Chemical industry products. Industry composition of the chemical industry

In the European part of Russia, in areas with a high concentration of labor resources, but with a shortage of fuel, energy and water resources, it is advisable to locate labor-intensive, capital-intensive industries with low and average consumption of raw materials and water.

In areas of Siberia with favorable natural conditions and rich resources of raw materials, fuel and energy, energy-intensive, raw material-intensive and water-intensive industries should be created, despite the shortage work force, harsh climate for people. conditions and expensive infrastructure.

The chemical industry of Russia is represented by the following industries:

Production of plastics and synthetic resins

Manufacturer of chemical fibers

Production mineral fertilizers(sulfuric acid, phosphate and potash fertilizers, caustic soda)

Production of synthetic dyes and photochemical products

Leading branch of the Russian chemical complex industry polymer materials includes the production of synthetic resins and plastics, chemical fibers, and synthetic rubber. The industry's raw material base consists of associated petroleum and natural gases, refined hydrocarbons, and coal. The production of synthetic resins and plastics is concentrated in areas with large reserves of raw materials (mainly oil and gas) Povolzhsky (Novokuibyshevsk in the Samara region, Kazan, Volgograd), Uralsky (Ekaterinburg; Ufa and Salavat in Bashkortostan; Nizhny Tagil), West Siberian ( Tyumen, Novosibirsk, Tomsk), North Caucasus (Budennovsk) and in areas that use imported raw materials (oil and gas) Central (Moscow, Vladimir, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Novomoskovsk), North-West (St. Petersburg), Volgo-Vyatka (Dzerzhinsk).

Chemical fiber and thread industry most widely represented in the regions of the developed textile industry: Northwestern (St. Petersburg), Central (Tver, Shuya, Klin, Serpukhov, Ryazan), Volga region (Saratov, Balakovo, Engels). More than 2/3 general production chemical fibers and threads account for the European part. The value increases eastern regions: Western Siberia (Barnaul), Eastern Siberia(Krasnoyarsk).

Synthetic rubber production located in the areas of natural gas and oil production, oil refining: Volga (Kazan and Nizhnekamsk in the Republic of Tatarstan, Tolyatti in the Samara region, Volzhsky), Ural (Ufa and Sterlitamak in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Perm, etc.), West Siberian (Omsk), In Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk), synthetic rubber is produced from synthetic alcohol by hydrolysis of wood.

Mineral fertilizer industry, sulfuric acid, soda and other branches of basic chemistry in Russia have a powerful raw material base: resources of table and potassium salts, apatites in phosphorites, sulfur pyrites and native sulfur, coal, natural gas, gases from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, coke oven gases, etc. are also used as raw materials.

Fertilizer industry Russia produces all types of mineral fertilizers: phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen. Of the total amount of fertilizers produced, about half are nitrogen fertilizers.

Enterprises nitrogen-fertilizer industries, depending on the raw materials used, are placed

In places of coal development (Kemerovo in Kuzbass, Berezniki, Gubakha in the Perm region on coal from the Kizelovsky basin in the Urals; Angarsk in the Irkutsk region of Eastern Siberia),

In places where natural gas is produced (Nevinnomyssk in the North Caucasus),

Along gas pipeline routes (Novgorod; Novomoskovsk and Shchekino in Tula region; Togliatti, etc.)

Or they are combined with metallurgical plants (Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Novokuznetsk).

Phosphate fertilizer Due to the low material intensity of production (the production of 1 ton of simple superphosphate requires only 0.5 tons of apatite concentrate), the industry has little connection with sources of raw materials and is focused mainly on the consumer. Almost all superphosphate plants in Russia operate on apatites from the Khibiny deposit. However, a number of factories also use local raw materials (phosphorites from the Yegoryevskoye, Polpinskoye, Shchigrovskoye and Vyatsko-Kama deposits). Most of the phosphate fertilizers in the country are produced by Central (Voskresensk), Northwestern (St. Petersburg, Volkhov), Central Chernozem (Shchigry; Uvarove in the Tambov region), Volga (Togliatti; Balakovo in the Saratov region) and Ural (Perm, Krasnouralsk ) areas.

Potash industry, characterized by high material intensity of production (2 tons of raw materials per 1 ton of finished products), is concentrated in places where raw materials are extracted in the Urals in the Perm region (Solikamsk, Berezniki).

Sulfuric acid industry, the main raw materials for the production of products, which are native sulfur and sulfur pyrites (their specific costs per 1 ton of sulfuric acid are 0.35 and 0.85 tons, respectively), located mainly in places of greatest consumption of sulfuric acid (regions and centers of phosphorus production fertilizers, synthetic fibers, plastics, fabrics, etc.). The main areas of its production are the Urals (Berezniki, Perm), central District(Voskresensk, Novomoskovsk, Shchelkovo) and the Volgo-Vyatka region (Chernorechensky plant in Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod region).

Soda industry located at the sources of raw materials in places where table salt is produced: in the Urals (Berezniki, Sterlitamak), in the Altai Territory (Mikhailovsky Soda Plant), in the Baikal region (Usolye), in the Volga region (Volgograd).

Ecology. The industry is environmentally harmful and requires special attention to compliance with the technological process and ensuring environmental safety. On this moment A number of production facilities have been closed due to environmental indicators. The issue of urgent decommissioning of 50 enterprises from Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Angarsk, Krasnoyarsk, etc. is being considered.

STRUCTURE OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY OF RUSSIA

Large industrial complexes of chemical production:

central District– polymer chemistry (production of plastics and products made from them, synthetic rubber, tires, rubber products, chemical fiber), production of dyes and varnishes, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, sulfuric acid.

Ural region– production of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizers, soda, sulfur, sulfuric acid, polymer chemistry

North-West region– production of phosphate fertilizers, sulfuric acid, polymer chemistry

Volga region– petrochemical production, production of polymer products

North Caucasus– production of nitrogen fertilizers, organic synthesis products, synthetic resins and plastics

Western and Eastern Siberia– chemistry of organic synthesis, nitrogen industry using coke oven gas, production of polymer chemistry.

Main raw material bases:

Northern European. Contains reserves of apatite (Kola Peninsula), forest, water and fuel and energy resources. Basic chemistry is based here (production of phosphate fertilizers); organic chemistry through the processing of local oil and gas resources of the Northern economic region.

Central. Based on consumer demand for products of the processing industry (oil refining, petrochemistry, organic synthesis, polymer chemistry, tire production, motor fuel, lubricating oils). Works on imported raw materials and local raw materials. Local raw materials are used for the production of basic chemicals (mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda, pharmaceutical industry)

Volgo-Ural. Contains reserves of potassium and table salts, sulfur, oil, gas, and non-ferrous metal ores. It has hydro and energy resources, forest resources. Produces 40% of chemical products, 50% of petrochemical products.

Siberian. Contains unique and diverse raw material resources (oil and gas, table salt, ores of non-ferrous and ferrous metals). It has hydroelectric and forest resources. Favorable combination of raw materials and fuel and energy factors. Petrochemical industry (Tobolsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Angarsk). Coal chemical industry (Kemerovo, Cheremkhovo).

Literature:

2. Economic geography of Russia: Textbook. ed. reworked and additional / Under the general editorship. acad. V.I. Vidyapina, Doctor of Economics. sciences, prof. M.V. Stepanova. - M.: INFRA-M. 2007. P.165-181

3. Economic geography/V.P. Zheltikov, E 40 N.G. Kuznetsov, S.G. Tyaglov. Series "Textbooks and teaching aids" Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2001. - 384 p. Section 7.3 “Mining and chemical raw materials”, Section 9.6 “Chemical industry of the world”, Section 11.2.8 “Geography” chemical industry»

Questions:

1. Location of raw materials for the chemical industry

2. Chemical industries

3. Factors influencing the location of the chemical industry

4. Groups chemical production

5. Main types of products and main consumers of chemical industry products

6. Location of chemical industry enterprises depending on the types of products produced

7. Geography of the Russian chemical industry

8. Structure of the Russian chemical industry

Knock- a mechanical mixture of one-component fertilizers (for example, potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus), obtained by simple mixing, sometimes directly in an agricultural enterprise

The raw materials for the production of sulfuric acid are also gas waste from non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, oil refining, etc.

Together with the electric power industry and mechanical engineering, the chemical industry determines the scientific and technological progress of the world economy.

The raw material base of the chemical industry is very diverse. The industry primarily uses natural raw materials (salts, sulfur, oil, gas, coal, wood), as well as numerous wastes from other industries.

Supplying raw materials for all sectors of the economy, processing waste from other industries, the chemical industry uses a lot of energy, raw materials, equipment, and means of transport. Therefore, it is characterized by a developed combination with other industries.

The chemical industry is a complex complex, covering several industries: mining chemicals (extraction of mineral raw materials), basic chemistry (production of mineral fertilizers, acids, soda), chemistry of organic synthesis (produces mainly semi-finished products for the manufacture of polymer materials), processing of polymer materials (manufacturing tires, polyethylene film and etc.).

The principles for locating chemical enterprises are very different and are similar to the principles for locating mechanical engineering. The mining and chemical industry gravitates towards sources of raw materials. Basic chemistry takes into account two factors: the production of acids is mainly located near the consumer, and mineral fertilizers - mainly near sources of raw materials.

Organic synthesis and polymer chemistry requires a lot of raw materials, energy and water. Its enterprises are often located along pipelines (for example, petrochemical plants). There is a special group of chemical production, for example the pharmaceutical industry, which focuses on qualified labor resources.

Modern production of various plastics is characterized by a large volume of products produced, mass application, and automation. A special place is occupied by the production of fiberglass, heavy-duty plastics, which are widely used in transport engineering (there are already cars whose bodies are completely plastic), pipe production (they are half the price and lighter than steel).

Film materials, varnishes, paints, and adhesives are of great importance. Modern adhesives, for example, are used under water, in space, and even in surgery.

Our clothes today also largely consist of chemical fibers. There are artificial fibers, which are made from plant fiber (viscose, acetate), and synthetic fibers, which are made from oil, gas and coal (nylon, lavsan).

The close connection of the chemical industry with other sectors of the economy determines its constant development and improvement. Therefore, this industry changes its product range extremely quickly, quickly responding to modern demands. Distinctive feature chemical industry - location of its enterprises around the world.

Developed countries are significantly ahead of all others in terms of the number and total volume of chemical industry products. Their gap is especially noticeable in the production of synthetic materials. There are large areas and centers of the chemical industry in the world. Among them are the state of Texas and Pittsburgh in the USA, the Volga region in Russia, Donbass in Ukraine, Ruhr in Germany and many others.

In developing countries, not so long ago, the mining and chemical industry dominated predominantly - the extraction and primary processing of chemical raw materials. Most of products were exported. However, since the mid-70s, oil and gas rich countries of the world ( Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, etc.) began to independently increase the production of nitrogen fertilizers, polymers and other products.

The main contradiction in the development of the chemical industry is that, on the one hand, it determines scientific and technological progress, and on the other, it is the most dangerous industry from an environmental point of view. New chemical materials in the natural cycle are alien and often deadly to living beings.

Conclusions:

The chemical industry largely determines scientific and technological progress.

The raw material base of the chemical industry is extremely diverse, which determines its complex industrial structure.

When locating branches of the chemical industry, many factors are taken into account: raw materials, transport, availability of qualified labor resources, proximity to the consumer.

The chemical industry is developing rapidly and is environmentally unsafe.

Read in the section

The chemical industry is an industry National economy, producing chemicals for all types of industry and. It consists of production - basic, mining chemicals, organic synthesis, petrochemicals, pesticides, and plastics, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers, paints, aniline dyes, chemical-pharmaceuticals, chemical reagents and highly pure chemicals.

Those working in the chemical industry come into contact with various chemicals, most of which are more or less toxic. Entering the body in the form of vapors, gases, aerosols and hydrosols through Airways, through intact skin, less often through the digestive tract, they can cause acute or chronic occupational poisoning and weaken the body's resistance. A number of chemicals cause burns. The simultaneous presence of other factors - unfavorable meteorological conditions, noise, physical stress - increases the impact of chemical industrial poisons.

The task of occupational hygiene in the chemical industry is to ensure optimal working conditions for workers, to prevent occupational hazards. poisoning, to prevent harmful effects of chemicals on the population living near chemical plants.

Chemical production must be separated from housing (see), determined by sanitary standards for the design of industrial enterprises (SN 245-71).

Sanitary and hygienic working conditions in the chemical industry are determined by: the characteristics of the technological process, which can be continuous or periodic; the equipment and communications used; room layout, ventilation efficiency and many other conditions.

Technology using continuous processes with remote control (control panel) has advantages over a periodic scheme. The most dangerous remains selection technological samples, leakage of equipment and packaging of the finished product. The contact of workers with chemicals can be significant when loading raw materials, reloading intermediate products, drying, etc.

All sources of harmful emissions must be equipped with shelters with local ventilation, and the air must be purified before being released into the atmosphere.

Labor-intensive work must be mechanized. Repair work requires special attention.

Of great importance is the rational layout of working premises - isolating more harmful processes, preventing the entry of polluted air into rooms with less polluted air, as well as finishing working premises, preventing sorption and desorption toxic substances.

All work areas must be provided with natural light and ventilation, and also be equipped with mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation. There must be constant monitoring of compliance with maximum permissible concentrations of toxic substances in the air of working premises.

Chemical industry enterprises are equipped (see) in accordance with the requirements of building codes and regulations (SNiP P-M. 3-68); workers are provided with special clothing and protective equipment.

All workers entering the chemical industry are instructed in, and persons in contact with toxic substances are subject to preliminary and periodic training.

Those working at chemical industry enterprises are provided with benefits depending on the harmfulness of the work (shorter working hours, additional leave, therapeutic and preventive special nutrition, treatment in dispensaries, etc.).

The chemical industry is a branch of the national economy that produces chemical raw materials, chemical products and fertilizers for agriculture. The chemical industry has great value in the development of the productive forces, in the technical progress of the most important industries and in agriculture(to increase its productivity and control pests).

Among the chemical industries, the following main groups can be distinguished:
1) production of mineral fertilizers and chemicals plant protection;
2) production of synthetic resins, plastics and products made from them; 3) production various types synthetic rubber and rubber products; 4) production of basic chemicals (sulfuric, nitric, hydrochloric acids and their salts, alkalis, chlorine, etc.); 5) production of chemical fibers; 6) production of varnishes and paints; 7) anilo-dye production; 8) production of organic synthesis products; 9) production of products used as jet engine fuel; 10) production of nitro- and amide compounds of benzene (which are mainly used as explosives).

Many industries in the chemical-pharmaceutical industry, coke chemistry, wood chemistry, etc. are essentially chemical.

The development of the chemical industry and its technical progress are associated with the introduction of new technological processes, large number new chemicals, using continuous technological processes, more modern equipment, automation, mechanization, etc.

Working conditions in chemical production are characterized by the impact on the body of a complex set of professional and hygienic factors: chemical, dust factors, adverse meteorological conditions, noise, vibration, ionizing radiation and ultrasound. But with all the diversity of the production environment, the chemical factor remains dominant in the hygienic assessment of working conditions. In chemical production, chemical contaminants are found not only in the air of working premises, but also in building materials boxes industrial buildings, on equipment, etc. Chemical air pollution (in gaseous, vaporous and aerosol states) in working areas is usually complex in nature, i.e. several chemical substances are present in the air at the same time. The level and concentration of these contaminants are very dynamic, which is mainly associated with the stages of the technological process, individual work operations, etc.

Sources of income chemical pollution into the air environment are mainly equipment and communications, then waste, raw materials, etc. The entry of chemicals into the air of working premises is associated with leaks of equipment, intermittency of the technological process, violations of its regulations, and the performance of manual work operations (loading equipment, measuring levels, taking samples ), corrosion phenomena, etc. The ability of chemicals to enter the air production premises largely depends on the melting point, boiling point, volatility and elasticity of their vapors. Quite a lot of chemical substances, while in the air, undergo significant changes, which leads to a change in their chemical structure and, as a consequence, to a change in their biological activity. These changes are mainly due to the fact that many substances interact with oxygen, moisture, carbon dioxide contained in the air. Sunlight has a great influence, in particular ultraviolet radiation. In this case, the phenomena of hydrolysis, oxidation, polymerization, etc. are observed. Various elements of the production environment and, above all, the air of working premises must be subject to systematic monitoring. Sanitary and chemical control is carried out by employees of sanitary and epidemiological stations, factory laboratories and gas rescue stations. Wherein great importance has the use of automatic control methods and express methods.

Sanitary and chemical control is carried out taking into account the stages, phases of the technological process, work operations, etc. Since in chemical production toxic contaminants enter the body of workers not only through the respiratory tract, but also through the skin, sanitary and chemical control is also carried out in regarding chemical contamination of the skin and workwear. Sanitary and chemical control data make it possible to identify the most unfavorable workshops, departments, and workplaces in terms of pollution levels and justify the implementation of various measures aimed at combating chemical pollution air environment, skin, workwear, etc.

Technical progress and the systematic implementation of a large number of health-improving activities from year to year have contributed to the reduction of chemical pollution and the improvement of working conditions in the chemical industry. At the same time, the introduction of new, more rational continuous technological processes and sealed equipment was of great importance; mechanization of many manual operations; use of automation equipment, remote control of devices, corrosion-resistant materials; rational layout of work premises; the use of materials that absorb little chemicals; arrangement of rational ventilation of chemical plants with extensive use of local suction, rational shelters for dust-producing and gas-hazardous equipment.

Of greater importance was the improvement of the air quality of chemical production sites through the use of installations for purifying emissions of tail gases and ventilation air into the atmosphere. A significant role was played by the use of rational methods of cleaning, degassing of working premises, the use of personal protective equipment, etc. The systematic implementation of many health measures contributed to a significant reduction in acute occupational poisoning and a decrease in the concentration of toxic substances in the air of industrial premises. For example, the concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the furnace departments of sulfuric acid production, the concentration of chlorine in the electrolysis shops of chlorine production, the concentration of aniline in its production, the concentration of tetraethyl lead in the production of ethyl liquid and tetraethyl lead, etc. have been significantly reduced.

Workers in all branches of the chemical industry undergo preliminary and periodic medical examinations. inspections, receive safety training, and enjoy various benefits in connection with working with toxic hazardous substances in accordance with existing legislation (shortened working hours, additional leave, therapeutic and preventive nutrition, widespread use of dispensaries, sanatoriums, etc.). See also Aniline dye industry, Chemical fibers. Coke production, Solvents, Rubber production.

My husband, when he opens the shelf in the bathroom where all the cleaning and washing products are stored, says that I have a whole chemical plant. Indeed, I use various products almost every day. But dishwashing gel and washing powder are only a small part of all products of the chemical industry.

What industries does the chemical industry include?

Chemical industry enterprises can be located in any region of the country, but attention must be paid to the presence of all necessary resources, including labor, to ensure their efficient operation. All chemistry is divided into several branches:

• inorganic;
• organic;
• mining chemical;
• petrochemistry;
• pharmaceuticals;
• household chemicals;
• fertilizers;
• paintwork.

Any varnishes, paints, as well as artificial fibers and other products would not have appeared on store shelves if the chemical industry had not developed in the country. The chemical-pharmaceutical department is responsible for the production medicines necessary to maintain public health. Chemical plants are very resource-intensive, so often many of them are combined with each other for more economical and efficient operation.

The role of the chemical industry in the state

Products produced by enterprises chemical industry, is considered one of the most popular. This applies not only to the production of various types of drugs and detergents, but also other materials that are needed industrial enterprises in other industries.

Since chemical products are used by both private users and enterprises, it is customary to divide them into two types: personal consumption and industrial. For example, engineering industry uses plastic and paints and varnishes. And agricultural activity cannot do without various types of fertilizers in order to obtain good harvest. And in any other field, chemical materials will definitely be required. Therefore, enterprises are constantly improving to increase the level of production efficiency.

The chemical industry produces products using chemical methods processing of raw materials and materials. In its industrial structure, two large groups of industries are distinguished: basic (inorganic) chemistry and the organic synthesis industry.

The basic chemistry group consists of the mining and chemical industry, which extracts chemical raw materials, and basic chemistry itself, which produces mineral fertilizers (nitrogen, potassium, phosphate), sulfuric acid, soda and the like. The group of organic synthesis industries includes: chemistry of organic synthesis (production of organic

semi-finished products - ethylene, acetylene, benzene, ethyl alcohol, acetic acid and etc.); production of polymers (synthetic resins, rubber, plastics, chemical fibers); polymer processing (production of plastic products, tires, rubber products).

In addition to the main large groups, there is a group of other branches of the chemical industry: paint and varnish, photochemical industry, production of chemical reagents, etc.

The chemical industry is significantly inferior to mechanical engineering in terms of the share of products and employees in the industry, but is one of those industries that ensures scientific and technological progress.

Raw material base

Chemical industry characterized by an extremely wide raw material base. It uses non-metallic mineral (chemical) raw materials from the bowels of the earth (potassium and kitchen soda, phosphorites, apatites, sulfur), fuel mineral resources(oil, natural gas, coal, shale), waste from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, forestry, food and light industry. Using raw materials from other industries, the chemical industry combines and cooperates with them. It is also characterized by the concentration of production, carried out by merging enterprises or increasing the capacity of technological lines;

Geography of individual branches of the chemical industry

Areas of the chemical industry in general are material-intensive. Therefore, the main factors for locating chemical industry enterprises are raw materials, fuel and energy, consumer, water, and environmental factors.

The most important areas of the mining and chemical industry are the Carpathian region (mining potassium salts in Kalush and Stebnyk, sulfur in Yavorov and Novy Rozdol) and Donbass (mining rock salt in Artemovsk and Slavyansk).

The main chemistry in Ukraine specializes in the production of soda ash and caustic soda in Slavyansk and Lisichansk, mineral fertilizers, and sulfuric acid.

Potash fertilizers are produced in Kalush at the Lukor concern and at the Stebnitsky potash plant. factory

Phosphorus fertilizers from imported apatites are produced in beet growing areas (Vinnitsa, Sumy), and in the centers of sulfuric acid production - Odessa and Konstantinovka.

The Nitrogen-Tukova industry uses coking and natural gas (Dneprodzerzhinsk) to produce nitrogen fertilizers. Therefore, its largest enterprises are located in Dneprodzerzhinsk on the Dnieper region, Torlivtsi, Severodonetsk in the Donbass, as well as in areas of fertilizer consumption (Rivne, Cherkassy) on gas pipelines.

The production of sulfuric acid, due to its poor transportability, gravitates towards areas of product consumption, that is, enterprises producing phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers. Practically in each of the centers for the production of these fertilizers, the production of sulfuric acid has been established.

Chemistry of organic synthesis provides a large share of chemical industry products. Synthetic materials create a new raw material base for industry and construction. Mostly they are cheaper and best quality natural, although they have worse hygienic properties.

The chemistry of organic synthesis covers plants producing intermediate products for the production of polymers (Lisichansk, Severodonetsk, Gorlovka, Dneprodzerzhinsk, Zaporozhye). The industry uses mainly oil and gas raw materials.

The location of enterprises producing polymers depends primarily on the availability of hydrocarbon raw materials, as well as fuel, electricity, and water. For some sub-sectors, an important location factor is labor resources. Synthetic resins and plastics are produced mainly at petrochemical plants, nitrogen-fertilizer and chlorine plants, that is, they are combined with the production of other chemical products. The centers of production of synthetic resins and plastics are Donetsk, Severodonetsk, Zaporozhye, Dneprodzerzhinsk, Pervomaisk, etc. Artificial (from cellulose) and synthetic (from synthetic resins) chemical fibers are produced by enterprises in Chernigov, Kyiv, Cherkassy, ​​Sokal (Lviv region).

The most important of the enterprises processing polymers is the production of tires, which is established at the Dnepropetrovsk Tire Plant and the Belotserkovsky Plant of Tires and Humoasbestos Products.

Among other branches of the chemical industry, the most important are the paint and varnish industry (Dnepropetrovsk, Lvov, Odessa, etc.), the industry of synthetic dyes (Rubezhnoye in the Lugansk region), chemical-pharmaceutical (Kyiv, Kharkov, Odessa, Lvov), photochemical (Shostkinsky PA "Svema" in Sumskaya region and Kiev factory "Foton").

Main areas of accommodation large quantity chemical enterprises in Ukraine are Donbass, the Dnieper region, the Carpathian region, and the Black Sea region.

Problems and prospects for development. High concentration of the chemical industry in large and medium-sized industrial centers and certain four regions of the country, insufficient development of production with low-waste or non-waste technologies, modern systems waste treatment, as well as the residual principle of financing nature conservation and rational environmental management have led to the emergence of a complex ecological situation in many cities and regions of Ukraine. Among them, first of all, Lisichansko-Rubezhansky industrial hub, as well as North Crimean, Cherkasy, Kola, Odessa, etc.

In the future, the development of the chemical industry in Ukraine will occur primarily due to

reconstruction and technical re-equipment of enterprises already operating today. They are widely introducing energy- and resource-saving and low- and non-waste technologies, closed-cycle water use schemes, and industrial waste treatment systems.