Load slinging scheme: basic rules. Preparation for slinging and rigging work Technological map for slinging metal products

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Slinging diagrams, graphic image methods of slinging and hooking loads should be handed out to slingers and crane operators or posted at work sites. The crane owner or operating organization must also develop methods for tying parts and assemblies of machines moved by cranes during their installation, dismantling and repair, indicating the devices used, as well as methods for safely tilting loads when such an operation is performed using a crane.

Schemes for slinging and tilting loads and a list of those used lifting devices must be given in technological regulations. The movement of cargo for which slinging schemes have not been developed must be carried out in the presence and under the guidance of a person responsible for the safe performance of work with cranes. The management of sea and river ports is obliged to ensure that loading and unloading operations are carried out using cranes in accordance with the technological maps approved by them.

Example of safety posters for lifting operations

Moving cargo is one of the most complex and critical activities in the production process. In production of all types of industry, the heaviest loads are moved using cranes, but many loads do not have special fastenings for transportation, so intermediate lifting elements are used. Rope and tape slings most often act as such intermediate elements. At our enterprise we produce most types of slings, which you can find in the catalog of our website.

To sling a load intended for lifting, you must use cargo slings, corresponding to the mass and nature of the load being lifted, taking into account the number of branches and their angle of inclination. Sling general purpose should be selected so that the angle between their branches does not exceed 90°. Depending on the type of sling, the lifting capacity of the slings is recalculated.

Sheet structures and small steel elements are lifted and transported to the workplace using grippers and brackets. Steel and reinforced concrete elements (purlins, connections, floor slabs, lintels) are lifted using special cross beams that allow multi-tiered arrangement of mounted parts. Crossbars are necessary for uniform load distribution and can be either linear or spatial, depending on the type of load being lifted. During the operation of our enterprise, the design department developed a large number of ready-made traverses, which you can order from us.

To lift and move a package of pipes, round bars or logs, the “noose” slinging method is used. To do this, one end of the sling is threaded through the loop, and the other end of the loop is put on the crane hook so that when lifting, the loop tightens and firmly holds the load suspended. Slinging the bundle sheet metal They also produce a universal two-loop lanyard for a “noose.” The hooks of a two-legged sling are inserted into the free loops, and when they are lifted with the hooks, the universal slings tighten the bundle of metal.

Methods of slinging various materials

In order to prevent loads from falling during lifting and moving them by cranes, the following slinging rules should be observed:

When tying a load, the slings must be applied without knots or twists. When moving loads with sharp ribs using rope slings, spacers should be placed between the ribs and ropes to protect the latter from damage.
The ends of a multi-leg sling that are not used for hooking must be strengthened so that when moving the load by crane, the possibility of these ends touching objects encountered on the way is excluded.
when tying loads chain slings The links on the edges of the load should not be allowed to bend.
When regularly using rope slings for tying loads with curves, the radii of which are less than 10 rope diameters, it is recommended to reduce the permissible load on the sling branches. When slinging a load and tightening it with a loop of a rope sling, it is recommended to reduce its carrying capacity by 20%.
movement of loads with their free placement on loop slings is allowed only if there are elements on the load that reliably prevent it from shifting in the longitudinal direction.

When performing loading and unloading operations, it is important to adhere to a number of rules. One of these requirements is that employees of the enterprise must be issued standard schemes slings (or hang them in a place accessible to specialists). It is prohibited to work with loads without diagrams. Accurate adherence to them can significantly reduce the likelihood of an unforeseen situation during production process. In our article we will discuss the basic schemes for slinging loads with the most typical loads.

Rules for slinging schemes

When developing slinging schemes, material handling managers must adhere to a number of rules. The main ones are:

the load is depicted as voluminous;
with irregularly shaped loads, the center of gravity must be indicated;
the wiring diagram must contain visible and invisible branches of the node;
in the case of multi-leg slings, there must be an angle between the branches.

Slinging diagrams with pictures

Below are the slinging diagrams for the most common loads, which are widely used in enterprises in various fields: from construction companies before manufacturing companies. Knowledge and adherence to such schemes is the key to safe and efficient loading and unloading operations.

Pipe slinging diagram

When slinging pipes, as a rule, all the requirements associated with long objects apply. Pipes up to two meters long can be transported using single-leg slings.

The diagram shows pipe slinging:

a) using end grips;

b) using double-loop slings with a sleeve;

c) scheme of slinging with traverses;

d) using a pincer grip;

e) towel slings;

g) transportation of a package of pipes using double-loop slings.

The number 1 marks the spacer.

It is worth noting: when unloading pipes from gondola cars, as well as during their loading onto pipe carriers, the vehicle should be installed parallel to the rails.

Beam slinging diagram

In the case of beams, everything happens almost the same as when slinging pipes. The only thing here is that it is important to take into account parameter A – the length of the beam’s girth with slings. It is necessary that the distance from the crane hook to the beam itself is no less than 75% of parameter A, and the distance between the points of attachment of different branches to the beam is equal to parameter A.

In the diagram you can see the slinging of beams:

a) metal (in girth);

b) reinforced concrete (in girth);

c) metal (traverse, using pincer grips).

Equipment slinging diagrams

Such schemes for slinging parts and equipment are of particular interest to industrial enterprises. First of all, here it is worth starting from a number of parameters, including the type of such unit, its size and shape. As a rule, multi-branch slings are used (namely 4SK, or 2 slings 2SK). This allows you to achieve maximum stability of heavy loads during loading and unloading operations with equipment.

The diagram shows the sling:

a) vessels using two double-loop slings;

b) valves with a two-loop sling;

c) the unit, using two double-loop slings;

d) a cylindrical tank (two double-loop slings);

e) boxes using two double-loop slings;

f) schemes for slinging machine parts (two double-loop slings);

g) equipment that is in a wooden container (two double-loop slings).

Slinging scheme for metal structures

One more current scheme is a diagram of metal slinging. Due to the popularity of such structures, it is important to know exactly how they are transported using slings.

In the diagram you can see the sling:

a) single load;

b) a package of sheet steel;

c) wire coil;

d) package with I-beams;

e) a package of sheet steel (in the case where the grips are located symmetrically with respect to the center of gravity, the distance is 1/3 of the length from the extreme point of the metal structure);

e) eccentric clamping devices.

Number 1 marks the clamp, 2 – mounting brackets, 3 – spacers.

Column slinging diagram

The process of transporting columns can take place both vertically and horizontally. In this case, as a rule, two-legged slings or traverses are used.

Slinging diagram for metal supports

In the case when the load is moved onto special metal supports, the following slinging scheme is used.

Trusses that have a length of less than 18 m are slung at two points. In the case where structures exceed a length of 18 m, four fastening points are used, or traverses are used, which can provide stable tension at all stages of lifting.

It is worth noting: The branches of the gear must not deviate from the vertical position, otherwise strong compression will be created in the upper chord of the truss.

When moving such objects, be sure to use four-legged slings, or a pair of two-legged slings. It is unacceptable to use only two-legged slings, making attachment points in opposite corners.

The panel strapping scheme is almost identical.

The container slinging scheme is quite similar to the previous version. The only thing here is that you can fasten the slings to the eyes. In the case of not too long containers, the use of two-legged slings is acceptable.

Pallet strapping diagram

When transporting pallets, it is important to consider the size and shape of the structure, as well as the presence of additional cargo on the pallet. In the latter case, it is necessary to take measures to prevent spontaneous movement of goods on the pallet, as well as their falling from it.

Regardless of what the slinging scheme and other similar devices look like, it is important to adhere to a number of rules:

When tying loads, twisting of the slings and the presence of knots on them are not allowed. If the cargo has sharp components, it is necessary to use special spacers that prevent damage to the gear;
if there are unused branches of multi-branch slings, they must be strengthened so that there is no possibility of free branches touching third-party objects;
when using chain slings, there should be no bends in the links on the edges of the load;
it is possible to move loosely stowed loads on loop slings only if there are elements on the load that prevent its unauthorized displacement;
when slinging a load using a loop tightening method, it is necessary to reduce the load-carrying capacity of the gear by 20 percent;
during regular use of rope slings for the purpose of tying loads with curves, the radius of which is less than 10 rope diameters, the permissible load on the branches of the gear should be reduced.

If you adhere to these rules, as well as cargo slinging schemes in accordance with GOST and STO, you can avoid most unforeseen situations during loading and unloading operations. In addition, you should buy only high-quality gear from trusted manufacturers that have all the necessary certificates for such activities. You can view the permitting documentation of the Freight Mechanics company, which is confirmation of the high quality, durability and reliability of our lifting gear, directly on the website.

In order to prevent loads from falling during lifting and moving them by cranes, the following slinging rules should be observed:

1. Loads must be slinged in accordance with slinging diagrams. To sling a load intended for lifting, slings must be used that correspond to the weight and nature of the load being lifted, taking into account the number of branches and their angle of inclination; General purpose slings should be selected so that the angle between their branches does not exceed 90° (diagonally).

2. Slinging schemes are developed for all loads. Loads must be slinged using all available special devices(hinges, pins, eyes).

3. The movement of loads for which slinging schemes have not been developed must be carried out in the presence and under the guidance of a person responsible for the safe performance of work with cranes.

The movement of a load whose mass is unknown should be carried out only after its actual mass has been determined.

4. Slinging diagrams, graphic representations of methods for slinging and hooking loads must be handed out to slingers and crane operators or posted at work sites.

The owner of the crane or the operating organization in accordance with the requirements of Art. 9.5.12 of the “Rules...” of Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia, methods for tying parts and assemblies of machines moved by cranes during their installation, dismantling and repair must also be developed, indicating the devices used for this, as well as methods for safely tilting loads when such an operation made using a crane.

5. Load-handling devices (slings, traverses, grips, etc.) are selected depending on the characteristics of the load being lifted and the developed slinging scheme.

When tying a load, the slings must be applied without knots or twists.

The ends of a multi-leg sling that are not used for hooking must be strengthened so that when moving the load by crane, the possibility of these ends touching objects encountered along the way is excluded.

In this case, it is necessary to take into account the location of the center of gravity of the load. The sling should be placed under the load in such a way as to prevent it from slipping while lifting the load. The load must be tied in such a way that during its movement, the fall of its individual parts is prevented and a stable position of the load is ensured during movement. To do this, slinging of long loads (poles, logs, pipes) must be done in at least two places. When slinging long loads using the tying method, place the branches of the slings at a distance equal to ¼ of the length of the element from its ends;

6. When slinging structures with sharp edges using the strapping method, it is necessary to install gaskets between the edges of the elements and the rope to protect the rope from chafing. Gaskets must be attached to the load or permanently attached to the sling as inventory.

To make supports for sharp corners of metal loads, a wide variety of materials and production waste can be used: wood, rubber pipes and bent angles, waste rubber-fabric hoses, flat belts, conveyor belts.

When regularly using rope slings for tying loads with curves, the radii of which are less than 10 rope diameters, it is recommended to reduce the permissible load on the sling branches in accordance with the table.

r/d

Load reduction, %

Less than 0.5

From 0.5 to 1.0

From 1.0 to 2.0

From 2.0 to 2.5

Over 2.5

Not allowed

7. When slinging, the hooks of the slings should be directed away from the center of the load. Hooks must have safety locks.

8. When slinging a load and tightening it with a loop of a rope sling, it is recommended to reduce its load capacity by 20%.

Slinging loads with a loop tightening

9. Moving loads with their free placement on loop slings, regardless of the number of loops, is allowed only if there are elements on the load that reliably prevent it from moving in the longitudinal direction.

Transportation of loads with loose stowage on loop slings

10. When tying loads with chain slings, do not allow the links to bend on the edges of the load.

Slinging loads with chain slings

11. Moving cargo using sling hooks.

For proper engagement of eye bolts, brackets and other elements provided on the load for connecting the sling (see figure), the clearances and  2 must correspond to:

 1  0.07 h, but not less than 3 mm;

 2  0.1 V, but not less than 3 mm.

Installing the sling hook in the eye

12. Slinging loads from stacks (rolled metal, pipes, timber, etc.) should be carried out in the following sequence:

At the most protruding end of the structure, located in the top row, a loop of a ring sling is put on, hanging on the hook of a two- or four-branch sling;

The slinger moves to a safe distance and gives the command to raise the end of the load to a height of 0.4-0.5 m;

The slinger approaches the raised load from the side and places wooden pads with a cross-section of 100 x 100 mm under it at a distance of ¼ from its ends (when lifting pipes and logs, there should be stops on the pad to prevent the load from rolling out);

The slinger moves to a safe distance and gives the command to lower the load onto the linings and loosen the sling (safe distance means the distance to places that are outside the danger zone at the appropriate lifting height. These places should not be in danger zone from a building under construction);

The slinger approaches the load and, using a metal hook (made of wire with a diameter of 6 mm), places ring slings under the load at a distance of ¼ of the length of the load from its end, then removes the first sling, and tightens the supplied ring slings with a “noose” and puts two hooks on them. or four-legged sling;

The slinger gives the command to lift the load to a height of 20-30 cm, makes sure that the sling is secure and gives the command to further move the load.

13. Slinging a load into a girth (on a “noose”) with a load length of less than 2 m is allowed to be done in one place (except for rolled metal).

14. Unslinging of structures installed in the design position should be done only after they have been permanently or securely temporarily secured.

15. The movement of small-piece cargo must be carried out in containers specially designed for this purpose; In this case, the possibility of individual loads falling out must be excluded. To avoid spontaneous loss of cargo, containers must be loaded 100 mm below its sides.

16. To install structures at height, it is necessary to use load-handling devices with remote slinging.

Selection of load-handling devices.

The load, load-handling device or container, when moving horizontally, must first be raised 500 mm higher than those encountered in the path of the equipment, building structures and other items.

5.2. Loading and unloading and warehousing of goods

Requirements of the “Rules” for lifting loads.

9.5.18

G) it is not permitted to lower a load onto a vehicle, or to lift a load while there are people in the back or cabin of the vehicle. The presence of people in gondola cars when lifting and lowering cargo by crane is not allowed;

F) when lifting a load, it must first be raised to a height of no more than 200-300 mm to check the correctness of the sling and the reliability of the brake;

X) when lifting a load installed near a wall, column, stack, railway car, machine or other equipment, people (including the slinger) should not be allowed to be between the lifted load and the specified parts of the building or equipment; this requirement must also be met when lowering and moving the load;

M) the load or load-handling device, when moving horizontally, must first be raised 500 mm above objects encountered along the way.

Requirements of the “Rules” for the movement of goods.

A) at the site of work on moving goods, as well as on the crane, the presence of persons who are not directly related to the work being performed should not be allowed;

D) construction and installation work must be carried out according to the crane work project (PPRk);

E) loading and unloading operations and storage of goods by cranes at bases, warehouses, sites must be carried out according to technological maps developed taking into account the requirements of GOST 12.3.009 and approved in the prescribed manner;

3) the load should not be moved when there are people underneath it. The slinger may be near the load while it is being lifted or lowered if the load is raised to a height of no more than 1000 mm from the platform level;

J) the movement of small-piece cargo must be carried out in containers specially designed for this purpose; In this case, the possibility of individual loads falling out must be excluded. Lifting bricks on pallets without fencing is permitted during loading and unloading (on the ground) Vehicle;

K) movement of cargo whose mass is unknown should be carried out only after determining its actual mass;

M) the load or load-handling device, when moving horizontally, must first be raised 500 mm above objects encountered along the way;

H) when moving a jib crane with a load, the position of the boom and the load on the crane must be set in accordance with the crane operating manual.

A) entering the crane cabin while it is moving;

B) keeping people near a working jib crane to avoid pinching them between the rotating and non-rotating parts of the crane;

H) pulling the load while lifting, moving and lowering. To turn long and large loads during their movement, hooks or guy lines of appropriate length must be used.

Requirements of the “Rules” for lowering the load.

9.5.18 o) lowering the transported load is permitted only in the place intended for this purpose, where the possibility of the load being installed falling, tipping over or sliding is excluded. At the place where the load is installed, pads of appropriate strength must first be laid so that the slings can be easily and without damage removed from under the load. It is not permitted to install cargo in places not intended for this purpose. Stowing and disassembling of cargo should be carried out evenly, without violating the dimensions established for storing cargo and without blocking the aisles. Loading of cargo into gondola cars and onto platforms must be carried out in accordance with established standards, in agreement with the consignee. Loading of cargo into cars and other vehicles must be carried out in such a way as to ensure convenient and safe slinging during unloading. Loading and unloading of gondola cars, platforms, vehicles and other vehicles must be carried out without disturbing their balance;

9.5.19. When operating the crane, the following are not allowed:

G) releasing by crane slings, ropes or chains pinched by the load;

P) the presence of people under the crane boom when it is raised and lowered without a load.

Lifting and moving loads,

installed near a wall, column, stack, etc.

9.5.18 x) when lifting a load installed near a wall, column, stack, railway car, machine or other equipment, people (including the slinger) should not be allowed to be between the lifted load and the specified parts of the building or equipment; this requirement must also be met when lowering and moving the load.

SNiP 12-04-2002

8.3.5. When moving structures or equipment, the distance between them and protruding parts of mounted equipment or other structures must be at least 1 m horizontally and at least 0.5 m vertically.

Lifting and moving bulk, small-piece and liquid cargo.

9.5.18 j) the movement of small-piece cargo must be carried out in containers specially designed for this purpose; In this case, the possibility of individual loads falling out must be excluded. Lifting bricks on pallets without fencing is permitted during loading and unloading (on the ground) of vehicles.

9.5.19 p) When the crane is operating, people are not allowed to enter the container lifted by the crane or be in it.

Loads prohibited from being lifted by cranes

9.5.1. Cranes can be allowed to move cargo whose weight does not exceed the rated lifting capacity. When operating the crane, the requirements set out in its passport and operating manual must not be violated.

9.5.18. k) the movement of cargo, the mass of which is unknown, should be carried out only after determining its actual mass;

9.5.19. When operating the crane, the following are not allowed:

B) moving a load that is in an unstable position or suspended by one horn of a double-horned hook;

D) moving people or cargo with people on it. Lifting people with overhead cranes can be carried out in exceptional cases, provided for in the crane operating manual, and only in a specially designed and manufactured cabin after measures have been developed to ensure the safety of people. Such work must be carried out according to special instructions agreed with the state mining and technical supervision authorities;

E) lifting a load covered with earth or frozen to the ground, laid down with other loads, reinforced with bolts or filled with concrete, as well as metal and slag frozen in a furnace or welded after draining;

E) pulling a load along the ground, floor or rails with a crane hook when the cargo ropes are in an inclined position without the use of guide blocks that ensure the vertical position of the cargo ropes;

O) lifting the load directly from the place where it is installed (from the ground, platform, stack, etc.) using a boom winch, as well as boom lifting and telescoping mechanisms.

Organization of loading and unloading work

vehicles (gondola cars, cars).

G) it is not permitted to lower a load onto a vehicle, or to lift a load while there are people in the back or cabin of the vehicle. In places where vehicles and gondola cars are constantly loaded and unloaded, stationary overpasses or hanging platforms for slingers must be installed. Loading and unloading of gondola cars with hook cranes must be carried out using a technology approved by the work manufacturer, which must determine the location of the slingers when moving goods, as well as the possibility of their access to overpasses and overhead platforms. The presence of people in gondola cars when lifting and lowering cargo by crane is not allowed;

O) Packing of cargo into gondola cars and onto platforms must be carried out in accordance with established standards, in agreement with the consignee. Loading of cargo into cars and other vehicles must be carried out in such a way as to ensure convenient and safe slinging during unloading. Loading and unloading of gondola cars, platforms, vehicles and other vehicles must be carried out without disturbing their balance.

1. Routing, sling diagrams.

2. Gondola cars - face, hole. according to Article 9.4.4.

3. P/w - shoes, locomotive.

4. Car - brakes and absence of people in the cabin.

5. Absence of slingers in the semi-truck and body when lifting or lowering the load.

6. Overpasses, hanging platforms, stairs.

7. Carrying cargo over the cabin is prohibited.

8. Stowing and dismantling of cargo evenly without disturbing the balance of vehicles.

Storage of goods at a construction site.

9.5.18 f) loading and unloading operations and storage of goods by cranes at bases, warehouses, sites must be carried out according to technological maps developed taking into account the requirements of GOST 12.3.009 and approved in the prescribed manner;

O) lowering the transported load is permitted only in a place designated for this purpose, where the possibility of falling, tipping over or sliding of the installed load is excluded. At the place where the load is installed, pads of appropriate strength must first be laid so that the slings can be easily and without damage removed from under the load. It is not permitted to install cargo in places not intended for this purpose. Stowing and disassembling of cargo should be carried out evenly, without violating the dimensions established for storing cargo and without blocking the aisles. Packing of cargo into gondola cars and onto platforms must be carried out in accordance with established standards, in agreement with the consignee.

(SNiP 12-03-2001)

6.3.1 Storage of materials must be carried out outside the soil collapse prism of unsupported excavations (pits, trenches), and their placement within the soil collapse prism of excavations with fastening is allowed subject to a preliminary check of the stability of the fixed slope according to the fastening passport or by calculation taking into account the dynamic load.

6.3.2 Materials (structures) should be placed in accordance with the requirements of these norms and rules and inter-industry rules on labor protection on leveled areas, taking measures against spontaneous displacement, subsidence, shedding and rolling of stored materials.

Storage areas must be protected from surface water. It is prohibited to store materials and products on bulk, uncompacted soils.

6.3.3 Materials, products, structures and equipment when stored at the construction site and workplaces must be stacked as follows:

Bricks in bags on pallets - no more than two tiers, in containers - one tier, without containers - no more than 1.7 m high;

Foundation blocks and basement wall blocks - in a stack no more than 2.6 m high, on pads and with gaskets;

Wall panels - in cassettes or pyramids (partition panels - in cassettes vertically);

Wall blocks - stacked in two tiers on pads and with gaskets;

Floor slabs - in a stack no more than 2.5 m high, on pads and with gaskets;

Crossbars and columns - in a stack up to 2 m high on pads and with gaskets;

Round timber - in a stack no more than 1.5 m high with spacers between the rows and installation of stops against rolling out; a stack width less than its height is not allowed;

Lumber - in a stack, the height of which when stacked in rows is no more than half the width of the stack, and when stacked in cages - no more than the width of the stack;

Small-grade metal - in a rack no more than 1.5 m high;

Sanitary and ventilation blocks - in a stack no more than 2 m high, on pads and with gaskets;

Large and heavy equipment and its parts - in one tier on linings;

Glass in boxes and roll materials- vertically in 1 row on linings;

Ferrous rolled metals (sheet steel, channels, I-beams, high-quality steel) - in a stack up to 1.5 m high on linings and with gaskets;

Pipes with a diameter of up to 300 mm - in a stack up to 3 m high on pads and with gaskets with end stops;

Pipes with a diameter of more than 300 mm - in a stack up to 3 m high in a saddle without gaskets with end stops.

Storage of other materials, structures and products should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of standards and technical specifications for them.

6.3.4. Between stacks (racks) in warehouses there must be passages with a width of at least 1 m and passages, the width of which depends on the dimensions of vehicles and loading and unloading mechanisms serving the warehouse.

Leaning (leaning) materials and products against fences, trees and elements of temporary and permanent structures is not allowed.

Carrying out loading and unloading operations with cranes,

load-handling device, which is a grab or an electromagnet.

9.5.2. Cranes equipped with a grab or a magnet can be allowed to operate only if the instructions specially developed for these cases, set out in the operating manuals for the crane and load-handling device, are followed.

9.5.18 p) it is not allowed for people to be present or to carry out any work within the limits of moving cargo by cranes equipped with a grab or a magnet. Auxiliary workers operating such cranes may only be allowed to perform their duties during breaks in crane operation and after the grab or magnet has been lowered to the ground. Places where work is carried out with such cranes must be fenced and marked with warning signs;

P) it is not allowed to use the grab for lifting people or performing work for which the grab is not intended.

3.1.22. The calculated lifting capacity of the manufactured grab for bulk cargo of a given type (brand, grade) must be confirmed by trial scooping during acceptance tests after installing the grab on the crane. Confirmation of the grab's lifting capacity is documented in a protocol attached to the crane's passport.

2.6.9. The grab must be equipped with a plate indicating the manufacturer, number, volume, dead weight, type of material for which it is intended for handling, and the maximum permissible weight of the material scooped up.

Directions. 9.11. The place where work is carried out with cranes equipped with a grab or a magnet must be fenced with signal barriers and marked with warning signs No. 3 in accordance with GOST 12.4.026-76*.

5.3. Requirements for places where work is carried out with cranes.

9.5.13. The crane owner or operator must:

A) develop and issue to the work sites projects for construction and installation work with cranes, technological maps for storing goods, loading and unloading vehicles and rolling stock and other technological regulations;

B) familiarize (against signature) with the projects and other technological regulations to the persons responsible for the safe performance of work with cranes, crane operators and slingers;

C) provide slingers with distinctive signs, tested and marked lifting devices and containers corresponding to the weight and nature of the goods being moved;

D) post at the work site a list of the main loads moved by the crane indicating their weight. Crane operators and slingers servicing jib cranes during construction and installation work should be given such a list;

H) determine sites and places for storing goods, equip them with the necessary technological equipment and devices (cassettes, pyramids, racks, ladders, stands, linings, gaskets, etc.) and instruct crane operators and slingers regarding the order and dimensions of storage;

9.5.14. Organizations operating cranes must establish a procedure for exchanging signals between the slinger and the crane operator. The recommended sign signaling is given in Appendix 18. When constructing buildings and structures with a height of more than 36 m, two-way radio communication must be used. Signal signaling and a signal exchange system for radio communications must be included in manufacturing instructions for crane operators and slingers.

9.5.15. The place where work is carried out to move goods by cranes must be illuminated in accordance with the work project.

9.5.18. To ensure the safe performance of work on moving cargo by cranes, the owner and the work contractor are required to ensure compliance with the following requirements:

A) at the site of work on moving goods, as well as on the crane, the presence of persons who are not directly related to the work being performed should not be allowed;

SNiP 12-03-2001

Places of temporary or permanent residence of workers must be located outside hazardous areas.

At the boundaries of zones of constantly operating hazardous production factors, protective fences must be installed, and zones of potentially hazardous production factors - signal fences and safety signs.

The lighting of rooms and areas where loading and unloading operations are carried out must comply with the requirements of the relevant building regulations.

Installation of a jib crane on the edge of a pit or trench slope.

Table 5

Minimum distance (in m) from the base of the pit (ditch) slope to the axis of the nearest crane supports with unfilled soil

Depth of pit (ditch), m	Priming
Depth of pit (ditch), m	sand and gravel	Sandy loam	Loamy	Loess dry	clayey
1	1,5	1,25	1,00	1,0	1,00
2	3,0	2,40	2,00	2,0	1.50
3	4,0	3,60	3,25	2,5	1,75
4	5,0	4,40	4,00	3,0	3,00
5	6,0	5,30	4,75	3,5	3,50
Note- If the excavation depth is more than 5 m, the distance from the base of the excavation slope to the nearest crane supports is determined by calculation

The procedure for performing work with jib cranes

near an overhead power line.

Carrying out work using jib cranes

The procedure for organizing work near a power line, issuing a permit and instructing workers must be established by orders of the crane owner and the work manufacturer. The safety conditions specified in the permit must comply with GOST 12.1.013. The validity period of the permit is determined by the organization that issued the permit. The permit must be issued to the crane operator before starting work. The crane operator is prohibited from unauthorized installation of the crane to work near the power line, which is recorded in the waybill.

The operation of a crane near a power line must be carried out under the direct supervision of a person responsible for the safe performance of work by cranes, who must also indicate to the crane operator the location of the crane, ensure compliance with the work conditions stipulated by the permit and make an entry in the crane operator’s logbook about permission to work.

When performing work in the security zone of a power transmission line or within the limits established by the Rules for the protection of high-voltage electrical networks, a permit can only be issued with permission from the organization operating the power line.

The operation of jib cranes under undisconnected contact wires of urban transport can be carried out provided that the distance between the crane boom and the contact wires is not less than 1000 mm when installing a limiter (stop) that does not allow reducing the specified distance when lifting the boom.

The procedure for operating cranes near a power transmission line made with a flexible cable is determined by the owner of the line.

INTERINDUSTRY RULES ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

WHEN OPERATING ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS

POT RM-016-2001

3. Drivers, crane operators, machinists, slingers working in existing electrical installations or in the security zone of overhead lines must have group II.

4. Passage of cars, cargo lifting machines and mechanisms on the territory of the outdoor switchgear and in the security zone of the overhead line, as well as the installation and operation of machines and mechanisms... when performing construction and installation work in the security zone of the overhead line - under the supervision of a responsible manager or a work contractor with group III.

7. The installation and operation of lifting mechanisms directly under energized overhead power lines with voltages up to 35 kV inclusive is not permitted.

The driver operating it must install the lifting machine (mechanism) on outriggers and transfer its working part from the transport position to the working position. It is not permitted to involve other workers for this purpose.

11. During all work in the outdoor switchgear and within the security zone of the overhead line without removing the voltage, mechanisms and lifting machines must be grounded. Load-lifting machines on caterpillar tracks do not need to be grounded when installed directly on the ground.

13.3.7. Carrying out QS work in the security zones of overhead lines using various lifting machines and mechanisms with a retractable part is permitted only if the air distance from the machine (mechanism) or from its retractable or lifting part, as well as from its working body or lifted load in any position (including during the greatest rise or reach) to the nearest live wire will be no less than that indicated in the table. 13.1.

Table 13.1

Permissible distances to live parts that are energized

(GOST 12.1.051)

Security zone of overhead power lines and overhead communication lines – zone along the overhead line in the form land plot and air space, limited by vertical planes spaced on both sides of the line from the outermost wires when they are not disconnected at a distance, m:

For overhead lines with voltage up to 1 kV and overhead lines – 2

For overhead lines 1 – 20 kV - 10

For overhead lines 35 kV - 15

For overhead lines 110 kV - 20

For overhead lines 150, 220 kV - 25

For overhead lines 330, 400, 500 kV - 30

For 750 kV overhead lines - 40

For 1150 kV overhead line - 55

Appendix 19

PERMISSION WORK FORM

FOR WORK WITH A CRANE

NEAR AN OVERHEAD POWER LINE

____________________________

(Business name

____________________________

and departments)

Work permit No._______

The work order is issued for work to be carried out at a distance of less than 30 m from the outermost wire

power lines with voltage more than 42 V.

1. Crane operator_______________________________________________________________

(last name, initials)

(type of tap, registration number)

2. Dedicated to work_________________________________________________________

(organization that provided the crane)

3. On the site________________________________________________________________

(organization to which the crane was issued, location

___________________________________________________________________________

works, construction site, warehouse, workshop)

5. Working conditions___________________________________________________________

(the need to relieve voltage from the line

power transmission, the smallest distance allowed when operating the crane

___________________________________________________________________________

method of cargo movement and other safety measures)

6. Conditions for crane movement________________________________________________

(boom position

________________________________________________________________________________

and other security measures)

7. Start of work ________h _________ min “_______” ____________________200___g.

8. End of work ________ hours _________min “_______” ____________________200___g.

9. Responsible for safe work performance _________________________________

(position, surname, initials,

date and number of the appointment order)

10. Slinger_______________________________________________________________

(last name, initials, (license number, date of last knowledge test)

11. Permission to operate a crane in a security zone__________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

(organization that issued the permit, number and date of permit)

12. The work order was issued by the chief engineer (power engineer)______________________________________

(organization, signature)

13. The necessary safety measures specified in clause 5 have been completed ____________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Person responsible for safe work performance ______________________________

(signature)

14. The crane operator received instructions_______________________________________________

___________________________ “_______”_________________200___g.

(signature)

Notes 1. The work order is issued in two copies: the first is issued to the crane operator, the second is kept by the work contractor.

2. Paragraph 11 must be completed if the crane is operating in the security zone of the power line.

3. Overhead power lines also include branches from them.

4. Work near the power line is carried out in the presence and under the guidance of the person responsible for the safe performance of work with cranes.

Requirements of the “Rules” for installation

jib cranes before starting work.

2.18.1. Installation of cranes in buildings, open areas and other work areas must be carried out in accordance with projects, these Rules and other regulatory documents.

2.18.8. Installation of cranes for construction and installation work must be carried out in accordance with the crane work project (PPRk).

2.18.10. The jib crane must be installed on a planned and prepared site, taking into account the category and nature of the soil. It is not permitted to install the crane to operate on freshly poured, uncompacted soil, or on a site with a slope exceeding that specified in the passport.

2.18.12. If it is necessary to install a jib or railway crane on outriggers, it must be installed on all existing outriggers. Strong and stable pads must be placed under the supports. Shims for additional supports of the crane must be part of its inventory.

2.18.13. Jib cranes at the edge of the pit (ditch) slope must be installed in compliance with the distances specified in the table. 5. If the pit depth is more than 5 m and if it is impossible to maintain the distances indicated in the table. 5, the slope must be strengthened in accordance with the PPRk.

9.5.17. Carrying out work using jib cranes a distance of less than 30 m from the lifting telescopic part of the crane in any of its positions, as well as from the load to the vertical plane formed by the projection onto the ground of the nearest wire of an overhead power line energized by more than 42 V, must be carried out in accordance with a permit that determines safe working conditions , the form of which is given in Appendix 19.

2.18.11. The jib crane must be installed so that during operation the distance between the rotating part of the crane in any position and buildings, stacks of cargo and other objects is at least 1000 mm.

2.18.3. The cranes must be installed in such a way that when lifting a load, there is no need to first pull it up when the cargo ropes are in an inclined position, and it is possible to move the load, lifted at least 500 mm above equipment, stacks of cargo, sides of rolling stock, etc., encountered along the way. P.

RD 10-34-93

When operating jib cranes, the person responsible for the safe operation of cranes must:

1) indicate to the crane operator or operator the location where the crane will be installed to perform the work;

5) each time the crane is moved, check the correctness of its installation, the implementation of measures and issue permission to the crane operator to operate the crane with an entry in the logbook.

5.4. Construction and installation works

Supplying loads into ceiling openings.

Directions. The supply of loads into openings (hatches) of floors and coatings should be carried out according to a specially developed project. When feeding loads into openings (hatches) of floors and coverings, it is necessary to lower the load and raise the hook with slings at minimum speed without swinging them.

The distance between the edge of the opening (hatch) and the load (or the hook cage, if it is lowered into the opening (hatch)) must ensure the free movement of the load (or the hook cage) through the opening and must be at least 0.5 m.

In exceptional cases, it is allowed to reduce this distance when escorting cargo through an opening (hatch) using a guy rope.

The load brought to the opening (hatch) must be calmed from swinging and only then lowered into the opening. When lifting a sling through an opening (hatch), all hooks must be hung on a detachable link, and the sling must be guided from below using a hemp rope; the hemp rope is unhooked from the sling after the sling is removed from the opening (hatch). The slinger can approach the load (move away from the load) when the load is lowered (raised) to a height of no more than 1 m from the level of the surface (platform) where the slinger is located.

At the place of reception (or dispatch) of cargo supplied (or removed) through the opening (hatch), as well as at the opening in the ceiling (covering), a light alarm (luminous signs) must be equipped, warning both about the presence of cargo above the opening (hatch) and and about lowering it through the opening (hatch), as well as inscriptions and signs prohibiting people from being under the transported load.

The light alarm must be located so that it cannot be damaged by moving cargo or load-handling devices.

Radio communication must be established between the crane operator and the slinger who is out of sight of the crane operator.

The opening (hatch) through which the cargo is supplied must have a permanent fence with a height (distance from the level of the workplace to the lowest point of the upper horizontal element) of at least 1200 mm with a solid side board along the bottom to a height of at least 100 mm. The fence must meet the requirements of GOST 12.4.059-89.

When feeding cargo into openings (hatches) through the inter-truss space or through several ceilings when the openings (hatches) are located directly above each other, a shaft with smooth walls is equipped or the lowering of the load must be carried out with mandatory support. Examples of feeding cargo through openings (hatches) are presented in Figure 28.

Delivery of loads into window and door openings.

9.5.19 j. Delivery of cargo into window openings and onto balconies without special receiving platforms or special devices is not allowed.

Installation Guidelines for Safe Operation lifting cranes and construction lifts in the development of construction organization projects and work execution projects.

Remote load-receiving platforms

1. Remote load-receiving platforms must be installed in accordance with the requirements of the instructions for their installation and operation. The installation locations of the platforms are determined by the work project.

2. Remote load-receiving platforms must be inventory-based and manufactured according to specialized designs design organizations enterprises, construction and installation departments that have certified welders, as well as a license to manufacture platforms. The design of the site fastening should not have a negative impact on the elements of the building (structure) to which the fastening is made (walls, floor slabs, etc.), which should be paid special attention to when linking previously designed sites.

3. Remote load-receiving platforms are designed for the weight of the accepted load.

4. The size of the platforms is taken into account the maximum dimensions of the cargo and the possibility of carrying out work safely for the slinger when accepting the cargo.

5. The possibility of installing the platform and methods of its fastening, if necessary, are agreed upon with the author of the building (structure) design. The need for approval is determined by the developer of the project plan or the author of the site design.

6. The remote loading platform must have a passport and operating instructions from the manufacturer.

7. According to SNiP 12-03-2001, the site after its installation can be allowed for operation only after it has withstood tests with a static load exceeding its standard load by 20% for 1 hour. The tests are carried out by a departmental commission appointed by order construction organization. The commission includes designers and, if necessary, representatives of the manufacturer. The test results must be reflected in their acceptance certificate or in the general work log.

8. In the work project, they show the location of the site, develop a scheme for supplying cargo with explanatory note By safe production works The slinger, being in the open opening of the building, can accept the load supplied to the receiving platform only lowered to a height of 20-30 cm above the fence or can approach the load lowered to a height of 1 m from the level of the platform. To unfasten the load, the slinger can go to the receiving platform only after the load has been lowered onto the platform. It is prohibited for the slinger to be on the receiving platform while lowering and guiding the load, as well as under the lowered load, between the load and the fence or wall of the building.

A sign indicating the number, load capacity, test date, name of the person responsible for the proper condition and safe operation sites. A table of the masses of loads supplied to the site is posted in a visible place on the route to the site.

9. Accounting and registration of sites is carried out in the logbook and periodic inspection of lifting devices and containers.

10. By order of the construction organization, persons responsible for the good condition and safe operation of cargo receiving areas are appointed. Their condition is examined once every 10 days, which is recorded in a log.

11. Slingers and crane operators delivering loads to the receiving area are given instructions on how to carry out work safely.

12. Platforms should not be installed in the same vertical direction. The displacement of one platform relative to the other must be at least 1 m. When a load is supplied to one platform, people are prohibited from being on other platforms located in the danger zone of the first platform

13. An example of linking remote platforms intended for reception construction materials and equipment on the covered floors of buildings (structures) under construction or reconstruction, is given in Figure 29.

Cargo angling.

9.5.18 t) tilting of loads by cranes must be carried out on tilting platforms or in specially designated areas. Such work is permitted only according to a pre-compiled technology that determines the sequence of the operation, the method of slinging the load and instructions for the safe performance of work.

The tilting of structures on a construction site during installation or assembly should be carried out according to specially developed technological schemes, which should reflect the technological sequence of operations, the elimination of oblique tension of cargo ropes, instructions for the safe performance of work, and also indicate methods for slinging structures.

The dimensions of the platforms are determined taking into account the dimensions of the products to be turned and the scope of work for maintenance and turning. A stop is installed on the tilting platforms to prevent the structures from sliding. It is prohibited to tilt loads directly in stacks.

Lifting and moving cargo with several cranes.

9.5.4. Lifting and moving cargo by several cranes is allowed in some cases. Such work must be carried out in accordance with the project And or a technological map, which must contain diagrams of slinging and moving the load, indicating the sequence of operations, the position of the cargo ropes, and must also contain instructions for the safe movement of the load.

When lifting and moving a load with several cranes, the load on each of them is not must exceed the lifting capacity of the crane. Work to move loads using multiple cranes must be carried out under the direct supervision of the person responsible for the safe operation of the cranes.

Combining operations to simultaneously lift and rotate the boom is prohibited.

When developing slinging schemes for lifting loads with several cranes, the locations for slinging loads must be indicated.

In the PPR, it is necessary to develop an operational map (scheme) of cargo movement.

Before lifting a load with several cranes, it is necessary to first check whether the crane operators can synchronously carry out the commands of the person in charge. according to Article 9.4.4; If necessary, a rehearsal without a load can be carried out with the crane operators.

Moving loads over floors under which production or service premises are located where people may be present.

9.5.3. Moving cargo over floors on which industrial, residential or office premises are located where people may be located is not allowed. In some cases, in agreement with the state mining and technical supervision authorities, cargo may be moved over the floors of production or office premises where people are located, after the development of measures to ensure the safe execution of the work

5.5. Basic information about crane work projects and technological maps

9.5.18. To ensure the safe performance of work on moving cargo by cranes, the owner and the work contractor are required to ensure compliance with the following requirements:

A) at the site of work on moving goods, as well as on the crane, the presence of persons who are not directly related to the work being performed should not be allowed;

E) construction and installation work must be carried out according to the crane work project (PPRk), which must provide for:

Compliance of the installed cranes with the conditions of construction and installation work in terms of lifting capacity, lifting height and reach (load characteristics of the crane);

Ensuring safe distances from networks and air lines power transmission, areas for urban transport and pedestrians, as well as safe distances for cranes to approach buildings and storage areas for building parts and materials;

Conditions for installation and operation of cranes near pit slopes;

Conditions for the safe operation of several cranes on one track and on parallel tracks;

List of used load-handling devices and graphic representation (diagram) of load slinging;

Places and dimensions of cargo storage, access roads, etc.;

Measures for the safe performance of work, taking into account the specific conditions at the site where the crane is installed (fencing of the construction site, installation area, etc.);

Determination of the boundary of the dangerous zone from the operation of the crane.

Danger zone designation.

(SNiP 12-03-2001)

4.8. Before starting work in conditions of industrial risk, it is necessary to identify areas that are dangerous to people, in which they are constantly operating or may operate. hazardous factors, related or not related to the nature of the work performed.

4.9. The areas of constantly operating hazardous production factors include:

Places near uninsulated live parts of electrical installations;

Places close to unfenced differences in height of 1.3 m or more;

Places where maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the air of the working area may be exceeded.

Areas of potentially hazardous production factors include:

Areas of territory near a building (structure) under construction;

Floors (tiers) of buildings and structures in one area, above which the installation (dismantling) of structures or equipment takes place;

Areas of movement of machines, equipment or their parts, working parts;

Places over which loads are moved by cranes.

The dimensions of these hazardous areas are established in accordance with Appendix D.

4.10. Places of temporary or permanent residence of workers must be located outside hazardous areas.

D.1. The boundaries of dangerous zones in places over which cargo is moved by cranes, as well as near a building under construction, are taken from the extreme point of the horizontal projection of the outer smallest dimension of the cargo being moved or the wall of the building, adding the largest overall size moving (falling) load and the minimum distance of departure of the load when it falls according to Table D.1.

Table D.1

Height of possible drop of cargo (object), m	Minimum distance of departure of a moved (falling) object, m
Height of possible drop of cargo (object), m	load moved by a crane in case of its fall	objects if they fall from a building
To 10	4	3,5
" 20	7	5
" 70	10	7
" 120	15	10
" 200	20	15
" 300	25	20
" 450	30	25
Note- With intermediate values of the height of possible falling loads (objects) minimum distance their departure can be determined by interpolation.

The boundary of the danger zone is marked on the ground with signs (according to GOST 12.4.026-76) warning about the operation of the crane (sign No. 3). Signs are installed based on the visibility of the danger zone boundary; they must be illuminated at night.

Section 6. Occupational safety

Topic 6.1. Labor safety during work

The main causes of crane accidents and

accidents during work with cranes

The main causes of accidents of load-lifting cranes are malfunctions, damage, breakdowns, destruction of individual parts of metal structures, safety devices, mechanisms due to poor quality of their manufacture, installation, as well as violation of the established mode of their operation and untimely or unsatisfactory maintenance, diagnostics, technical examination, due to non-compliance with preventive maintenance schedules, instructions and safety rules when operating cranes.

An accident is considered to be the destruction or bending of metal structures of a load-lifting crane (bridge, portal, frame, platform, tower, boom), which necessitates the need for major renovation metal structures or replacement of their individual sections, as well as the fall of a load-lifting crane, which caused the specified damage and machine downtime for more than one shift.

Crane accidents can be divided into two types: those that did not result in accidents and those that did result in accidents.

The main causes of injury are:

Incorrect cargo slinging;

The use of faulty lifting devices that are inappropriate for the load-carrying capacity and nature of the load;

Violation of cargo slinging schemes;

Failure to comply with technological maps for storing goods;

Finding people in the danger zone or under the boom;

The presence of people in a gondola car, on a platform, in the back of a vehicle when lifting or lowering loads;

Failure to comply with cargo storage dimensions;

Permitting untrained workers to operate the crane as slingers;

The presence of people in the vehicle cabin during loading or unloading;

Having people near a wall, column, stack or equipment while lifting or lowering a load;

Failure to comply with safety measures when slinging a load and servicing a crane near a power line.

Occupational safety briefing (GOST 12.0.004-90)

Based on the nature and timing of the briefings, they are divided into:

Introductory;

Primary at the workplace;

Repeated;

Unscheduled;

Target.

7.1. Introductory training on occupational safety is carried out for all newly hired employees, regardless of their education, work experience in a given profession or position.

7.2. Induction training at the enterprise is carried out by a labor protection engineer or a person assigned these responsibilities by order of the enterprise.

Initial briefing at the workplace before the start of production activities is carried out by:

With all those newly hired to the enterprise, transferred from one division to another;

With employees performing new work for them, business travelers, temporary workers;

With builders performing construction and installation work on the territory of an existing enterprise;

With students and students who arrived for industrial training or practice before performing new types of work.

7.2.3. Initial instruction at the workplace is carried out with each employee or student individually with a practical demonstration of safe techniques and work methods. Initial instruction is possible with a group of people servicing the same type of equipment and within a common workplace.

7.2.4. All workers, after initial instruction at the workplace, must undergo an internship under the supervision of persons appointed by order during the first 2 to 14 shifts (depending on the nature of the work and the qualifications of the employee).

Workers are allowed to independent work after an internship, testing theoretical knowledge and acquired skills in safe ways of working.

7.3. All workers, regardless of qualifications, education, length of service, or the nature of the work performed, undergo repeated training at least once every six months.

7.4. Unscheduled briefing is carried out by:

1) upon the introduction of new or revised standards, rules, instructions on labor protection, as well as amendments to them;

2) when changing technological process, replacement or modernization of equipment, devices and tools, raw materials, materials and other factors affecting labor safety;

3) in case of violation by workers of labor safety requirements, which can lead or have led to injury, accident, explosion or fire, poisoning;

4) at the request of supervisory authorities;

5) during breaks in work - for work for which additional (increased) labor safety requirements are imposed by more than 30 calendar days, and for other works – 60 days.

Unscheduled briefing is carried out individually or with a group of workers of the same profession. The scope and content of the briefing is determined in each specific case, depending on the reasons and circumstances that necessitated its implementation.

7.5. Targeted instruction is carried out when performing one-time work not related to direct duties in the specialty (loading, unloading, cleaning the territory, one-time work outside the enterprise, workshop, etc.); liquidation of consequences of accidents, natural Disasters and disasters; production of work for which a permit, permit and other documents are issued.

7.6. Initial briefing at the workplace, repeated, unscheduled and targeted training is carried out by the immediate supervisor of the work.

7.9. The employee who conducted the briefing makes an entry in the workplace briefing logbook regarding the conduct of initial training at the workplace, repeated, unscheduled internship and admission to work. When registering an unscheduled briefing, indicate the reason for it.

Targeted briefing with employees carrying out work under a permit, permit, etc. is recorded in the permit or other documentation authorizing the work.

Responsibility of engineering and technical workers and

service personnel for violation of the "Rules" and instructions.

1. Control over compliance with these Rules and other regulatory legal acts on labor protection in an organization, regardless of the organizational and legal form and form of ownership, is carried out by the bodies of the state labor inspection, state mining and technical supervision, Glavgosenergonadzor, state sanitary and epidemiological supervision for objects under their control, state supervision, etc. , labor protection service of the organization and internal departmental control bodies (by subordination).

Public control over labor protection in an organization is carried out by the trade union committee of the organization or other representative bodies authorized by employees and the technical labor inspection of trade unions.

Supreme supervision over the correct and uniform implementation of labor laws in the territory Russian Federation carries out Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation and its subordinate prosecutorial supervision bodies.

2. The employer is responsible for the state of labor protection in the organization. Responsibility for compliance with rules, regulations and instructions on labor protection, for ensuring healthy and safe working conditions lies with the heads of structural units.

3. Managers and specialists guilty of violating labor legislation and labor protection rules bear liability (disciplinary, administrative, criminal) in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

4. The issuance by officials of instructions and orders forcing subordinates to violate the requirements of the Rules, as well as the failure to take measures to eliminate violations of the Rules committed by their subordinates in their presence, are gross violations of these Rules.

5. For violation of the requirements of legislative and other regulatory legal acts on labor protection, employees may be subject to disciplinary, administrative and criminal liability in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

6. Refusal of an employee to perform work in the event of an immediate danger to his life and health or to perform heavy work and work with harmful or dangerous working conditions not provided for employment contract, does not entail any unreasonable consequences for him.

Topic 6.2. Electrical safety and fire safety

Intersectoral instructions

first aid in case of accidents at work

Universal first aid scheme at the scene of an accident:

1. If there is no consciousness and no pulse in the carotid artery, begin resuscitation.

2. If there is no consciousness, but there is a pulse in the carotid artery, turn onto the stomach and clean the oral cavity.

3. In case of arterial bleeding, apply a tourniquet.

4. If there are wounds, apply bandages.

5. If there are signs of fractures of the limb bones, apply transport splints.

If there is no consciousness and no pulse in the carotid artery:

1. Disconnect the victim from power;

2. Make sure that the pupil does not react to light;

3. Make sure there is no pulse in the carotid artery;

4. Strike the sternum with your fist;

5. Start chest compressions;

6. Take a “breath” of artificial respiration;

7. Raise your legs;

8. Continue resuscitation;

9. Call “03”.

If there is no consciousness, but there is a pulse in the carotid artery:

1. Make sure there is a pulse;

2. Turn onto your stomach and clean your mouth;

3. Apply cold to the head;

4. Apply bandages to the wounds;

5. Apply splints;

6. Call “03”.

Action plan in case of electric shock

1. Disconnect the victim from power. (Don't forget about your own safety!)

2. If there is no pulse in the carotid artery, strike the sternum with your fist and begin resuscitation.

3. If you are in a coma, turn on your stomach.

4. For electrical burns and wounds, apply bandages. For fractures of limb bones - splints.

5. call an ambulance.

UNACCEPTABLE!

Touch the victim without first disconnecting the power;

Stop resuscitation measures until signs of biological death appear.

Signs of dangerous damage and conditions

Signs of sudden death (when every lost second can become fatal):

1. Lack of consciousness.

2. There is no reaction of the pupils to light.

3. There is no pulse in the carotid artery.

Signs of biological death (when resuscitation is pointless):

1. Drying of the cornea of the eye (appearance of a “herring” shine).

2. Deformation of the pupil when gently squeezing the eyeball with your fingers.

3. Appearance of cadaveric spots.

Signs of coma:

1. Loss of consciousness for more than 4 minutes.

2. Be sure to have a pulse in the carotid artery.

Signs of arterial bleeding:

1. Scarlet blood flows from the wound in a gushing stream.

2. A ridge of escaping blood forms over the wound.

3. A large bloody stain on clothing or a pool of blood near the victim.

Signs of venous bleeding:

1. Blood passively drains from the wound.

2. Very dark blood color.

Signs of fainting:

1. Short-term loss of consciousness (no more than 3 - 4 minutes).

2. Loss of consciousness is preceded by:

Sharp weakness

Dizziness;

Tinnitus;

Darkening in the eyes.

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2nd category

Slinging and tying of simple products, parts, timber (up to 3 m long) and other similar loads weighing up to 5 tons for lifting, moving and stacking. Unhooking slings at the installation or laying site. Giving signals to the crane operator (crane operator) and monitoring the load during lifting, moving and laying. Selecting the necessary slings in accordance with the weight and size of the load being moved. Determining the suitability of slings.

Must know: visual determination of the mass of the transported cargo; places for securing standard products; rules for slinging, lifting and moving small cargo; conditional signaling for milking of crane drivers (crane operators); purpose and rules of use of slings, cables, chains, ropes, etc.; maximum load standards for the crane and slings; the required length and diameter of slings for moving loads; permissible loads of slings and ropes.

3rd category

Slinging and lashing of simple products, parts, timber (up to 3 m long) and other similar loads weighing over 5 to 25 tons for lifting, moving and stacking. Slinging and tying of moderately complex loads, timber loads (over 3 to 6 m in length), products, parts and assemblies with their installation on a machine, scaffolding and other mounting devices and mechanisms, as well as other similar loads weighing up to 5 tons for lifting them, moving and laying. Selecting methods for quickly and safely slinging and moving loads in different conditions. Splicing and tying slings with different knots.

Must know: visual determination of the mass and center of gravity of transported loads; rules for slinging, lifting and moving simple heavy loads and moderately complex loads; the most convenient places for slinging cargo; service life of slings. their load capacity, testing methods and timing; methods of splicing and tying slings; principle of operation of load-handling devices.

4th category

Slinging and lashing of simple products, parts, timber (up to 3 m long) and other similar loads weighing over 25 tons for lifting, moving and stacking. Slinging and tying of moderately complex loads, timber loads (over 3 to 6 m in length), products, parts and assemblies with their installation on a machine, scaffolding and other mounting devices and mechanisms, as well as other similar loads weighing over 5 to 25 tons for their lifting, moving and laying. Slinging and tying of timber cargo (over 6 m in length), parts and components that require increased caution, technological equipment and related structures, products, units, machines and mechanisms directly during slipway and sectional assembly and disassembly, as well as during assembly and disassembly of machines, apparatus, structures of prefabricated elements of buildings and structures and similar complex loads weighing up to 5 tons for lifting them, installation, movement and stacking. Braiding the ends of the slings. Selection of slings in accordance with the weight and type of cargo.

Must know: methods of slinging heavy loads; arrangement of load-handling devices used when lifting and moving loads to protect them from deflection and damage; rules and methods for splicing slings; service life of slings and their load capacity.

5th category

Slinging and tying of moderately complex loads, forestry (over 3 to 6 m in length) products, parts and assemblies with their installation on a machine, scaffolding and other mounting devices and mechanisms, as well as similar loads weighing over 25 tons for lifting, moving and stacking . Slinging and tying of timber cargo (over 6 m in length), especially critical products, machine components and mechanisms directly during slipway and sectional assembly and disassembly, as well as during assembly and disassembly of machines, apparatus, structures of prefabricated elements of buildings and structures and similar complex loads of mass over 5 to 50 tons for lifting, moving and laying.

Must know: the design of devices used when lifting and moving loads to protect them from deflection and damage; methods and timing of testing slings.

6th category

Slinging and tying of complex timber cargo (over 6 m in length), especially critical products, components, machines and mechanisms directly during slipway and sectional assembly and disassembly, as well as during assembly and disassembly of machines, apparatus, structures of prefabricated elements of buildings and structures and similar complex loads weighing over 50 tons for their lifting, installation, movement and stacking.

Must know: rules and methods for slinging especially critical cargo; design of devices used when lifting and moving critical loads to protect them from damage and deflection.

According to the ETKS of work and professions, slingers are divided into categories 2–6 depending on the work performed.

The qualification characteristics of sling work are as follows:

Ways to protect cargo from damage and deflection when lifting and moving cargo:

Heavyweight 4

Very heavy 5

Construction of load-handling devices and mechanisms 4

The structure and design of devices used when lifting and

Moving loads to protect them from damage and deflection 5

The same for critical cargo 6

Purpose and rules for using slings, cables, chains, ropes, etc. 2

Limit loads on slings and lifting capacity of crane 2

Permissible loads 2

Load capacity of slings 3

Rules for determining the length and diameter of slings for moving loads 2

Methods of splicing slings and tying them 3

Rules and methods for splicing slings and braiding loops 4

Methods and terms of operation of slings 3

The same, tests of load-handling devices 3

Operating principle of load-handling devices and mechanisms 3

Rules and terms of operation of slings and determination of their load capacity 4

Methods and timing of testing and inspection of slings 5

Conditional signaling for transmitting commands from the slinger to the crane operator 2

Unhooking slings at the installation or stowage site 2

Determining the suitability of slings for moving loads 2

Selecting methods for quickly and safely slinging and moving loads 3

Selecting the slings required to move the load in accordance with:

With weight and dimensions 2

With mass and genus (species) 3

Splicing and tying slings with various knots 3

Braiding the ends of the sling 4

Giving signals to the crane operator and monitoring the behavior of the load during

Lifting, moving and stacking 2

The qualification characteristics of a slinger's knowledge are as follows:

Discharge

Visual definition:

Masses of transported cargo 2

Masses and locations of the center of gravity of the load 3

Rules for slinging, lifting and moving cargo:

Small simple 2

Heavyweight simple 3

Lightweight medium difficulty 3

Heavy Medium Difficulty 4

Particularly responsible 6

Very hard 6

Rules for determining the most convenient places straps 3

Rules for determining methods of slinging loads:

Typical 2

Heavyweight 4

Particularly responsible and very difficult 6

Slinging and lashing of loads for lifting, moving and laying simple

products weighing, kg:

Over 25000 4

Also, of average complexity of products (parts and assemblies with their installation on the machine,

scaffolding using mounting devices and mechanisms) weighing, kg:

From 5000 to 25000 4

Over 25000 5

The same applies to complex products (parts and assemblies that require increased care;

Technological equipment and related structures, products and assemblies;

Machines and mechanisms directly during slipway and sectional assembly and disassembly

Borke of machines, apparatus, structures of prefabricated elements of buildings and structures)

Weight, kg:

From 5000 to 50000 5

Over 50000 6

Timber cargo length, m:

Simple:

From 3 to 6 3

Medium difficulty:

From 3 to 6 4

Complex cargo over 6 6

Question from Natalia:

Colleagues, good afternoon! I am addressing the representatives of JSC Russian Railways. Guys, maybe someone has diagrams for slinging rails, reinforced concrete. and wooden sleepers, crosses and other MVSP? I really need it. If there are, please share.

Reply to Natalia:

1) DIAGRAM FOR STRAPING WOODEN TRANSFER BAR
2) SCHEME FOR SLINGING WOODEN SLEEPERS
3) DIESEL ENGINE LOADING SCHEME
4) STRAPING SCHEME OF REINFORCED CONCRETE DRAINAGE TRAYS
5) STRAPING SCHEME OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FOUNDATION BLOCKS
6) SCHEME FOR SLINGING REINFORCED CONCRETE SLEEPERS
7) DIAGRAM FOR STRAPING THE COUNTER RAIL
8) STRAPING SCHEME OF THE CROSSING
9) SCHEME OF SLINGING RAILS LENGTH 25 M.
10) SCHEME OF SLINGING RAILS LENGTH 12.5 m.
11) DIAGRAM FOR SLINGING A FRAME RAIL WITH A POINT
12) SCHEME OF SLINGING RAILS LENGTH 12.5 m.
13) SCHEME OF SLINGING RAILS LENGTH 25 M.
14) SCHEME FOR SLINGING RAILS LESS THAN 12.5 m LONG.
15) STRAPING SCHEME OF A REINFORCED CONCRETE PLATE
16) SCHEME FOR SLINGING TIMBER (edged and unedged boards)

CARGO SLINGING SCHEME

In addition to the topic, you can download free instructions on labor protection when performing slinging work.

Page 1 of 3

Slinging shafts is one of the simplest operations. Shafts, as a rule, are bodies of rotation with the center of gravity located on their axis. To sling shafts when moving them in a horizontal position, universal or lightweight slings are most often used. For slinging short shafts up to 1.5 m and the ratio of the shaft length to its diameter L/d<15 допускается обвязка одним узлом по центру тяжести (рис. 1, а). При соотношении L/d^5 следует обвязывать двухконцевой удавкой (рис. 2), в случае малого угла между ветвями стропа и в том случае, когда стропы, упираясь в выступы, не сбегаются к середине, можно применять простой обхват с двух концов (рис. 3).
Grips at both ends are also used for transporting shaped shafts of any length, the protrusions of which prevent slings from running away (Fig. 4); gaskets should be used to protect ropes from chafing and products from scratches and dents when wrapping them. Shafts with a length of 1.5 to 6 m for moving in a horizontal position should be tied in two places symmetrically located relative to the center of gravity. Slinging of long shafts can be done by wrapping (Fig. 5, a) with two nooses (Fig. 5, b) and two double nooses (Fig. 5, c). The gripping of shaped shafts can be done using special end grips (Fig. 6, a); special devices are used to install the shaft in hard-to-reach places (Fig. 6.6). Such a device can be used if the end of the moving shaft needs to be inserted, for example, into a machine chuck, but the part cannot be grabbed in the center.

Rice. 1. Slinging short shafts (up to 1.5 m) with Ld ratio<5:
a - an endless (circular) sling, a noose loop; b - a single-leg sling with two loops, a noose loop; c - single-leg sling with a loop and hook; d - a piece of rope, a loop

Rice. 2. Slinging short shafts (up to 1.5 m) with Lid ratio

In cases where a long shaft is moving and the angle between the branches of the sling is large, in order to avoid runaway it is necessary to use traverses. A simplified crossbar with two hooks is shown in Fig. 7, and the traverse for transporting long shafts with a simple girth is shown in Fig. 7.6.

Rice. 3. Scheme for slinging the shaft with a simple girth
Long shafts (>6 m), transported in several pieces at a time, should be tied in two places with loops and nooses or a wrapping wrap (Fig. 7).
V). Care should be taken to ensure that the parts being lifted and moved together at the same time are of the same length and their ends do not protrude.
To sling hollow shafts or assembled center shafts, use hooks (Fig. 8, c) or an inventory crowbar (Fig. 8, c).

Rice. 4. Scheme for slinging a shaped shaft into a girth

a - by twisting; 6 - nooses; c - double nooses

Rice. 6. Slinging shafts using special devices:
a - gripping rings (clamps); b - lever grip
Rice. 5. Slinging long shafts in two places:

When slinging shaped shafts with a center of gravity asymmetrically located along the length, gripping points should be located at distances from the center of gravity inversely proportional to the mass of these sections: m = mi+m2; a/b - -m2/mi (Fig. 9). The distance between gripping points should be as large as possible. The protruding length of the shaft behind the gripping point must be at least five rope diameters. If this cannot be done, then additional measures should be taken to eliminate the possibility of the rope loop breaking. It is better to use special devices. Shaft blanks can be moved using pliers paired on a traverse. It is advisable to transport long shafts and round products stacked in racks using a traverse hook.
Transportation and installation of processed shafts is carried out using armored slings or using gaskets (Fig. 10).

Rice. 9. Slinging diagram for a shaft asymmetrical in length
Rice. 8. Slinging hollow shafts:

Rice. 7. Slinging shafts using a traverse:
a - hooks; b - simple girth; c - girth with harness

a - hooks; b - inventory crowbar

Transporting shafts in a vertical position is more labor-intensive. Smooth, well-processed shafts in this position should only be moved using special grips. For shafts with shoulders, grooves, and grooves at the ends, a lightweight sling is used.
The load is tied with a noose loop (Fig. 11), sometimes a detachable clamp is used (Fig. 12.6). If there is a hole at the end of the shaft or it can be drilled, then it is better to use pins or staples to fasten such a product (Fig. 11, a). When transporting shafts in a vertical position, you need to use the holes available at the ends of the parts, into which you can screw an eye (Fig. 12, c) or fasten brackets (Fig. 12, c). Short barrel-shaped shafts for transportation in a vertical position are often slung with a double noose (Fig. 11, d, e). When slinging, the shafts should be tied at the center of gravity, otherwise they may slip out of the sling loop. For slinging cleanly processed shafts, it is recommended to use hemp or steel armored slings. Crankshafts with ground journals can be removed from machines and installed with steel hooks equipped with protective tubes made of rubber, felt, polymers and other soft materials that protect the machined surfaces from damage. It is more expedient to sling the shafts supplied for heat treatment using earrings or a clamp. When group slinging of shafts, rollers with earrings, earrings and stars are used (Fig. 13).

Rice. 10. Slinging of processed shafts for their transportation and installation on machines:
a - two taps; b - one crane with a double hook; 1 - wooden spacers

Rice. 11. Slinging shafts for transportation in a vertical position:
a - with a noose by the pin; b - with a noose on the ledge; c - double noose for the ledge; guide - double noose with additional harness

Rice. 12. Slinging shafts using simple devices for transportation in a vertical position:
a - behind the eye; b - clamp; c - technological brackets; g - eye with a pin or an inventory crowbar: d - disk in three places evenly around the circumference -

Slinging of drums transported in a horizontal position is carried out using a simple girth (Fig. 14) with an angle between the branches of no more than 60°. Long parts are also slinged, but to transport them, traverses or two cranes are used, and the branches of the slings must be positioned vertically. Drums 3-5 m long are tied with a regular girth, but the slings are passed inside the part, securely hooking the load.

Rice. 13. Slinging of figured shafts with special devices:
a - armored slings and hooks with protective tubes; b - clamp; c - on the earrings and collar; Mr. bolster and earring; d - group on a sprocket for two shafts; e - group on a sprocket for six shafts

Drums whose flanges are machined often have cross braces welded into them that can be used for slinging. Drums and bushings can be slung using a marked special crowbar with two or one endless sling, passing it through the inside of the drum. It is more expedient to transport drums without flanges using grippers, which are also used when slinging sheet metal. For slinging heavy drums lined from the inside, staples are used, secured to the drum flanges with pins. The drums are slinged and moved in a vertical position by grasping the holes, using a double noose, or using pins. Slinging drums by the flange with clamps is very reliable. Drums with central crosses are slung with universal or lightweight slings using the crosspiece, while the loops of the sling should be located at the edges. Shells without flanges are slung in a vertical position using eccentric clamps. Since most drums have a height of more than 3-5 m, they must be tied from inventory ladders. It is not allowed to use random stands for this purpose.
When using rope slings, various types of pads should be placed under sharp edges or the slings should be armored. Chain slings do not require spacers.

Rice. 14. Drum slinging diagram for transportation in a horizontal position:
a - with a single-branch chain sling with a loop and a hook, b - with one endless sling for an inventory crowbar; c - with two endless slings, behind a marked crowbar; g - an endless sling passed through the inside of the drum; d - simple girth; e - two slings for transportation by two cranes; g - with a single-leg sling with a simple girth through the inside of the drum; h - for cross struts; and - eccentric grips; k - for brackets with a pin

Narrow drums with diameter to length ratio<1 при наличии выступов можно захватывать одноветвевым стропом удавкой (рис. 15, а). Длинные барабаны с бандажами и ступицами берут в обхват, используя бандажи, для того чтобы стропы не сбегались (рис. 15,6), а гладкие барабаны - непрерывным универсальным стропом удавкой поперек (рис. 15, в). Легкие барабаны массой до 200 кг захватывают крюкообразными скобами (рис. 15, г). Барабаны со сложным профилем следует захватывать, располагая стропы за выступы, чтобы предотвратить сбег строп, с укладкой прокладок под острые кромки (рис. 15, д). При отсутствии выступов следует уменьшить угол между ветвями стропов до 60° и для этого застропку вести удавкой (рис. 15, е), а очень длинных барабанов (>10 m) should be grasped with two cranes. The branches of the slings in this case should be positioned vertically (Fig. 15, g).

Rice. 15. Scheme for slinging special-purpose drums (cell shaft sections, centrifuge carriers, etc.):
a - single-branch sling noose; b - with a simple girth with the installation of slings behind the bonds; c - with a noose across; g - hook-shaped staples; d - grasping the protrusions with lining; e - two nooses with an angle between the lines of 60; f - two taps
To transport drums 5-10 m long, it is better to use a traverse with a wrap around it in order to more securely grip the part and reduce the distance between the traverse and the part, thus increasing the possible lifting height (Fig. 16). Tying with a simple girth is allowed.
Slinging of drums for transporting them in a vertical position is carried out; around the windows, if any; by the protruding parts, if they allow you to grip the drum and provide the necessary strength; for the drum cross (Fig. 17, a - c).

Rice. 16. Scheme for slinging long smooth drums using a traverse for transporting them in a horizontal position

If the drums are smooth, but have shells, then they can be grabbed with a double noose or clamps by the shell (Fig. 17, d, f). If there are holes in the shell, then the grip is carried out using the inventory pins or technological screw brackets, or using a clamp (Fig. 17, e, g, h).
Slinging of parts such as gears, rims, pulleys, flywheels, bandages is carried out by protruding parts or by crosspieces using a lashing or special grips. As a rule, structural and technological parts and windows are used for slinging. For individual and group transportation of parts in a horizontal position, lightweight single-branch universal and multi-branch slings with gripping elements are used.
Bandages and wheels are grabbed by the rim with a noose, a simple grip, a sling with a special hook, a continuous sling with a simple grip (Fig. 18, a - d). Wheels, gears with hubs can be grabbed with a simple grip under the hub spoke, by the hub spoke, can be used to sling a hole in the hub to grab it with a sling with an earring (rocker arm), a single-leg sling with loops (Fig. 18, e, g, l).

Rice. 17. Scheme of slinging drums for transporting them in a vertical position:
a - girth outside the window; b - by grasping the protruding parts (ears); c - by grasping the crosspiece; d - double noose under the shell; d - for the inventory pin; e - gripping with clamps; g - for technological screw brackets; z - for the clamp

Rice. 18. Schemes for slinging parts such as gears, pulleys, rims, flywheels, bandages for transporting them with a horizontal axis: a - grasping the rim with a noose; b - simple girth around the rim; c - gripping the rim with a special hook; g - girth around the rim with a continuous sling; d - simple grasp of the rim with the hub; e - simple grasp of the hub spoke; g - gripping the hub spoke with an earring (rocker arm); h - wrapping the noose around the body with a continuous sling; “—girth of the noose with a single-branch sling; k - gripping with a cargo clamp; l - girth around the body with fastening with cargo clamps; m - gripping the holes in the body

Rice. 19. Schemes for slinging parts such as gears, rims, flywheels, tires for transportation with a vertical axis:
a - grasping with a simple grasp of the structural protrusions; b - grip with a simple grip of three slings on the spokes with an odd number of spokes; c - gripping with slings with earrings (rocker arms); g - gripping with slings with hooks; d - gripping with slings with cargo clamps; e - gripping by a noose with single-branch slings by the rim; g - gripping with three single-branch, double-girth slings with spacers; h - gripping with a simple grasp of two single-branch slings by the holes in the hub with a clear number of holes; and - gripping the body part with two endless chain slings by simply grasping the technological protrusions; j - gripping the pulley with a two-leg sling with cargo clamps by the hubs with a clear number of them; l - gripping the rim with a simple grip of two slings by fixing the position of the slings with screw clamps
Complex gears and bands with flanges can be captured with a noose using a continuous sling or a single-leg sling (Fig. 18, h). Slinging with clamps can be done by the body of the part (Fig. 18, j), or by a simple grasp with fastening the sling with clamps to prevent it from sliding off the part and protecting it from turning over and falling. Transporting processed parts by gripping the central holes is recommended only in extreme cases when other fastening is impossible. This is due to the fact that the central holes serve as a base and damage to them is undesirable.
In cases where a large number of identical parts are transported over a long period of time, it is advisable to use special grippers that allow automating loading, unloading and installation operations.
To transport gears, rims, pulleys, flywheels, tires with a vertical axis, lightweight universal slings, multi-leg slings with hooks and other gripping devices are used.
If the number of knitting needles is even, the parts are slinged into two branches; if the number is even, into three or four.
If there are structural protrusions on the parts, then slinging is most often done with a lightweight sling with a simple girth (Fig. 19, a); if there are ribs and spokes, slinging can be done with multi-branch and single-branch slings, grasping the ribs or spokes, as shown in Fig. 19, b, h, j for odd and even numbers. If there are holes in the parts, then for slinging use earrings (rockers) or wrapping slings through the holes (Fig. 19, c, h). When using multi-branch slings with hooks, the slinging of parts with ribs and knitting needles is carried out with the girth of the knitting needle and the hook hooked to the rim (Fig. 19, j). Transporting the described parts with earrings (rockers) behind the central hole is not recommended, since they cannot be achieved in stable equilibrium during transportation. Rings, bushings, crowns, bandages that do not have hubs and spokes, depending on their size, are slung into two or three branches with a noose loop (Fig. 19,g). A simple wrap around two slings is allowed, with the position of the slings secured with screw clamps (Fig. 19, l).
Weight clamps are used to rig parts that do not have holes except the central one (Fig. 19, e). Before transporting, be sure to check the balance of the part. When slinging parts of small size and light weight, it is allowed to use slings made of hemp or polymer materials (these slings are not allowed to be used in hot shops).

Rice. 20. Schemes for slinging parts such as pulleys, gears, etc. for installing them on machines:
a - two pincer grips; b - with a pincer grip for the groove in the center hole; in - for two eyes
Installation and reinstallation of bushings, crowns, etc. It is advisable to perform on machines when gripping parts with special simple gripping devices. This method of capturing and transporting is efficient and more convenient. In Fig. 20, a shows a diagram of slinging a wheel with two pincer grips. Bevel gears can be slung with multi-branch (three-four-branch) slings with hooks or clamps (Fig. 19, d, e).
If there is nothing to grab the part except by the center hole, then use special pincer grips and clamp the part from the inside by the center groove (Fig. 20.6). When lifting a part with such a grip, its levers diverge when the slings are tensioned and securely grip the part, creating holding forces proportional to the mass of the part. The stability of the part during transportation is achieved by selecting jaws with a width of 50-70 mm and welding them to the grip. The position of the levers is fixed with a folding hook, which ensures safe transportation and installation of parts. In cases where this is allowed by design considerations, frames are installed in the parts to ensure convenience and reliability of transportation. Slinging the gear using two eyelets is shown in Fig. 20, e.
Large bands and rings with a diameter >4 m should be transported using a crossbeam, which, depending on the weight of the part, can be grabbed by one or two cranes. The bandage is tied with a double loop in four places.
Slinging parts such as cubes and disks. The difficulty of slinging such parts is that they do not have special gripping points (Fig. 21). For example, a semi-coupling blank weighing 5 tons can be safely slung only after welding four bosses to it, placing them around the circumference so that they protect the slings from sliding off the part (Fig. 21, a, b). In this way, it is possible to grip parts weighing up to 20 tons. Since slings from round parts can slide not only outward, but also into the middle, they should be applied diagonally relative to the bosses. Lightweight pieces of metal parts that do not have holes are grabbed using pincer grips or screw clamps (Fig. 21, c, d).
Large cubes and prisms in the absence of gripping devices can be slung with a universal sling with a noose tied in a loop (Fig. 21, e).
Round parts with a center hole, to transport them in a vertical axis position, use a special traverse with the center fixed (Fig. 21, d).
Pincer grips for parts such as cubes and disks, depending on the weight of the product, type of processing and purpose, can have a different design (Fig. 21, f-l), which allows mechanizing loading and unloading operations and reducing their labor intensity and time required.
To automate the processes of gripping and releasing parts and reliably holding them during transportation, centering wide-range rack-and-pinion grips with universal rotating jaws and centering wide-range gripping devices with parallel moving replaceable jaws are used to grip box-shaped parts and rotating bodies.

Rice. 21. Slinging diagrams for parts such as cubes and disks:
o - gripping the coupling half with two slings with welding of four bosses; b - gripping a cube-type part with two slings with welding of four bosses; c - gripping the disc using clamps (version I-III); d - gripping the disk with a central hole with a special supporting grip; d - capture by a noose; e - gripping the cube with a special supporting grip; and. h, i - gripping the disc with a pincer grip; j - gripping forgings weighing 250-700 kg with pliers; l - gripping flat parts with a pincer grip

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