India by state. Administrative divisions of India

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At its core, India is a federal state and includes six union territories as well as twenty-eight states. Each territory has its own elected government. In the mid-20th century, the states of India underwent reorganization along linguistic lines. At the same time, new states continued to be formed by dividing Indian territories without changing their administrative structure.

Each state is beautiful in itself and attracts the attention of many tourists and travelers. Particularly unique are Goa, Kerala, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka. These areas display many Indian religions, Arabian culture, Buddhism and Jainism in their monasteries and temples.

The western states of Kashmir, Gujarat, Jammu, Bengal are rich in their national parks; the traditions of martial arts and ancient religions are preserved here. The center of India is the state of Madhya Pradesh, and the largest and most important state is Maharashtra.

Goa Resort

In the south of the country there is a small state of Goa, which is famous for its resorts and attractions. Its territory was once a colony of Portugal. Today the capital of the state is Panjim. Goa is an ideal place for a family and active holiday on the coast. There are comfortable hotels with European service and restaurants, luxurious beaches with white sand, ancient Catholic churches and monasteries.

The best time to vacation in the state is October-March. The crystal blue lagoons of the Arabian Sea attract numerous diving enthusiasts, as well as ordinary travelers, to the resorts of the state. The coastal strip includes forty clean and comfortable beaches. There are cozy restaurants and cafes around them. Goa has Ayurvedic centers, spas, casinos and luxurious nightclubs. For a relaxing holiday, there is a very large selection of exciting and interesting excursions to mountain waterfalls in the jungle and to ancient monuments.

This Indian state is often called “little Portugal”, and it itself is very Europeanized. Luxurious boarding houses allow you to fully enjoy the tranquil beach holiday, while tourists are surrounded pure water, exotic fruit trees, palm groves and true peace.

Cape Dona Paula is an amazingly beautiful place. Its picturesque landscape has more than once become the location for filming famous Indian films. As for the northern parts of the state, they are attractive to active youth. North Goa will offer travelers many adventures and amazing encounters. Here are hippie settlements, noisy nightclubs, and the Turtle Coast, where large turtles come every year to lay their eggs. Those looking for solitude can go to the villages of Arambol or Tirakol.

Kerala

Kerala is a land of gods and many religions. Translated, the name of the state means “Land of the Coconut.” Kerala also has a large number of comfortable resorts with sandy beaches. Its territory is called Indian Venice. Here you can enjoy the magnificent water canals that stretch for several kilometers. Around them are rice and mango fields, as well as coconut palm groves. Kerala is a unique place - it honors and preserves martial arts, Indian dances and spiritual practices. The state is home to a famous Ayurvedic university, making Kerala the birthplace of philosophical teachings.

The state is located in the south of the country and its capital is Thiruvananthapuram. Kerala has many truly heavenly places, so this Indian territory is considered one of the most beautiful on the planet. Kerala has hills in the east, picturesque hills in central parts states and flat plains in the west. The mountainous region is home to tea plantations and beautiful lakes.

The best time to travel to Kerala is from December to April. The state capital is considered one of the most beautiful Indian cities - there is a Vishnu temple, an ancient fortress, as well as the best zoo in the country, which resembles a botanical garden. On the coast you can take a fascinating boat trip on the Indian Ocean and see exotic islands. You can also go to the mountains. The road to the top lies among tea and spice plantations, and there are elephants along the way. On the way to the mountains you can visit ancient temples and cathedrals.

All shopping lovers will be interested in visiting the city of Cochin in Kerala. On December 1, a real shopping festival is held here - a large number of leather, antiques, clothing and jewelry dealers come to the city. There are also a lot of jewelry shops in Cochin. Holidays in Kerala are full of exoticism and spirituality and do not leave even the Indian rich indifferent.

Karnataka

The state of Karnataka is a real land of picturesque national reserves and parks. It is located in southern India and borders Goa. Karnataka is a fairly large territory and its capital is Bangalore. Once upon a time there was a mighty empire here, traces of which can still be found among the mountains. Ancient state fell in the 19th century and the state became controlled by Muslims.

Today, the backbone of the state's economy is agriculture. Although many Indian states focus their economies on tourism business. Rice, pulses, ragi and jowar are grown here in various valleys. Cotton and silk are produced in the north. Karnataka has a large number of coffee plantations. This Indian state is the main region of India where many varieties of coffee are harvested. As for the capital Bangalore, due to the large number of research institutions, the city is nicknamed the Indian “Silicon Valley”.

When traveling to Karnataka for a holiday, you should be aware of the humid subtropical climate of the area. Monsoons occur here from June to the end of September. The hottest months are April and May.

The main attractions of the state that attract many tourists are the giant statue of Lord Shiva on a hill near the Arabian Sea and Hampi. There is also a large Shiva temple here. Pilgrims are drawn to the village of Gokarna, a place where, according to ancient legends, Shiva took the form of a cow. This Indian village has many sacred ponds and small temples.

In the north of the state is Hampi, the ruins of the former capital of the Vijayanagar Empire. Here you can admire ancient architectural structures and visit important active Hindu temples. A large number of pilgrims flock to Hampi.

Karnataka has a coastline with well-developed resorts. Shaded palm groves, picturesque white sand beaches, luxury hotels and natural harbors always delight tourists who come here from around the world. The resorts of the state allow you to have a great rest away from noisy cities and get incredible impressions of the exotic nature of India. Guests of the coast can enjoy walks with dolphins, trips to the islands by boat, visits to local temples and colorful waterfalls. The most popular beaches are Malpe, Devbagh, Karwar.

Karnataka is also famous for its coastal cities of Gokarna and Mangalore. The latter is home to a major Indian port and a Hindu temple. Mangalore is a very popular place among tourists - on the beach here you can rent a comfortable cottage with a swimming pool. Not far from the city there is a safari and an aquarium.

The city of Mysore state is famous for its special Muslim monuments. Near the village there are famous National parks, where tigers, panthers, elephants and other representatives of exotic fauna are found.

Maharashtra

This Indian state is one of the most important and largest. It lies parallel to the coast and is surrounded by low mountains. The area is famous for its dancing and music. The state capital of Mumbai is one of the largest metropolises in the world. The best time to travel to Maharashtra is September-May.

The state includes six regions that have beautiful beaches. Here you can rent a luxurious bungalow on the seashore and enjoy a quiet and relaxing seaside holiday. Near the Dahanu Bordi beach there is a Hindu temple in which a sacred fire burns. Mountain areas also have their own resorts.

The state has a large number of ancient attractions - Lake Lonar, the Ashtavinayak temple complex of eight temples, unique palaces, forts and caves.

Orissa

The state of Orissa is located in the south of the country. Its coastal strip is a vast valley. There is a large salt lake here, which is connected by channels to the ocean. People traveling to India are attracted by the state capital Bhubaneswar and coastal settlements. The area is famous for its own Hindu temples and the picturesque Simlipal National Park, home to tigers and elephants. Orissa is home to small Indian tribes who are very hospitable to tourists.

Rajasthan

In the western part of the country is the state of Rajasthan, which is called the “land of the rajas”. Once upon a time, these lands were ruled by maharajas who adhered to ancient religion. The states of India have their own rules and treaties, but Rajakhstan enjoys special privileges. Its cities have pink and white temples, luxurious palaces, and museums. Rajahstan often hosts colorful fairs and various festivals. Each territory of India has its own characteristics and nuances. A visit to this exotic and fairyland will leave many vivid impressions and will make you return more than once to the ancient architecture and resorts of India.

Not many people can immediately answer the question: “How many states are there in India?” Administrative division determines the federal structure of a given state. India has 29 states and as many as 7 territories that are considered union states. Administrative divisions also include the National Capital Region of Delhi. India on the world map is a federal state in which states are also divided into regions. Each state has its own government, appointed by election (a union territory can also have its own government). We will talk further about the peculiarities of administrative division in India, border disputes, language problems and separatism.

Administrative divisions of India

India became an independent state in 1947, with the former British colony divided into India proper and Pakistan, according to the religious affiliation of the population. According to new constitution, twenty-nine states appeared in the country. They were divided into three categories: A, B and C. The states different types There were different types of management. In 1956, the country passed a law in accordance with which the administrative division was reorganized. The category system has been eliminated, and if you ask the question: “How many states are there in India?”, then you already know the answer based on the information given above. The boundaries of administrative units were defined according to linguistic and ethnic areas.

State Administration in India

States have their own executive and legislative branches. The highest in the hierarchy of positions is the governor, who is appointed for five years. It is he who forms the government, which is controlled by the prime minister. The latter is chosen from among the members of the party that wins the state elections. Moreover, each has its own unicameral or bicameral parliament. The lower one is called the Vidhan Sabha, and its number can range from sixty to 500 deputies. She is chosen for general elections for a five-year period. The name of the highest house in Parliament is Vidhan Parishad, and its members have been serving for six years. But every two years, a third of the deputies are re-elected. The state parliament deals with any internal issues, but does not include foreign policy, the problem of defense and trade with other states, because all this is already under the jurisdiction of the central government of the country.

India on the world map: union territories

Based on the information provided, it is already possible to get an idea of ​​the administrative division of this state. But it doesn’t all end with how many states there are in India, because in this country there are also union territories, while the latter do not have the same parliaments as the states, and they are governed by the central government (or rather by officials who are empowered by it with certain powers). Of course, there are some exceptions. Some union territories have their own parliament, but its power is largely limited, and small units do not have such parliaments at all, as mentioned above.

The problem of languages ​​in India

Some states and union territories recognize as official languages, in addition to English and Hindi, also those spoken by the local population in a particular region. These issues may influence the problem of administrative distribution in India. For example, in October 1956, a new state called Andhra was formed in the state of Madras, in accordance with the linguistic principle. However, on this this story didn't end. In November 1956, a state was created, called Andhra Pradesh, when the territory of Andhra state was merged with Hyderabad. But this is not the only case involving language problems. This question greatly influences how many states there are in India. The story of the partition of Punjab in 1966 is interesting in this regard. Then in November, part of it, in which the population speaks mainly Hindi, was separated into a state called Haryana. The border area between the new administrative unit and Punjab was declared a union.

Border disputes

In the 60s of the last century, a conflict occurred that is called the border war between India and China. For the first state, the disputed region became the union territory of Arunachal Pradesh. Already in the 80s, the Indian government raised it to state status. However, the Chinese today do not recognize such a division of territory and insist on recognizing the state in their jurisdiction, insisting on the unclear treaties between the British and Tibet at the beginning of the last century. The entry of foreign citizens into Arunachal Pradesh is strictly regulated.

Separatism in India

For this state today the problem of separatism is still relevant. Some territories, according to participants in such movements, should be allocated as separate states.

The Bodo people are the most active in this regard. In the state of Assam, a guerrilla war is being waged to secede the new state of Bodopand. In fact, such separatism is quite unusual in world history. Because here the struggle is not for the independence of this or that territory, but only for the creation of a separate administrative unit. In 2014, the new state of Telengana was also formed from the protest movement. In addition, there is debate about whether the capital district should be divided.

- a state in South Asia occupying most peninsula of Hindustan.

Official name of India:
Republic of India. The official name of the country, India, comes from the ancient Persian word "sindhu" - the historical name of the Indus River. The Indian Constitution also recognizes a second name, Bharat, which is derived from the Sanskrit name of the ancient Indian king whose history was described in the Mahabharata. The third name, Hindustan, has been used since the time of the Mughal Empire, but has no official status.

Territory of India:
The area of ​​the state of the Republic of India is 3287590 km².

Population of India:
India's population is more than 1 billion inhabitants (1126,000,000 people).

Ethnic groups of India:
in India there are several hundred nations, nationalities and tribes, the largest of them: Hindustani, Telugu, Marathi, Bengali, Tamil, Gujarati, Kannar, Punjabi, etc.

Average life expectancy in India:
The average life expectancy in India is 63.62 years (see. Rating of countries in the world by average life expectancy).

Capital of India:
New Delhi (Delhi).

Major cities in India:
New Delhi (Delhi), Kolkata (more than 16 million inhabitants), Mumbai (Bombay) (more than 15 million inhabitants), Chennai (Madras) (6 million inhabitants), Hyderabad (5 million inhabitants), Bangalore (4 .5 million inhabitants), Ahmedabad (4 million inhabitants).

Official language of India:
Hindi, English. More than 30 different languages ​​and 2,000 dialects are spoken in India. The Constitution of India stipulates that Hindi and English are the two languages ​​of the national government, i.e. state languages. In addition, there is an official list of 22 languages ​​(scheduled languages) that can be used by Indian state governments for various administrative purposes.

It was planned that in 1965 English language will lose its state status and will be called “additional state language"until the full-scale transition to Hindi is completed. However, due to protests from some states in which Hindi has not become widespread, the situation where two languages ​​are state was maintained. Due to rapid industrialization, and multinational influence in the economy, English continues to be a popular and influential means of communication in government and business.

Religion in India:
Hindus - 81.3% of India's population, Muslims - 12%, Christians - 2.3%, Sikhs - 1.9%, other groups (including Buddhists, Jains, Nestorians, Parsis, etc.) - 2.5%.

Geographical location of India:
India is a state in South Asia, occupying most of the Hindustan Peninsula. India borders Pakistan in the west, China, Nepal and Bhutan in the northeast, and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east. India also shares maritime borders with the Maldives in the southwest, Sri Lanka in the south and Indonesia in the southeast. The disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with Afghanistan.

India is a huge, triangle-shaped country in southern Asia, bordered by the Himalayas to the north and washed by the south Indian Ocean.
The island of Sri Lanka is located off the northern coast of India. India covers an area of ​​3,287,590 km, although this figure is not entirely accurate as parts of the border are disputed by China and Pakistan.

Northern India is home to the snow-capped peaks and valleys of the Himalayas and the vast Indo-Gangetic Plain, which separates the Himalayas from the southern peninsula and stretches from the Arabian Sea to the Bay of Bengal. To the south of the plains, the landscape rises into the Deccan Plateau, which has a triangle shape and whose altitude ranges from 300 to 900 meters above sea level. The plateau is bounded by the Eastern and Western Ghats, hills that run parallel along the eastern and western coasts of Hindustan and separate the fertile coastal regions from the interior lands.

Rivers of India:
Brahmaputra, Ganges, Godavari, Indus, Krishna (river), Sabarmati.

Administrative divisions of India:
India consists of twenty-eight states (which are in turn divided into districts), six union territories and the National Capital Territory of Delhi. Each state has its own elected government, while union territories are governed by an administrator appointed by the union government. However, some union territories have their own elected governments.

States of India:

Andhra Pradesh

Arunachal Pradesh

Gujarat

Jammu and Kashmir

Jharkhand

West Bengal

Karnataka

• Madhya Pradesh

• Maharashtra

  Meghalaya

• Nagaland

• Rajasthan

• Tamil Nadu

• Uttaranchal

  Uttar Pradesh

• Himachal Pradesh

  Chhattisgarh

Union Territories of India:

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Daman and Diu

Lakshadweep

National Capital Territory of Delhi

Pondicherry

Chandigarh

Indian government:
Executive power in India is exercised by the President, Vice President and the government headed by the Prime Minister. The president is elected for a five-year term by an electoral college consisting of members of both houses of Parliament and members of state legislatures. The President can be re-elected for a second term. The vice-president is chosen by an electoral college for a five-year period by members of both houses of parliament. The Vice President is also the Chairman of the Council of States (the upper house of Parliament). The prime minister is appointed by the president, but the leader of the party or coalition with the majority of seats in the lower house, to which the government is accountable, is nominated to this post. Ministerial candidates, who are also officially approved by the president, are proposed by the prime minister. The government forms the Council of Ministers, which is responsible for the operation of the administrative machinery and the determination of public policy.

The President of India appoints the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, on the latter's recommendation, the members of the Supreme Court and state high courts, as well as other higher courts. officials.

All legislative acts of the Indian Parliament, and partly local acts, come into force after they are signed by the President. The President carries out legislative activities during breaks in the work of Parliament, which approves presidential decrees. The head of state has the right to declare a state of emergency in the states. The President can declare martial law in the country in the event of a serious threat to security due to external aggression or armed rebellion. The corresponding presidential declaration needs to be approved by both houses of parliament within a month. The President has the power to issue laws during martial law that are binding on all states of the country.
The Indian Parliament consists of two houses - the upper Rajya Sabha, or Council of States, and the lower Lok Sabha, or House of the People. Members of the Lok Sabha, of which there were 545 in 1998, are elected (except two from the Anglo-Indian community) by direct, universal and secret ballot in formed in states and union territories. One of the members of parliament is also the president of the country. The quota of each administrative-territorial unit is proportional to the population. The Lok Sabha can vote no confidence in the government and demand its removal. The lower house is elected for a term of 5 years, but the president has the right to dissolve it earlier on the recommendation of the prime minister or in the event of dismissal of the government. Laws related to financial sector, accepted only by the Lok Sabha.

The maximum number of members of the Rajya Sabha is 245.
Almost all of them (except 12) are elected from state and union territory legislatures. The rest are appointed by the president, taking into account their contributions to literature, science, art and their social activities. The Rajya Sabha cannot be dissolved, but the house rotates by one-third at the end of every second year. As a result, the deputy corps is completely replaced every 6 years.

Legislation must pass through both houses of parliament.
The Rajya Sabha has veto power over those relating to financial matters, although the House may recommend a re-examination. Other differences are discussed in a joint session, in which members of the chambers have one vote each, giving the Lok Sabha precedence.

State civil services India includes three blocks:
at the level of the country as a whole, states and within the framework of all-Indian departments, which have their own leadership units in the center, states and union territories. Until 1961, such departments included only the Indian Administrative Service and the Indian Police Service. Subsequently, the Indian Engineering Service, the Indian Health Service and the Indian Forest Service were also established.

The Constitution of India contains a provision for independent commissions in departments government controlled who must certify and approve officials in civil institutions. Central organizations, for example, in the areas of taxation, postal services, customs operations, and the Central Secretariat rely on their own rules and personnel selection procedures.

The Indian Administrative Service (IAS) has approximately 3,000 senior officers.
Every year it is replenished by 100 college graduates, of whom 75% are accepted on the basis of strict competition and 25% on the recommendation of local IAS branches. IAS personnel occupy important posts in districts and work in national and state government departments.

The Planning Commission was created by a decision of the Cabinet of Ministers in 1950 as an advisory body on planning issues economic development of India, led by the Prime Minister.

System of public administration in the states of India.
The executive branch of the states is represented by the governor, appointed by the president for a five-year term. The governor appoints the chief minister of the state, who is the leader of the majority party or party coalition in the legislature, and entrusts him with the formation of the council of ministers of the state. In his actions, the governor is guided by the recommendations of the council of ministers headed by the chief minister. Ministers are collectively responsible to the state legislature, which is elected for 5-year terms by universal suffrage in territorial constituencies. Most states have small upper houses, or legislative councils. Their members are either elected by a specially designated electorate or appointed by the governor.

Laws must be approved by both houses before being signed by the governor.
If their positions differ, the constitutional procedure leaves the final decision to the lower house. It is she who has the right to legislatively manage finances. It is the responsibility of the Governor to send some of the enacted laws to the President of India for approval.

Center and states: division of power.
The division of powers between the capital and the states is regulated by three registers. The first of them lists approx. 100 federally assigned functions, including defense, foreign policy, currency, and taxation. The second contains 66 articles reflecting the tasks entrusted to state administrations, incl. maintaining public order, policing, judicial proceedings, local government, ensuring the development of education, healthcare, social services and Agriculture. In addition, the national government depends on the province to implement almost all development programs rural areas. The third register indicates those areas of activity for which both the center and the states are responsible.

The collection of the most important taxes in India is the responsibility of the central government, which strengthens its position when considering the distribution of funds received between the capital and the states, to which it allocates grants and loans for the implementation of various development projects. However, the balance of power favors the Indian government only when the state is led by the same party that governs the country, and the prime minister is popular and can appeal directly to the electorate.

The balance of power between the center and the periphery changes when a state of emergency is declared in India.
By introducing it by decree in a state, the President (together with the Indian Parliament, if events occur during the session) gets the opportunity to legislate for that state. Parliament must approve the decision of the head of state within two months and then confirm its previous position every six months. State of emergency may be introduced for a period of no more than three years. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Indian President's removal of state governments and the establishment of direct rule from Delhi was used more than once locally to prevent opposition parties from coming to power.

Local Governments in India.
During British rule, the main administrative unit became the district (zila), headed by an official from the Indian Administrative Service. Districts with at least 1.3 million inhabitants retained their importance in independent India. However, the key structure has become the “development block” (there are about 6,000 of them in the country), covering approximately 100 villages, together with 100 thousand inhabitants. Similar blocks are headed by approx. 6,000 officials, subordinate to staff of specialists to carry out engineering work and disseminate advanced management methods. In addition, since the late 1950s, the government has encouraged the formation of local government bodies based on village councils - panchayats. New system acquired a standardized structure: the lower level - panchayats formed through voting in villages, the middle - panchayat committees, elected indirectly in "blocs", and the upper - district councils (zila parishad), to which these committees send their representatives to coordinate action programs.