The main features of the scientific style of speech

The most common a specific feature of this style of speech is the logic of presentation .

Any coherent statement must have this quality. But the scientific text is distinguished by its emphasized, strict logic. All parts in it are strictly connected in meaning and are arranged strictly sequentially; conclusions follow from the facts presented in the text. This is done by means typical for scientific speech: linking sentences using repeated nouns, often combined with a demonstrative pronoun.

Adverbs also indicate the sequence of thought development: first, first of all, then, then, next; and introductory words: firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, so, therefore, vice versa; unions: since, because, so that, therefore. The predominance of the conjunction emphasizes the greater connection between sentences.

Another typical feature of a scientific style of speech is accuracy. .

Semantic accuracy (unambiguity) is achieved by careful selection of words, the use of words in their direct meaning, wide use of terms and special vocabulary. In scientific style, repetition of keywords is considered the norm.

Distraction And generality necessarily permeate every scientific text.

Therefore, abstract concepts that are difficult to imagine, see, and feel are widely used here. In such texts there are often words with an abstract meaning, for example: emptiness, speed, time, force, quantity, quality, law, number, limit; formulas, symbols, symbols, graphs, tables, diagrams, diagrams, drawings.

It is characteristic that even specific vocabulary stands here to denote general concepts .

For example: The philologist must carefully, that is, a philologist in general; Birch tolerates frost well, i.e. not a single object, but a tree species - a general concept. This is clearly manifested when comparing the features of the use of the same word in scientific and artistic speech. In artistic speech, a word is not a term; it contains not only a concept, but also a verbal artistic image(comparison, personification, etc.).

The word of science is unambiguous and terminological.

Compare:

The scientific style of speech is characterized by the plural form of abstract and real nouns: length, magnitude, frequency; frequent use of neuter words: education, property, meaning.

Not only nouns, but also verbs are usually used in the context of scientific speech not in their basic and specific meanings, but in a generalized abstract meaning.

Words: go, follow, lead, compose, indicateь and others do not denote movement itself, etc., but something else, abstract:

In scientific literature, especially mathematical literature, the form of the future tense is often deprived of its grammatical meaning: instead of the word will are used is, is.

Present tense verbs also do not always receive the meaning of concreteness: regularly used; always indicate. Imperfective forms are widely used.

Scientific speech is characterized by: the predominance of 1st and 3rd person pronouns, while the meaning of the person is weakened; frequent use of short adjectives.

However, the generality and abstractness of texts in the scientific style of speech do not mean that they lack emotionality and expressiveness. In this case, they would not have achieved their goal.

The expressiveness of scientific speech differs from the expressiveness of artistic speech in that it is associated primarily with the accuracy of the use of words, the logic of presentation, and its persuasiveness. Most often, figurative means are used in popular science literature.

Do not mix terms that are established in science and formed according to the type of metaphor (in biology - tongue, pestle, umbrella; in technology - clutch, paw, shoulder, trunk; in geography - base (mountains), ridge) using terms for figurative and expressive purposes in journalistic or artistic style speech when these words cease to be terms ( pulse of life, political barometer, negotiations are stalled etc.).

To enhance expressiveness in a scientific style of speech , especially in popular science literature, in works of a polemical nature, in discussion articles, are used :

1) intensifying particles, pronouns, adverbs: only, absolutely, only;

2) adjectives like: colossal, most advantageous, one of the greatest, most difficult;

3) “problematic” questions: in fact, what kind of bodies does... the cell in environment?, what is the reason for this?

Objectivity- another sign of a scientific style of speech. Scientific theories and laws scientific facts, phenomena, experiments and their results - all this is presented in texts related to the scientific style of speech.

And all this requires quantitative and qualitative characteristics, objective and reliable. Therefore, exclamatory sentences are used very rarely. In a scientific text, a personal, subjective opinion is unacceptable; it is not customary to use the pronoun I and verbs in the first person singular. Here, indefinite personal sentences are used more often ( think that...), impersonal ( it is known that...), definitely personal ( let's look at the problem....).

In the scientific style of speech, several substyles or varieties can be distinguished:

a) actually scientific (academic) - the most strict, precise; they write dissertations, monographs, articles scientific journals, instructions, GOSTs, encyclopedias;

b) popular science (scientific journalistic) he writes scientific articles in newspapers, popular science magazines, popular science books; this includes public performance on radio and television on scientific topics, speeches by scientists and specialists to mass audiences;

c) scientific and educational (educational literature on various subjects for different types educational institutions; reference books, manuals).

Lexical features of scientific style of speech

The main purpose of a scientific text and its vocabulary is to designate phenomena, objects, name them and explain them, and for this we need, first of all, nouns.

Most common features scientific style vocabulary are:

a) the use of words in their literal meaning;

b) lack of figurative means: epithets, metaphors, artistic comparisons, poetic symbols, hyperboles;

c) widespread use of abstract vocabulary and terms.

In scientific speech there are three layers of words:

The words are stylistically neutral, i.e. commonly used in different styles.

For example: he, five, ten; in, on, for; black, white, large; goes, happens etc.;

General scientific words, i.e. occurring in the language of different sciences, and not of any one science.

For example: center, force, degree, magnitude, speed, detail, energy, analogy etc.

This can be confirmed by examples of phrases taken from texts of various sciences: administrative center, center of the European part of Russia, city center; center of gravity, center of movement; center of the circle.

Terms of any science, i.e. highly specialized vocabulary. You already know that the main thing in the term is accuracy and its unambiguity.

Morphological features of the scientific style of speech

Verbs in the 1st and 2nd person singular are practically not used in scientific texts. IN literary text they are used frequently.

Verbs in the present tense with a “timeless” meaning are very close to verbal nouns: splashes down - splashdown, rewinds - rewinding; and vice versa: fill - fills.

Verbal nouns convey objective processes and phenomena well, which is why they are often used in scientific texts.

There are few adjectives in a scientific text, and many of them are used as part of terms and have a precise, highly specialized meaning. In a literary text, there are more adjectives in percentage terms, and epithets and artistic definitions predominate here.

In scientific style, parts of speech and their grammatical forms are used differently than in other styles.

To identify these features, let's do a little research.

Syntactic features of the scientific style of speech

Typical scientific speeches are:

a) special revolutions like: according to Mendeleev, from experience;

c) use of words: given, known, appropriate as a means of communication;

d) use of a chain of genitive cases: Establishing the dependence of the wavelength of X-rays of an atom.(Kapitsa.)

In scientific speech more than in other styles, they are used complex sentences, especially complex ones.

Compounds with explanatory clauses express a generalization, reveal a typical phenomenon, one or another pattern.

Words as is known, scientists believe, it is clear etc. indicate when referring to a source, to any facts or provisions.

Complex sentences with subordinate clauses of reason are widely used in scientific speech, since science reveals the causal relationships of real phenomena. In these sentences they are used as common conjunctions ( because, since, because, since), and book ( due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, for).

In scientific speech, comparisons help to deeper reveal the essence of a phenomenon, to discover its connections with other phenomena, while in a work of art their main purpose is to vividly and emotionally reveal the images, the picture, the words depicted by the artist.

Frequent use of participial and participial phrases.

Using expressive means

The generality and abstractness of scientific speech does not exclude expressiveness. Scientists use figurative language to highlight the most important semantic points and to convince the audience.

Comparison - one of the forms of logical thinking.

Ugly (devoid of imagery), for example: Borofluorides are similar to chlorides.

Expanded comparison

…In history new Russia we are met with an “excess” of factual material. It becomes impossible to include it entirely in the research system, since then we will get what is called “noise” in cybernetics. Let's imagine the following: several people are sitting in a room, and suddenly everyone starts talking about their family matters at the same time. In the end, we won't know anything. The abundance of facts requires selectivity. And just as acousticians select the sound that interests them, we must select those facts that are needed to illuminate the chosen topic - ethnic history our country. (L.N. Gumilev. From Rus' to Russia).

Figurative comparison

Human society is like a turbulent sea, in which individual people, like waves, surrounded by their own kind, constantly collide with each other, arise, grow and disappear, and the sea - society - is forever seething, agitated and never silent...

Problematic issues

The first question that confronts us is: What kind of science is sociology? What is the subject of its study? Finally, what are the main departments of this discipline?

(P. Sorokin. General sociology)

Limitations on the use of language in a scientific style

– Inadmissibility of extraliterary vocabulary.

– There are practically no 2nd person forms of verbs and pronouns you, you.

– Limited use of incomplete sentences.

– The use of emotionally expressive vocabulary and phraseology is limited.

All of the above can be presented in a table

Features of the scientific style of speech

Example of scientific style

Spelling reform 1918 brought writing closer to living speech (i.e., it abolished a whole series of traditional, rather than phonemic, orthograms). The approach of spelling to living speech usually causes a movement in the other direction: the desire to bring pronunciation closer to spelling...

However, the influence of writing was controlled by the development of internal phonetic tendencies. Only those orthographic features had a strong influence on literary pronunciation. Which helped to develop the Russian phonetic system according to the law of I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay or contributed to the elimination of phraseological units in this system...

At the same time, it must be emphasized that, firstly, these features were known at the end of the 19th century. and that, secondly, even now they cannot be considered completely victorious in modern Russian literary pronunciation. Old literary norms compete with them.

Russian language and culture of speech: course of lectures Trofimova Galina Konstantinovna

Lecture 1 Scientific style of speech. Its linguistic and structural features

Scientific style of speech. Its linguistic and structural features

1. Scientific style of speech and its sub-styles.

2. Term.

3. Linguistic features of the scientific style.

4. Ways and methods of creating a scientific text.

One of the spheres of human activity is the scientific and professional sphere. It is served by the scientific style.

Scientific style is one of the functional styles in general literary language, serving the sphere of science and production. It is also called the scientific-professional style, thereby emphasizing the scope of its distribution. The language of scientific communication appeared in Russia in the 18th century, when scientific knowledge began to be formalized into complete systems, when teaching aids and reference books began to appear.

The specific features of this style are determined by the purpose of scientific texts to convey objective information about nature, man and society. He receives new knowledge, stores and transmits it. The language of science is a natural language with elements artificial languages(calculations, graphs, symbols, etc.); a national language with a tendency towards internationalization.

The scientific style of speech is divided into sub-styles: proper scientific (its genres are monograph, article, report), scientific-informative (genres - abstract, abstract, patent description), scientific-reference (genres - dictionary, reference book, catalogue), educational- scientific genres - textbook, Toolkit, lecture), popular science (essay, etc.).

A distinctive feature of the proper scientific style is an academic presentation addressed to specialists. The characteristics of this substyle are the accuracy of the information conveyed, the persuasiveness of the argument, the logical sequence of presentation, and conciseness.

The popular science substyle has other characteristics. It is addressed to a wide readership, so scientific data must be presented in an accessible and entertaining way. He does not strive for brevity or laconism, but uses linguistic means close to journalism. Terminology is also used here.

The scientific informative substyle must accurately convey scientific information with a description of scientific facts.

The educational and scientific substyle is addressed to future specialists and therefore it contains a lot of illustrative material, examples, and explanations.

The scientific style is distinguished by a number of common features due to the peculiarities of scientific thinking. main feature scientific style – precise and unambiguous expression of thoughts. The task of science is to show patterns. Therefore, its features are: abstract generality, emphasized logic of presentation, clarity, argumentation, and unambiguous expression of thoughts.

The tasks of communication in the field of science, its subject, and the content of speech require the transfer of general concepts. Abstract vocabulary, special vocabulary and terminology serve this purpose.

Terminology embodies the precision of scientific speech. A term is a word or phrase that accurately and unambiguously designates the concept of a special field of knowledge or activity.(diffusion, structural strength, marketing, futures, measurement, density, software, etc.). A concept is a thought about the general essential properties, connections and relationships of objects or phenomena of objective reality. Formation of concepts – important condition scientific speech. The definition of a concept is given by a definition (Latin definition) - a brief identification characteristic of an object designated by a specific term (Inductance is physical quantity, characterizing magnetic properties electrical circuit.)

The term enters the language and operates within the framework of a specific terminological system (terminology).

The specific features of the term include: consistency, the presence of a definition (definition), unambiguity, stylistic neutrality, lack of expression, simplicity. One of the requirements for a term is its modernity, that is, outdated terms are replaced by new terms. The term may be international or close to terms that are created and used in other languages ​​(communication, hypothesis, business, technology, etc.). The term also includes international word-forming elements: anti, bio, micro, extra, neo, maxi, micro, mini, etc.).

Terminology is divided into 3 groups: general scientific (analysis, thesis, problem, process, etc.), interscientific (economics, cost, labor, etc.), highly specialized (only for a certain field of knowledge). Terminology ensures information mutual understanding at the national and international levels, compatibility of legislative and regulatory documents.

At its core, scientific speech is written speech bound by norms. The abstract and generalized nature of scientific speech is emphasized by the inclusion of a large number of concepts, the use of special lexical units (usually, always), and passive constructions (metals are easily cut). Verbs that have abstract generalized meanings and nouns denoting abstract concepts (speed, time) are widely used. Constructions are used that emphasize the relationship between the parts of the statement: introductory words (finally, so), such constructions, as we will further note, let’s move on to the next part, a large number of prepositions expressing various relationships and actions (thanks to, in connection with, as a result of, etc.).

The lexical composition of the scientific style is characterized by homogeneity; there is no vocabulary with a colloquial coloring, evaluative, or emotionally expressive. There are many words of the neuter gender: phenomenon, property, development. A lot of abstract vocabulary - system, period, case. Scientific style texts use compound abbreviations and abbreviations: PS (software), ZhC ( life cycle); contain not only language information, but also graphics, formulas, and symbols.

The syntax uses complex sentences with participles, gerunds and participial phrases, temporal connections (in connection with something), simple sentences like what is what (hydrogen is gas), impersonal sentences. Mainly declarative sentences are used, interrogative ones - in order to draw attention to the problem.

A feature of scientific speech is the activity of the genitive case. This is caused by the need for consistent actions in description, characteristics, and explanation. However, the excessive use of such constructions makes it difficult to perceive the meaning of the text.

It should be remembered that in the scientific style the pronoun “I” is not accepted; it is replaced by “we” (“from our point of view”, “it seems obvious to us”).

The scientific style created a strict system of genres and strict rules of text composition. A scientific text is distinguished by a pragmatic structure, everything in it serves to achieve the final goal and, above all, composition, but at the same time emotions, verbosity, polysemy, and subtext are discarded. Its beauty is the grace of argumentation, simplicity and logic of construction.

Compositionally, a scientific work contains 2 parts – descriptive (overview) and main. The narrative part reflects the progress scientific research, the subject and method of research are formed, the history of the issue and the expected result are outlined. The main part covers the research methodology and technique and the results achieved.

All materials that are not important for understanding the problem are included in the appendix.

The scientific text has:

– topic, i.e. the object of consideration (study), the content of which is revealed in a certain aspect;

– in addition, a subtopic, i.e. a topic that is included in a broader topic, forming part of it and distinguished by a narrower aspect of consideration or consideration of one of the parts of a given object;

– there is also a micro-theme, equal to a paragraph in the text and providing semantic connections between parts of the text.

The structural unit of a scientific text is a paragraph. It contains certain ideas, provisions, arguments, micro-topics. They are expressed in keywords that are easy to isolate, defining the essence of the paragraph.

Each paragraph has a beginning, a main paragraph phrase, a commentary part and a conclusion. Keywords are in a paragraph phrase.

To connect individual fragments of the text, prepositions, introductory words, and certain speech cliches are used (the author considers, it should be noted, this proves, etc.).

The main ways of constructing a scientific text are description, reasoning, and narration. Scientific text is a type of rigidly structured text.

Description is a verbal depiction of a phenomenon of reality by listing its characteristics.

Narration is a story about events and phenomena conveyed in a certain sequence. In this case, a certain order of words in the sentence is observed: subject - predicate.

Reasoning is a verbal presentation, explanation and confirmation of any thought.

A scientific description has the goal of revealing the characteristics of an object, phenomenon, process, and establishing connections ( appearance, components, purpose, comparison). Everyone knows, for example, descriptions in chemistry of the properties of various substances (Titanium is a metal gray. It has two polymorphic modifications... The industrial method of titanium production consists of enrichment and chlorination of titanium ore with its subsequent reduction from titanium tetrachloride with magnesium metal... ("Materials Science")).

From the works of the Strugatsky brothers: “Description of case number sixty-four,” the commandant read. – Case number sixty-four is a brown semi-liquid substance with a volume of about ten liters and a weight of sixteen kilograms. Doesn't smell. The taste remained unknown. Takes the shape of a vessel... If you sprinkle salt on it, it writhes. It feeds on granulated sugar.”

The most common way to construct a scientific text is reasoning. The purpose of reasoning is to verify the truth or falsity of any statement with the help of arguments, the truth of which has been verified and is not in doubt. Reasoning is a method of presentation through which the process of obtaining new knowledge is conveyed and this knowledge itself is communicated as a result in the form of a logical conclusion. Reasoning is constructed as a chain of conclusions based on evidence and refutations. Thus, in A. Chekhov’s story “Letter to a Learned Neighbor,” the author of the letter, a landowner, talks about the world: “You write that on the moon, that is, on the month, people and tribes live and inhabit. This can never happen, because if people lived on the moon, they would obscure its magical and enchanting light for us with their houses and rich pastures... People living on the moon would fall down to the earth, but this does not happen...”

The task of a scientific narrative is to record and present the stages of changes and formations, i.e., a time frame. That is, a scientific narrative represents a brief or detailed description of processes aimed at subsequent registration of individual stages of the process within the time frame of its occurrence. Narration is a story about phenomena, events in time sequence, it is a statement of the discovery of laws with conclusions and generalizations, comparisons. (“Firms also change their economic policy in conditions of inflation. This is expressed, for example, in the fact that they only undertake short-term projects that promise a faster return on investment. Lack of own working capital pushes firms to search for new external sources financing through the issue of shares and bonds, leasing, factoring.” Economic theory.).

Proof is close to reasoning - a method of presentation through which the truth of knowledge that was in the nature of hypotheses is confirmed or denied. It, like reasoning, contains a thesis + arguments + demonstrations + conclusions.

Texts of flexible construction are based on the logical-semantic cohesion of the semantic parts of the text. They, as a rule, have certain, frequently used elements of language, such as hypothesis, advantages, conditions, reasons, goals, etc.

The structure of such a text is as follows:

The scientific style of speech involves the use of the following methods of logical organization of a scientific text: deduction, induction, analogy and problem presentation.

Logic circuit text using deduction: thesis, hypothesis? development of thesis, argumentation? conclusions. Logical design of a text using induction: purpose of the study? accumulation of facts, analysis, generalization? conclusions.

Deduction (lat. deduction) is the movement of thought from the general to the particular, from general laws to private. (The word deduction brings to mind the words of the famous Sherlock Holmes: “It is not so difficult to construct a series of conclusions in which each subsequent one follows from the previous one. If after this you remove all the middle links and tell the listener only the first link and the last, they will produce a stunning, albeit false impression.") The method of deduction consists of three stages.

Stage 1 – a thesis is put forward (Greek position, the truth of which must be proven) or a hypothesis (Greek basis, assumption).

Stage 2 – development of the thesis (hypothesis), its justification, proof or refutation. Apply here Various types arguments (lat. arguments) that serve as the basis for evidence, facts and examples, comparisons.

Stage 3 – conclusions and proposals. This method is often used in seminars at universities.

The inductive method (lat. guidance) is the movement of thought from the particular to the general, from knowledge of one fact to general rule, to generalization. The composition is as follows: in the introductory part, the purpose of the study is determined. The main part presents the available facts, describes the technology for obtaining them, and carries out analysis, synthesis, and comparisons. Based on this, a conclusion is drawn and patterns are established. This is how, for example, students report on research work at a university.

A problem presentation is the formulation of problematic questions in a certain sequence. The method originates from the Socratic method. During it, the problem posed is examined and patterns are formulated. For example, during a lecture or report, a particular problem is formulated. The lecturer offers ways to solve it; he makes all listeners participants in the thought process.

The analogy method is formed as follows: if two phenomena are similar in one or more respects, then they are probably similar in other respects.

It is used in the construction of textbook texts, in the course of scientific research work students.

So, the features of the scientific style include accuracy, logic, and use of terms. In addition, it is necessary to remember about the methods of constructing a scientific text and the methods of logical presentation of the material in it.

1. Scientific style and its features.

2. Give examples of how description, reasoning, and storytelling are used in your practice.

3. Language of scientific text.

LANGUAGE BARRIERS Many scientists believe that language was the starting point of humanity's great leap forward, since only speech gives us the opportunity to communicate with each other and pass on experience from one generation to another. Until recently this leap forward