Nominal management in Russian examples. Adjacency, control, coordination - types of subordination

Management in Russian: difficulties and mistakes

Tamara

Grigorievna

TROFIMOVICH

Doctor of Philology Sciences, Associate Professor,

Head of DepartmentBelarusian and Russian linguistics

Belarusian sovereignnational pedagogical th

university named after Maxim Tank

Management in Russian- this is a type of subordinating connection of words in a phrase, in which the main word requires a certain case form from the dependent, determined by the lexico-grammatical meaning of the main word or the meaning of the statement. For example, verb be proud requires from the dependent noun, pronoun or any other substantivized (become a noun) word in the form of the instrumental case: be proud of students, proud of achievements,be proud of your home country etc.

When controlling, no matter how the form of the main word changes, the dependent remains unchanged: read a book, read a book, would read a book etc. Control is especially common for verbs, participles and gerunds, so such words can control several dependent words. For example, verb cut controls words snowflake (what?), from paper (from what?), for sister (for whom?) etc. Nouns can also control dependent words (caring for parents) numerals (fivetables), as well as adjectives, pronouns and adverbs. The dependent word in constructions with control is only a noun.

The ability of a word to control, the number of words that a given word can control, are closely related to its lexical meaning, so there are no clear control schemes; native speakers of the Russian language must simply remember them. This explains the difficulties in using phrases with control and the numerous speech errors that arise.

Which control error is the mostcommon?

Speech culture experts answer this question as follows: the most common management error is the incorrect choice of the case form of the dependent noun, numeral or pronoun.

Notify parents or notify parents? Disruption in supplies, withsupplies, supplies? Avoid meeting or avoidmeeting? There is no universal scheme for finding the right answers to these and similar questions. You need to remember what form of noun a particular word requires. Opoto tell(whom?) parents, interruption(in what? with what?) in supplies, with supplies, avoid(what?) meetings.

Typically, difficulties do not arise in cases where so-called strong control is implemented. This is a type of control in which the main word, by its meaning as a part of speech, predetermines the connection with a certain form of the noun as obligatory, necessary, without which the main word cannot realize its specific meaning: sing a song, solve a problem, buildhome, need help, believe in victory etc.

Most often, verbs have strong control, as well as some nouns, adjectives and adverbs: build a house likefather, two people and so on.

What are the mistakes in choosing a proposal?Are there any case forms of nouns?

It is known that the main word can require certain case forms from the dependent noun, both without a preposition and with a preposition. There are frequent cases of incorrect use of such pre-case forms.

Control O execution of the order to assignto the head teacher. You need to fight against shortcomings in your workeveryone together. It is necessary to demand that students fulfillknowledge of the rules of behavior. There are gross speech errors in the above sentences. Right: Con troll for (over) execution orders were givenlive for the head teacher. Fight With shortcomings at workwe all need it together. Need to demand from students compliance with the rules of conduct.

In some cases, the dependent word is used without a preposition, while the prepositional connection is normative. Students' difficulties arise when deciding ondachas for movement. Right: Difficulties for students arise when solving motion problems.

At the same time, one can often observe the use of prepositions in those phrases that literary language are known as non-prepositional.

Representatives With companies visited studentsorphanage. Parents need to give an answer byafter lessons. Please pay me for the work donebot.

Right: Representatives of the company visited the children of the orphanage. Give an answer give birth lam needed after school. I beg pay you tell mefull work.

What are the variants of the prepositionaland unquestioned control possible?

Indeed, in language and speech there are possible options in the construction of phrases of prepositional and non-prepositional control. A prepositional construction usually has a more specific meaning than a non-prepositional construction. Compare two phrases: letter to mother And letter to mother. The first of the given phrases may mean that the letter is intended for the mother and that the letter was written by the mother, while the second phrase quite definitely indicates that the letter is intended for the mother.

However, equally normative are the phrases come metro- come by metro, goforest- walk through the forest, work in the evening-workin the evenings, meet for the first time And meet at the lanesecond time etc.

What is syntactic incompletenessand redundancy of phrases?

The syntactic structure of a phrase may be incomplete if it is missing any necessary component. The use of an extra dependent component leads to syntactic redundancy of the phrase. Both of these phenomena qualify as speech errors.

At the seminar, teachers exchanged organizationelective work. In the report, the director stoppedtalked about the role of volunteers. The phrases included in these sentences are syntactically incomplete. Right: At the teacher's seminar exchange learned from the experience of organizing elective work.In the report the director focused on the question of the role volunteers

Of the approximately two thousand students at the school, all underwent a medical examination. It is unnecessary to use the word near, since it indicates for the second time the genitive case form of the dependent component of the phrase. It is sufficient to use the preposition from.

What are the normal options? management in Russian possible?

In the Russian language, variants of management norms are quite widespread, which can be either equal, modern or outdated, neutral or stylistically colored. So, equal, i.e. equally normative are phrases cook in the kitchen - cook inkitchen, import ban-import ban, harmhealth - harm to health etc.

Since management norms have changed in the history of the Russian language, existing options may be assessed as outdated. They have modern parallels. Outdated phrase meet at a concert It has modern version meet at a concert outdated food aversion has a modern version food aversion etc.

Existing options may be stylistically neutral, or they may have one or another stylistic coloring. So, a neutral phrase tell about the trip has a conversational option racestalk about the hike neutral sensitivityto medications has a professional (“medical”) option drug sensitivity etc.

What are the features of using prepositions?with forms of oblique casesin phrases?

A preposition in a phrase connects the main and dependent components into a single whole. It should be remembered that most prepositions are used with forms of one case, and such prepositional-case forms can also be used in phrases with control.

So, genitive case require prepositions from a noun without, before, for, except, instead of, over,about, among etc., many adverbial prepositions cartle, near, in the middle, separately from, up to, in the areasti, for the purpose etc. Read about twenty pages,keep separately from animals, dispose ofpurchase account etc.

Dative case require prepositions gracerya, in spite of, in defiance of, according to, following, towards,on the way to, towards, in relation to and etc. Find out thanks to a meeting, win despite the weather,arrange according to order etc.

Accusative case require prepositions about, whatcut, through, in response to, despite. Go throughblizzard, write in response to the request, can’t solve itdespite the difficulties.

With form instrumental case prepositions are used with, in accordance with, next to, together with, in connection withWith and etc. To act in accordance with the decision of the teachers' council,closed due to frost.

Where can I find out about management standards?

The complexity of Russian management standards has led to the creation of special reference books. Currently, the most popular in this direction is the dictionary-reference book “Management in the Russian Language” by D. E. Rosenthal (M., 1986).

Note!

Worry okom-what/ (colloquial) for k about g about: worry about your son, worry about your sister.

Thanks to to whom - what (not who - what): thanks to the help, thanks to my father.

Inspire for what: inspire fighters to heroic deeds.

be sad 1. for some reason, 2. for some reason, 3. for some reason: sad about my son, sad aboutof lost youth, to be sad for a brother, to be sad forto my husband(colloquial).

Elect by whom/in whom: elect a member (members) of the trade union bureau.

Control 1. for what m, 2. above the k e m - h e m, 3. h e g o: control over (over) the implementation of the plan; controll for order in the classroom; control over young specialists; control of finished products.

Not available to someone/for someone: ultrasounds inaccessible to the human ear; inaccessible to me.

Dress someone-what into something/what: child's clothesWhether in a fur coat, winter covered the fields with snow.

Put on what/what to what: put the ring onfinger.

Review what about (not about anything!): review of disolid work.

Review about what/about: review of the dissertation,review of the dissertation abstract.

Characteristic to whom/to whom: characteristicska student And characteristic for the student.

Workshop

Find errors in management and correct them:

1. After school I went to study at universitysite.

2. You will ask for an apology for your action.

3. Schoolchildren were involved in the fight againstgarden pests.

4. Concerns about behavior

5. SraRight after we arrived in the village, we went to the river.

6. We are disappointed with your hobbies.

7. ThanksI learned to read my mother.

8. The client gave a receipt forreceiving the goods.

Right:

1. After school I went to study to universitysite.

2. For your action you will ask from blame.

3. The schoolchildren were brought to the fight with garden pests.

4. Concern about behavior niyam The teenagers were told by the local police officer.

5. Immediately upon arrival we went to the villageriver

6. We disappointed in your hobbies.

7. Thanks to mom I learned to read.

8. The client gavereceipt goods.

Management in Russian - this topic has always been difficult, but necessary!

Date added: 3-07-2018 Views: 43160

Dear Colleagues!!! We invite you to share your materials and experience in holding school events and holidays. You can post event scenarios, presentations, and methodological developments. We are sure that many of your colleagues will find it very useful.

Topic 9. Syntactic norms of the Russian language.

Plan

I Consideration of theoretical issues.

1. general characteristics syntactic norms.

2. Features of management in the Russian language.

II Practical tasks for independent work.

General characteristics of syntactic norms.

Syntactic norms prescribe the correct construction of phrases and sentences. When constructing sentences, it is necessary to remember that in the Russian language, with free word order, direct word order is preferable rather than reverse

(inversion). In direct order, the subject precedes the predicate, the initial information is new information. If this order is not followed, the sentence may be ambiguous. For example, how to understand the phrase “The master of the house was sleeping”? Is it either about the owner of the house being mottled, or about where the owner slept? In a sentence In ancient documents

a term of this kind is absent; a combination of this kind may refer to a combination of ancient documents or to the word term.

When constructing a phrase, you need to remember about management. For example, director of something, in charge of something, pay for something, pay for something, talk about something, point out something, worry about someone, worry about someone, superiority over something -, advantage over someone, etc.

The prepositions thanks to, according to, in spite of require the use of the dative case - according to the schedule.

To express cause-and-effect relationships, prepositions are used in view of, as a result of,

in connection, by virtue, etc.

It is a mistake to use two subjects: The room was not small at all.

It is often unjustified to include the following word: Automation conditions, they are like this...

When the subject is expressed by a collective noun (row, majority, minority, part) in combination with the genitive plural, the predicate is usually placed in the plural if we are talking about animate objects, and in the singular if we are talking about inanimate ones (most students passed the exams) .

With the words a lot, a little, a little, a lot, how much, the predicate is put in the singular: How many schemes have been developed?

When constructing a participial phrase, we must remember that the main action, expressed by the verb, and the additional action, expressed by the participle, are performed by one person: While reading a book, the student usually took notes.

When using homogeneous members of a sentence, you must remember:

It is impossible to combine heterogeneous concepts as homogeneous members - to study mathematics and varieties of tea; and also it is impossible to include specific and generic concepts - I love mathematics, physics, educational subjects;

double unions should be connected by homogeneous members: he not only received the technical task, but also completed it;

with two homogeneous members, a common controlled word is placed if the control words require the same case and preposition: read and take notes of lectures; wrong, to love and think about the country.

There are often errors associated with the use of prepositions. How to say: I miss you or I miss you?

A more ancient norm was the use of the preposition po and the pronoun in the prepositional case: by whom, by what, by him, by us, by you. The nouns in this construction had a formative case: by father, by mother, by friend. Since nouns with a preposition took the form of the dative case, pronouns began to take on the same form: by whom, by him, by what, by them. Prepositional forms by whom, by him, by what are currently outdated and are rare.

They retain the old form of the prepositional case after the preposition by the pronoun we, you: by us, by you. The use of the dative case for these pronouns (for us, for you) is considered a violation of the literary norm.

The prepositions na and v require special attention. They indicate staying in some place or moving to some place. The preposition in shows that the movement is directed inside something (into the garden, into the house, into the city) or denotes being inside (in the garden, in the house, in the city). The preposition on indicates that the movement is directed towards the surface of something (on a mountain, on a tree, on a roof), or means being on some surface (on the roof, on the deck). But more often the choice of preposition is determined by tradition.

With the names of states, regions, territories, regions, cities, villages, stanitsa, the preposition in is used: in Russia, in England, in Krasnodar region, in the village of Veshenskaya, in the village of Molitovka.

With the names of islands and peninsulas the preposition na is used: on Kamchatka, on Dikson, on Capri.

The preposition na is used with the names of avenues, boulevards, squares, streets; preposition in - with the names of lanes, passages: on Vernadsky Boulevard, on Victory Square, on Suvorov Street, in Banny Lane, in Serov Passage.

If the names of mountain areas have a singular form, then the preposition na is used, if the plural form is the preposition v. Wed: in the Caucasus, on Elbrus, in the Pamirs and in the Alps, in the Himalayas.

The prepositions in and on in some constructions are antonymous to the prepositions from and with: went to Stavropol - returned from Stavropol, went to the Caucasus - came from the Caucasus.

It is necessary to avoid clutter subordinate clauses, for example: Design engineers gathered for a meeting, which took place in the assembly hall, which had recently been renovated by builders, who tried to correct the deficiencies within the time limit that was established by the plan, which was approved in the same hall a month ago.

In M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Heart of a Dog” there is an example of incorrect construction of a sentence: “We, the management of the house,” Shvonder spoke with hatred, “came to you after a general meeting of the residents of our building, at which the question of densifying the apartments of the house was raised... - Who stood on whom?” ? - shouted Philip Philipovich.”

Features of management in the Russian language.

Management is a subordinating relationship in which the main word in a phrase requires the placement of a dependent name in a certain case. Not all governance norms are created equal. Some of them are easily distorted.

1. Big number errors in the construction of constructions with the connection control are associated with the influence of words that are similar in meaning and their control.

For example, in a television program, a journalist, addressing his interlocutor, said: “Let me remind you that a year ago you argued the opposite.” The verb remember can have only one dependent word - in the accusative case (to remember something), while the single-root verb remind can have two dependent forms: accusative case and dative(with the meaning of the addressee of speech) – to remind someone of something. Under the influence of this verb, the construction “remember you” arises, which is unacceptable from the point of view of the norms of literary language.

A similar influence of control over words that are close in meaning can be observed, for example, in the group of verbs with the meaning of speech, thought, feeling, transmission of information (to prove, explain, report, etc.). Under the influence of combinations like: think about something, talk about something - in speech there is often an erroneous use of an addition in the prepositional case with the preposition about (about something) in such verbs, for example:

With verbs of visual perception, the object is usually expressed in the accusative case with the preposition na (look at the picture). Under the influence of this construction, errors like: admiring the sea, instead of the normative - admiring the sea, are common in speech.

Pay attention to the control of the following verbs: to watch someone; take a closer look at someone or something.

A similar phenomenon can be observed when using the word frontal (facing the speaker). Under the influence of the design to photograph in profile, a common mistake is the use of the preposition in and with the word full face in similar combinations. The normative design will be as follows: take a full-face photograph.

Pay attention to the difference in the controls of words with similar meanings:

worry about your son - worry about your son;

to be indignant at his words - to be offended by his words;

question about construction - problems with construction;

marvel at patience - admire patience;

get to the village - drive up to the village;

identical to the previous formulation - similar to the previous formulation;

derive income from renting apartments – receive income from renting apartments;

ignorance of the problem - unfamiliarity with the problem;

to be offended by a cold reception - to be offended by a cold reception;

pay attention to your health - pay attention to your health;

preoccupied/preoccupied with affairs - anxiety about/for affairs;

rely on the results of the study - be based on the results of the study;

condemn to eternal hard labor - sentence to eternal hard labor;

review of the monograph – review of the monograph;

affect the results - influence the results;

show power - testify to power;

superiority over him - advantage over him;

warn against danger - warn about danger;

filled with anxiety - imbued with anxiety;

hinder development - slow down development;

familiar to us - familiar to us;

get accustomed to the team - get used to the team;

priority in discovery – patent for discovery;

sort things out - get out of things;

affect the economy – have an impact on the economy;

typical of him - characteristic of him;

pay attention to the problem - pay attention to the problem - increase attention to the problem;

characteristic of him - inherent in him;

the true price of a person is the price of bread - the cost of bread.

When these words are used in speech, the control of one word is replaced by the control of another, similar in meaning. For the same reason, errors and omissions are common when using a number of words different parts speeches:

afraid of mother (colloquial: afraid of mother);

the crown of art (wrong: the crown of art);

reach seventy centimeters in length (wrong: reach seventy centimeters in length);

what we managed to achieve (wrong: what we managed to achieve);

the key to success (wrong: the key to success);

touch on a question (obsolete: touch on a question);

avoid danger (wrong: avoid danger);

to conjure something (incorrect: to conjure something);

affect the salary (wrong: affect the salary);

take part in the fair (wrong: take part in the fair).

2. Very often the speaker does not take into account that in the Russian language, words with the same root of different parts of speech can have different controls:

to be surprised at his patience - surprised at his patience; get angry at a stupid joke - angry at a stupid joke.

Thus, nouns formed from transitive verbs require not the accusative, as with a verb, but the genitive case:

At the same time, in most cases, words with the same root have the same control. Therefore, the following constructions will be erroneous:

devote your life to serving the people; put the country's wealth at the service of the people (normative management: serve the people, serve the people, put it at the service of the people).

3. In speech, there are frequent errors associated with the substitution of control for words with the same root.

Pay attention to the combination of these words:

believe in victory - confidence in victory;

replace the old part with a new one - replace the old part with a new one;

pay/pay/pay for travel – pay for travel;

telephone call fee – payment for a telephone conversation;

join the conversation - join the conversation;

distinguish between friends and enemies - distinguish friends from enemies;

check the photo with the original - check the time by phone.

4. Differences in management may be due to the use of the word in different designs and in different meanings.

For example, the word guarantee in the meaning of “guarantee” appears in the constructions: guarantee of success; guarantee that...; The guarantee is that...; in the meaning of “the document attached to the product” - in the design: a two-year guarantee. An error is the substitution of one design for another (wrong: There is no guarantee that this election promise will be fulfilled; it should be said: There is no guarantee that this election promise will be done).

Similar errors occur when using the noun guide. The construction management is used when the word is used in the sense of “directing the activity of managing someone or something,” that is, when indicating a process (directing the actions of strikers; managing such a large plant requires organizational talent). The construction management of which is typical for those cases when the noun appears in the meaning of “leaders; body that manages an enterprise or organization” (the department’s management decided to reduce the number of employees by half).

The participle interested in the meaning “connected by practical interests, practical benefits with something” controls the prepositional case with the preposition in (They are interested in cooperation with our company); in the meaning of “showing interest in someone, something” - instrumental case (He is much more interested in his chemistry than his wife).

The verb to go (and its derivatives) in the meaning of “intended, used, used for some purpose” is used in the constructions: go to something and go to something. The first (Marble is used for finishing buildings) is used in the case when the object used (in this case, marble) does not undergo a qualitative change. If this item undergoes qualitative changes, is transformed into something, then the second construction is usually used (Wood goes into recycling; Scrap metal will go into smelting), although a construction with the preposition on can also be used. If in this case the substance used is, as it were, placed inside something, then the construction with the preposition in (The oil goes into food) is used.

The verb orientate in the meaning of “to determine/determine one’s position on the ground by landmarks” controls the dative case with the preposition according to (to orient oneself by the sun). In the meaning of “to determine/determine the direction of one’s activities, one’s behavior,” the verb controls the accusative case with the preposition na (orient towards the West in its development). Using a construction with the preposition na in the case when the verb is used in the first meaning (cf.: We walked through the forest, focusing on the Big Dipper) is acceptable, but less desirable.

The verb say in the meaning “to appear, to appear” requires the prepositional case with the preposition in (the experience gained affected his work). In this case, work is perceived as a process. In the meaning of “to affect someone, something; to influence someone, something” a construction with the same case is used, but with the preposition na (Lack of experience affects the pace of work). In this case, work is perceived as the result of some action.

The verb satisfy controls the dative case without a preposition in the sense of “to be in accordance with something” (cf.: The new car meets all safety requirements). In the meaning of “to fulfill someone’s desires, requests, tasks,” the verb requires the accusative case without a preposition (cf.: The director satisfied all our demands).

The noun address can be used in three constructions as a controlled form: to the address, to the address, to the address. All three options can be used to mean “to someone, in the name of someone” (the delegation received hundreds of letters; write to me at a new address; write to me at a new address). Please note that the address form is colloquial. In combination with the words: speak, tell, make comments, make a remark, reproach, etc. constructions to and from the address are used, but the first of them is the main one (comments addressed to the plant management). Constructions with the form at the address are colloquial (cf.: Varvara Ivanovna got angry and said a few words at my address). In addition, in the case when we are talking about flattering remarks for someone, then only the construction is used in the address (incorrect: I would like to say kind words to the director; correct: I would like to say kind words to the director).

5. The use of a dependent word in one case or another is influenced by the meaning of this word.

For example, the verb to taste (trying, eating or drinking a little something) controls the genitive case of a noun if it names the type of food being tasted, its indefinite quantity (taste cutlets). The accusative case of a dependent noun is used when a certain amount of something eaten, drunk or part of a whole is emphasized (taste a piece of pie, a cup of broth). Combinations like: taste pancakes, taste kvass - will be erroneous, since they indicate the type of food being tasted, and not the amount of food eaten or drunk. This kind of construction is permissible only if a certain type of pancakes or kvass is meant.

If a word with the same meaning can be used in several constructions, then in speech they are frequently mixed.

For example, the verb to occupy in the meaning “to fill some space” is used in constructions: to occupy a plot for grain; occupy the plot with grain. Sentences like: The area under grain cultivation in the province have been halved will be erroneous.

6. Errors in the use of prepositions in speech are quite common. synonymous constructions. For example, the prepositions with and from are synonymous when indicating the place from which the action is directed. However, there is also a difference between them.

The preposition with is used when the action is directed from the surface of something: go down the mountain, get off the stairs, take it off the table.

The preposition from is used when the action is directed from the inside to the outside:

leave the room, get out of the hole.

The use of these prepositions in combination with geographical names is fixed by tradition. The preposition s is used mainly with the names of mountainous areas, rivers, islands, but this tendency does not work very consistently.

to come from the Caucasus, from Ukraine, from the Volga, from Sakhalin, from Jamaica - to come from Crimea, from Belarus, from France, from Kazakhstan.

When referring to a foreign country, the preposition from is used. In this regard, at present, along with a construction like: to come from Ukraine, the construction is used: to come from Ukraine.

Similar differences are observed in the use of the prepositions in and on when indicating the place, space within which the action is directed. The preposition in, in contrast to the preposition on, usually indicates limited space.

Wed: live in a village - stay in a specific area is emphasized; Living in the countryside has its advantages - in rural areas in general.

Pay attention to the uncertainty of the geographical point in the stable expression: write to the village to grandfather.

It should be noted that in Lately the preposition us as a noun in the prepositional case is quite widely used in combinations like: raise a question in the Duma/at the rectorate, etc. This kind of construction arises as a result of shortening combinations: raise a question at a meeting of the Duma/administration office, etc.

In combination with words naming vehicles, the preposition in is used mainly when it is necessary to emphasize being inside any vehicle or directed towards the inside of this vehicle:

It was stuffy on the plane, sitting in the boat, being on the tram.

The preposition na is used in cases where it is necessary to emphasize the type of vehicle used:

fly on a plane, sail on a boat, ride a tram.

At the same time, the use of the prepositions na and in (when indicating a place of residence), as well as the prepositions from and with, often depends only on tradition.

Please note the following designs:

to be at the university, in the pharmacy, in the cinema, in the Crimea, in Belarus, in Transcarpathia, in the Alps - to be at the faculty, at the post office, at the station, in the Caucasus, in Ukraine, in the Far East.

When referring to a foreign state, the preposition in is used, so now the construction - to live in Ukraine - is becoming normative.

7. It should be noted that currently (especially in formal business style) there is an expansion of some prepositions (primarily by and o), which are replacing non-prepositional constructions or constructions with other prepositions. The use of prepositional constructions is not always normative. Thus, quite regularly in the following constructions with the connection control, the preposition by is mistakenly used:

conversation about economics (wrong: conversation about economics);

expand research opportunities (wrong: expand research opportunities);

the question of improving working conditions (wrong: the question of improving working conditions);

concern for the development of the deposit (wrong: concern for the development of the deposit);

child welfare law (wrong: child welfare law);

comments on the organization of work (wrong: comments on the organization of work);

repair costs (wrong: repair costs);

initiative in convening a conference (wrong: initiative in convening a conference);

initiative to organize an evening (wrong: initiative to organize an evening);

civil defense training (wrong: civil defense training);

to leave in the spring (construction: to leave in the spring - is characteristic primarily of dialect speech, therefore it is not literary);

milk yield is 10 kilograms per cow (wrong: milk yield is 10 kilograms of milk...);

salary certificate (wrong: salary certificate);

Faculty of Humanities (wrong: Faculty of Humanities).

Pay attention to the following constructions (the preposition o is often used inappropriately in them):

prove it (incorrect: prove about it);

problem of economical use of resources (wrong: problem of economical use of resources);

initiative in convening (incorrect: initiative to convene a conference, to convene a conference);

confirm this (incorrect: confirm about this);

give advice on how to raise a child; give advice on raising a child (wrong: give advice on raising a child);

give examples of bad work of the administration (wrong: give examples about bad work administration);

summarize work/work (incorrect: summarize about work);

touch on the topic of friendship (wrong: touch on the topic of friendship).

8. Quite often in speech there are errors associated with the use of a certain case with one or another preposition.

Thus, the preposition in view requires the genitive case (due to the delay), thanks to, according to, in spite of - the dative case (due to good weather, according to the order, contrary to the order; unacceptable: thanks to the good weather, according to the order, contrary to the order).

9. There may be shortcomings in the use of some prepositions, limited a certain type expressed relationships.

For example, the preposition thanks, like the preposition because of, indicates the reason for the action, but if the latter is not limited in the choice of situation, then the first - thanks - is used only if the result of the action is favorable.

Thus, the statement is unsuccessful: Thanks to the bad weather, he got his feet wet and fell ill, since the result of bad weather was a deterioration in the subject’s well-being - an illness.

Similar shortcomings are observed when using prepositions together with and along with. The first of them expresses the idea of ​​simultaneous action of two or more persons, indicates the connection of objects and phenomena:

Andrey worked with his mother; The smell of grass penetrated the room along with the sounds of birds.

The preposition along with has the meaning “besides”, that is, it expresses not the idea of ​​compatibility, but the idea of ​​accession:

Residents of the microdistrict use other modes of transport in addition to the tram.

10. When constructing a sentence, it is necessary to take into account the semantic connections of the members of the phrases included in this sentence. In particular, a common mistake is to omit a necessary dependent member of a phrase.

For example, it is erroneous to omit the noun driver in the sentence: I want to become a diesel locomotive assistant. The normative design will be: I want to become an assistant driver of a diesel locomotive.

Pay attention to constructions in which the necessary dependent member of the phrase is quite regularly omitted:

conversation on the topic of morality, on the topic “Man and Nature” (inadmissible: conversation on morality);

more than a hundred students, more than a hundred rubles, more than a hundred students, more than a hundred students (unacceptable: more than a hundred students, more than a hundred rubles, more than a hundred students);

in the light of what has been said, an important place is given to... (unacceptable: in this light, an important place is given to...);

leaves much to be desired (unacceptable: desires the best);

ask the master for failure to fulfill the plan (not recommended: ask for failure; ask the master);

our team is followed by the Dynamo team with a gap of two points (unacceptable: the Dynamo team is followed by a gap).

It has become very common in speech to shorten constructions with verbs to learn, to learn when indicating the acquisition of certain professional skills and abilities:

He wanted to study music; I suggested that he study chess; I need to learn sewing/drawing.

In common parlance, with these verbs, nouns (names of professions) are used in the accusative case with the preposition to: learn, study to become an artilleryman/artist/teacher, etc. They are not recommended for use in literary language.

Regularly in everyday speech there is an abbreviation of phrases such as: results of growing soybeans/on growing soybeans; experiments in lemon breeding/lemon breeding; results of delivery of vegetables/on delivery of vegetables; plan for catching fish and replacing them with combinations undesirable in the literary language: results on soybeans, results on vegetables, experiments on lemons; fish plan

Quite often in real speech one observes the use of an extra dependent component of a combination.

For example, the verb to worry does not require a dependent component, but under the influence of the verbs to worry and worry that are similar in meaning, constructions such as those that are undesirable in literary language are recorded in speech: We were very worried about our father.

11. A very common speech defect is the so-called “stringing of cases,” that is, the arrangement of several identical case forms in a chain. Most often there is a string of genitive cases: the house of the nephew of the coachman's wife.

Such designs are typical primarily for the scientific and official business style.

Compare: measurement of fluctuations in the electronic spectrum of human hemoglobin.

It is not always possible to completely eliminate this type of construction in these styles, but one must strive for this, since “stringing cases” makes the text very cumbersome.

At the same time, many believe that it is precisely such constructions that give speech significance, formality or scientific quality.

Wed: announcement on trolleybuses and buses: To avoid falling during emergency braking, please hold on to the handrails.

To avoid a chain of dependent case forms, it is necessary to remove uninformative words and replace the verbal noun with a verb as part of homogeneous predicates, subordinate clauses, etc.

Wed: To avoid falling, hold on to the handrails.

The methods of subordination are as follows: coordination, control, adjacency

Agreement as a method of subordinating communication

• Coordination- this is a type of subordinating connection when the dependent word takes the grammatical forms of the main word, for example: a beautiful picture.

The main word when agreed, a noun, a substantivized adjective or participle (i.e., has become a noun), as well as a pronoun, a noun, for example: high spirits, student canteen.

dependent word can be an adjective, an adjective pronoun, an ordinal number or a participle, i.e. such categories of words in which the categories of gender, number and case are not independent, for example: the right decision, our meeting.

Management as a method of subordinate communication

• Control- a type of subordinating connection, when the dependent word is used in the indirect case that requires the main word, for example: write a book, click your teeth, advise a friend (to whom? dative case);

The main word when governing, it can act as a verb (to rejoice in meeting you), a noun (love for people), an adjective (regrettable), an adverb (near the city), or an ordinal number (first in class).

When driving dependent word nouns, pronouns-nouns, substantivized adjectives always appear (cover with snow, conversation with workers).

Adjunction as a method of subordinating connection

• Adjacency- this is a type of syntactic connection when an unchangeable dependent word is attached to the main one in meaning. For example: Very nice (how nice?).

Unchangeable words are adjacent: infinitive, adverb, simple form comparative degree, gerunds, some unchangeable adjectives (order to advance, door to the left, a little to the south).

Infinitive adjacent to a verb (try to answer, came to stay), a noun (desire to make peace), adjective (intends to relax)

Comparative forms adjacent to a verb (it’s better to answer, to run faster), to a noun (the news is more interesting, the drink is stronger)

Participles adjoin the verb in cases where the meaning of an adverb develops in them (read while lying down, sleep while sitting).

Immutable adjectives such as beige, mini, maxi, hindi, midi, flared, etc. adjacent to nouns (Hindi language, peak hours).

It is necessary to distinguish between adjacency and control

• Her shoes– this is an adjunction (whose?),
• To see him– management (of whom?).

In the categories of pronouns there are two homonymous categories. The personal pronoun answers questions of indirect cases, and it participates in a subordinating connection - this is control, and the possessive is involved in adjacency.

• Run to the store– management,
• Go here– adjacency.

It is important to distinguish between the prepositional case form and the adverb, because there may be the same questions! If there is a preposition between the main and dependent words, then this is management.

▲ 1. Control is a type of subordinating connection in phrases and sentences, in which the main word requires the use of the dependent word in a certain form. Many errors are associated with the incorrect choice of controlled form in constructions with words that are similar in meaning or have the same root, requiring different cases: pay for travel instead of pay the fare.

Remember!

A subscription to something a subscription to use a telephone	subscriber of something telephone network subscriber
The embodiment of something in something making dreams come true	Transforming something into something making dreams come true
Identical to something identical to the previous one	Similar to something similar to the previous one
Review of something book review	Review of something book review
Superiority over someone superiority over him	Advantage over someone advantage over him
Confidence in something confidence in success	Belief in something faith in success
Pay for something pay for travel	Pay for something pay for travel

2. Errors may be associated with the wrong choice of case and preposition. The most common is to use a prepositional combination instead of a non-prepositional one, and vice versa: prove the need(Right: prove the need); need for means of production(Right: need for means of production):

Remember!

When using synonymous prepositions in view of,due to,thanks to, by virtue of it should be remembered that they have not completely lost their original lexical meaning associated with the meaning of their roots. in view of Pretext introduces a circumstance of expected cause into a sentence, so it is not recommended to use it in the following cases: grant leave due to illness (a disease that has become a fact must only occur). Pretext due to introduces into the sentence a circumstance of an already occurring cause, therefore the construction is unsuccessful thanks to due to upcoming departure (the departure is yet to come, and one cannot talk about its consequences). Pretext retains a connection with the verb “to thank”, and therefore it should be used in cases where we are talking about the reasons that caused the desired result: thanks to the help of friends (Right), thanks to illness thanks to,(wrong, you can hardly be grateful for illness).,The preposition is universal for all cases of indicating a reason. because of (what?). Prepositions contrary to according to, depending on verbs expressing feelings, internal experiences ( grieve, cry, be bored, grieve, be sad), as well as from verbs shoot, hit, the norm is the dative case of the noun and pronoun: miss your son, hit him. Pronouns We, You in these constructions they take the form of the prepositional case: I miss you, miss us. Pretext according to in a construction with a temporary meaning requires a prepositional case form: leave after finishing school, see it when you arrive in the city, read it when the magazine comes out. Pretext V in a construction indicating the place where the action is directed (where it occurs), is antonymous with the preposition from: enter the house - leave the house; live in Moscow - return from Moscow. Pretext on With: in a construction with the same meaning is antonymous to the preposition

work at a factory - quit the factory; go to the Caucasus - return from the Caucasus 3. It is a mistake to use a common object for two words that control different cases:.

love and enjoy nature (love nature and enjoy it); study and get involved in physics (study physics and get involved in it) 4. Stringing of cases leads to syntactic errors (several words in one case form are arranged in a chain, depending on each other): Category B driver training course participants. However, stringing together the genitive case in scientific and business speech is not a mistake:.

learning how to form new words

This is interesting! In 1993, at the request of the Government of Ukraine, the options should have been recognized as normative to Ukraine (respectively from Ukraine ). Thus, in the opinion of the Government of Ukraine, the unsatisfactory etymological connection between the constructions “to Ukraine” and “to the outskirts” was broken. Ukraine seemed to receive linguistic confirmation of its status sovereign state , since the names of states, and not regions, are formalized according to Russian tradition using prepositions in(in) from (And to the USA, to France, to Sweden - from Japan, from Somalia, from China ) etc. Therefore in modern language V it was recommended to use the preposition Pretext.

, but not “It is not difficult to agree with what is unusual for Russians in Ukraine - so be it, if it seems to someone that in Ukraine

humiliatingly reminds us of being on the edge, on the outskirts...

Sometimes you have to put up with the most naive political and national thinking: there are things higher than the inviolable purity of the literary and linguistic canon.” Recently in official business speech the prepositional-case combination was fixed in Ukraine/from Ukraine along with neutral

● 139. Make up phrases with the following words.

Worry - worry, scold - reprimand, faith - confidence, believe - trust, be indignant - be offended, question - problem, admire - marvel - be surprised, get - reach - reach, replace - change, pay - pay, identical - similar, derive income - receive income, have - possess, touch - touch, ignorance - unfamiliarity, be offended - offend, pay attention - pay attention, explain - describe, rely - be based, payment - payment, justify - answer, rely - rely, condemn - sentence, review - review, report - answer - summarize, confirm - give an example, show - testify, superiority - advantage, warn - warn, filled - imbued, hinder - slow down, habitual - familiar, take root - get used to, priority - patent, figure out - unravel, tell - report, affect - influence, pay attention - pay attention - increase attention, indicate - prove, price - cost.

● 140. Choose one of the prepositional case forms. In what cases is it acceptable to use both forms? How are these designs different?

● 141. Find errors and shortcomings associated with the use of dependent case forms and management. Correct the sentences.

1. If you look at her closely, she is not that young. 2. He paid great attention to the close connection between the quality of work and discipline. 3. I liked the heroes of Borodino for their devotion to their homeland. 4. A frivolous attitude towards energy resources has led to huge costs. 5. According to the statement, he was transferred to another job. 6. Is it possible to take two photographs: one in profile, the other in full face? 7. The serious difficulties that arose as a result coincided with severe natural disasters. 8. Grinev never allowed rudeness towards the old man. 9. Staff psychologists conduct preventive conversations on the harm of smoking and alcohol. 10. Thanks to you, I learned a lot of new things about our city. 11. Many people will probably be outraged by such a comparison. 12. But this does not provide any guarantee that water supply problems will not arise in already renovated houses. 13. Plots occupied by vegetable crops, are expanding noticeably. 14. The regional government approved measures to eliminate the consequences of the accident at the thermal power plant. 15. I was amazed at the chief designer’s ignorance of the basic production processes. 16. They walked for a long time, focusing on the Big Dipper, afraid to catch anyone’s eye. 17. Let the minister account for the breakdown of negotiations! 18. Mtsyri never left desire to freedom. 19. Along with criticism, progressive trends in our society should be promoted in every possible way. 20. His comments are not based on anything. 21. The book is the result of many years of observations by a biologist. 22. A response to his application was received immediately. 23. A schedule has been drawn up for repaying debt on child benefits. 24. Is it conceivable that a teacher’s indifference to the fate of his students is conceivable! 25. The matter of accelerating the preparation of measures to increase the production of consumer goods worries everyone. 26. The state of training of young specialists remains unsatisfactory. 27. Upon expiration of the due date, the division will return to Omsk. 28. The book characterizes the development of self-government over the past ten years. 29. The initiator of the press conference was the Swedish delegation. 30. Mother conjured dinner in the kitchen. 31. Due to technical reasons, our channel is not working. 32. Conversations on morality and ethics are regularly held with teenagers. 33. The minimum pension has been increased by more than one hundred rubles. 34. At the meeting of the department, graduate students were heard. 35. The quiz was initiated by high school students. 36. Training of specialists leaves room for improvement. 37. The son is concerned about his mother’s health. 38. I am aware that I am acting at risk. 39. Then the barrel was taken away from the enraged beast. 40. Every week the district administration organizes trade raids. 41. We will also ask all the previous leaders. 42. As a child, I dreamed of studying to be a doctor. 43. Plans for potatoes this year have been fulfilled. 44. We were all worried about our skaters. 45. It’s time to sum up the work of the team. 46. ​​The young composer is characterized by the use of folklore motifs in his work. 47. Gradually, I began to develop an objective historical assessment of the individual. 48. In relation to Bela, Pechorin behaves with his characteristic egoism. 49. Pechorin is the prototype of Bazarov. 50. Revolutionary activities This man is similar to many people of that time. 51. In the image of Natasha Rostova, Tolstoy embodied the best feminine qualities: inner harmony, naturalness and kindness. 52. According to the director’s order, smoking is prohibited at the institute.

Violation of control is an error that you need to be able to find in task 7 from the Unified State Exam in Russian for grade 11. Control is a type of subordinating relationship in which the main word determines the form of the dependent word, and when the form of the main word changes, the dependent word does not change. Most often, the main word is expressed by a verb, gerund or participle, and the dependent word is expressed by a noun, pronoun, etc.

A special case of control violation is the error “Control violation with homogeneous sentence members.”

Impaired management: example sentences

Let's look at a few sentences containing the "Control Violation" error and fix them.

Offer:

As a historical figure, we can cite the example of Peter I.

Management: give an example. The main word is the verb “to lead”, the dependent word is a noun with the preposition “for example”. The verb “to lead” puts the dependent word in the accusative case and requires another preposition to connect with the noun (to lead into what? as an example).

Correct option:

As a historical figure, Peter I can be cited as an example.

Management: contrasts friendship with betrayal. The main word is the verb “opposes”, the dependent words are the nouns “friendship” and “betrayal”. The verb “contrasts” puts the first dependent word in the accusative case (contrastes what? friendship), and the second in the dative case (contrastes friendship to what? betrayal). Therefore, the preposition before the word “betrayal” is superfluous.

Offer:

I wanted to delve into and learn all the secrets of the history of the Ancient World.

The homogeneous members “to penetrate” and “to know” have a common dependent word “secrets”. Each of them puts the dependent word in the accusative case (to delve into what? into secrets; to know what? secrets), however, to connect with the dependent word, the verb “to delve into” needs the preposition “in”. This is a violation of control with homogeneous members of the sentence. It is necessary to make sure that the word “secrets” ceases to be a general dependent word and add the preposition “in” after the verb “to delve into.”