Stress(from English stress– tension) is a neuropsychic overstrain caused by an extremely strong impact, an adequate response to which has not previously been formed, but must be found in the current situation. Stress is a total mobilization of forces to find a way out of a very difficult, dangerous situation. (A sharp alarm sounds on the ship, which is already beginning to list. Passengers are rushing around the deck of the ship... The car got into an accident... - these are typical pictures of a stressful situation).

The state of stress is characterized by a general mobilization of all the body's resources to adapt to extremely difficult conditions.

Extremely strong stimuli - stressors cause vegetative changes (increased heart rate, increased blood sugar, etc.) - the body prepares for intense actions. In response to an extremely difficult situation, a person reacts with a complex of adaptive reactions.

Stressful conditions inevitably arise in all cases of a sudden threat to the life of an individual. Stagnant stress conditions can be caused by prolonged stay in a life-threatening environment. Stress syndrome often occurs in situations that are dangerous for a person’s prestige, when he is afraid of disgracing himself by displaying cowardice, professional incompetence, etc. A state similar to stress can be generated by systematic failures in life.

The concept of stress was introduced by the Canadian scientist Hans Selye (1907 – 1982). He defined stress as a set of adaptive and protective reactions of the body to influences that cause physical or mental trauma.

In the development of a stressful state, G. Selye identified three stages:

1. anxiety;
2. resistance;
3. exhaustion.

Alarm reaction ( alarm reaction) consists of a shock phase (depression of the central nervous system) and an anti-shock phase, when impaired mental functions are restored.

The stage of resistance (resistance) is characterized by the emergence of resistance to the effects of stressors. With prolonged exposure, the body's strength dries up and a stage of exhaustion sets in, and pathological degenerative processes arise (sometimes leading to the death of the body).

Later, R. Lazarus introduced the concept of mental (emotional) stress*. If the physiological stressors are extremely unfavorable physical conditions, causing a violation of the integrity of the body and its functions (very high and low temperatures, acute mechanical and chemical influences), then mental stressors are those influences that people themselves assess as very harmful to their well-being. It depends on people’s experience, their position in life, moral assessments, ability to adequately assess situations, etc.

The nature of the stress reaction depends not only on the person’s assessment of the harmfulness of the stressor, but also on the ability to respond to it in a certain way. A person is able to learn adequate behavior in various stressful situations (in emergency situations, during a sudden attack, etc.).

The way out of a stressful state is associated with the adaptive capabilities of a particular individual, the development of his emergency defense mechanisms, his ability to survive in extremely difficult circumstances. This depends on a person’s experience in critical situations, as well as on his innate qualities - the strength of the nervous system.

In overcoming stress, two behavioral personality types are manifested: internals, who rely only on themselves, and externals, who rely primarily on the help of other people. IN stressful behavior the type of “victim” and the type of “worthy behavior” are also distinguished.

Stress is dangerous for life, but it is also necessary for it: with austress (“good” stress), the individual’s adaptation mechanisms are worked out.

A special type of stress is “life stress” - acute conflict states of the individual caused by strategically significant social stressors - collapse of prestige, threat social status, acute interpersonal conflicts, etc.

With socially determined stress, the nature of people’s communicative activity changes dramatically, and inadequacy in communication occurs (social-psychological subsyndrome of stress). At the same time, the very acts of communication can become stressful (scandals, quarrels). Regulation of behavior moves here to emotional level. Individuals become capable of inhumane, inhumane actions - cruelty, vindictiveness, aggressiveness, etc.

If a stressful situation creates a threat to the well-being of a group of people, then in low-cohesion groups group disintegration occurs - active non-recognition of the role of the leader and intolerance to the personal characteristics of partners arises. Thus, in the face of the threat of exposure, the connection between members of a criminal group breaks down, intra-group “squabble” arises, and group members begin to look for individual ways out of the conflict situation.

A non-adaptive “escape” from a stressful situation is also possible - the individual directs his activity to solving minor problems, moves away from the “pressure of life” into the world of his hobbies or even dreams and pipe dreams.

So, it can have both a mobilizing influence - austress(literally: “good stress”), and depressing influence – (from English. distress– grief, exhaustion). To form a person’s adaptive behavior, it is necessary to accumulate experience in difficult situations and master ways of getting out of them. Austress provides mobilization vitality individual to overcome life's difficulties. However, the body’s strategic protective psychophysiological reserves should be used only in decisive situations. life situations; it is necessary to adequately assess the difficulties encountered along the path of life and correctly determine the place and time for major life “battles”.

Negative stress phenomena arise in cases of a long stay of an individual or social community in conditions of normative uncertainty, protracted value confrontation, diversity of socially significant goals, interests and aspirations, conflict of norms.

Long-term isolation can become stressful social group. At the same time, the level of intra-group solidarity decreases, interpersonal, disunity, and isolation of individuals arise. The situation is becoming explosive.

Resistance to stress can be specially developed. There are a number of techniques for human self-defense from traumatic loads in critical situations. Stressful situations can arise suddenly and gradually. In the latter case, the person is in a pre-stress state for some time. At this time he may take measures to appropriately psychological protection. One of these techniques is the rationalization of an impending negative event, its comprehensive analysis, reducing the degree of its uncertainty, coming to life in it, preliminary getting used to it, eliminating the effect of surprise. It is possible to reduce the psychotraumatic impact of stressful situations that have personal significance by devaluing them and reducing their significance.

There is also a technique for limiting mental amplification of the possible negative consequences of upcoming events, the formation of an attitude towards the worst. The reality may be easier than expected crisis situations. (Military intelligence officer, long time Being in a hostile environment, over time he began to fear exposure. In an effort to master his emotional state, he deliberately strengthened it, convincing himself that someday it would definitely be revealed. His feeling of fear became so strong that he seemed to experience his death. And after that, I no longer felt fear, I controlled myself in the most risky situations.) Stress should be distinguished from affect.

Affect(from lat. affectus- emotional excitement, passion) is an excessive neuropsychic overexcitation that suddenly arises in an acute conflict situation, manifested in temporary disorganization of consciousness (its narrowing) and extreme activation of impulsive reactions.

Affect is an emotional explosion in conditions of a lack of information necessary for adequate behavior. Deep resentment from a serious insult for a given person, the sudden emergence of great danger, gross physical violence - all these circumstances, depending on the individual characteristics of the person, can cause affect.

The state of affect is characterized by a significant disruption of the conscious regulation of human actions. A person’s behavior when affected is regulated not by a premeditated goal, but by a feeling that completely captures the personality and causes impulsive, subconscious actions.

In a state of passion, the most important mechanism of activity is disrupted - selectivity in choosing a behavioral act, a person’s habitual behavior changes sharply, his attitudes and life positions are deformed, the ability to establish relationships between phenomena is disrupted, one, often distorted, idea begins to dominate in consciousness.

This “narrowing of consciousness” during affect, from a neurophysiological point of view, is associated with a disruption of the normal interaction of excitation and inhibition. In a state of passion, first of all, the inhibitory process suffers, excitement begins to randomly spread into the subcortical zones of the brain, emotions lose control from consciousness. Subcortical formations during affects acquire a certain independence, which is expressed in violent primitive reactions. “A person is revealed by his instincts, as he is, without ... social cover with the help of the cerebral hemispheres.

Affect causes a sharp disturbance in the balance of nervous processes, a “collision” of nervous processes, accompanied by shifts in the system of nervous connections, significant changes in blood chemistry, disturbances in the activity of the autonomic nervous system and cardiac activity, in psychomotor regulation (gestures, specific facial expressions, a sharp cry, crying and so on.). The state of affect is associated with a violation of clarity of consciousness and is accompanied by partial amnesia - a memory disorder.

In all the diverse manifestations of affect (fear, anger, despair, a flash of jealousy, a rush of passion, etc.), three stages can be distinguished. At the first stage, all mental activity is sharply disorganized, orientation in reality is disrupted. On the second, overexcitation is accompanied by sudden, poorly controlled actions. At the final stage, nervous tension subsides, a state of depression and weakness arises.

Subjectively, affect is experienced as a state, as if imposed on a person from the outside, against his will. However, with enhanced volitional control in the initial stage of development of affect, it can be prevented. It is important to focus consciousness on the extremely negative consequences of affective behavior. Techniques for overcoming affect include voluntary delay of motor reactions, changing the environment, and switching to another activity. However, the most important condition overcoming negative affects - certain moral qualities of the individual, life experience and his upbringing. People with unbalanced processes of excitation and inhibition are more prone to affect, but this tendency can be overcome through self-education.

Affect can arise from memories of a traumatic event (trace affect), as well as from the accumulation of feelings.

Affective actions are emotionally impulsive, that is, they are motivated by feelings: they do not have conscious motive. A strong feeling that captures the entire personality is in itself an incentive to action.

Actions in a state of passion do not differ either in the presence of conscious specific goals or conscious tactics.

The means used in this case are limited to objects that accidentally fall into the field of an extremely narrowed consciousness. The general direction of chaotic actions during affect is the desire to eliminate the traumatic stimulus.

Even I. Kant noted that with passion, feelings leave no room for reason.

Volitional regulation of human behavior can manifest itself only at the stage of the emergence of affect. At further stages, the person loses volitional control.

The result achieved with passion creates only the illusion of preliminary awareness of the goal. And if there was a conscious goal in the action, then it is precisely on this basis that the action cannot be considered committed in a state of passion.

Since the state of passion affects the qualification of the crime and the measure of punishment, this state is subject to proof and a forensic psychological examination is required to establish it.

Physiological affect should be distinguished from pathological affect - painful neuropsychic overexcitation associated with complete clouding of consciousness and paralysis of the will.

Affective states can manifest themselves in various forms. Let's look at some of them.

Fear– an unconditional reflex emotional reaction to danger, expressed in a sharp change in the vital activity of the body. Fear arose as a biological defense mechanism. Animals are instinctively afraid of quickly approaching objects, of anything that can damage the integrity of the body. Many of the innate fears are preserved in people, although in the conditions of civilization they are somewhat changed. For many people, fear is an asthenic emotion that causes a decrease in muscle tone, while the face takes on a mask-like expression.

In most cases, fear causes a strong sympathetic discharge: screaming, running, grimacing. A characteristic symptom of fear is trembling of the body muscles, dry mouth (hence the hoarseness and muffled voice), a sharp increase in heart rate, increased blood sugar, etc. At the same time, the hypothalamus begins to secrete neurosecretion, which stimulates the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone. (This hormone causes a specific fear syndrome.)

Socially determined causes of fear - the threat of public censure, loss of the results of long-term labor, humiliation of dignity, etc. cause the same physiological symptoms as biological sources of fear.

The highest degree of fear, turning into affect - horror.

Horror is accompanied by a sharp disorganization of consciousness (insane fear), numbness (it is assumed that it is caused by excessive big amount adrenaline) or erratic muscle overexcitation (“motor storm”). In a state of horror, a person may exaggerate the danger of an attack and his defense may be excessive, incommensurate with the real danger.

The emotion of fear caused by dangerous violence encourages unconditional reflexive response actions based on the instinct of self-preservation. Therefore, such actions in some cases do not constitute a crime.

Persons with a weakened psyche (psychasthenics) may have obsessive, exaggerated ideas about a certain type of danger - phobias (fear of heights, sharp objects, etc.).

Fear is a passive defensive reaction to danger, often emanating from a stronger person. If the threat of danger comes from a weaker person, then the reaction may acquire an aggressive, offensive character - anger.

In a state of anger, a person is predisposed to instant, often impulsive action. Excessively increased muscle excitation with insufficient self-control easily turns into very strong effect. Anger is accompanied by threatening facial expressions and an attack pose. In a state of anger, a person loses objectivity of judgment and carries out uncontrollable actions.

Fear and anger can reach the level of passion, but sometimes they are expressed to a lesser degree of emotional stress.

Frustration(from lat. frustatio– failure, deception) – negative conflict emotional condition, arising in connection with the collapse of hopes, unexpectedly arising insurmountable obstacles to achieving highly significant goals.

Frustration is often associated with aggressive behavior directed against the frustrator - the source of frustration. If the causes of frustration cannot be eliminated (irretrievable losses), deep depressive state associated with significant and prolonged disorganization of the psyche (weakening of memory, ability to think logically, etc.).

The difficulty of defining frustration is due to the fact that a person cannot eliminate the causes of this condition. Therefore, in a state of frustration, a person looks for some compensating outlets, goes into the world of dreams, and sometimes returns to more early stages mental development (regresses).

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RF

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"RUSSIAN STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY named after. A.I. HERZEN"

Faculty of Law

Topic: Emotions in conflict

St. Petersburg 2015

Introduction

1.1 Concept of emotions

1.2 Emotional states

2.1 Suppression of emotions

2.2 Working with emotions

Conclusion

Introduction

Interpersonal conflicts are usually extremely emotional, because they are most directly related to the sphere of a person’s feelings, experiences, desires, and aspirations. Interpersonal confrontation often arises due to the fact that one (or both) of the partners in joint action or communication, due to accumulated irritation, begins to experience feelings of anger or fear towards the other.

Overcome barriers to mutual understanding that arise in different situations communication is not easy. To do this, you need to have a good understanding of the nuances of human psychology, including your own. Another thing that is much simpler is not to create these barriers yourself. In order not to be the main obstacle to mutual understanding with others, a person needs to know the psychological rules of communication, and above all, learn to manage his emotions, which most often become a source of interpersonal conflicts.

The polarization of emotional manifestations, characteristic of modern civilization, stimulates an active search for rational methods of regulating emotions, the release of which out of control threatens both the internal psychological stability of a person and the stability of his social connections. This is not to say that the problem of managing emotions is typical only for modern society. The ability to resist passions and not succumb to immediate impulses that are inconsistent with the demands of reason has been considered the most important characteristic of wisdom in all ages.

1. The concept of emotions. Emotional states

1.1 Concept of emotions

In a conflict situation, emotions play a significant role. Sometimes emotions can make you act irrationally. The art of managing your own emotions lies in the ability to direct them in the right direction. Reactions based on emotions often lead to conflicts, and in a conflict situation lead to escalation of opposition. This development of events is negative both for the opponents themselves and for the team.

A person’s experience of his attitude to what he does or learns, to other people, to himself is called emotions.

Emotions are considered direct experiences in this moment related to the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of needs. Manifesting as reactions to objects in the environment, emotions are associated with initial impressions. The first impression of something is purely emotional in nature, it is a direct reaction (fear, anger, joy) to some of its external features Averchenko L.K., Andryushina T.V. Psychology and pedagogy: Tutorial- M. - Novosibirsk: INFRA-M-NGAEiU, 2000.

Emotions are one of the main regulators of mental life and arise in the process of almost any human activity.

Highlight different kinds emotions. Tone of sensations (reactions accompanying taste, pain, auditory and other sensations) - simplest form emotions. They can be positive - encouraging a person to have repeated positive experiences - and negative - encouraging them to avoid such experiences.

There are three pairs of the simplest emotional experiences.

"Pleasure is displeasure." Satisfaction of a person's physiological, spiritual and intellectual needs is reflected as pleasure, and dissatisfaction as displeasure. These simplest emotions are based on unconditioned reflexes.

"Voltage - Resolution". The emotion of tension is associated with creating a new or breaking an old way of life and activity. The completion of this process is experienced as an emotion of resolution (relief).

"Excitement - calmness." The emotion of excitement is determined by impulses going to the cerebral cortex from the subcortex. The emotional centers located here activate the activity of the cortex. Inhibition by the cortex of impulses coming from the subcortex is experienced as calming Averchenko L.K., Andryushina T.V. Psychology and pedagogy: Textbook - M.-Novosibirsk:

INFRA-M-NGAEiU, 2000.

There are also sthenic and asthenic emotions. Stenic emotions increase activity, energy and cause uplift, excitement, and vigor. With sthenic emotions, it is difficult for a person to remain silent, it is difficult not to act actively. Feeling sympathy for a friend, a person looks for a way to help him. Asthenic emotions reduce a person’s activity and energy, and reduce their vital functions. Asthenic emotions are characterized by passivity, contemplation, and relax a person. Sympathy remains a good but sterile emotional experience.

1.2 Emotional states

Emotional states are mental states that arise in the process of a subject’s life and determine not only the level of information and energy exchange, but also the direction of behavior http://magazine.mospsy.ru/dictionary/dictionary.php?term=224 - Moscow psychological journal . . Emotions control a person much more powerfully than it seems at first glance. Even the absence of emotions is an emotion, or rather an entire emotional state, which is characterized by a large number of features in human behavior.

If the emotion itself is quite fleeting, then the emotional state is longer lasting. Often the emotional state is a consequence of the inability of the emotion to find the proper release. For example, if a person experienced a “pang of anxiety”, but could not figure out what exactly was bothering him, what exactly he was capable of doing, then anxiety as an emotion can turn into anxiety as a state. Or, for example, a person has experienced strong joy (emotion), then for quite a long time (up to several days) he may have an elevated, joyful mood (state) Maklakov A. G. General psychology. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001. .

Emotional states include: moods, affects, stress, frustration and passion.

During conflict, people tend to experience severe emotional stress, which makes conscious self-control difficult. And loss of self-control is often the cause of conflict.

1.3 Destructive emotions as causes of conflicts

Conflict in itself is perceived emotionally negatively by us, because it is accompanied negative emotions. Therefore, arising in connection with a particular situation negative feelings, in themselves can serve as reliable indicators of an impending conflict for us.

K. Izard, analyzing the emotional world of a person, came to the conclusion about the existence of basic emotions. They are mostly negative. The positive ones include interest and joy. The remaining emotions, manifested in conflict and supporting, are manifested in the negative experiences of Izard K.. Human emotions. M., 1980. .

Suffering is a negative emotional state associated with information about the impossibility of satisfying important life needs, which previously seemed more or less likely.

Anger is a negative emotional state, occurring in the form of affect, caused by the sudden emergence of a serious obstacle to the satisfaction of a need that is extremely important for the subject.

Fear is a negative emotional state that appears when a subject receives information about a threat to his well-being in life, about a real or imagined danger.

K. Izard believed that complexes of experiences arise from combinations of emotions. An example of such a complex is anxiety, which occurs when anger and fear are combined.

Anxiety is a mental state of uneasiness experienced by a person without a clear awareness of its source. This emotional state is characterized by tension and anticipation of unfavorable developments. It includes a complex of emotions: fear, grief, shame, guilt, interest and excitement Antsupov A.Ya., Baklanovsky S.V. Conflictology in schemes and comments: a textbook. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2009. .

Frustration is a deeply felt emotional state that arose under the influence of failures that occurred when the level of individual aspirations was inflated. It can manifest itself in the form of negative experiences, such as anger, frustration, apathy, etc.

There are two ways out of frustration. Either a person develops active activity and achieves success, or reduces the level of aspirations and is content with the results that he can achieve as much as possible.

1.4 Types of interpersonal conflicts based on the development of emotions

Any typology makes it possible to “expand” the emotional dynamics of the participants in the conflict according to tension, repeating the conflict itself.

Based on socio-psychological descriptions of various conflicts that arise between different people in specific situations of their interaction, the following types of interpersonal conflicts can be identified as the most common and most frequently occurring: Dmitriev A.V. Conflictology. M., 2000.

Sensory-affective type of interpersonal conflict. It is characterized by the fact that conflict interaction between two subjects begins with a rather acute, emotionally charged and unpleasant question for the partner, addressed by one of them to the other. The conflict situation unfolds gradually, irritation and anger are escalated as if gradually, not immediately leading to conflict interaction. Conflict interaction in this case expresses the different orientations of the opponents’ positions. The first of them, striving to get answers to his questions and not receiving them, begins to get irritated and angry. The second, on the contrary, strives in every possible way to avoid direct interaction with the first. His ignoring position strengthens the partner’s negative emotional reaction and thereby provokes the emergence of interpersonal conflict interaction. conflict emotional mental anger

The uncompromising type of interpersonal conflict is characterized by the fact that it begins with mutual comments, reproaches, and claims against each other. As the conflict situation develops into real conflict interaction, both parties in this case continue to express their dissatisfaction with each other. In such a conflict destructive function As a rule, as the development unfolds, the interaction between the warring partners intensifies, and the rivals do everything to spite each other.

An emotionally unstable type of interpersonal conflict begins with the emotional aggressiveness of one of the subjects of interaction. It is characterized by emotional dissatisfaction and dissatisfaction of partners with each other, expressed in a sharp form, in the process of conflict communication. The beginning of a conflict is characterized, as a rule, by a lack of desire to calmly understand the reasons for the ill will that has arisen and a reluctance to understand one’s partner.

The polite-touchy type of interpersonal conflict is characterized by the fact that it begins with one of the partners expressing disagreement with the point of view of the other or with the latter’s assessment of a particular phenomenon, person, his actions, etc. What is specific to him is the use of a polite form of addressing an opponent (sometimes even emphatically polite), as well as a feeling of dissatisfaction with himself for entering into a conflict interaction. In this case, both partners most often show a mutual readiness for reconciliation, which can be easily realized, often with mutual apologies.

The aggressive type of interpersonal conflict interaction is distinguished by the fact that both its participants are characterized by destructive behavior in which emotions suppress reason. Due to the fact that one of the conflicting parties is not able to control his words and actions, and the other is overwhelmed with negative emotions, their interaction is often accompanied by mutual insults, leading to an acute confrontation - in the form of verbal altercations, hysteria, and sometimes fights.

Emotional processes reflect, in the form of direct experiences, feelings of pleasant or unpleasant, a person’s relationship to the world and people, the processes and results of his activities. Emotional processes include moods, feelings, affects, passions, etc. They are included in all mental processes and states. Any manifestations of human activity are accompanied by emotional experiences.

As any person knows based on his own life experience, emotional processes are most often colored positively or negatively. “The main starting point that determines the nature and function of emotions is that in emotional processes a connection is established, a relationship between the course of events that occurs in accordance with or contrary to the needs of the individual, the course of his activities aimed at satisfying these needs, on the one hand, and the flow of internal organic processes that capture the basic vital functions on which the life of the organism as a whole depends, on the other; as a result, the individual is configured for the appropriate action or reaction” Rubinshtein S.L. Fundamentals of general psychology. T.2., M., 1989. .

2. Working with the subject’s emotions in interpersonal conflict

2.1 Suppression of emotions

Having experienced any emotion, a person must express it in thoughts, facial expressions, gestures, and actions. This is the nature of emotions, they originate in us and manifest through us. If an emotion is not expressed, it means that it is suppressed. Suppression of emotions is a mental process in which a person does not allow his emotions to manifest themselves.

Only frequent experiences of fear, despondency, anger, sadness and similar emotions lead to mental and physical health disorders. This condition is caused by constant suppression of emotions.

The process of suppressing emotions can be divided into several stages, according to the degree of damage to human health:

1. Control of emotions

People have to control their emotions when expressing them is inappropriate or will lead to undesirable consequences.

Control of emotions in itself cannot be called something bad; on the contrary, this quality allows all people to coexist peacefully. A timely, restrained outburst of anger or discontent can save a person from many problems in life.

If a person, after an event when he had to control his emotions through an effort of will, does not find a way to express them, cannot relieve stress, or free himself from accumulated negativity, then his attention becomes fixated on the negative experience.

2. Muffling feelings, suppressing emotions

This stage begins when we do not find a way to let go of our negative experiences. Feelings of guilt, shame, resentment or self-pity constantly attract our attention to the events of the past. Time after time, we have to experience heartache again.

None of us want to live with the feeling of pain every day, so we begin to dull our feelings. We begin to suppress painful sensations, as if not to feel them. In a state of dull pain, a person finds relief, but it is only temporary.

Sooner or later, a mentally exhausted person will no longer be able to contain the accumulated negativity within himself, and then the dam will break, emotions will find their expression in quarrels, scandals, and mental breakdowns.

3. Extreme suppression

At this stage the person is already for a long time suppresses his feelings and emotions. Since emotions do not allow one to forget about themselves, they have to be suppressed even more. A person drowns out his feelings, his negative experiences and the emotions associated with them as much as possible.

For this purpose they are used different shapes suppression: alcoholism, drug addiction, smoking, overeating and the like. Almost all bad habits can be used.

2.2 Working with emotions

Working with emotions is one of the ways to relate to emotions in psychotherapy.

Working with emotions assumes that any emotion is always something serious and significant, which cannot simply be brushed aside and ignored; this is something that needs to be done seriously and most likely for a long time, since it is impossible to remove the emotion, and establishing a relationship with it is not easy.

1. Autogenic training

Convinced that the fight against emotions brings the winner more thorns than laurels, people tried to find ways to influence their emotional world that would allow them to penetrate into the deep mechanisms of experiences. This is a system of emotion regulation based on yogic gymnastics. Hindus have noticed that with unpleasant emotions, breathing becomes constricted, shallow or intermittent. Having established the connection between posture, breathing and experiences, yogis have developed a number of physical and breathing exercises, mastery of which allows one to get rid of emotional tension and, to some extent, overcome unpleasant experiences. Separate elements of the yoga system were used to create modern method psychological self-regulation - autogenic training.

There are many varieties of this method, first proposed by the German psychotherapist I. Schulz in 932. Schultz's classic technique included a number of self-hypnosis formulas that, after repeated exercises, made it possible to freely induce a feeling of warmth and heaviness in various parts of the body, regulate the frequency of breathing and heartbeat, and induce general relaxation. Currently, autogenic training is widely used to correct emotional states with increased neuro-emotional stress, to overcome the consequences of stressful situations that arise in extreme conditions. professional activity http://psyfactor.org/strah2.htm - Psi Factor. E.I. Golovakha, N.V. Panina - Managing emotions. .

2. Meditation techniques

Most often, these techniques are used to teach physical and sensory relaxation, the ability to get rid of excessive mental tension, stressful conditions and, as a result, come down to developing autosuggestion skills and consolidating methods of self-regulation.

Meditative psychotherapy is usually not distinguished as an independent psychotherapeutic direction. But due to the fact that the elements of meditation are widely used or can be used in many other psychotherapeutic areas, it is advisable to consider it separately.

Currently, the term meditation is used so widely that it has many shades, so no definition suits all specialists of this method.

Comparing the term “meditation” with other basic concepts of psychotherapy - activity and communication, N. Linde writes: “If activity is always the interaction of a subject with an object, where all activity (cognitive, using, transforming, etc.) always belongs to the subject, then in the case of communication there is an interaction between the subject and an equal subject and activity in equally belongs to both parties" Linda N. - "Psychotherapy in social work", M., 1992. .

Proponents of meditation claim that, thanks to liberation from interfering vain thoughts and emotions, it leads to enlightenment and insight. They characterize this process as the development of the person himself, as a process of learning about oneself, others and the surrounding reality. There is a spasmodic (from insight to insight) growth of the individual, acquiring previously inaccessible new, more advanced knowledge.

The goal of each such session is a deeper and longer (stable) acquisition of inner peace and harmony, stabilization of consciousness, maximum release from psychomuscular tension, any (not only negative) emotions and thoughts, mental stress and achievement of an extremely balanced state.

Gradually, this concentration of consciousness should move away from fixation on a specific object - a point that initial stage helps free the mind from extraneous, vain stimuli.

In this state, a person finds a stable balance as opposed to states of dependence on thoughts, feelings, people and habits. The extreme (opposite to meditation) manifestation of these addictions are passions, neuropsychic states and behavioral reactions from which a person suffers and would like to free himself, but cannot. Most neuroses can be classified as such dependencies (or vice versa - neuroses can be classified as dependencies).

The main essence of the main stages of meditative training.

At the first stage of mastering the technique of meditation, it is better to direct the practitioner’s attention to sensations that he can control and regulate physically. They are easier than thoughts, amenable to observation and retention of attention on them.

Most often, this is done by directing a person’s attention to the process of his breathing: monitoring all the sensations accompanying inhalation and exhalation, monitoring the calm rhythm of breathing while simultaneously relaxing the muscles.

Second phase.

In classical yoga (and now in almost all meditation techniques), so-called mantras are added to these breathing exercises, the simplest, oldest and most effective of which are considered to be the mental utterances of the words “OUM” (translated as absolute) or “OLE” while exhaling. one). Some therapists recommend saying these mantras out loud.

These are the simplest mantras, which later become significantly more complex in many meditation techniques. However, the psychotherapist must remember that any complication of the procedure must be justified by increasing its effectiveness and be considered taking into account the specific task and individual characteristics of the clients.

In the future (and some therapists immediately start with this), clients are asked to simply calmly follow their thoughts, without driving them away or taking them to heart, observing them as if from the outside and increasingly distancing themselves from them emotionally.

This approach takes into account the spirit of contradiction inherent in all of us, when the prohibition to think about something often fixes the thought even more deeply on the forbidden object.

This exercise is not used in all cases, but only when it is not possible to get rid of interfering thoughts. Then the person pretends that he is deliberately succumbing to them (“okay, let’s think about it”), and he gradually trains himself to follow this thought more and more monotonously, automatically, dulled (ever less emotionally), gradually moving away from it as from an outsider object.

The next stage has long been known in meditation, in Lately it has spread under the name imagotherapy (imagination therapy), when, in order to reduce anxiety and stress, a person is asked to imagine himself in a zone of comfort and complete security. At the same time, his attention is focused on an increasingly clear vision of himself in the image of the personification of calm and satisfaction.

Currently, imagotherapy is often used as an independent psychotherapeutic direction or included as technical technique in gestalt therapy, psychosynthesis, behavioral therapy, etc.

3. Gestalt therapy

Gestalt therapy (from the German Gestalt - image, form, structure) is a form of psychotherapy developed within the framework of Gestalt psychology by Frederick Perls.

Gestalt therapy is a direction of psychotherapy that aims to expand a person’s awareness and through this a person’s better understanding and acceptance of himself, achieving greater intrapersonal integrity, greater fulfillment and meaningfulness of life, improving contact with the outside world, including with the people around him http: //med-stud.narod.ru/med/psycho/gestalt.html - V. L. Talanov, I. G. Malkina-Pykh, 2003 - Gestalt therapy. .

Thus, during Gestalt therapy, it is possible to understand, based on a person’s actions, what he is thinking, and based on his thoughts, what he is doing or would like to do.

A person with psychological, emotional and personal problems experiences a violation of the integrity of perception and sensation; he cannot unite his feelings, thoughts and behavior into a whole (gestalt).

This may be facilitated by its complexes, internal conflicts and unfinished situations.

For normal interaction, a person’s relationship with the outside world, other people and himself, the “Contact Boundary” must be respected.

Blurring and violating it leads to neuroticism and other psychological, personal, and emotional problems.

This manifests itself when contact (any activity, relationship) is terminated without proper completion (“unfinished situation”). At the same time, such non-completion of contacts can become fixed in a person’s behavior, which leads to neuroticism.

With the help of theories, approaches, methods, techniques and exercises of Gestalt therapy, a person can restore the contact boundary, unify his feelings, thoughts and behavior, and thereby free himself from psychological problems.

The help of a Gestalt therapist in solving a problem is to find the first (main) unfinished situation and respond to it, at least symbolically.

Conclusion

Numerous studies have revealed an interesting pattern: negative emotional impact increases if it receives reinforcement in the form of an emotional response. Without receiving reinforcement, the negative emotional impact fades.

Emotions often dominate conflicts. This leads to affect, when consciousness simply turns off and the person is not responsible for his actions. An emotional approach leads to a shift in the matter, problem and attitude towards the opponent. We get stuck in sorting out the relationship, but the matter, the problem, remains and is not solved. If the problem is not resolved, then the relationship either deteriorates greatly or breaks down.

That is why it is necessary to separate your relationships, emotions from the problem itself and not mix them. It is important to try to solve two independent problems: the main thing is to find a solution to the problem and streamline the relationship. But if a solution is not found, good relations must be maintained at all costs. After all, you can return to finding a solution later, relying on the preserved relationships.

1. Averchenko L.K., Andryushina T.V. Psychology and pedagogy: Textbook. - M. - Novosibirsk: INFRA-M-NGAEiU, 2000.

2. Antsupov A.Ya., Baklanovsky S.V. Conflictology in schemes and comments: a textbook. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2009.

3. Dmitriev A.V. Conflictology. - M., 2000

4. Izard K. Human emotions. - M., 1980.

5. Linde N. Psychotherapy in social work. - M., 1992.

6. Maklakov A. G. General psychology. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001.

7. Rubinshtein S.L. Fundamentals of general psychology. T.2., - M., 1989.

8. http://magazine.mospsy.ru/dictionary/- Moscow psychological journal.

9. http://med-stud.narod.ru/med/psycho/gestalt.html - V. L. Talanov, I. G. Malkina-Pykh, 2003 - Gestalt therapy.

10. http://psyfactor.org/strah2.htm - Psi Factor. E.I. Golovakha, N.V. Panina - Managing emotions.

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Types of Family Conflicts

The theory of conflictology states that any conflict has an objective and subjective side, there is a reason and reason for the conflict. However, in family conflicts it often happens that the reason becomes the cause of the conflict over time, the subjective and objective often change places, the conflict itself can be an end in itself and proceed according to a predetermined scenario drawn up by one of the parties. It can be almost impossible for a person who is unprepared or simply far from the system of relations in a particular family to understand the cause and characteristics of a particular conflict. However, most conflicts are quite typical, each falling under certain type family conflict.

Demonstrative conflict

In this conflict, both participants play to the public. Typically, people with high emotional lability and demonstrators by nature are prone to demonstrative conflict. It is relatively easy to distinguish this conflict if there is reliable information that spouses (or other family members) behave peacefully and friendly in a private situation.

Emotional conflict

In any conflict there are emotional components, some stronger, some weaker. The essence of a purely emotional conflict is that the participants worry not because of objective circumstances, but solely because of their own emotions. Characteristic feature emotional conflict is that it occurs in a vicious circle. Having left the state of balance, a person begins to experience this, thereby becoming even more out of balance.

Emotional conflicts are common in families with sick people. Believing they shouldn't worry increases their fear of emotional arousal. To the point of panic.

Conflict of envy

Close in structure to emotional. The success of one family member becomes the envy of the other (others). The first person's good mood may be enhanced by the realization that he is envied. Understanding of this circumstance by the other party increases envy and creates resentment.

Battle for resources

What is meant here is a purely objective conflict, manifested in the fact that the participants did not share something: territory, money, free time, things, etc. If this conflict is in its pure form a battle for resources, then after reaching a compromise the conflict completely exhausts itself.

However, it often happens that a battle for resources can degenerate into another type of conflict (for example, emotional). Over time, the parties to the conflict may already forget about the original cause of the quarrel.

Scripted conflict

A characteristic feature of this type of conflict is that one of the parties has a clear idea of ​​how the conflict will begin, how it will continue, how it will end, and what benefits can be obtained from this situation. In fact, the conflict according to the scenario is complex look manipulation, in which one party knows the other very well (or thinks that he knows well) in order to be able to predict the desired outcome. Often this pseudo-conflict is used by women who expect generous gifts at the end.

Conflict of irritation

Any person has some manner of behavior that is unpleasant for others: someone snores, someone speaks unpleasantly, someone does not sparkle with interest. Over time, these manners can increasingly irritate loved ones. This irritation is similar to how an allergic reaction develops. This irritation can be quite painful for its owner, and then this irritation “splashes out” at its cause.

Conflicts of this kind are in the nature of mutual accusations (“And you ... - And you ...”), accompanied by intonations of anger and grumbling. Most often, these conflicts do not end in resolution, due to the impossibility of immediately getting rid of the cause of the conflict. They often repeat themselves over time.

The problem of the influence of emotions on conflict is very important and relevant in modern world. Increasing anger, increasing aggression, excitement, and anxiety are integral companions of conflict. People involved in conflict become dependent on their emotions. Today, when working with conflict, you can notice a trend associated with a significant increase in the number of negative consequences of exposure to emotions. Therefore, the question arises about the need to develop recommendations for improving work in the emotional sphere of conflict. This work will examine the emotional side that influences working with conflict, and will outline the main ways and methods of managing emotions when working with conflict. The purpose of the work is to search for the targeted use of methods and methods for managing emotions, taking into account their influence on the procedure for resolving and resolving the conflict.

IN everyday life There is an understanding of emotions as a person’s very diverse impression of something. In psychology, “Emotions (from the Latin emovere - to excite, excite) are a special class of mental processes and states (human and animal) associated with instincts, needs, motives and reflecting in the form of direct experience (satisfaction, joy, fear, etc. .) the significance of phenomena and situations affecting an individual for the implementation of his life activities.” From this definition we can conclude that emotions are very closely related to a person’s personal reaction to a situation. Therefore, an important characteristic of emotions is subjectivity. Emotions represent an attitude not only to current events, but also to memories and probable events. Influencing sensory organs, processes and objects external environment, they evoke in us the whole palette of emotional sensations and feelings. Very often, memories of something unpleasant can cause both pleasure and displeasure. And in many situations there is a feeling of some kind of tension, on the one hand, and resolution or relief, on the other. Speaking about the influence of emotions on human behavior, we can distinguish sthenic and asthenic emotions. Stenic emotions are accompanied by a person’s desire for active activity and an increase in energy. Asthenic, accordingly, lead to passivity and stiffness of a person.

The world of emotions is very vibrant and multifaceted. There are a huge number of emotions. Repeated attempts have been made to isolate the basic, “fundamental” emotions. In particular, it is customary to distinguish the following emotions: joy, surprise, suffering, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame.

Emotional phenomena play a very important role in people's lives. There is a widespread theory in psychology according to which, under the influence of negative emotional states, prerequisites for the development of diseases can form in a person, while positive emotions can be one of the reasons for a person’s healing. An important function of emotions is reflective, expressed in the ability to navigate the surrounding reality, evaluate objects and phenomena. Also, all emotional experiences that arise are a signal for a person about the process of satisfying needs. Emotional phenomena influence a person’s motivation for the activity he performs, the learning process, performing a reinforcing function, help to achieve the satisfaction of a need or solve a person’s goal.

As we can see, emotions play a very important role in human life. Different manifestation feelings and emotions largely determine a person’s individuality, since it is the significant difference between people that is hidden where and how feelings and emotions are reflected in activities. Therefore, the ability to manage emotions is valuable for a person. But before we understand managing emotions, we need to consider the concepts of “management,” “conflict,” and “management in conflict.”

We come across the concept of “management” very often in our lives. Management meets in economic sphere life, psychology, conflictology and others social sciences. So, from the point of view of conflictology, “management is a function organized systems(biological, technical, social), ensuring the preservation of their structure, maintaining the mode of activity, the implementation of its program, goals." This paper examines the concept of “control” as a purposeful influence on an object to strengthen or change its condition in such a way as to achieve a set goal.

Regarding the definition of “conflict”, I would like to note the existence huge number concepts. In this study, we will use the understanding of conflict as “Psychological, emotional (fear), and cognitive (misunderstanding) tension that arises as a result of real or imagined (expected) infringement of one’s interests by the other party.”

The conflict has its own dynamics and structure. For this study An important stage is the end of the conflict. The end of the conflict can be expressed in three options: elimination, settlement, resolution. Elimination of conflict is possible by eliminating one participant in the conflict over the other; isolation of all participants from each other, since the parties are unable to resolve the conflict. Conflict resolution is a settled relationship between the participants while maintaining contradictions. This means that the conflict is resolved only temporarily, leaving the main contradictions unresolved. Conflict resolution is a settled relationship between the participants while resolving the contradiction itself.

Very important process to deal with conflict is conflict management. “Conflict management is a conscious activity carried out in relation to a conflict at all stages of its occurrence, development and completion, with the goal of changing (usually improving) the natural dynamics of the conflict.”

Conflict management consists of various elements that are closely related to the emotional states of the conflict participants. Thus, we can define the concept of “emotion management.” Emotion management is the process of a person influencing one’s own or others’ emotions, which consists of the ability to identify emotions, cope with them, and expediently change or change their intensity. This definition will be used at work.

In a conflict, the emotional sphere plays one of the most important roles, since it affects not only the behavior of the participants, but also the entire course of the conflict resolution procedure. Now let's look at the positive role of emotions when dealing with conflict.

First of all, emotions are a signal for understanding the interests of the parties to the conflict. Another positive role of emotions is the fact that they can stimulate all subjects involved in dealing with conflict to act effectively. Emotions can transfer the entire body of an individual to a new level of functioning, activating all mental processes. When working with conflict, this function is important, since it is directly related to the individual’s ability to approach business creatively and think abstractly. Also, emotions influence a more careful determination of the likelihood of success or failure. For example, fear can protect a person from unpleasant consequences. It warns a person about real or imaginary danger, thereby facilitating a better understanding of the situation that has arisen and a more thorough determination of the likelihood of success or failure. When dealing with conflict, the protective function of emotions plays an important role, since it can once again prove to a person about a specific situation that has arisen.

Along with the positive influence of emotions, there is negative impact emotions for working with conflict. Research shows that conflict tends to gradually involve negative emotional experiences. This may result in very strong feelings among the participants in the conflict, which interfere with effective work with it. It also often happens that emotions become more significant than the subject of the conflict. Those conflicts in which irrationality associated with emotions predominates can be designated as emotional conflicts. Dealing with emotional conflicts is hard. Participants in the conflict with irrational behavior act, ignoring the calculation, the ratio of possible gains and losses. Their behavior is influenced by states of passion, anger, panic and other emotions. Their consequences usually do not coincide with conscious interests and may even be completely opposite to them.

As we can see, emotions are an integral part of a conflict situation. They envelop in their networks not only the participants in the conflict, but also the conflict specialist himself. Now let’s look at the main influence of emotions on a specialist working with conflict.

Effective work with conflict largely depends on an internal sense of control over your emotions, a sense of objectivity, and, of course, the ability to defend the necessary provisions in the process of counseling or mediation, without succumbing to unwanted influence. Undesirable influence is considered, first of all, all emotional states that a specialist may experience and exhibit when working with conflict. One of the fundamental principles of a specialist’s work with conflict is neutrality and impartiality. Maintaining neutrality without being tempted to sympathize, empathize and personally help the client is one of the most complex tasks. Often inexperienced professionals cannot cope with managing their emotions, which manifests itself in a loss of neutrality. But I would like to note that adherence to the principle of neutrality by a conflict specialist does not mean the complete inclusion of an “unfeeling robot.”

Now let's look at the main influence of emotions on the participants in the conflict. People for whom conflicts are a joy are much less common than those for whom conflict is associated with painful emotional experiences. The conflict itself is perceived emotionally negatively by a person, as it is accompanied by negative emotions. If you conduct a study asking you to describe the color of a conflict, most respondents will choose dark colors, such as blue, black, dark green. Indeed, conflict is perceived negatively by people. Therefore, a specialist working with conflict will never utter the word “conflict”, but when addressing the parties, he will use the words “situation” or “problem”.

Negative experiences that fill a conflict can have both a positive and a negative impact, affecting the behavior of the participants in the conflict, their attitude towards the problem and their perception of information. The most common defense people have against the expression of unwanted emotions is their suppression. But this option of working with emotions only brings negative consequences. For effective results, it is important to learn how to manage emotions.

Recently, researchers have paid much attention to the emotional component in the personality structure of specialists working with conflict. The professionalism of the specialist responsible for the conflict resolution procedure is determined by competence. An important part of conflict management competence is emotional competence, which is associated with a person’s ability to manage his emotions. You can learn to develop emotional competence and conflict tolerance.

Experts identify the following techniques:

• “Techniques of self-regulation and stress management;
• Observation of other people and self-observation;
• Increasing awareness of living in the present;
• Ability to choose the most appropriate type of response in an emotionally charged situation
• The desire to recognize and overcome manifestations of unconscious psychological defense;
• To significantly increase conflict resistance, you need to have the ability not only to identify your emotions, but also to find the source of emotions and then choose the most appropriate type of reaction in an emotionally charged situation. Emotional competence is a complex quality of a specialist that requires practice of individual work on oneself.

Supervision is a necessary part of a specialist’s professional development. “Supervision (from supervidere - to review from above) is one of the methods of theoretical and practical advanced training of specialists in the field of psychotherapy, clinical psychology, etc. in the form of their professional counseling and analysis of the feasibility and quality of the practical approaches and methods of psychotherapy used.” The main task of the supervisor is to develop the professional competence of the specialist. A supervisor is a specialist who has extensive experience in a particular matter, helps the conflict specialist in the ability to realize his own reactions to the client, understand the dynamics of the relationship with him and find alternative methods working with similar problems. Well, the main job of a supervisor is to help a colleague experience and separate the client’s feelings, understand the reason for their occurrence and, in this regard, determine the principles for further work with the client. Supervision helps a specialist cope with all the difficulties that he may encounter during his work. A supervisor is an experienced “teacher” for a specialist, helping them to see their mistakes, work on them, develop in their professional activities and enjoy their work. Another basic ability of a conflict specialist is frustration tolerance. “Frustration tolerance is the ability to withstand various kinds of life difficulties without loss of psychological adaptation, which is based on the ability to adequately assess the real situation, as well as the ability to foresee another way out of the situation.”

There are the following levels of frustration tolerance:

1. Calmness, prudence, readiness to perceive difficult situation as a life lesson;
2. Tension, an effort to restrain an impulsive reaction of irritation or rejection;
3. Flaunting the lack of reaction as a disguise for anger or despondency;
4. Joy over a frustrating situation, using it as a secondary benefit.”

The most favorable level is the first, since it is it that contributes to an adequate perception of the situation and building relationships.

It is useful for a conflict specialist not only to monitor such manifestations in himself, but also to notice them in the parties to the conflict, without being afraid of signs of trouble, but by adjusting his behavior in response.”

Now let's look at the basic methods of managing the emotions of the parties to the conflict. Methods of managing emotions in conflict are a set of basic techniques and methods aimed at expediently changing emotions or changing their intensity. The main ways to manage emotions in a conflict include reflection of emotions, verbalization techniques and providing support to the client. Let's consider and analyze these methods in detail.

1. The very first way to manage emotions is to reflect emotions.

Methods of reflecting emotions can be divided into methods that do not contribute to mutual understanding between a conflict specialist and a client and, accordingly, methods that contribute to such mutual understanding.

The first group of methods includes statements that contain a contradiction between the feelings, thoughts and words of a specialist. Ways to promote mutual understanding with the client include:

• messages about the perception of the client’s feelings, emotions and state, with the help of which the conflict specialist can let the client know how he perceives him at the moment;
• a message about one’s own state and feelings, when the specialist himself tells the client what emotions he experiences in a situation of interaction with the client.

These methods are effective in working with emotions, as they facilitate independent analysis of the emotional states of the participants in the conflict. Therefore, at some point, the intensity of the emotional states of the parties to the conflict may change for the better for the specialist.

1. The second way to manage emotions covers verbalization techniques for working with emotions.

This includes techniques that help the interlocutor not only understand, but also express their emotions and relieve excessive emotional stress. Well, the most important technique is “The art of asking questions.” Questions play an important role in managing emotions. With the help of questions you can not only collect important information specialist, but also to let the conflict participants understand what is happening to them. The use and respect of pauses is very important, as short breaks can help the client think and calm down.

1. The third way to manage emotions is to provide support to the client.

There are certain ways to support a client. The main methods include: empathic listening, recognizing the normality and legitimacy of the client’s feelings, talking about one’s feelings about the client’s situation, giving an example of oneself in a similar situation. With certain knowledge and skills, a specialist can recognize the client’s feelings and emotions. For example, a conflict specialist must remember to pay attention to the postures and gestures of the participants in the conflict, and to their facial expressions. But if the consultant demonstrates empathic behavior, then the client’s feelings are expressed more sincerely and freely. The counselor's empathic behavior implies that he not only understands and accepts the client's feelings, but also makes it clear to the client himself.

Researchers identify the following techniques for empathic behavior in working with feelings:

• “Active anticipation of the manifestation of feelings;
• Empathy and expression of understanding of feelings;
• Tactful selection of words and formulations;
• Acceptance and recognition of the client's feelings." All these techniques help change the feelings and emotions of the parties to the conflict, providing a calm atmosphere for effective work. But in order for the feelings and emotional states of the conflict participants to be managed more quickly and effectively, the specialist must apply types of work based on the various stages of manifestation of the feelings and emotions of the conflict participants.

In conclusion, I would like to say that an effective result in the procedure for settling and resolving a conflict is possible if a specialist is able to work with his own experiences and the emotions of the people with whom he comes into contact.

Bibliography:

1. Antsupov A. Ya, Shipilov A. I. Dictionary of conflict specialist. Ed. 3rd, corrected, supplemented M.: Eksmo, 2010. – 656 pp.
2. Allahverdova O.V. Karpenko A.D. Mediation-negotiations in conflict situations: A textbook. St. Petersburg, 2010. – 178 p.
3. Large psychological dictionary./Ed. Meshcheryakova B.G., Zinchenko V.P., - M.: Olam-press, 2004. – 713 pp.
4. Goleman D., Boyatzis R., McKee E. Emotional leadership: The art of managing people based on emotional intelligence. – M.: Alpina Publisher, 2010. – 301 p.
5. Grishina N.V. Psychology of conflict. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2008. – 480 pp.
6. Dmitriev A.V. Conflictology: Textbook. M., Gardariki, 2000. – 320 pp.
7. Zdravomyslov A.G. Sociology of conflict: A textbook for students. M.: Aspect-Press, 1996. – 317 p.
8. Ivanova E.N. Communication tools of a conflict specialist. Monograph St. Petersburg, 2008. – 210s.
9. Ivanova E.N. Conflict counseling. Novosibirsk, 2012. – 187 p.
10. Ilyin, E. P. Emotions and feelings / E. P. Ilyin. – 2nd ed., revised. and additional – St. Petersburg: Peter, 2011. – 782 pp.
11. Kulakov. S.A. “Supervision in psychotherapy. A training manual for supervisors and psychotherapists" - St. Petersburg, 2004.
12. Maklakov A.G. General psychology: Textbook for universities. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003. – 592 pp.
13. Hassan B.I. Constructive psychology of conflict. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003. – 250 s.
14. Schwartz G. Managing conflict situations. 2007. – 296 pp.

Emotional aspects of conflict situations.

Conflict interaction in the emotional-dynamic aspect

Whatever the basis for a conflict, it always proceeds “in the following sequence:

a) Gradual strengthening of the parties to the conflict through the introduction of increasingly active forces, as well as through the accumulation of experience in the struggle;

b) An increase in the number of problem situations and a deepening of the primary problem situation;

c) Increasing the conflict activity of participants, changing the nature of the conflict, towards its intensification, involving new persons in the conflict;

d) The increase in emotional tension that accompanies conflict interactions, which can have both a mobilizing and disorganizing effect on the behavior of the participants in the conflict;

e) Changing the attitude towards the problem situation and the conflict in general.” Various typologies and classifications of conflict interaction are based on different grounds.

But any typology makes it possible to “expand” the emotional dynamics of the participants in the conflict in terms of tension, repeating the conflict itself. We present a typology in which the development of emotions is a system-forming factor.

Based on socio-psychological descriptions of various conflicts that arise between different people in specific situations of their interaction, the following types of interpersonal conflicts can be identified as the most common and most frequently encountered.

The most common is sensory-affective type interpersonal conflict. It is characterized by the fact that conflict interaction between two subjects begins with a rather acute, emotionally charged and unpleasant question for the partner, addressed by one of them to the other. The second partner, experiencing hostile and sometimes hostile feelings towards the first, tends to ignore everything related to the opinions, assessments, tastes, preferences of the first of them, does not answer his questions, ignoring him, avoids friendly understanding with the partner, reducing his communication with him to the minimum, necessary and formal. The conflict that arises as a result reveals two features.

The first of them is that the conflict situation unfolds gradually, irritation and anger are escalated as if gradually, not immediately leading to conflict interaction.

The second feature is that conflict interaction in this case expresses the different orientations of the rivals’ positions. The first of them, striving to get answers to his questions and not receiving them, begins to get irritated, angry and express increasingly hostile attitudes towards the second, entering a state that does not allow him to control his words and actions. The second, on the contrary, strives in every possible way to avoid direct interaction with the first, ignoring his words, feelings, emotions. His ignoring position strengthens the partner’s negative emotional reaction and thereby provokes the emergence of interpersonal conflict interaction.

Uncompromising type interpersonal conflict is characterized by the fact that it begins with mutual comments, reproaches, and claims against each other. As the conflict situation develops into real conflict interaction, both parties in this case continue to express their dissatisfaction with each other, putting forward more and more new claims and accusations against the partner. In such a conflict, its destructive function, as a rule, intensifies as interaction between the warring partners unfolds, and the rivals do everything to spite each other.

Emotionally unstable type interpersonal conflicts begin with the emotional aggressiveness of one of the subjects of interaction. It is characterized by emotional dissatisfaction and dissatisfaction of partners with each other, expressed openly, sometimes in a harsh form, in the process of conflict communication. The beginning of a conflict is characterized, as a rule, by a lack of desire to calmly understand the reasons for the ill will that has arisen and a reluctance to understand one’s partner. His desire to offend and humiliate his partner is manifested in demonstrative and destructive behavior, which, moreover, is often not controlled by him. For his partner, who has entered into a conflict interaction with him, it is common to misunderstand the causes of the conflict and evaluate the other’s behavior as incorrect. Such a conflict is protracted and leads to mutual formalization interpersonal interaction, which is characterized by the reduction of the communication process to the minimum necessary.

Polite-touchy type interpersonal conflict is characterized by the fact that it begins with one of the partners expressing disagreement with the point of view of the other or with the latter’s assessment of a particular phenomenon, person, his actions, etc. What is specific to him is the use of a polite form of addressing an opponent (sometimes even emphatically polite), as well as a feeling of dissatisfaction with himself for entering into a conflict interaction. In this case, both partners most often show a mutual readiness for reconciliation, which can be easily realized, often with mutual apologies.

Aggressive type interpersonal conflict interaction differs in that both its participants are characterized by destructive behavior in which emotions suppress reason. Due to the fact that one of the conflicting parties is not able to control his words and actions, and the other is overwhelmed with negative emotions, their interaction is often accompanied by mutual insults, leading to an acute confrontation - in the form of verbal altercations, hysteria, and sometimes fights.

The role of emotions in a conflict situation

In a conflict situation, emotions play a significant role. Sometimes emotions can make you act irrationally. The art of managing your own emotions lies in the ability to direct them in the right direction. Reactions based on emotions often lead to conflicts, and in a conflict situation lead to escalation of opposition. This development of events is negative both for the opponents themselves and for the team. Let us turn to some features of the emotional response in a conflict situation.

Anxiety- a mental state of anxiety experienced by a person without a clear awareness of its source. This emotional state is characterized by tension and anticipation of unfavorable developments. It includes a complex of emotions: fear, grief, shame, guilt, interest and excitement.

Anxiety- an individual’s tendency to experience anxiety: it can become a stable personality trait - to perceive threats to one’s “I” in various situations and respond to them by increasing anxiety. In a conflict situation, the anxiety of such a person causes certain reactions: all sorts of attempts to escape from a dangerous situation - both in the form of verbal or physical aggression, and in the form of stupor, numbness, and inability to analyze.

An anxious person perceives the world as potentially dangerous and strives for calm at any cost, avoiding conflicts and not defending their interests. Anxiety can cause increased personality conflict. Increased level anxiety leads to the emergence of defense mechanisms that help get rid of anxiety.

Emotional rigidity is expressed in inhibition, inertness of emotional responses to a changing object. Thoughts, actions, emotions of the current conflict arise not only under the influence of what is happening at the moment, but also under the influence of deep subconscious processes. If we limit the expression of emotions such as fear, anger, then we reduce our ability to adequately perceive reality.

Control of emotions is carried out mostly unconsciously. People with increased control over negative emotions and people with decreased or normal control will express them (emotions) differently in a conflict situation. And the external expressions of emotion (expression) will be different, and this does not contribute to a constructive resolution of the conflict.