The statement of another person, included in the author’s narrative, forms someone else’s speech. Someone else's speech reproduced verbatim, preserving not only its content, but also its form, is called direct speech. Alien speech reproduced not verbatim, but only with preservation of its content, is called indirect.

Direct and indirect speech differ not only in the literal or non-verbal transmission of someone else's speech. The main difference between direct speech and indirect speech lies in the way they are included in the author’s speech. Direct speech is an independent sentence (or a series of sentences), and indirect speech is formed in the form of a subordinate part as part of a complex sentence, in which the main part is the words of the author. Wed, for example: The silence lasted a long time. Davydov turned his eyes to me and said dully: “I was not the only one who gave his life to the desert” (Paust.).-Davydov turned his eyes to me and said dully that he was not the only one who gave his life to the desert. When translating direct speech into indirect speech, if necessary, the forms of pronouns change (I - he).

The lexical distinction between direct and indirect speech is by no means necessary. For example, direct speech can reproduce someone else’s speech not verbatim, but always preserving its form (in the form of an independent sentence). This is evidenced by words with the meaning of assumption introduced into the author’s speech: He said approximately the following... At the same time, indirect speech can literally reproduce someone else’s speech, but it is not formalized independently, cf.: He asked: “Will father arrive soon?”(direct speech). - He asked if his father would arrive soon(indirect speech).

With the convergence of forms of transmission of someone else's speech, i.e. direct and indirect, formed special shape- improperly direct speech.

For example: A gloomy day without sun, without frost. The snow on the ground had melted overnight and lay only on the roofs in a thin layer. Grey sky. Puddles. What kind of sleds are there: it’s disgusting to even go out into the yard (Pan.). Here someone else's speech is given verbatim, but there are no words introducing it; it is not formally highlighted as part of the author's speech.

Direct speech

Direct speech conveys:

1) another person's statement, For example: Amazed, he asked: “But why do you come to my lectures?” (M.G.);

3) unspoken thought, For example: Only then did I straighten up and think: “Why is father walking around the garden at night?” (T.).

In the author's speech there are usually words introducing direct speech. This is first of all verbs of speech, thoughts: say, talk, ask, ask, answer, think, notice (in the meaning of “say”), speak, object, shout, address, exclaim, whisper, interrupt, insert, etc. Direct speech can also be introduced verbs characterizing the target orientation of the utterance, for example: reproach, decide, confirm, agree, assent, advise, etc. In addition, sometimes they are used verbs denoting actions and emotions accompanying the utterance, for example: smile, be upset, be surprised, sigh, be offended, be indignant, etc. In such cases, direct speech has a pronounced emotional connotation, for example: “Where are you going?” - Startsev was horrified (Ch.); “Tell me too, please!” - Dymov (Ch.) grinned; “Where are we going?” - Spouses chuckled (Pan.).

Some words are sometimes used as introductory words nouns. Like verbs introducing direct speech, they have the meaning of statements, thoughts: words, exclamation, question, exclamation, whisper and others, for example: “Did the boy lie down?” - Pantelei’s (Ch.) whisper was heard a minute later.

Direct speech can be located in relation to the author's in preposition, postposition and interposition, For example: “Tell me about the future,” she asked him (M. G.); And when he extended his hand to her, she kissed her with hot lips and said: “Forgive me, I am guilty before you” (M. G.); And only when he whispered: “Mom! Mother!" - he seemed to feel better... (Ch.).

Moreover, direct speech may be torn apart by the author's words, For example: “The signorina is my constant opponent,” he said, “doesn’t she think that it would be better in the interests of the matter if we got to know each other better?” (M.G.).

Depending on the location of direct speech, the order of arrangement of the main members of the sentence in the author’s speech usually changes. Words that introduce direct speech are always next to her. So, in the author’s speech preceding the direct one, the predicate verb is placed after the subject, for example: ...Kermani said cheerfully: “The mountain becomes a valley when you love!” (M.G.).

Lecture 67 Alien speech

This lecture discusses the main ways of transmitting someone else's speech.

Someone else's speech

This lecture discusses the main ways of transmitting someone else's speech.

Lecture outline

67.1. The concept of someone else's speech.

67.2. Direct speech.

67.3. Indirect speech.

67.4. Quotes.

67.1. The concept of someone else's speech

Someone else's speech - these are statements of other persons included by the speaker (writer) in his own (author’s) speech. In someone else's speech There may also be statements by the author himself, which he said in the past or expects to say in the future, as well as thoughts not spoken out loud (“inner speech”):

“Thank you, sir, for your great bonte,” said Staal, flushed with pleasure.

“You ride in a carriage yourself - five thousand is cheap,” - thought Staal.

In some cases, it is important for us to convey not only the content, but also the form someone else's speech(its exact lexical composition and grammatical organization), and in others only content. In this regard, the language identifies the main methods of transmission someone else's speech:

2) dialogue,

3) indirect speech,

4) quotes.

In addition to these main methods, there are other forms intended for transmission only Topics, the subject of someone else's speech, for inclusion in the author's speech elements someone else's speech.

Subjectsomeone else's speech transmitted using indirect object, expressed by a noun in the prepositional case with the preposition o, for example:

When Staal started talking about the Order of Malta, the prince’s face suddenly took on a frightened expression.

Someone else's speech can be transmitted using introductory structures, indicating the source of the message: according to (according to, from the point of view and so on.) such and such, as he said (considered, noted and so on.) such and such and under.

According to the lookout, lights appeared in the sea at the height of Capri.

A traveler who stopped at a Tavern while passing through and agreed, as the Austrians said, to take the letters with him, he was probably going to Vienna.

67.2. Direct speech

Direct speech- this is an accurately reproduced speech of someone else, conveyed on behalf of the one who spoke or wrote it. This method of transmitting someone else's speech preserves not only its content, but also its form. Direct speech can include not one, but two or more sentences, different in structure. In direct speech, all the features of someone else’s speech are preserved: it may contain interjections, particles, modal words, addresses, and incomplete sentences.

And mom clasped her hands and said: “Don’t be upset, Denis, because of the mice. No and no need! Let's go buy you some fish! Which one do you want, huh?”

Direct speech is an independent sentence (or several sentences) and forms a special syntactic structure with the words of the author.

If direct speech is in a line, it is highlighted in quotation marks:

“Do you remember their address well?” - Sukhokhlebov interrupted me.

If direct speech begins with a paragraph, then a dash is placed before its beginning:

“Indeed, it is very cold,” he repeated, still convincing himself that it was impossible to do otherwise.

One of the types of direct speech is dialogue.

Dialogue- this is a type of direct speech, which is a conversation between two or more persons.

Dialogue consists of replicas. A remark is a response or remark from one interlocutor to the words of another.

Each line of dialogue is usually recorded with new line. Instead of quotation marks, a dash is placed before the line.

A dialogue can consist of two, three, four (sometimes more) replica sentences, closely related in meaning and structure. The content and form of the first replica determine the content and form of the second, etc. Thus, only a combination of replicas helps to understand the meaning of the dialogue.

Some kind of crazy guy,” said one of the officers, without lowering his voice.

Well, be quiet,” the other whispered cheerfully. - Look, he won’t give the letter to dad, so you won’t get the money.

I'll borrow it from you.

And you won't give it back.

I'll give it back in the next world in coals.

Punctuation in sentences with direct speech and ways of formatting dialogue will be discussed in detail in Lecture 68.

67.3. Indirect speech

Indirect speech is the transmission of someone else's speech on behalf of the speaker, and not the one who actually said it. Unlike sentences with direct speech, sentences with indirect speech convey only the content of someone else’s speech, but cannot convey the features of its form:

He said that it took him forty years to compile this collection of truly beautiful icons.

In its form, a sentence with indirect speech is a complex sentence in which the main sentence contains the author’s words, and the subordinate clause contains someone else’s speech. These simple sentences as part of a complex compound they are joined by conjunctions what, as if to, or pronouns who, what, which, how, where, when, why etc., or a particle whether:

[Crucian carp said] (that you can live in the world with truth alone), and [ruff argued] (that you can’t do without it), (so as not to lie) .

[They drove up to the hut and asked] (where to find the economic part).

[Some said] (as if he were the unfortunate son of rich parents)…

Let's look at the main ways of translating direct speech into indirect speech.

• If direct speech was a question with a question word, then when changed, the question word becomes a conjunctive word in the subordinate clause:

"When will you be back?" - the mother strictly asked her son. = The mother sternly asked her son when he would return.

• If direct speech was a question without an interrogative word, then the conjunction is used in the explanatory clause whether:

“How far is it to the tar factory?” - asked the mother of a worker working in the field. =

The mother asked a worker working in the field how far it was to the tar factory.

Please note that the subordinating conjunction whether stands not between the parts, but inside the subordinate clause; in fact, it performs the function of both a conjunction and a particle.

• If direct speech was a narrative sentence, then the subordinate clause is introduced by the conjunction What:

The boy said in fear: “I’m afraid.” . = The boy fearfully said that he was afraid.

• If direct speech was an incentive sentence, then the conjunction is used to:

The guys shouted: “Help us cross this bridge!” = The guys shouted for help to cross this bridge.

67.4. Quotes

Quote- this is a verbatim excerpt from someone’s statement or composition or someone’s exact words that are used to confirm or explain any thought.

The poem, in which Derzhavin, who did not like Bezborodko, ridiculed his weakness, was very popular among young people. Staal immediately recited:

...What, I said, so in tears

Is this winged god pouring?

Or thin arrows

Whose heart could you not get into?

Or is his flame powerless?

Is the current of dangerous tears in vain?

Oh! I found a scythe on a stone:

Croesus cannot know or love.

We will talk about punctuation in sentences with quotations in lecture 68.

Introduction

In almost any text, one can distinguish author’s and non-author’s speech - the speech of characters in fiction, quotes in scientific, business prose. The term “alien speech”, which has long been rooted in grammar, refers to the statements of other persons included in the author’s presentation or the narrator’s own statements, which he recalls and recalls.

Someone else's speech is contrasted with the author's, i.e. “their own”, belonging to the narrator, the speaker. According to the method, nature of transmission, design of someone else’s speech, direct, indirect and improperly direct speech are distinguished. All these types of someone else's speech stand out against the background of the author's, into which they are woven, performing diverse stylistic functions.

Of course the main role in any style belongs to the author’s speech, which makes up the main body of texts and solves the main informative, communicative, aesthetic problems.

Elements of someone else’s speech have the character of a kind of inlay, which diversifies the author’s speech and gives it unique stylistic shades.

In the most typical cases, indirect speech is a purely “business” - informational form of conveying content: it expresses only the rational content of someone else’s speech, and, unlike direct speech, it is free from all the living colors of a real statement.

The chosen topic “Alien speech and methods of its transmission” is undoubtedly relevant, theoretically and practically significant.

The purpose of the work is a stylistic assessment of the methods of transmitting someone else's speech.

The object of the work is recording methods and examples of transmitting someone else's speech in text.

1. Consider the structure of a simple and complex sentence;

2. Consider other syntactic phenomena;

3. Describe quotation speech;

4. Consider all types of other people’s speech, compare them with each other.

The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

Chapter: “Alien Speech”

Someone else's speech

The statement of another person, included in the author’s narrative, forms someone else’s speech. Someone else's speech, reproduced verbatim, preserving not only its content, but also its form, is called direct speech. Someone else's speech, reproduced not verbatim, but only with its content preserved, is called indirect.

Direct and indirect speech differ not only in the literal or non-verbal transmission of someone else's speech. The main difference between direct speech and indirect speech lies in the way they are included in the author’s speech. Direct speech is an independent sentence (or a series of sentences), and indirect speech is formalized in the form of a subordinate part as part of a complex sentence, in which the main part is the words of the author. Compare, for example: The silence lasted a long time. Davydov turned his eyes to me and said dully: “I was not the only one who gave his life to the desert.” No. - Davydov turned his eyes to me and said dully that he was not the only one who gave his life to the desert. When translating direct speech into indirect speech, if necessary, the forms of pronouns change (I - he).

The lexical distinction between direct and indirect speech is by no means necessary. For example, direct speech can reproduce someone else’s speech not verbatim, but always preserving its form (in the form of an independent sentence). This is evidenced by words with the meaning of assumption introduced into the author's speech: He said approximately the following... At the same time, indirect speech can literally reproduce someone else's speech, but it is not formed independently, cf.: He asked: “Will father arrive soon?” (direct speech). - He asked if father would arrive soon (indirect speech).

With the convergence of forms of transmission of someone else's speech, i.e. direct and indirect, a special form is formed - improperly direct speech. For example: A gloomy day without sun, without frost. The snow on the ground had melted overnight and lay only on the roofs in a thin layer. Grey sky. Puddles. What kind of sleds are there: it’s disgusting to even go out into the yard (Pan.). Here someone else's speech is given verbatim, but there are no words introducing it; it is not formally highlighted as part of the author's speech.

Methods of transmitting someone else's speech

Someone else's speech is the statements of other persons included by the speaker (writer) in his own (author's) speech. Someone else’s speech can also be statements made by the author himself, which he said in the past or expects to say in the future, as well as thoughts not spoken out loud (“inner speech”): “Do you think? - Berlioz whispered alarmedly, and he himself thought: But he’s right! 2

In some cases, it is important for us to convey not only the content, but also the form of someone else’s speech (its exact lexical composition and grammatical organization), and in others, only the content.

In accordance with these tasks, the language has developed special ways of transmitting someone else's speech: 1) forms of direct transmission (direct speech), 2) forms of indirect transmission (indirect speech).

Sentences with direct speech are specifically designed to accurately (literally) reproduce someone else's speech (its content and form), and sentences with indirect speech are only intended to convey the content of someone else's speech. Wed: Then he “commander of the Zakabluka regiment” said that the command forbids leaving the airfield dugouts and there will be no jokes with violators. (Indirect speech) - so that I don’t sleep in the air, but get a good night’s sleep before the flight,” he explained (V. Grassman). (Direct speech)

These forms of transmitting someone else's speech are the most common.

In addition to these two main methods, there are other forms designed to convey only the topic, the subject of someone else’s speech, to include elements of someone else’s speech in the author’s speech.

The theme of someone else's speech is conveyed using an indirect object, expressed by a noun in the prepositional case with the preposition o, for example: 1) And Rudin started talking about pride, and spoke very efficiently (I. Turgenev). 2) The guests talked about many pleasant and understandable things, such as: about nature, about dogs, about wheat, about caps, about stallions (N. Gogol).

Someone else's speech can be conveyed using introductory constructions indicating the source of the message: in the opinion (according to words, from the point of view, etc.) of such and such, as such and such said (thought, noted, etc.) and under . For example: 1) The fire, according to Leontyev, was going sideways (K. Paustovsky). 2) I, an inexperienced person and not “lived in the village” 3 (as we say in Orel), have heard plenty of such stories (I. Turgenev). 3) In general, Crimea is a goldmine for historical science, as local archeology enthusiasts say (M. Gorky).

In fiction, a special form of conveying someone else's speech is used - improperly direct speech.

The author's narrative may include statements or individual words belonging to other persons. There are several ways to introduce someone else's speech into a sentence or text: direct speech, indirect speech, improperly direct speech and dialogue.

Someone else's speech is the speech of an interlocutor, a third person, or the speaker's own speech spoken earlier. Someone else's speech is also called what a person thinks and writes about. Someone else's speech is transmitted different ways: using sentences with direct speech, indirect speech, and also a simple sentence.

Direct speech is an accurately reproduced speech of someone else, conveyed on behalf of the person who spoke it (aloud or mentally). A sentence with direct speech consists of two parts: the speech of someone else and the words of the author that accompany the direct speech. For example: “Grisha is alive! Our dear one is alive!” - Dunyashka screamed in a sobbing voice from afar (Sholokhov). Direct speech is enclosed in quotation marks. A colon is placed between the author’s words and direct speech when direct speech comes after the author’s words, and a dash when it comes before the author’s words or is broken by the author’s words. For example: Grigory, perking up, blinked at Natalya: “Petro will cut off the Cossack right now, look.” “Has everyone really left?” - thought Irina. “I will go with the Cossacks,” Listnitsky warned the platoon officer. “Tell me to saddle a black one” (Sholokhov). Each sentence in direct speech is written with a capital letter and at the end of it is placed the sign that is needed for the purpose of the statement and the intonation of this sentence (period, interrogative or Exclamation point).

Punctuation marks in sentences with direct speech

Dialogue. Punctuation marks in dialogue

Dialogue is a conversation between two or more people. The words of each person participating in the conversation are called replicas. The author's words may accompany the remark, or they may be absent. Each line of dialogue usually begins on a new line, is preceded by a dash, and no quotation marks are placed. For example: Pan pointed his hand at a chair: - Sit down. Grigory sat on the edge. - How do you like our horses? - Good horses. Gray is good too. - You pass it more often (Sholokhov).

Sentence with indirect speech

Sentences with indirect speech serve to convey someone else's speech on behalf of the speaker, and not the one who actually said it. Unlike sentences with direct speech, they convey only the content of someone else's speech, but cannot convey all the features of its form and intonation. Sentences with indirect speech are complex sentences consisting of two parts (the words of the author and indirect speech), which are connected by conjunctions that, as if, so that, or pronouns and adverbs who, what, which, how, where, when, why, etc. , or a particle. Indirect speech with conjunctions seems to express the content of narrative sentences in someone else's speech. For example: The hunter said that he saw swans on the lake. The hunter said that he saw swans on the lake. Indirect speech with the conjunction so expresses the content of the incentive sentences of someone else's speech. For example: The captain ordered the boats to be launched. Indirect speech with pronouns and adverbs that, who, which, how, where, where, when, why, etc. or whether particle expresses the content of interrogative sentences of someone else's speech. For example: I asked what time it was; We asked those we met where they were going; I asked my friend if he had solved this problem. A question conveyed in indirect speech is called an indirect question. There is no question mark after an indirect question. When replacing sentences with direct speech with sentences with indirect speech, special attention should be paid to the correct use of personal and possessive pronouns, since in indirect speech we convey other people’s words on our own behalf. It is also important to understand that not all features of someone else's speech can be conveyed indirectly. For example, in indirect speech there cannot be appeals, interjections, imperative forms and many other forms characteristic of oral speech.

When translating direct speech into indirect speech, such words and forms are either omitted altogether or replaced by others. For example: The teacher said: “Alyosha, go get some chalk.” - The teacher told Alyosha to go get some chalk. The author's words are usually preceded by indirect speech and separated from it by a comma.

Quotes and punctuation marks with them

Quotes are verbatim (exact) excerpts from the statements and writings of someone, given to confirm or explain one’s thoughts. Quotes can stand alongside the words of the author and represent direct speech. In this case, punctuation marks for quotations are placed as in sentences with direct speech. For example: V. G. Belinsky wrote: “Pushkin’s verse is noble, elegantly simple, nationally true to the spirit of the language.” But a quotation can be introduced into the author’s speech as part of a sentence. Then it is highlighted in quotation marks and written with lowercase letter. For example: L. N. Tolstoy’s thought “time is the relationship between the movement of one’s life and the movement of other beings,” expressed in his diary, has deep philosophical content. According to F. I. Chaliapin, art may experience times of decline, but “it is eternal, like life itself.”

Ex. 79. Make diagrams of the following sentences in direct speech.

1. More and more often the words came to mind: “And maybe at my sad sunset love will flash with a farewell smile” (Pushkin). 2. “Follow me,” she said, taking me by the hand (Lermontov). 3. “Let me...,” Emil whispered in a trembling voice, “let me go with you.” 4. “Conductor! - shouted an angry voice. “Why don’t you give me tickets?” (Paustovsky). 5. “Well, this is positively interesting,” said the professor, shaking with laughter, “what do you have, no matter what you’re missing, there’s nothing!” (Bulgakov). 6. He said: “I’ve heard that before!” - and asked not to repeat it again.

Ex. 80. Rewrite sentences with direct speech, using punctuation marks.

1. Shut up, said Krasilshchikov sternly. 2. “I want to have lunch with you in Prague the day after tomorrow,” she said. “I’ve never been there and in general I’m very inexperienced. I imagine what you think about me. But in fact, you are my first love. 3. You are already speaking to me on “you”, I said breathlessly, you could at least not speak to him on “you” in front of me. Why did she ask raising her eyebrows. 4. Finally Sonya said Well, go to bed and after saying goodbye to them I went to my room... 5. When I ran up to them, he looked at me and managed to cheerfully shout And hello doctor while she turned deathly blue... 6. How his eyes sparkle, he said. You’re not cold.

Ex. 81. Make up sentences with direct speech using the given cues.

1. We won't be late? 2. No, I don’t think so. 3. The fact is that I won’t go. 4. Well then. I'm even envious. 5. In general, I must admit, it will be better here than in Crimea. 6. Goodbye!

Ex. 82. Make up several sentences with indirect speech.

1. Will we have time to arrive at the station? 2. We have enough time. 3. His friend will not go with us. 4. You can envy them. 5. These places better than Crimea. 6. When will they arrive? 7. How did they relax?

Ex. 83. Rewrite the text, replacing direct speech with indirect speech.

“Do you like our city?” - the children asked. “I like it, especially the flowers decorate it,” I said. “We already have fifty thousand rose bushes. Next year we will fulfill the plan.” “And here’s the plan,” I was surprised. “But what about it? How many residents are in the city - so many bushes should bloom!” - “Who came up with this?” - "Ivan Ivanovich". “Who is he, this Ivan Ivanovich?” - I asked. “He is one of the first builders of the city,” the girl proudly announced. “He plants the flowers himself.”

Ex. 84. Compose and write down sentences with these quotes according to the rules of punctuation, accompanying them with the words of the author. Use different verbs introducing quotations.

1. Strictly speaking, language is never completely established: it constantly lives and moves, developing and improving... (Belinsky). 2. Grammar does not prescribe laws to the language, but explains and approves its customs (Pushkin). 3. ...Our extraordinary language itself is still a mystery (Gogol). 4. In the linguistic sense, a people consists of all people who speak the same language (Chernyshevsky). 5. Brevity is the sister of talent (Chekhov).

ALIEN SPEECH AND METHODS OF ITS TRANSMISSION

The author's narrative may include statements or individual words belonging to other persons. There are several ways to introduce someone else's speech into a sentence or text: direct speech, indirect speech, improperly direct speech and dialogue.

Someone else's speech is the statements of other persons included by the speaker (writer) in his own (author's) speech. Someone else’s speech can also be statements made by the author himself, which he said in the past or expects to say in the future, as well as thoughts not spoken out loud (“inner speech”): “Do you think? - Berlioz whispered alarmedly, and he himself thought: But he’s right!” (M. Bulgakov).

In some cases, it is important for us to convey not only the content, but also the form of someone else’s speech (its exact lexical composition and grammatical organization), and in others - only the content.

In accordance with these tasks, the language has developed special ways of transmitting someone else's speech: 1) forms of direct transmission (direct speech), 2) forms of indirect transmission (indirect speech). Sentences with direct speech are specifically designed to accurately (literally) reproduce someone else's speech (its content and form), and sentences with indirect speech are only intended to convey the content of someone else's speech.

There are other forms designed to convey only the topic, the subject of someone else’s speech, to include elements of someone else’s speech in the author’s speech.

The topic of someone else's speech is conveyed using an indirect object expressed by a noun in the prepositional case with the preposition about

Someone else's speech can be conveyed using introductory structures indicating the source of the message

In fiction, a special form of conveying someone else's speech is used - improperly direct speech. Sentences with indirect speech

You are well aware of such concepts as the main and subordinate parts of a complex sentence. From the main part to the subordinate part you can always ask a question. For example: Father did not want to believe that I could be involved in a vile riot. In this sentence, from the first part to the second, you can pose a question (believe WHAT?), therefore, the first part is the main one, and the second is the subordinate one.

Someone else's speech, transmitted in the form subordinate clause, called indirect speech.

First, main part The sentence in this case represents the words of the author, and the second is indirect speech. Please note: the author’s words come before indirect speech and are separated from it by a comma. This method of transmitting someone else's speech, unlike direct speech, preserves the content of someone else's statement, but does not preserve its form and intonation.

Indirect speech can be attached to the main part of a sentence using the conjunctions WHAT, AS WHAT, THAT, pronouns and adverbs WHO, WHAT, WHICH, WHERE, WHEN, WHY and others, as well as the particle LI. The choice of these words depends on the purpose of the statement in indirect speech. In interrogative sentences, pronouns or the particle LI will be used.

Non-direct speech is “a passage of narrative text that conveys words, thoughts, feelings, perceptions, or only the semantic position of one of the characters depicted, and the transmission of the narrator’s text is not marked either by graphic signs (or their equivalents) or by introducing words (or their equivalents)”, in other words, is not highlighted either punctuationally or syntactically.

The technique of improperly direct speech was first used in Russian literature by A. S. Pushkin, after which it acquired development in fiction. Improper direct speech syntactic level does not stand out from the author’s, but retains the lexical, stylistic and grammatical elements inherent in the speaker’s speech

Translation of direct speech (DR) into indirect speech (CR)

When translating direct speech into indirect speech, mistakes are often made. This is due to a misunderstanding of the translation mechanism, which is based on certain rules. These rules can be formulated by answering three questions: 1) is it possible to translate PR into the KR, 2) how does the pronominal plan of PR change when it is transferred to the KR, 3) what conjunction should be used in the KR?

When translating PR into KR, the structure of the words of the author (A) and the purpose of the statement in sentences with PR are taken into account.

The author's words include five components in a complete set: 1) input - words indicating the fact of someone else's speech (speak, say, tell, ask, etc.); 2) subject of speech - the person who owns the PR; 3) addressee of speech - the person to whom the speech is addressed; 4) the topic of speech - what constitutes the content of the speech; 5) circumstances accompanying speech or characterizing the subject.

The first four components of the author’s words (input, subject, addressee and topic of speech) are directly related to the translation of PR into CD.

The answer to the question whether it is possible to transfer PR to KR depends on the input.

Input, that is, words indicating the fact of someone else's speech, can be direct, indirect and zero.

Direct input is words with the meaning of speech, allowing an explanatory clause. Usually these are verbs like speak, repeat, answer, ask and under. (The father said to the children: “You came on time.”)

Indirect input is words with the meaning of feeling expressed in speech: surprised, happy, upset (Father was happy: “You came on time”).

Zero input is words with the meaning of an action accompanying speech: shake your head, wave your hand, stamp your foot, turn around, nod (Father waved his hands: “You came on time!”).

Converting PR to KR is possible with direct input, limited with indirect input, and impossible with zero input.

The answer to the question about changing the pronominal plan depends on the expression of the subject, the addressee and the topic of speech.

The answer to the question about the choice of a union means for the CD depends on the purpose of the statement in the proposals of the PR.

If in PR there is a declarative sentence, then in the subordinate clause in KR the conjunction is used that (sometimes as if): Father said: “I’m going to the store.” In PR there is a declarative sentence, therefore in KR there is a conjunction that: Father said that he was going to the store.

If in PR there is an incentive sentence, then in KR the conjunction is used: The father told his son: “Go to the store.” In PR there is an incentive sentence, therefore in KR there is a conjunction so that: The father told his son to go to the store.

If in PR interrogative sentence, then in the Kyrgyz Republic a conjunction word or a conjunction-particle is used. A conjunctive word is in KR if there is an interrogative adverb or pronoun in PR: Father asked: “Who is going to the store?” - Father asked who was going to the store. Is it a conjunction-particle - in KR, if in PR there is an interrogative sentence without a question word: Father asked: “Do you need to go to the store?” - My father asked if I needed to go to the store.