Textbook: Guidelines for completing individual assignments for full-time and part-time students of all directions and specialties of TPU, provided by the Department of Ecology and Life Safety. Main characteristics of the lamp

One of the most important means of ensuring rational lighting is the use of lamps. Their purpose is to properly distribute the light flux and protect the eyes from excessive brightness of the light source. The latter depends on the protective angle of the lamp, within which the light source is completely hidden from the eyes of the operator by the lower edge of the fixture. A protective angle is formed by two lines passing through the center of the light source: horizontal and boundary, going to the edge of the lamp. Certain types of luminaires are characterized by different protective angles. Thus, the protective angle of the “Universal” is -14°, the “Deep Emitter” - 27-35°, etc. The lamp consists of a light source, a device for distributing the light flux (fittings) and protecting the eyes from the glare of lamps, a device for supplying the source electricity, protecting it from damage.

Depending on the predominant type of distribution of the luminous flux into the upper and lower hemisphere, existing luminaires are usually classified into several classes: direct light luminaires, providing radiation into the lower hemisphere of at least 0.9 luminous flux from the light source; reflected light lamps, providing the same radiation into the upper hemisphere, and diffused light lamps, providing the direction of flow either predominantly downwards, or evenly into both hemispheres, or predominantly upwards.

Direct light luminaires are recommended to be used to illuminate horizontal surfaces in rooms with a low reflectance of the ceiling and walls (p = 0.5) or in cases where lighting of the ceiling and walls is not dictated by production conditions (forges, foundries, etc.). For these lamps, fittings of the “Universal” (Fig. 77), “Deep Emitter” (Fig. 78), SD, S3L type fittings are used.

Rice. 79. Local lighting fixtures.

Indirect light luminaires are, as a rule (except for special cases), not used in industrial premises.

It is advisable to use diffused light lamps such as “Lucetta” and “Milk Glass Ball” only in rooms with light-colored ceilings and walls. The light flux reflected from them contributes to the creation of highly uniform illumination. For local lighting, various types of fittings are used (Fig. 79).

In addition to incandescent lamps, in modern lighting installations gas-discharge light sources similar in spectral composition to daylight are increasingly used - fluorescent lamps: low-pressure type LB (fluorescent white light), LD (fluorescent daylight), LCB (fluorescent cold-white light), LTL (fluorescent warm white light), LDC (fluorescent daylight with correct color rendering); high pressure DRL and DRI corrected color.

Currently, a number of types of fittings are commercially produced for fluorescent lamps. The following lamps are most widely used in industrial environments.

OD series lamps (Fig. 80) - pendant open lamps with 2 fluorescent lamps with a power of 40 or 80 W each, intended for general lighting production premises with normal dust and humidity. The lamps are available in two versions: with a solid reflector (code OD) and with a reflector with holes in the upper part (code ODO). All luminaires in the series are available with or without a screening grille. If there is a grille, the code for the lamps is ODR and ODOR.

Rice. 77. “Universal” type fittings.

Rice. 78. Fittings of the “Deep Emitter” type, enameled.

Rice. 80. Lamp for fluorescent lamps of the ODR series.

Rice. 81. Lamp for fluorescent lamps of the PVL-1 series.

Rice. 82. Lamp for fluorescent lamps of the VOD-1 series.

Lamps PVL-1 (Fig. 81), PVL-6 are closed, predominantly direct light distribution, designed for general lighting of industrial premises with a high content of moisture (75%) and dust, at temperatures from 10 to 25°. The lamps are produced with 2 fluorescent lamps of 40 and 80 W.

Lamp VOD-1 (Fig. 82) closed type, predominantly direct light distribution, for 3-4 fluorescent lamps of 80 W each. Are used for general lighting of industrial premises without lamps with a high content of dust, active chemical substances at relative humidity air up to 95%.

Other lamps such as RV L-15 (for coal mines), ML (for local lighting), etc. are also commercially produced for production conditions.

Depending on the nature of visual work and adopted system For lighting it is recommended to use fluorescent lamps:
a) in rooms where discrimination of color shades is required (color weaving, color printing of fabrics, color printing, sewing production, etc.); To illuminate such rooms, it is advisable to use DS and HBS lamps;
b) in industrial premises where operations requiring visual strain are performed (instrument making, textile production, monitoring measuring instruments and etc.);
c) in premises intended for permanent residence service personnel and workers, where there is not enough natural light(assembly shops for precision instrument making, switchboard rooms at power plants, multi-bay workshops without overhead skylights, etc.).

It is not advisable to use fluorescent lamps in local lighting installations due to the pronounced stroboscopic effect.

Finally, in Lately More and more attention is being paid to the use of high-pressure mercury lamps with color-corrected DRL type in lighting installations. These lamps differ from low-pressure fluorescent mercury lamps in their more power and significantly smaller in size. Since there are no orange-red rays in the radiation of DRL lamps, correct reproduction of the color of the objects in question is impossible. This serious drawback for production conditions is eliminated by applying inner surface lamp bulbs of a special phosphor that provides, under the influence of ultraviolet radiation a mercury lamp emits the long-wave part of the spectrum - orange-red rays. In this way, the corrected spectrum of the DRL lamp approaches the spectrum of daylight.

The use of DRL lamps is mainly advisable in high shops (over 10 m) of metallurgical, engineering, and shipbuilding enterprises, since the power of the produced DRL lamps is quite high (250, 500, 750 and 1000 W).

Lighting is an electrical installation designed for artificial illumination of objects. The lighting electrical installation includes light sources, lighting fixtures, ballasts, electrical wiring and distribution devices with protection and control devices.
Lighting short-range ones are called luminaires, and long-range ones are called floodlights.
Lamps, depending on the environmental conditions for which they are intended, are divided by their design into the following: open unprotected, partially dust-proof, completely dust-proof, partially and completely dust-proof, splash-proof, increased reliability against explosion and explosion-proof.
Based on the nature of light distribution, luminaires are divided into classes: direct, predominantly direct, diffused, predominantly reflected and reflected light.
According to the installation method, lamps are divided into groups: ceiling, recessed into the ceiling, pendant, wall and floor lamps.
Application area various types manufactured luminaires are given in Table 1. Letter designations lamps are adopted according to catalogs of lighting products and nomenclatures of manufacturers, mainly for premises without special requirements for architectural design.
The designs of the most common luminaires are shown in Figure 1.

Table 1 – Types of luminaires and their scope of application

Figure 1 – Lamps:
a - “universal”, b - enameled deep emitter Ge, c - mirror deep emitter Gk, d - wide emitter SO, e - dust-proof PPR and PPD, f - dust-proof PSH-75. g - explosion-proof VZG, h - increased reliability against explosion NZB - N4B, i - for chemically active environment СХ, j - luminescent OD and ODR (with grille), l - luminescent LD and LDR, m - luminescent PU, n - luminescent PVL , o - luminescent VLO, p - for outdoor lighting SPO-200
Universal lamps (U) are produced for lamps of 200 and 500 W. These are the main luminaires for normal industrial premises. At low heights they are used with a semi-matte shade. For damp rooms or rooms with an active environment, luminaires with a heat-resistant rubber disk that seals the contact cavity are used.
Enameled deep emitters Ge are produced in two sizes: for lamps up to 500 and up to 1000 W. They are used, like the “universal”, in all normal production premises, but with a greater height.
Deep emitters with an average luminous flux concentration of GS are produced for lamps of 500, 1000, 1500 W. The lamp body is made of aluminum with a reflector close to a mirror one. Used for normal and damp rooms and environments with increased chemical activity.
Deep emitters of concentrated light distribution Gk are similar in design to Gs lamps. They are used indoors when a high concentration of light flux is required and there are no requirements for lighting vertical surfaces. In compacted version they are brand GkU.
Lucetta solid milk glass (Lc) is produced for lamps of 100 and 200 W and is used for rooms with a normal environment.
PU and CX lamps are used for damp, dusty and fire hazardous areas. The scope of application of explosion-proof luminaires is determined by the design, category and environment group: V4A-50, V4A-100, VZG-200, NOB.
Lamps for local lighting (SMO-1, 50 W, SMO-2, 100 W) are equipped with brackets with switches and corresponding hinges for rotating the lamp. They are similar to the K-1, K-2, KS-50 and KS-100 lamps - miniature oblique lights.
Luminaires for fluorescent lamps of the ODR and ODOR types are used for lighting industrial premises, and the AOD type - for administrative, laboratory and other premises. The lamps are supplied complete with PRU-2, with sockets, blocks for starters and switching for switching on one phase of a 220 V network. The plant can supply lamps of the OD series as double ones, i.e. actually four-lamp and with 80 W lamps.
The main parts of each lamp are: body, reflector, diffuser, mounting unit, contact connection and socket for mounting the lamp (Figure 2).
Lamps with DRL and fluorescent lamps are widely used, as they have higher efficiency, greater luminous efficiency and a significant service life compared to lamps and incandescent lamps.
For ignition and stable combustion gas-discharge lamps are turned on using special ballasts (ballasts), starters, capacitors, arresters and rectifiers.


Figure 2 – UPD lamp:
A - general form, b - input node; 1 - union nut, 2 - body, 3 - porcelain cartridge, 4 - lock, 5 - reflector, b - ground contact, 7 - terminal block
Lamp with fluorescent lamps PVLP (Figure 3) - suspended, consists of a body 1, a steel strip 2 on which the electrical circuit is mounted, a steel reflector 3, a diffuser 4 and a fastening unit 5. To disassemble the lamp, the locks 6 are opened and the diffuser is released. The lamp has a gland entry 7 and protects the contact connection and lamps from dust and moisture. Using brackets 9, the lamp is installed on the ceiling or suspended on rods 8.


Figure 3 – Lamp with fluorescent lamps PVLP-2Х40
The RSP-12 lamp with a DRL lamp (Figure 4) consists of a reflector 1, a body 2, a suspension unit 3 and a diffuser 4. The bottom of the lamp is covered with protective glass 5.
Unit 3 is attached to housing 2 using bracket 6, axis 7 and clamp 14, which ensures easy removal of the housing during installation and operation. Contact connections located on the thermal insulating gasket 15 allow you to connect copper or aluminum wires with a cross-section of up to 4 mm2. The socket fastening eliminates the possibility of turning the lamp when replacing it.
To charge the lamp, you need to disconnect the reflector 1 from the body 2, for which you turn the handle of the clamp 14 counterclockwise and remove it from the axis 7. Pull the wires through the seal 8, washer 13, bushing 9 and gasket 10. After pulling the wires, these parts are inserted in reverse ok. The lamp is installed on the pipe and tightened with nut 11 and screw 12.


Figure 4 – RSP-12 luminaire with DRL lamp:
a - general view, b - input unit

Figure 5 – Schemes for switching on DRL lamps
Figure 5 shows a diagram for switching on a DRL lamp from a network with voltage Uc. Lamp 4 is switched on through inductor 5 and PRU 3, consisting of resistor 2, rectifier 7, spark gap 6 and noise suppression capacitor.

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND FIRE SAFETY

Occupational safety and health issues fire safety occupy a paramount place in any organization, regardless of the type of activity. The activities of the organization, and in this case, the industrial safety testing laboratory, where almost all types of hazardous factors production.

Occupational safety – a system for preserving the life and health of workers in the process labor activity, which includes legal, socio-economic, organizational and technical, sanitary and hygienic, treatment and preventive, rehabilitation and other measures.

Occupational safety and health management in the laboratory is carried out by the manager, and to organize labor protection work, a “Occupational Health and Safety Department” is created.

5.1. Calculation of artificial lighting and placement of lamps

To maintain high performance, reduce fatigue, injuries and increase efficiency and safety, it is necessary to correctly design and rationally implement the lighting of industrial premises.

When calculating artificial lighting, the main task is to determine the required power of electrical lighting installations in order to create the desired illumination in the room.

Having calculated artificial lighting, the issues of choosing a lighting system, light source, lamps and their placement, standardized illumination and calculation of lighting using the luminous flux method must be resolved.

Selecting a lighting system

General or combined lighting systems are used in industrial premises for all purposes. The general lighting system is divided into uniform and localized lighting; the choice between them is made taking into account the type of activity and the placement of production equipment. If production requires precise visual work, then it is recommended to use a combined (general and local) lighting system.

Selecting light sources

Currently, the following light sources are used for artificial lighting:

Incandescent lamps;

Gas discharge lamps.

As a rule, gas-discharge lamps are used for general lighting. They have a longer service life and are more energy efficient. Fluorescent lamps, which are distinguished by the spectral composition of visible light, are widely used and used:

White (LB);

Cool white (LCB);

Warm white (LTB);

Daylight(LD);

Natural light (LE).

If the letter “C” is added at the end, this means that “de-luxe” phosphor is used, which has improved color rendition, and the addition of “TsTs” means “super deluxe” phosphor, which has high-quality color rendition.

Lamps of the LB type, compared to other types, are used most often; lamps of the LHB, LD and LDTs ​​types are used when there are increased requirements for color reproduction, and lamps of the LTB type are used when correct color rendering is necessary human face. The main characteristics of fluorescent lamps are given in Table 5.1.1.

Also in industrial lighting, in addition to fluorescent gas-discharge lamps (low pressure), high-pressure gas-discharge lamps are used, such as DRL type lamps (mercury arc fluorescent), which are used to illuminate rooms with a height of 7 to 12 meters.

Table 5.1.1 . Main characteristics of fluorescent lamps.

Incandescent lamps are used in cases where it is impossible or impractical to use gas-discharge lamps.

Selection of lamps and their placement

In order to select the type of luminaires, the conditions of the production environment should be taken into account, economic indicators and lighting requirements.

To reduce glare, luminaires with a protective angle or with light-diffusing glass are selected. If it is necessary to reduce the reflection of glare, lamps with diffusers are used, and in special cases, lamps are made in the form of large diffuse surfaces that shine with reflected or transmitted light.

If it is necessary to illuminate high-lying surfaces, lamps are used that have sufficient luminous intensity in directions adjacent to the horizontal, and sometimes above the latter.
Of exceptional importance is the creation of sufficient brightness of the ceilings and walls of the illuminated room. Therefore, if these surfaces have a good reflectance coefficient, it is advisable to use luminaires predominantly of direct or diffused light, and with special requirements for the quality of lighting - also predominantly of reflected or reflected light.

For fluorescent lamps, lamps of the following types are more common:

Open two-lamp lamps (OD, ODO, ODOR, OOD);

Dust- and moisture-proof lamps (PVL);

Ceiling lamps.

Open two-lamp luminaires are used in rooms with normal conditions, with good reflection of light from the ceiling and walls. But it can also be used in cases of moderate humidity and dust.

PVL lamps are used in some fire hazardous areas; the lamp power is 2x40 W.

Ceiling lamps are used for general lighting of closed, dry rooms, with a lamp power of 10x30 W (L71B03) and 8x40 W (L71B04).

The main characteristics of luminaires with fluorescent lamps are given in Table 5.1.2.

Table 5.1.2. Characteristics of some lamps with fluorescent lamps.

To place lamps in a room, you need to know the following indicators:

H – room height;

h c – distance of luminaires from the ceiling;

h n = H - h c – height of the lamp above the floor, height of the suspension;

h p – height work surface above the floor;

h =h n – h p – design height, the height of the lamp above the working surface.

To combat glare and ensure favorable visual conditions in the workplace, requirements are being introduced that limit the minimum height of luminaires above the floor. These requirements are given in Table 5.1.3.

L is the distance between adjacent lamps or rows. If the distances along the length (A) and width (B) are different, then they are designated L A and L B.

l – distance from the outer lamps or rows to the wall.

Table 5.1.3. The minimum permissible height for hanging luminaires with fluorescent lamps.

It is recommended to consider L/3 as the optimal distance l from the outermost row of lamps to the wall.

The most effective way is to evenly place the lamps in a checkerboard pattern and along the sides of the square (the distances between all lamps are equal both between the rows and in the row)

Fluorescent luminaires, when evenly spaced, are usually arranged in rows parallel to the rows of equipment. If the level of standardized illumination is high, then the rows are arranged continuously, with the lamps connected to each other at their ends.

The optimal location of lamps is determined by the value l = L/h. If this value is excessively reduced, this will lead to an increase in the cost of lighting installation and maintenance, and an increase will lead to sharply uneven lighting. Table 5.1.4 shows the values ​​of l for various types of luminaires.

Table 5.1.4. Optimal placement of lamps.

5.1.4. Selection of standardized illumination

SNiP 23-05 – 95 “Natural and artificial lighting» normalizes the illumination values ​​of working surfaces, the choice is made depending on the characteristics of visual work. These requirements are given in Table 5.1.5.

Table 5.1.5. Illumination standards in industrial workplaces with artificial lighting

		Visual work category	Visual work subcategory	Contrast of subject with background	Background characteristics	Artificial lighting
Illumination, lux
	With general lighting system
Total	including from the total
Highest precision	Less than 0.15	I	A	Small	Dark	5000 4500		- -
b	Small Medium	Medium Dark
V	Small Medium Large	Light Medium Dark
G	Medium Large "	Light « Medium
Very high precision	From 0.15 to 0.30	II	A	Small	Dark			- -
b	Small Medium	Medium Dark
V	Small Medium Large	Light Medium Dark
G	Medium Large "	Light Light Medium
High precision	St. 0.30 to 0.50	III	A	Small	Dark
b	Small Medium	Medium Dark
V	Small Medium Large	Light Medium Dark
G	Medium Large "	Light « Medium

Continuation of table 5.1.4.

Characteristics of visual work	Smallest size object of discrimination, mm	Visual work category	Visual work subcategory	Contrast of subject with background	Background characteristics	Artificial lighting
Illumination, lux
With a combined lighting system	with general lighting system
Total	including from the total
Medium accuracy	St. 0.5 to 1.0	IV	A	Small	Dark
b	Small Medium	Medium Dark
V	Small Medium Large	Light Medium Dark
G	Medium Large "	Light « Medium	-	-
Low accuracy	St. 1 to 5	V	A	Small	Dark
b	Small Medium	Medium Dark	-	-
V	Small Medium Large	Light Medium Dark	-	-
G	Medium Large "	Light « Medium	-	-
Rough (very low precision)	More than 5	VI		Regardless of the characteristics of the background and the contrast of the object with the background	-	-

5.1.5. Calculation of general uniform illumination

The calculation of general uniform artificial lighting is carried out using the luminous flux coefficient method, which takes into account the luminous flux reflected from the ceiling and walls.

The luminous flux is determined by the formula:

F = E n ×S×K z ×Z / (n×h),

E n – standardized minimum illumination, lux;

S – area of ​​the illuminated room, m2;

K z – safety factor (according to table 5.1.6);

Z – coefficient of minimum illumination (ratio E avg / E min);

n – number of lamps;

h - luminous flux utilization factor, %.

Table 5.1.6. Safety factor for luminaires using fluorescent lamps.

The luminous flux utilization coefficient h depends on the height of the luminaire h, the type of luminaire, the reflection coefficients of the walls r c and the ceiling r n. Luminous flux coefficient shows what fraction of the lamp flux hits the illuminated surface.

Reflection coefficients are assessed subjectively (see Table 5.1.7), and the room index is determined using the formula:

Table 5.1.7 . The value of the reflection coefficients of the ceiling and walls.

Table 5.1.8 shows the values ​​of the luminous flux utilization factor h of luminaires with fluorescent lamps, where the combination of reflectance coefficient and room index is most common.

Table 5.1.8. Luminous flux utilization factors of luminaires with fluorescent lamps.

Lamp type

OD and ODL

ODR

ODO

ODOR

L71BOZ OL1B68

AOD and SOD

PVL - I

rn, %

r s,%

i

Utilization rates, %

0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,25 1,5 1,75 2,0 2,25 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 5,0

Thus, having calculated the luminous flux Ф and knowing the type of lamp, using Table 5.1.1 you should select a standard lamp that is close in calculated values, then you can determine electrical power the entire lighting system.

In cases where the required luminaire flux is outside the range (-10 ¸ + 20%), then it is necessary to either adjust the number of luminaires n, or change the height of the luminaires.

When calculating fluorescent lighting, instead of the number of lamps n, the number of rows N is substituted into the formula, and F should be understood as the luminous flux of lamps in one row.

The number of lamps in a row N is determined as

where Ф 1 is the luminous flux of one lamp.

5.2. Calculation of artificial lighting and placement of lamps in the premises of the industrial safety testing laboratory in the construction of IKBS MGSU.

Calculations of artificial lighting will be made according to the method described above.

Selecting a lighting system.

It was decided that the production premises of the testing laboratory will be equipped with a system of general uniform lighting. This decision was taken taking into account the characteristics of the type of activity of the laboratory and the types testing equipment that are in the room. The operating principle of the testing equipment is based on remote control of processes, which minimizes human participation in testing and does not require increased visual attention during testing.

Selecting a light source.

The production premises of the testing laboratory have dimensions: H = 6 m; A= 36 m; H=18 m.

Taking into account the size of the production premises, service life and for reasons of energy saving, fluorescent gas-discharge lamps of the LD-40 type were chosen as the light source. Since the test methodology does not require increased requirements for color rendering, lamps of the LD-40 type in this case are able to fully ensure the preservation of high staff performance. Lamps of type LD - 40 have high luminous efficiency, long service life (up to 10,000 hours), good color rendering and low temperature.

According to SNiP 23-05-95 “Natural and artificial lighting”, the work carried out can be classified as category IV, "V" subcategory works (medium contrast on a light background). In accordance with the selected category of visual work, the lowest illumination of the working surface E min is taken to be 200 lux.

It is proposed to use lamps of the ODR type, since the room is intended for direct testing, which means that normal conditions must be maintained.

1. Determination of the safety factor.

The safety factor KZ takes into account dust in the room and a decrease in the luminous flux of lamps during operation. For the production premises of the testing laboratory with gas-discharge lamps, KZ = 1.8 was selected (rooms with average dust emission)

1. Determination of the minimum illumination coefficient Z.

The minimum illumination coefficient Z characterizes the unevenness of illumination. It is a function of many variables and is most dependent on the ratio of the distance between luminaires to the design height (L / h).

When placing luminaires in a line (row), if the most favorable L/h ratio is maintained, it is recommended to take Z = 1.1 for LD type lamps.

1. Determination of luminous flux coefficient η.

To determine the luminous flux utilization factor h, find the room index i and expected reflection coefficients of room surfaces: ceiling r p and walls r with.

According to table 5.1.8 for this room we accept: r p = 50%, r c = 30%,

1. Calculation of room index i.

The room index is determined by the formula:

A, B, h – length, width and estimated height (height of the lamp hanging above the working surface) of the room, m.

,

H– geometric height of the room;

h sv– overhang of the lamp, we accept h St = 0.5 m;

h p– height of the working surface. h p = 1.0 m.

We get h= 4.5 m. and room index i= 2.7.

The luminous flux utilization coefficient is a complex function that depends on the type of lamp, room index, reflectance of the ceiling, walls and floor.

Using Table 5.1.8, we find by interpolation h = 61%.

The illuminated area is accepted equal area premises:

S = AB = 1296 m2.

Distance between lamps L defined as:

L=1.1×4.5=4.95 m.

The value of l was determined from Table 5.1.4 and was taken equal to 1.1 for types of ODR lamps. Thus, we calculate the number of rows of lamps in the room:

N b =18/4.95=3.64.

Number of lamps in a row:

N a =36/4.95=7.27.

We round these numbers to the nearest larger N a =7 and N b =4.

Total number of lamps:

N= N a × N b =7 × 4=28.

Along the width of the room, the distance between the rows is L b = 4.5 m, and the distance from the outer row to the wall is taken to be 0.5 L = 2.25 m. In each row, the distance between the lamps is also taken to be L a = 4.95 m, and the distance from the extreme lamp to the wall will be equal to 0.5L = 2.48 m.

Luminous flux utilization factor in fractions of a unit.

We finally accept N = 28, a multiple of 4 lines of 7 lamps.

Thus, when using lamps of type LD - 40, four in each lamp, the number of lamps required to ensure normal illumination is N = 28

Related information.

K category: Electrical questions

How do luminaires with fluorescent lamps work?

The PVL-1 lamp is designed for two fluorescent lamps with a power of 40 W at a voltage of 220 V. The main parts of the lamp: body, reflector, opal glass diffuser and suspension unit. In the upper part of the housing there is a two-lamp starting and regulating device 2 type 2UBK-40/220 for starter ignition of lamps. The lamp is suspended on cables or rods.

Rice. 1. FM-60 lamp: 1 - body; 2 - cartridge; 3 - protective flask

Rice. 2. Lamp SKhM-100: 1 - reflector; 2 - cartridge; 3 - body; 4 - head; 5 - suspension

The PVLP-2 X X40 lamp is designed to work with two 40 W fluorescent lamps. Its components are: housing 2, reflector 5, diffuser 3 and suspension unit 4. Control gears are located in the housing.

Rice. 3. Lamp PNP-2ХУ0: 1 - diffuser; 2 - body; 3 - cartridge

The ODR-2X40 lamp (Fig. 15) consists of a reflector, a body, a suspension and a screening grille. A two-lamp ballast of type 2UBK-40/220 for starter ignition of fluorescent lamps is mounted in the housing. To illuminate the ceiling and the upper part of the walls, holes are made in the reflector of ODO and ODOR lamps, through which 10...15% of the luminous flux of the lamps is directed to the upper hemisphere. The suspension unit allows you to place the lamp on a pipe, cable or rod, as well as place lamps on the main lighting box in any quantity. Figure 16 shows the electrical circuit of the ODR-2X40 lamp.

Rice. 4. Lamp PVL-1: 1- body; 2-ballast control device; 3 - suspension unit; 4 - reflector; 5 - diffuser

Rice. 5. Lamp PVLP-2Х40: 1 - ballast; 2 - body; 3 - diffuser; 4 - suspension unit; 5 - reflector

Rice. 6. Lamp ODR-2X40: 1 - reflector; 2 - body; 3 - suspension unit; 4 - grill

Rice. 7. Electrical diagram lamp ODR-2Х40

Most light sources emit light flux more or less evenly in all directions. To construct a rational lighting installation, it is necessary to direct the light flux in such a way that the main part of it falls on the given surfaces. This is achieved using lighting fixtures that redistribute the luminous flux.

Redistribution of the luminous flux of a light source is the main, but not the only function of the fixture. The fittings must also provide eye protection from the glare of the light source, protect the lamp from exposure to the environment and mechanical damage, etc. In some cases, lighting fixtures are also required to ensure tightness and explosion safety. A set of fittings and a light source is called a lamp.

An important function of lighting fixtures is to protect the eyes from glare. The degree of protection against glare is characterized by the value of the protective angle γ (Fig. 55), which is understood as the angle formed by the horizontal passing through the filament body and the plane passing through the edge of the fitting.

Rice. 55. Protective corner of luminaires:

a and b - with incandescent lamps made of clear and milky glass; c - with two fluorescent lamps

To ensure a protective angle in luminaires with tubular fluorescent lamps, longitudinal and transverse shielding strips are used, which together form a shielding grid.

Within the protective angle, the lamp is completely hidden from the operator’s eyes by the edge of the fitting or shielding grille 1 .

1 The use of open fluorescent lamps for lighting, not shielded by a grille or in any other way, is, as a rule, not allowed.

By the nature of light distribution, luminaires differ depending on what part of the light flux emerging from the luminaire is directed up and down from the luminaire or into the upper and lower hemispheres. There are five groups of luminaires that use incandescent lamps; each group has its own area of ​​application.

Direct light luminaires emit at least 90% of the total luminous flux emitted by the lamp into the lower hemisphere. They are used in rooms with dark, poorly reflective ceilings and walls, for example in workshops with metal trusses, light lanterns, in foundries, forges, mechanical and other shops, . where a lot of dust, smoke, soot and various fumes are released. Direct light fixtures produce rather sharp shadows that are not smoothed out by light reflected from the walls and ceiling.

Rice. 56. Lamps:

a — “Universal” ordinary; b - “Universal” in a dust-proof design; c — “Deep emitter”;

d - predominantly direct light

Direct light lamps include, first of all, lamps of the “Universal” and “Deep Emitter” types. It is advisable to use the “Universal” lamp (Fig. 56, a and b) in those rooms whose height does not exceed 6-8 m, and the “Deep Emitter” lamp (Fig. 56, c) - in rooms greater height

(“Enameled deep emitter” 8–12 m, “Mirror deep emitter” 15–30 m).

Due to the fact that the largest part of the light flux is directed directly onto the illuminated surfaces, direct light fixtures are the most economical in terms of energy consumption.

Lamps with predominantly direct light, emitting from 60 to 90% of the total luminous flux into the lower hemisphere, are installed in workshops with walls and ceilings that reflect light well. These lamps (Fig. 56, d) have a metal body with a small reflector. The lamp is covered with light-diffusing glass. The lamps give quite soft shadows, which has great importance

for many workshops and types of work, especially in the absence of local lighting. Diffused light lamps (Fig. 57, a and b) emit from 40 to 60% of the total luminous flux into each hemisphere. They are used in those workshops where it is necessary to create high levels illumination, as well as in office and domestic premises with light ceilings and walls.

Rice. 57. Lamps for diffused and predominantly reflected light:

a - “Lucetta”; b - “Milk ball”; c — type PM-1; g - type SK-300

Lamps of predominantly reflected light (Fig. 57, c and d) emit from 60 to 90% of the total flux into the upper hemisphere, and lamps of reflected light - at least 90% of the total flux. Lamps of these types are necessary in cases where, due to the nature of the work, even slight shadows are undesirable (for example, in drawing and design bureaus).

Reflected light luminaires are less economical than direct or diffused light luminaires. Rice. 58. Luminaires for fluorescent lamps

: a - ODR; b - ODOR; c — PVL: d — WOD

Luminaires with fluorescent lamps, as a rule, are made of two-lamp or multi-lamp and can be of direct light - type OD (general diffuse illumination), ODR (general diffuse illumination with a screening grille, Fig. 58, a), predominantly direct light - type ODO (general diffuse lighting with holes in the upper part of the reflector), ODOR (diffuse general lighting with holes in the upper part of the reflector and with a screening grille, Fig. 58, b), diffused light - PVL type (dust and moisture-proof fluorescent, Fig. 58, c). For lighting industrial premises along with pendant lamps

Ceiling-mounted luminaires are also available. Of the latter, the most widespread is the VOD lamp (built-in general diffuse lighting, Fig. 58, d). According to the degree of protection of lamps from exposure environment

penetration of vapors, dust, etc., lamps are divided into the following types:

1) open (Fig. 56, d; 57, a; 58, a and b), in which the lamp is not separated from the external environment; 2) protected (Fig. 56, a and c; 57, b and 58, c), in which the lamp and socket are closed with a protective, light-transmitting cap attached to the lamp body without a seal, which does not interfere with the exchange of air between internal parts

lamp and the environment;

3) waterproof (Fig. 56, b and 58, d), the body and cartridge of which are well resistant to moisture; in such lamps the insulation of the wires inserted into them is well preserved;

4) dust-proof (Fig. 59, a), having a housing and a protective cap that prevent fine dust from penetrating into the lamp and socket;

According to the place of application, lamps are divided into general lighting lamps and local lighting lamps.

Fig.59. Lamps for rooms that emit dust, vapors and gases:

a - high-reliability lamp (with seal); b - explosion-proof