How to extract saltpeter at home. Ammonium nitrate - composition and properties, instructions for using fertilizer

Most workers in the agricultural and gardening sector are very familiar with the concept of potassium nitrate. This is a compound of a chemical nature, which is a fertilizer with two components at its core. Its production is carried out in full compliance with GOST. Potassium nitrate should be used for different types soil But especially for those where there is a high sensitivity to chlorine.

Ammonium potassium nitrate contains two main components – nitrogen and potassium. Moreover, the content of the latter is almost 50%. Today, this complex fertilizer is widely used for feeding various crops. Appearance potassium nitrate is quite characteristic - these are white granules with a slightly yellowish tint. Sometimes available in the form of a white powder.

It has acquired particular value for plants due to the following properties:

Thanks to this amount useful properties, potassium nitrate is in great demand as a fertilizer. It is used for soils of different compositions. These can be soils with various vineyards, beds with flax, carrots, beets, raspberries, grapes and tobacco. But it has especially proven itself when used in soils sensitive to chlorine.

Correct Application

Simply purchasing fertilizer does not necessarily guarantee that there will be a rich harvest later. For best result It is required to follow certain rules for using fertilizer. Ammonium-potassium nitrate in the form of a dry mixture should be diluted with water in the correct ratio and a complete feeding should be carried out.

It can be done using the root or foliar method.

In the first case, 10 liters of water, depending on the type of plant, will require dry fertilizer in the following quantities:

• flowers and vegetable crops– 30g;
• fruit trees - 40 g;
• ornamental plantings and berry bushes – 30g.

The frequency of such fertilizing can be once every couple of weeks.

Foliar feeding is carried out no more than four times during the growing season and consists of simply spraying the plants. Potassium nitrate is mainly used in a 2% solution. At the same time, for one square meter for vegetables and flowers you will need 1 liter of such a solution, for bushes with berries 1.5 liters, and for fruit trees– from 1.5 to 8 liters depending on their age.

The first application of fertilizer should be carried out in April, the next one in May, when the seeds are sown in the soil. It is also useful to fertilize fruit trees in the autumn months. This will allow them to withstand the approaching cold weather. But it is important not to overdo it with fertilizer, since its excess can deteriorate the condition of crops and reduce yields.

Home cooking

Many experienced gardeners have long adapted to preparing ammonium potassium nitrate right at home. And beginners often wonder how to make potassium nitrate at home. In fact, the cooking process is quite simple and understandable. First you will need to stock up on potassium chloride, ammonium nitrate, distilled water and absolutely clean and dry dishes.

And then follow the following instructions:

• dilute potassium chloride weighing 100 g in distilled hot water (300 g), using a glass container for this purpose (preferably a regular bottle);
• carefully filter the resulting solution through several layers of gauze until an almost transparent solution is obtained;
• heat the solution in an enamel container until the first bubbles form, then pour 95 g of ammonium nitrate into it and mix;
• leave the solution to boil for three minutes, stirring occasionally; then remove from the heat, place in another container and leave to cool in a cool place;
• after three hours, send the container with the solution inside the refrigerator for one hour;
• transfer the solution to the freezer for three hours (at a temperature of 0°C);
• remove the container from the refrigerator and carefully drain the top layer of liquid;
• Dry the resulting precipitate on paper for three or four days.

It is this precipitate that represents ammonium potassium nitrate. If you follow all the steps given strictly according to the instructions, you can get up to 60 g of dry matter at the output. From all of the above, it becomes clear that preparing fertilizer yourself is not very difficult. Therefore, the question of how to make potassium nitrate correctly should not arise later.

Security measures

Not everyone knows, but potassium nitrate is quite widely used in pyrotechnics, since it actively reacts with various flammable substances and reducing agents. Therefore, it should be stored in compliance with all safety measures: in sealed packaging, away from flammable and combustible substances.

Fertilizer should not be kept near any heating devices, even near a working light bulb. Whenever preparing solutions, you should always use protective equipment in the form of rubber gloves. Airways must be covered with a respirator. And most the best option All powder will be used immediately after purchase.

Potassium nitrate, which was applied correctly, will have an amazing effect on the properties of the soil, which in turn will have a beneficial effect on vegetable, fruit crops and plants. This will allow you to get a decent harvest and protect the plants from the effects of unfavorable conditions.

IN Lately You won’t find potassium nitrate “during the day with fire” in any gardening store. By the way, this is not a metaphor about fire, since this substance is not only a fertilizer, but another component in the manufacture of pyrotechnics. Let's not despair, because you can prepare potassium nitrate at home. This method is very simple, and even if you are not a third generation chemist, you will be able to figure out how to make potassium nitrate.

Preparing for work

• First of all, you need to purchase some reagents, namely: ammonium nitrate (ammonium nitrate) and potassium chloride. These substances are fertilizers, so they can be found in the garden store and are quite affordable in price.
• Potassium chloride is produced in two types, which differ in color and price: red - unrefined, white - purified. Naturally, the purified composition will be somewhat more expensive, but the unrefined one is also suitable for our business.
• Ammonium nitrate is even simpler; it is produced in the form of whitish granules with a slight yellowish tint. It differs only in the weight of the packaged package: from 1 to 5 kg. Accordingly, the larger the package, the cheaper the cost of fertilizer.

When everything you need has been purchased, you can proceed to the main part: the recipe for how to make potassium nitrate.

Recipe for potassium nitrate

1. Measure out 100 g of potassium chloride (unrefined) and add hot water 300-350 If possible, use distilled water for a cleaner product. For a more convenient mixing process, use a half-liter glass or plastic bottle. To completely dissolve the chloride, shake the bottle vigorously.
2. Next, the solution should be filtered through cotton fabric. Pre-wet it warm water, so the process will go faster. The filtered liquid should be clear or light pink in color.
3. Pour this solution into an enamel pan and heat until the first signs of boiling, then add 95 g of ammonium nitrate in small portions, remembering to constantly stir the solution.
4. Boil the liquid over high heat for about 3 minutes, stirring again.
5. After the designated time has passed, remove the pan from the heat and leave it for a few minutes until the liquid stops steaming.
6. Pour the solution into a plastic container and place in a cool place until it cools completely. This process will take about 2-3 hours. Plastic dishes are good because they are a poor conductor of heat, which means that the solution will cool gradually. As a result, you will receive a high-quality product
7. When the substance has completely cooled, it should be placed in the refrigerator for an hour.
8. Next, move the container to the freezer for 3 hours.
9. Did you wait the allotted time? Arrived crucial moment, remove the solution from freezer and carefully drain the water. Elongated crystals of potassium nitrate should remain at the bottom.
10. Place potassium nitrate on newspaper and leave to dry in a warm place for 3-4 days.

And finally, if all the work is carried out according to the recipe for how to make potassium nitrate, you are guaranteed an excellent result.

If you find it useful, watch the video - how to prepare potassium nitrate at home

This plant food belongs to the group. Ammonium nitrate or ammonium nitrate is used almost everywhere, both in large farms and in private plots.

What is it used for?

Ammonium nitrate is a salt of nitric acid. Occurs naturally and can be produced industrially. The substance obtained in this way is used for the manufacture of pyrotechnic products.

Ammonium nitrate is small granules. The color of saltpeter can be of different shades, most often white or gray. Sometimes you can find pink saltpeter.

Is she dangerous?

Nitrogen is a substance necessary for normal plant growth. When applied to the soil, ammonium nitrate decomposes and releases nitrogen. It is necessary for the plant because it is part of chlorophyll.

It turns out that without nitrogen, not a single green plant can grow. At the same time, an excess of nitrogen is just as harmful as a deficiency.

An excess of ammonia in the soil negatively affects the shelf life of crops.

How to use it correctly?

Sometimes ordinary saltpeter is combined with potassium. The result is potassium nitrate. This fertilizer is necessary during the period of flowering and fruit formation; it improves the taste of fruits and vegetables.

In order to increase the growth rate of plants, the soil must be saturated with calcium. This can be done by combining ammonium nitrate with calcium. Without calcium in the soil, plant roots will rot and stems will stop growing.

Fertilizer application rates

1. Magnesium nitrate is used in fields where legumes and vegetables grow.
2. Lime nitrate combines all three elements: potassium, calcium and magnesium.
3. Sodium nitrate is more suitable for fertilizing vegetables such as potatoes.

Since saltpeter is a fairly strong compound, it can be freely transported from place to place.

Note: ammonium nitrate cannot be added to the soil thoughtlessly. The amount of fertilizer applied directly depends on the climatic zone, soil composition and crops grown on this land.

It is recommended to apply saltpeter to soils with high moisture content in autumn and spring. For fertile lands, the amount of fertilizing can be reduced and used only in spring.

Ammonium nitrate can be used to improve the growth of almost any plant. But there are species that cannot do without this fertilizer at all. Such plants include potatoes and white cabbage.

And if, for better growth of tubers, nitrogen is added immediately before planting, cabbage, on the contrary, is fertilized only ten days after the seedlings are planted in the soil. To fertilize cabbage, saltpeter must be diluted in water. Typically, twenty grams of saltpeter are taken per ten liters of water.

Editorial advice: During the entire period of growth of heads of cabbage, it is recommended to carry out additional spraying with water with the addition of saltpeter.

Ammonium nitrate is added to the soil where onions grow. in early spring at the rate of 10 grams per m2. After some time, a second feeding will be needed. To do this, the plant must have its first shoots.

The application of saltpeter to the soil where strawberries grow has its own specifics. In the first year of plant growth, no fertilizer is applied at all. In the second year, the granules are poured into the furrow created between the beds. Water solution ammonium nitrate is used to fertilize three-year-old plants. Ready solution Only water the roots.

Urea or ammonium nitrate - what's the difference?

Ammonium nitrate and are substances that belong to the group of nitrogen fertilizers, but their properties differ significantly. They have different percentages of nitrogen.

Urea has a gentler effect on plants, and it takes longer for it to begin to affect the plant.

Ammonium nitrate, unlike urea, is capable of changing. In summer, saltpeter is practically not applied, since the plants’ need for nitrogen is very low. If you add fertilizer to the soil at this time, it can be seriously damaged. In this case, the plants begin to grow strongly green leaves

, and the wood turns out to be insufficiently formed.

How to properly dilute ammonium nitrate in water for fertilizers, see the following video for gardener tips:

Introduction Do you want to host your own chemical experiment . Not a bad desire, but for this you need to have a specific goal, and most importantly, the ingredients. So you sit down at your computer and search interesting recipes

. Oh, it seems that we have found what we need - “Making a smoke bomb”. We read the list of ingredients: “Sugar, soda, this and that... Potassium nitrate? What kind of animal is this?” - the standard train of thought of those who read this recipe. This is usually how they learn about the existence of potassium nitrate. Naturally, there immediately arises a desire to find more information about it. Today I will try to satisfy your interest.

origin of name First, let's talk about its name. Saltpeter is any salt that has an acid residue NO3 taken from nitric acid, i.e. is a nitrate. Chemical formula

The saltpeter being discussed now is KNO3, which means that the adjective “potassium” must be added to its name. But there are other variants of its spelling. In different sources it can be called potassium/Indian nitrate, potassium nitrate, potassium nitrate, etc. All these names will be correct.

Properties This saltpeter under normal conditions is colorless crystals, but when crushed it resembles a white powder. It also has an ionic structure and hexagonal or rhombic crystal lattice

It is also a strong oxidizing agent that reacts with reducing agents and flammable materials, and if it is also crushed, the reaction is very active and often accompanied by an explosion (photo). Potassium nitrate can independently ignite some organic materials if they are mixed with it. Melted potassium nitrate can be used to obtain potassium through electrolysis, but since In this state it has high oxidizing abilities; for this experiment it is better to take potassium hydroxide.

Receipt

In the Middle Ages and the New Age (i.e., during the period when gunpowder was in frequent use), potassium nitrate was extracted from saltpeter - heaps consisting of limestone materials, manure and other rotting components, which had layers of brushwood or straw. They were covered with turf, which retained the resulting gases. Ammonia, which was formed due to the rotting of manure, accumulated in the layers, nitrified and became first nitrous and then nitric acid. The latter, when interacting with limestone, formed calcium nitrate, which was then leached with water. When added to this mixture wood ash, the calcium carbonate located in the first settled. And the result was a solution of potassium nitrate. The interaction of potash and calcium nitrate is the oldest method of producing potassium nitrate, which is still popular. Although potash can be replaced with potassium sulfate. Potassium nitrate can be obtained in the laboratory using the following reactions:

• Potassium chloride and sodium nitrate.
• Ammonium nitrate and potassium chloride.
• Potassium hydroxide and nitric acid.
• Potassium and nitric acid.
• The corresponding alkaline potassium oxide (K2O) and the corresponding acid (nitric).
• Potassium hydroxide and nitric oxide (5).
• Ammonium nitrate and potassium hydroxide.
• Potassium carbonate and nitric acid.

Being in nature

In nature, potassium nitrate is known as the mineral nitrocalite. The locations of its largest deposits are Chile and the East Indies (this is why potassium nitrate is often called Indian). Natural potassium nitrate is azotobacteria associated with ammonia, which is released during the decomposition of nitrogenous substances. This connection is facilitated by moisture and heat, which is why the largest deposits of potassium nitrate are located in hot countries. It is also present in very small quantities in animals and plants.

Potassium nitrate: application

It is mainly used as valuable fertilizer for plants (photo). It is also a very important ingredient in black powder ("dymovukha", smoke bomb). This saltpeter is also useful in optical glassmaking, decolorizing and brightening technical crystal glasses and imparting strength to glass products. IN Food Industry this saltpeter is known as preservative E252.

Conclusion

Potassium nitrate (formula KNO3) can be used not only in chemistry, but also in many other industries. It can be both useful and very harmful to humans.

Potassium nitrate or KNO3 is very often used in the field of pyrotechnics and as a potassium-nitrogen fertilizer. Potassium nitrate is used as a fertilizer for various crops. Of course, you can buy it in specialized stores, but it will be easier and better for you to make it yourself. Potassium nitrate is easy to recognize - these are most often colorless or white crystals of an oblong shape and odorless. Potassium nitrate according to its own physical properties dissolves well in water. So let's try to make them ourselves.

How to make potassium nitrate with your own hands?

To create, we will use the following materials:

NH4NO3 - Ammonium nitrate.
. KCl - Potassium chloride.

1. The first step is to take ammonium nitrate and potassium chloride in a 1:1 ratio. Separately, we dilute ammonium nitrate with water in a ratio of 1:3, and dilute potassium chloride in a separate vessel in a ratio of 1:2. Don’t forget and be sure to mix everything separately!

2. The two solutions must be mixed and simmered over low heat. Attention: ammonium nitrate begins to release ammonia as the reaction proceeds, so ventilate the room well to avoid unpleasant odors and possible headache and nausea.

3. After ammonia smoke ceases to be emitted, place the solution in the refrigerator until long white crystalline needles form in the precipitate. After cooling, the crystals must be thoroughly washed and allowed to dry. That's all, potassium nitrate is ready!

There is nothing difficult in creating saltpeter, you just need to follow safety rules and repeat the chemistry.

VIDEO. How to make potassium nitrate at home?