundert Auf Ein Zot” (colloquial) – “a penny for someone, something”, “Das Zot” is an old German measure of weight. In the 17th century used to measure the mass of silver, now used to weigh coffee.

So, the semantics of phraseological units is associated with folk images that are well known to bearers of culture. The realization of phraseological meaning is possible thanks to the phraseological picture of the world, which contains and transmits from generation to generation the results of knowledge of the world. Phraseologisms are defined as units of the linguistic-mental lexicon, reflecting the cultural space of the language. Phraseologisms fill speech with deep freshness, provide it with artistic sound, lexical and syntactic sophistication, and perfection.

Bibliography:

1. Sarapulova A.V. From the history of phraseological units in the German language / A.V. Sarapulova // Foreign languages ​​at school. – M., 2006. – No. 2. – P. 72–75.
2. Telia V. N. Cultural and national connotations of phraseological units / V. N. Telia // Slavic linguistics. XI International Congress of Slavists. – M., 1993. – P. 302-304.
3. Chernysheva I. I. Phraseology of the modern German language / Chernysheva I. I. - M.: graduate School, 1970. – 200 p.
4. Shansky N. M. Phraseology of the modern Russian language / N. M. Shansky. – M.: Higher School, 1985. – 160 p.
5. Burger H. Phraseologie: Eine Einführung am Beispiel des Deutschen. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag, 2007. – 240 S.
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As is known, literary texts replete with all sorts of phraseological units, which often cause difficulties in translation. Finding the appropriate equivalent in the target language is not an easy task and requires appropriate skills from the translator. Currently, four methods of figurative phraseology are used: phraseological equivalents, phraseological analogues, literal translation (calquing) and descriptive translation. Let's take a closer look at each type.

When using phraseological equivalents, the entire complex of meanings of the translated unit is preserved. In this case, the target language contains a figurative phraseological unit that coincides in all respects with the phraseological unit of the original, for example:

mit dem Feuer spielen - play with fire;

das Eisen schmieden solange es heiß ist - strike while the iron is hot.

The second type of phraseological correspondences are represented by the so-called phraseological analogues. If there is no phraseological equivalent, a phraseological unit with the same figurative meaning, based on a different image, should be selected in the target language. For example:

eine Schulter zum Weinen haben - cry into someone's vest;

die Gunst der Stunde nutzen - strike while the iron is hot;

jdn auf frischer Tat ertappen - caught in the act.

Literal translation (tracing) of phraseological units can be used only if, as a result of tracing, an expression is obtained, the imagery of which is easily perceived by the Russian reader and does not create the impression of unnaturalness and unusualness of the generally accepted norms of the Russian language. For example:

das Pferd beim Schwanz aufzäumen - put the cart before the horse;

wer im Glashaus sitzt, sollte nicht mit Steinen werfen - people living in glass houses, should not throw stones;

In cases where a phraseological unit has neither an analogue nor an equivalent in the Russian language and is not subject to literal translation, the translator must resort to descriptive translation. For example:

Leichen im Keller - family secret; a nuisance hidden from strangers;

wie ein Honigkuchenpferd grinsen - grin from ear to ear;

spitze is a great thing, something pretty cool.

Taking into account the above, the following rules for translating phraseological units can be distinguished:

1. The optimal translation solution is to search for an identical phraseological unit. However, it should be recognized that the number of such correspondences in English and Russian is extremely limited.

2. In the absence of direct correspondence, a phraseological unit used in the original language can be translated using a similar phraseological unit, although it will be built on a different verbal-figurative basis. It should also be taken into account that the stylistic or emotional coloring does not always coincide. In this case, interchange is not possible.

3. Tracing, or literal translation, is sometimes acceptable, although this method is not always effective. It is interesting that sometimes translators manage to introduce a new phraseological unit into the target language and even culture.

4. When translating texts on cultural and historical topics, tracing is used along with explanation as much as possible in brief. This type of translation is called double or parallel.