What does a real participle mean? Active and passive participles

Divided into two large categories: independent and service. Among the independent ones, participles are considered to be one of the most difficult to understand. The main difficulty for students is the division into passive and active participles. In fact, this task will be possible for anyone who knows the identifying features that all representatives of this part of speech possess. In order to distinguish between passive and active participles, you need to remember two simple formulas:

A) The active participle serves to denote the attribute of the object that performs the action.

B) The passive, in turn, is necessary to designate the subject of the action, that is, the object to which this action is directed.

Sometimes the active participle is difficult to distinguish from the passive participle only by meaning. In this case, you need to pay attention to the grammatical and morphemic characteristics of the word. To form this part of speech, special identifier suffixes are used, by which we can confidently judge whether we see an active participle or a passive participle in front of us.

Active present participles

They take their basis from present tense verbs ( imperfect form) with the addition of the suffixes -ushch, -yushch (for the first conjugation) or -ashch, -yashch (for the second conjugation). For example, the participle “running” is formed from the verb I conjugation to run. Picture 1: A girl preparing soup (cooking is an active present participle).

Active past participle

It is formed from the base of the infinitive of verbs in the past tense (perfective form), with the addition of the suffixes -ш, -вш. For example, the participle "fallen asleep"formed from the verb “to fall asleep.” Verbs with a suffix - well, are somewhat out of this rule, since for active participles formed from these verbs, the corresponding suffix disappears. Example: get wet - wet.

Passive participles

They are formed according to the same rules, but differ from real ones in identifying morphemes. Thus, passive participles of the present tense, formed from the base of the infinitive of past tense verbs, are characterized by such suffixes as -nn, -enn, -yonn, -t. Examples: say - said (suffix -nn), heat - red-hot (suffix -yonn).

Passive participles of the present tense take their basis from verbs of the present tense, to which the suffixes -em (-om) or -im are added, depending on the conjugation. For example, the participle “burned” corresponds to the first conjugation verb “to burn,” and the participle “beloved” (not to be confused with the adjective “beloved”) corresponds to the second conjugation verb “to love.” Picture 2: A dog being scolded by its owner (scold is the present passive participle). Curious property reflexive verbs with the postfix - is that when forming participles they retain this postfix. For example: forget - forgotten (active past participle). Thus, learning to understand the variety of participles is not at all difficult. A little theory and constant practice will help any beginning “linguist.”

What is the active and passive participle? give examples

1. active - when the action was performed “by itself” - a letter arrived, passive - the action was performed by someone - a cracked nut.
2. Active participles denote a sign that is created by the action of the object itself: reading
   a boy is a boy who reads himself; boy reading
   This is a boy who read himself. 2.
   Passive participles denote a characteristic that is created in an object under the influence of an action
   another subject: a book the boy read a book he read
   boy; a house built by workers a house that workers built.

   Passive participles have a number of features:

   passive participles
   are formed only from transitive verbs: build (what?)
   house (V.p.) a built house; read (what?) book (V.p.)
   readable book;

   passive participles have
   full and short form: built house house built, finished milk
   milk is finished;

   passive participles can
   to be extended by a noun or pronoun in T. p. with meaning
   subject of the action: a house built (by whom?) by workers (workers
   built a house); a tale told (by whom?) by grandmother (grandmother
   told a fairy tale).

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The meaning of the participle, its morphological features and syntactic function

Participle - a special (unconjugated) form of the verb, which denotes the attribute of an object by action, answers the question which one? (what kind?) and combines the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. In a sentence participle can be a definition or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: Exhausted by the poisonous night, insomnia and wine, I stand, breathe in front of the brightening window opened into the fog (G. Ivanov); Nice started a glorious thing... (A. Akhmatova).(Together with dependent words, the participle forms participial, which in school practice is usually considered one member of a sentence: exhausted by the poisonous night; into the fog with a brightening window.)

Signs of verb and adjective in participle

Verb signs	Signs of an adjective
1.View (imperfect and perfect): burning(nesov.v.) forest(from burn)- burnt(Soviet) forest(from burn).	1. General meaning (like an adjective, a participle names attribute of an object and answers the question Which?).
2. Transitivity/intransitivity: singing(who?/what?) song- running.	2. Gender, number, case (like an adjective, the participle changes by gender, number and case, and the gender, number and case of the participle depend on the gender, number and case of the noun with which the participle is associated, i.e. participle agrees with a noun): ripened ear, ripened berry, ripened apple, ripened fruit.
3.Returnability/non-refundability: lifter- rising smoke.	3. Declension (participles are declined in the same way as adjectives), cf.: evening- burning, evening- burning, evening- burning etc.
4. Active and passive meaning (voice): attacking enemy battalion- battalion attacked by the enemy.	4. Syntactic function (both participles and adjectives in a sentence are definitions or the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate).
5. Time (present and past): reading(present tense) - read(past tense).	5. Short forms (a participle, like an adjective, can have short forms): built- built, closed- closed.

Note . Active/passive meaning and tense are expressed in participles using special suffixes.

Participle ranks

Participles are divided into active and passive.

Valid participles denote a sign of an object by the action that the object itself performs: running boy- sign boy by action run, which the boy himself does.

Passive participles denote the attribute of one object by the action performed by another object (i.e., the attribute of the object on which the action has been performed or is being performed): glass broken (by a boy)- sign glasses by action break, which commits boy.

AND valid, And passive participles can be present or past tense (participles have no future tense).

Formation of participles

1. Participles present tense (both active and passive) are formed only from imperfective verbs (verbs do not have perfective form participles present tense).

2. Passives participles are formed only from transitive verbs (intransitive verbs do not have passive participles).

3. Participles present tense (both active and passive) are formed from the base of the present tense.

4. Participles past tense (both active and passive) are formed from the stem of the infinitive.

5. Passives participles past tense are mainly formed from perfective verbs.

Valid participles present time -ush-/-yush-(from verbs of I conjugation), and -ash-/-box-(from verbs of II conjugation): pish-ut - writer, numaj- ym- reading(from verbs of I conjugation); shout - shouting, speak - speaking(from verbs of II conjugation).

Valid participles past tense formed using suffixes -vsh-, -sh-: write- writing, shouting- shouting, carrying - carrying.

Passive participles present time formed using suffixes -eat-, -om-(from verbs of I conjugation) and -them-(from verbs of II conjugation): chita jut- readable (readable), ved-ut- driven, loved - beloved.

Some transitive imperfective passive verbs participles present tense do not form: wait, prick, take, crush, rub, dig, wash, pour, write, build, chop and etc.

Passive participles past tense formed using suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-: read- read, build - built, open- open.

Suffix -enn- joins stems with a consonant (P rines you- brought) or on -i (note - noticed).

Participles Verbs	Valid		Passive
	Present tense	Past tense	Present tense	Past tense
	-ushch (-yushch) from verbs of I conjugation; asch (box) from verbs II conjugation	-vsh ■ш	-om, -eat from verbs of I conjugation; -them from verbs of II conjugation	-nn, -enn, -t
Imperfective transitives	Reading	+ read	Readable	+ read
Perfective transitives		Read		Read
Imperfective intransitives	Sitting	sitting	-
Perfective intransitives		Blooming

Note. Most imperfective transitive verbs do not have a passive form. participles past tense.

Short form of participles

Passive participles can have short form: I am not loved by anyone! (G. Ivanov)

IN short form participles (like short adjectives) change only by number and in the singular by gender (short forms do not change by case).

Short form of participles, like short form adjectives, formed from the stem complete participle forms using endings: zero - masculine form, A- female, o - average, s- plural: solved, solvable, solvable, solvable; built, built, built, built.

In a sentence short form of participle is the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: And the sailing boat is lit up with a copper-red sunset (G. Ivanov).Short Communion can sometimes serve as a definition, but only isolated and only related to the subject: Pale as a shadow, dressed in the morning , Tatyana is waiting: when will the answer be? (A. Pushkin)

Participles and verbal adjectives

Participles differ from adjectives not only by the presence of morphological features of the verb, but also by their meaning. Adjectives mean constant signs objects, and participles- signs that develop over time. Wed, for example: red- blushing, flushed; old- aging, aged.

Participles may lose the meaning and characteristics of the verb and turn into adjectives. In this case participle denotes a permanent attribute of an object (loses the category of time), loses the ability to have subordinate (dependent) words, to control nouns: an out-of-tune piano, a defiant look, an aspiring poet, a brilliant answer. Wed: He also liked Titus Nikonich... beloved by everyone(participle) and loving everyone (I. Goncharov) And When she played the piano my favorite(adjective) plays... I listened with pleasure (A. Chekhov).

Passive adjectives are most easily converted to participles: reserved character, high spirits, strained relationships, confused appearance.

Participles They are used mainly in bookish speech styles and are almost never found in everyday speech.

Morphological analysis of the participle includes the identification of three constant features (real or passive, aspect, tense) and four non-constant ones (full or short form, gender, number and case). Participles, like the verbs from which they are formed, are characterized by transitivity - intransitivity, reflexivity - irrevocability. These constant signs are not included in the generally accepted analysis scheme, but can be noted.

Scheme morphological analysis participles. I. Part of speech ( special shape verb). II. Morphological characteristics. 1. Initial form (nominative singular masculine). 2. Permanent signs: 1) active or passive; 3. Variable signs: 1) full or short form (for passive participles); 4) case (for participles in full form). Sh. Syntactic function. The secluded monastery, illuminated by the rays of the sun, seemed to float in the air, carried by the clouds. (A. Pushkin)

A sample of morphological analysis of a participle. I. Illuminated(monastery) - participle, a special form of the verb, denotes the attribute of an object by action, derived from the verb illuminate. II. Morphological characteristics. 1. Initial form - illuminated - 2. Permanent signs: 1) passive participle; 2) past tense; 3) perfect appearance. 3. Variable signs: 1) full form; 2) singular; 3) masculine gender; 4) nominative case. III. Syntactic function. In a sentence it is an agreed definition (or: it is part of a separate agreed definition, expressed by a participial phrase).

Active participles denote the attribute of an object that itself produces an action: Today at five o’clock in the morning, when I opened the window, my room was filled with the smell of flowers growing in a modest front garden (M. Lermontov).
Passive participles denote the sign of an object that is experiencing action from another object: Tired of a long speech, I closed my eyes and yawned (M. Lermontov).
PARTICIPLE FORMATION
When forming participles, the following verbal features are taken into account:

1. Transitivity or intransitivity of the verb (both active and passive participles are formed from transitive verbs; only active participles are formed from intransitive verbs).
2. Type of verb (perfect verbs do not form present participles. Imperfect verbs do not form real present and past participles; most imperfect verbs do not form passive past participles, although these verbs have corresponding forms of present passive participles).
3. Verb conjugation (both active and passive present participles have different suffixes depending on the verb conjugation).

Verbs	Participles
	valid		passive
	present. time	past time	present time	past time
transitional
imperfect form	+	+	+	+
perfect form	-	+	-	+
intransitive
imperfect form	+	+	-	-
perfect form	_	+	¦ 1	-P

1. Reflexivity or non-reflexivity of the verb (passive participles are not formed from reflexive verbs). Active participles formed from reflexive verbs retain the suffix -sya in all tenses, regardless of what sound (vowel or consonant) is located before this suffix: laughing boy, laughing boy (cf. the verb: laughing, laughing); the suffix -sya appears at the participle after the ending: smiling.

When forming participles to the present tense suffixes -ush-(-yush-), -ash-(-yash-), -e-im- and past tense -vsh-, sh-, -ni-, -enn-, -t - masculine endings are added,

feminine and neuter singular (-i, -y, -aya, -ee) or plural endings (-i, -i).
Not all types of participles are formed from a number of verbs.
Note. Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive past participle form.