Dative case (dative). Dative case: rules of formation, use, interesting facts and exceptions

Are you here: What to make from drywall

To the question: We need a sign: which prepositions are used with which cases (Russian language). Who knows where to find it?! given by the author Nieva the best answer is in the Russian language textbook for grade 3, where this topic begins... . Correlation of case and preposition Case forms of nouns, numerals and pronouns express various relations, for which prepositions are also adapted to convey. Semantic correlations are observed between the meanings of preposition and case. Each case has its own circle of prepositions. It is combined with the genitive case greatest number prepositions: without, near, nearby, along, inside, inside, near, around, in the form of, in view of, during, in business, as a sign, in order to avoid, in the name of, instead of, in the area, in relation to, in continuation of, in light, due to, as a result of, in case of, during, for, for, before, except for, at the expense of, from, because of, from under, around, past, on the eve, on the contrary, about, from, behind, across, after, in the middle, before, relatively, with, on the side, behind, below, along the line, according to the measure, about, for the reason, by means of, by, at, etc. The dative case is required by prepositions thanks to, in spite of, after, to, towards, contrary, similarly, towards, according to, accordingly, proportionately, etc. The accusative case is served by prepositions in, including, for, excluding, on, not counting, despite, about, according to, under, about, with, through, after, through, etc. Prepositions are used with the instrumental case in connection with, after, for, ending, between, above, on a par with, along with, before, under, in accordance with, in proportion to, in accordance with, etc. Prepositional the case of the name is controlled in, on, about, by, at, on the question of, etc. Most prepositions are used with the form of the name in one case. This applies primarily to derived prepositions: thanks to (dat. p.), due to (gender p.), etc. But some of the primitive prepositions can be used with two and three cases. The two-case prepositions are in, on, about (vin. and prepositional p.), for, under (vin. and tv. p.), between (gen. and tv. p.). Three-case prepositions: by (vin., dat. and prev. p.), with (gen., vin. and tv. p.), for example: walking along the road (dat. p.), knee-deep in the snow (v. p.), miss a friend (prev. p.) .

Answer from Kirill Shkiryak[newbie]

Answer from Ksyusha[newbie]

Answer from Ekaterina Serebrennikova[newbie]
hk,ghk,

Answer from Natalia Lyapunova[newbie]
in pro

Answer from Gulnara Kurbieva[newbie]
The case forms of nouns, numerals and pronouns express various relationships, for which prepositions are also adapted. Semantic correlations are observed between the meanings of preposition and case. Each case is assigned its own circle of prepositions. The largest number of prepositions are combined with the genitive case: without, near, near, along, inside, inside, near, around, in the form of, in view of, during, in deed, as a sign, in order to avoid, in name, instead of, in the area, in relation to, in continuation of, in the light of, by virtue of, as a result of, in case of, during, for the purpose of, to, except for, at the expense of, from, because of, from under, around, past, on the eve, on the contrary, about, from, behind, across, after, in the middle, before, relatively, with, on the side, behind, below, along the line, according to, about, for the reason, by, way, at, etc. The dative case is required by prepositions thanks to, in spite of, after, to, towards, in defiance of, similarly, towards, according to, accordingly, proportionately, etc. The accusative case is served by prepositions in, including, for, excluding, on, not counting, despite on, about, by, under, about, with, through, later, through, etc. Prepositions are used with the instrumental case in connection with, after, for, ending, between, above, on a par with, along with, before, under, in accordance with, in proportion to, in accordance with, etc. The prepositional case of the name is controlled in, on, about, by, with, on the question of, etc. Most prepositions are used with the form of the name in one case. This applies primarily to derived prepositions: thanks to (dat. p.), due to (gender p.), etc. But some of the primitive prepositions can be used with two and three cases. The two-case prepositions are in, on, about (vin. and prepositional p.), for, under (vin. and tv. p.), between (gen. and tv. p.). Three-case prepositions: by (vin., dat. and prev. p.), with (gen., vin. and tv. p.), for example: walking along the road (dat. p.), knee-deep in the snow (v. p.), miss a friend (prev. p.) .

Answer from Thomas St[active]
You have to go to school, he will know)

Answer from Denis Shipitsyn[newbie]
The meaning of the prepositional case is very diverse. Answering questions about whom? about what? , it is used only with prepositions and can be either a verb or a noun. The prepositional verb is used: a) with the preposition about (about, about): talk about work, think about literature, write about the camp, regret the loss, take care of everything; b) with the preposition by (meaning after): after three years, after finishing school, after reading a manuscript, after receiving news, etc.; c) with the preposition at (to indicate a place, object, institution, circumstance, condition): live at a school, create at a university, be registered at a clinic, be present at a meeting, etc.; d) with the preposition in (in) to indicate a place or an object inside which someone or something is located: live in Moscow, go to sea, sit indoors, store in a cellar, play in the yard, serve in the fleet, notice in the gaze, etc.; e) with the preposition na to denote an area or surface where someone or something is, stays, happens: in the West, on the bank of a stream, sit on the floor, lie on the hay; to indicate a place, object, institution, region, team in which someone stays, acts, or where something is done: work on the pier, be in the service, study at the Faculty of Education, attend a meeting; to designate a person or object that serves as the object of activity: focus on solving problems, dwell on a thought; to indicate the state, circumstances or conditions accompanying the action: to be on vacation, to be retired, to be on watch, to remain at sea; to indicate an object that is an instrument of action or a material for producing an action, as well as to indicate the time of action: ride a bicycle, play the piano, fry in oil, etc.

Why in Russian does the verb TEACH require the dative case and not the accusative? TEACH MATH. (Teaching mathematics - blames.)

The fact is that the dative case can also have the function of a direct object, as with the verb teach: to teach something.

Dative can express:

1) The meaning of the addressee (especially with verbs of speech and transmission material object): write to the dean/friend
2) The meaning of the direct object: learn what?
3) Subjective meaning: Brother is 20 years old.
4) Reason: The dog is happy with its owner.

And when used with prepositions:
1) Object: love for someone
2) Place: drive along the road
3) Direction: to father
4) Time: towards evening
5) Reason: absentmindedness, thanks to help
6) Tool: by phone
7) Distributive meaning: eat an apple
8) Definitive meaning: Russian language textbook

The student’s question (speaking several languages) was about where the dative came from with this particular option (to teach mathematics) - what is the logic or origin of this dative? This is how he compares with other languages and approaches learning very analytically foreign language, tries to understand and explain the constructions to himself. There is another option: learn Russian, learn words (with the accusative case).
- These are simply different lexical-semantic variants of the verb “teach” with different controls.
It is not always possible to explain logically, because even in other case languages, the case forms often do not coincide with the forms of the Russian language.
For example, in German Ich gratuliere dir zum Geburtstag, where after the verb to congratulate there is a dative case.
And if we compare again modern languages and look at ancient languages, you can see that cases have different functions. For example, in Latin there is a dative of interest (denotes a person or thing in whose interests the action is performed: Non scholae, sed vitae discimus. - We study not for school, but for life (translated into Russian by prepositions for, for).

May be you"ll find helpful this video:

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Nouns are very widely represented in the Russian language. They can act as main and secondary members of a sentence. By using noun cases, speakers and writers can relate these parts of speech to others in the context of a sentence. Another category of a noun is directly related to cases - its declension. By the way, the spelling correctness of what is written depends on the correct definition of which.

Case category

The case of nouns is a grammatical category that indicates the relationship of a given part of speech to other words in a sentence. These connections can be realized not only with the help of case forms - prepositions help in this, as well as intonation and even word order.

In modern Russian there are only 6 case forms.

Case name	Noun case questions
Nominative
Genitive	Whom? What?
Dative	To whom? Why?
Accusative	Whom? What?
Instrumental
Prepositional	About whom? About what?

Once upon a time in Old Russian language there was one more, seventh, vocative case. But it lost its significance during development linguistic culture. Echoes of the vocative case remain in common parlance. Previously, it was comparable to the nominative and denoted the address: father, man. On modern stage development of the Russian language, it is realized in the following colloquial addresses: Sing, Vasya, Tan, etc.

The meaning and form of expression of cases. Nominative

In addition to grammatical meaning, the cases of nouns have a lexical meaning. Let's sort them out.

Nominative. This is the basic form of a noun. Used in academic literature (dictionary entries). In this case there is always a subject, as well as a word in them. n. maybe integral part predicate.

Example: The roses bloomed on time. Subject roses is in the nominative case.

Another example: This tree is birch. Subject tree(Name p., predicate birch- the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate, stands in Im. P.).

Meanings of the genitive case

Genitive. Can associate nouns with different parts of speech. So, if the genitive case connects two nouns, then it will mean:

a substance whose measure is indicated: liter of kvass;
affiliation: mom's shoes b;
object of some action: boiling water;
definition relations: beauty of the fields.

The genitive case is used when comparative degree adjectives: stronger than (who?) a bull. With a cardinal number: thousand (what?) rubles.

As for the verb and verb forms, then this case is applied in the following cases:

denotes a specific object when associated with a transitive verb: write out a receipt;
used after verbs such as to fear, to achieve, to lose me and others: seek (what?) permission.

The genitive case is used when reporting exact date. For example: She was born on the sixth (what?) March one thousand nine hundred and eighty-two.

Meanings of the dative and accusative cases

Other cases of nouns are not so rich in lexical meanings and grammatical connections. Thus, the dative case is associated with verbs and some nouns (verbal). Has a side object value: to help parents(compare: help around the house- direct object).

The accusative case indicates that we have a direct object: I'm writing a poem.

Instrumental and prepositional cases

A noun in the instrumental case will have the following meanings:

weapon or method of action: punch (with what?)(way), hit (with what?) with a hammer(weapon);
subject performing the action: written (by whom?) by mother; washed with (what?) a rag;
is part of the nominal part of the predicate: she was (what?) a doctor.

The prepositional case is special, as is clear from its name. It always requires a preposition. May refer to:

topic of conversation, thoughts, etc.: let's talk (about what?) about Goethe's work; I think (about whom?) about a beautiful stranger;
temporal and geographical indicators: met (when?) last weekend; work (where?) in a cafe.
used to indicate a date, but not a full date, but indicating the year: I was born (when?) in nineteen ninety.

Declension of nouns

To write spelling correctly, you need to know not only cases. The declension of nouns has a primary role. There are three types of declension in the Russian language, each of them requires certain endings. To determine whether nouns belong to one of them, case, gender must be known first.

Nouns like homeland, earth, frame, belong to the first declension. They are united by belonging to the feminine gender and endings -а/-я. Also included in these declensions are the few masculine nouns: Vitya, grandfather, dad. In addition to gender, they are united by the endings -a/-я.

The group of masculine nouns is much larger: son-in-law, wolf, sofa. They have null ending. Such words belong to the second declension. The same group includes neuter nouns with inflection -о/-е: sea, building, crime.

If you have a feminine noun ending in soft sign(zero ending), it will refer to the third declension: rye, youth, daughter, brooch.

Nouns can have an adjectival declension, that is, they change by case like adjectives and participles. This includes those who have made the transition from these parts of speech to a noun: living room, greeting.

To determine which cases of nouns are used in a sentence, you need to find the word to which the noun refers and ask a question.

For example, let’s determine the cases and declensions of nouns in a sentence: The motorcyclist was riding on flat ground.

Subject motorcyclist does not refer to any other word because it is main member The sentence is therefore in the nominative case. We determine the declension: the zero ending and the masculine gender indicate that the word has 2 declensions. Noun with preposition by area depends on the word was driving. We ask a question: drove (where?) around the area. This is a matter of prepositional case. Terrain- feminine, ending in b, therefore the third declension.

Declension of singular nouns

To determine with what ending you need to write a noun, you must know gender, number, case and declension. Declension can be hard or soft: a word can end in a soft or hard consonant. For example: lamp- solid type; pot- soft.

Let's give examples of declension of singular nouns and pay attention to endings in some forms.

First declension

	Solid type	Soft type
Nominative			Provocation
Genitive			Provocations
Dative			Provocations
Accusative			Provocation
Instrumental			Provocative
Prepositional			About provocation

Pay attention to the dative and prepositional cases. They require the ending -e. In a noun ending in -iya, on the contrary, in these cases the ending -i should be written.

Second declension

	Masculine	Neuter gender
	Solid type	Solid type	Soft type
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional

Here we pay attention to the prepositional case: it requires the ending -e. If a noun ends in -й/-и, then it is necessary to write -и in this case.

Third declension

We pay attention to the genitive, dative and prepositional cases: they require the ending -i. It should also be remembered that after sibilants in the singular in this declension it is necessary to write a soft sign. It is not needed in the plural.

Declension of plural nouns

Let's look at the cases of plural nouns.

	1st declension		2nd declension		3rd declension
	Solid type	Soft type	Masculine	Neuter gender
Nominative		Pots
Genitive		Pans
Dative	Pictures	Pots
Accusative		Pots
Instrumental	Paintings	Pots	Barracks
Prepositional	About the paintings	About pans	About the barracks

Nouns in the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases have identical endings.

The endings -и/-ы or -а/-я have plural nouns. The first can be found in all three declensions, the second - in some nouns of the second declension: director, watchman, professor.

To distinguish the lexical meanings of plural nouns, different endings are used: sheet, But leaves (of a tree) And sheets (of a book).

Nouns like treaties, elections, engineers, officers, designers You only need to write with the ending -ы. A different inflection is a violation of the norm.

Indeclinable nouns

The Russian language has a unique group of nouns. When changing by case, they have endings of different declensions. The group includes those words that end in -my (for example, time, stirrup), as well as the word path.

	Singular	Plural
Nominative		stirrups
Genitive	stirrups
Dative	stirrups	stirrups
Accusative		stirrups
Instrumental	stirrup	stirrups
Prepositional	about the stirrup	about stirrups

Like nouns of the 3rd declension, these words in the singular, genitive, dative and prepositional cases require the ending -i.

Immutable nouns

Another one special group nouns are unchangeable. They are not put in number and case form. They always have the same form: without kimono(R.p.) - about kimono(P.p.); new kimono(units) - purchased kimonos(plural).

How to determine in this case how the noun is grammatically expressed? We look at the number and case according to the word to which it refers. Examples:

1. Pedestrians were hurrying along the new highway.

2. New highways have been built.

In the first sentence we determine the number and case of the adjective new(units, d.p.). In the second - also on the adjective new(plural, im.p.).

Invariable nouns are usually foreign words, as common nouns ( citro, cafe), and own ( Baku, Hugo). Complex abbreviated words (abbreviations) are also unchangeable. For example: Computer, nuclear power plant.

In the nominative-accusative case (and does not agree with the noun, like numerals and indefinite words in indirect cases): How many apples will each person receive?. The question of the status of this form remains unresolved in Russian grammar (cf. also the colloquial phrase until what time (until how long) in the genitive case). See also Numeral / clause 6.2.5.

At the words How many, so many, some, a lot of, as well as numerals from five before ten and some others there are variants of case forms after the preposition By: three apples each (*three); five apples each vs. five apples each; how many apples? vs. how many apples each; [is it possible to eat] so many apples vs. so many apples; many times vs. many times. One of these forms is dative, the other coincides with the nominative-accusative form.

Table 2 shows the distribution of word endings How many, so many And a lot of in a quantitative-distributive design according to the Main Corpus data:

Table 2. How many, so many, a lot of: variants of dative case endings in quantitative-distributive construction

How many

so many

a lot of

by...-o

by...-y

Firstly, it stands out semantically: the dative has independent semantics - namely, the semantics of the recipient, including the beneficiary (Benefactive) and the recipient of information (Addressee), see Semantic roles - which is found even in the absence of a control verb and thanks to which the dative can act as a constitutive element of various elliptical structures, I'd like some fish please; Letter for you; Who do you want? etc. (in this way the dative case is similar to the instrumental case, which also has independent semantics, namely instrumental).

2.1. general characteristics

2.1.1. Types of uses of the dative case: controlled (specified in vocabulary), constructively determined, freely attached

The substantive word form in the dative case may depend on:

verb: give (sb.) to a neighbor; swear to father, help brother;
noun ( A letter to a friend, salute to the winners, family assistance;
adjective ( true to my word, equal to a kilometer);
adverbs ( to spite the enemy);
predicative ( he ashamed; one day is not enough for him), including predicative phraseme ( he feels uneasy);
preposition ( on the way to, To home, according to the timetable);

Russian has both non-derivative and derived prepositions that require the dative case (see Preposition for more details): To, By And thanks to, contrary to, contrary to, following, towards, across, like, By towards, towards, according to, proportionately, according to, respectively, akin.

The prepositional case form can be included in the control model of the verb ( Preparing to passing exam) or another word ( close to zero), but can also act as a free one (cf. headings: According to merit; According to conscience; Despite the circumstances; Towards the Congress).

The controlled (dictionary-specified) dative case is included in the control model of a specific word and is determined by its semantics: for example, verbs of transfer like give, give (what to whom) contain in their semantics an indication of the recipient person (i.e. they have the valence of the Recipient (see Semantic roles)), verbs of speech like confess (to whom), promise (something)– an indication of the person of the addressee (i.e. they have the valence of the Addressee (see Semantic roles)), etc. There are cases when the dative case expresses semantically degenerate relations and is not associated with any semantic role ( akin to a hobby), but, nevertheless, is assigned to this word as a unit of the dictionary (in the concept of academic grammar, this case corresponds to completive relations (see paragraph)).

The constructively determined dative case is used as part of a construction, none of the elements of which has a dictionary valency expressed by the dative case: He is twenty years old; He can't sleep; He can't sleep today(verb sleep as a vocabulary unit does not require the dative case, cf.: He is not sleeping; however, in impersonal and infinitive constructions, regardless of the semantics of the verb, the Subject is expressed in the dative case); I broke my leg after jumping from a springboard unsuccessfully.(with verb break the dative case does not express valency); You can't do everything yourself. Constructively conditioned cases also include determinants attached to the entire sentence: Seven miles is no detour for a fool(last).

There are practically no examples of a non-prepositional freely attached dative, which does not fill the valency of the predicate word and is not an element of construction, but is an optional extender of the word. The substantive dative ( shirt for son) and the verb dative benefit ( buy me milk), but in this grammar they are considered constructive.

Prepositional case forms have the same types of use as non-prepositional forms:

managed ( strive for success, appeal to the people, prone to colds);
structurally determined - as part of the structure ( in a ratio of five to one) and as a determinant attached to a sentence ( By evening everything calmed down);
forms freely attached to a word - attributive ( math test, road to home) and circumstantial ( walk around the room; call in the evenings, go down to the river, miss class due to illness; fly into the wind; meet according to schedule).

The main semantic roles expressed by the dative case in a sentence:

There is an obvious semantic connection between the semantic roles expressed in Russian by the dative case. The semantics of the Recipient (receiver of something) is closely related to the semantics of the Possessor (owner): Recipient is a potential (future) Possessor, as well as with the semantics of the Beneficiary - the “recipient” of the benefit. The Recipient is also semantically related to the Addressee - the recipient of information; in periphrases of verbs of speech, transfer verbs are widely used, cf. give your word / oath / promise to someone, convey information(at the same time, there are languages where the Recipient and the Addressee are coded in different cases, on this basis these two roles are separated, despite the fact that they are semantically very close and in many languages, as in Russian, they are coded the same). Thanks to this semantic homogeneity, we can assume that the dative (as opposed to the abstract and syntactic nominative and accusative) has a fairly specific and “independent” meaning, which is also found outside verbal contexts (cf. All the best for children).

A constructively conditioned dative (see) can usually also be assigned a semantic role (from the set of roles inherent in a valence dative) - due to the fact that the construction usually correlates with some denotative situation in which the referent of the dative noun phrase has a certain role.

It should be noted, however, that the semantic role can not always be attributed to the form of the dative case (this applies to both control and constructions). The further away from the "core" classes of predicates and basic semantic roles, the more difficult the semantic interpretation of the dative case is.

2.1.3. Syntactic properties of the dative case.

The substantive word form in the dative case in traditional grammar is considered an indirect object.

However, there are classes of predicates and classes of constructions in which the dative nominal group expressing the semantic Subject has the properties of the subject (see, for example, [Testelets 2001: 317–359]). Some authors (see, for example, [Zimmerling 2009]; [Zimmerling 2010]) call sentences with such noun phrases “dative sentences”, cf. The children are cold, and dative nominal groups with subject properties - a non-canonical subject, cf., in particular, [Zimmerling 2012] (see Subject).

The canonical subject, in addition to the morphological property - to be expressed in the nominative case - and the syntactic property - to control the concordant features of the predicate - also has a number of other syntactic and communicative-pragmatic properties, such as reflexive control, control of target subordinate clauses, control of participial phrases, linear location in the extreme left linear position and attraction to the communicative status of the topic.

Dative nominal groups with a subjective meaning, without having a canonical morphological design and not being a controller of agreement, can, however, have a number of non-basic properties of the subject:

Subject dative noun phrases can be either dictionary-specified (see) ( He's offended), and structurally determined (see) ( What should we do?).

2.2. Classes of predicates with a dictionary given dative case

2.2.1. Recipient (Recipient)

The recipient, or Receiver (see Semantic roles) is a participant in the transfer situation. The main participants in the prototypical transfer situation are the Transferring Subject (expressed in the nominative case), the Transferred Object (expressed in the accusative case) and the Recipient (expressed in the dative case), cf.: Sister gave brother an apple. This “case frame” applies only to verbs in the active voice, with words of other parts of speech (adjective, noun), as well as with passive forms of the verb Subject or Object are expressed in other superficial cases (see Voice). However, the dative way of expressing the Recipient is retained. The semantic role of the Recipient is sometimes designated as “dative”, although originally dative is a syntactic term (however, this term itself is associated with the idea of transfer and comes, as mentioned above, from donative verbs).

The semantic role of the Recipient is played by verbs and verbal nouns with the meaning of transfer, donation, provision, etc. to smb. some objects, valuables:

Verbs: return, return, reward, reimburse, hand over, issue, allocate (to whom a voucher), pay, donate, bestow, give, deliver, grant, donate(to whom what), reserve, bequeath, drive, set, compensate, send down, lend, bestow, give, send, convey, send, donate, submit, throw, enclose, offer, donate, send, provide, present, bring, appropriate, send, sell , give away, distribute, send out, dump, sell, hand over, send, push(meaning ‘sell’), pay, yield(meaning ‘sell’);

nouns: gift, bribe, payment, gift, offering (to whom).

(1) There are some places of worship that cannot be transferred to the Church

(2) Let's say, provided Grenada loan - 160 thousand Soviet rubles. [“Arguments and Facts” (2003)]

(3) Dzerzhinsky donates the first 50 rubles he earns to the party. [R. B. Gul. Dzerzhinsky (The Beginning of Terror) (1974)]

(4) Anniversary - for the artist’s 115th birthday, the showing of “the big Chaplin” on the Culture TV channel is a real Easter present to the viewer. ["Screen and Stage" (2004)]

(5) Return to the state personal carbine is one of the most beloved holidays in Switzerland. ["Izvestia" (2003)]

2.2.2. Destination

The recipient of information can be considered a type of Recipient, but more often it is designated by a special term - Addressee (see Semantic roles).

The scope of information transfer includes:

verbs of speech message: address, broadcast, announce, object, lie, blurt out, issue, blurt out, blurt out, express, speak, be rude, insolent, dictate, report, report, report, complain, read out, read out, declare, call, set out, pour out your soul, lay out , confess, shout, scream, lie, flatter, pray, promise, write, gossip, prophesy, snitch, be rude, boast, brag, brag, whisper, slander, promise, promise, outline, explain, answer, answer, respond, unsubscribe , call back, retell, assent, assent, suggest, complain, wish, swear, pray, reproach, dedicate, send greetings, promise, brag, brag, offer, prescribe, predict, predict, imagine, introduce yourself, bring (accusation), contradict, lie, threaten, confess, swear, spill the beans, let slip, dictate, shout, preach, prophesy, prophesy, signal, whisper, radio, babble, babble, explain, report, lavish (praise), blab, gabble, say, lie, confess, report, scribble, promise, telegraph, telephone, interpret, ring, be rude , scribble, whisper;
verbs of speech motivation: command, forbid, forbid, forbidden, advise, advise against, recommend, instruct, advise, propose, order, advise, recommend, command, advise;
verbs of signaling, etiquette actions and other addressed actions: applaud, nod, bow, make faces, wave, wave, wink, blink, bow, salute, salute, signal, wink, wink, bow, wave, whistle, signal, applaud, salute, whistle, make a sign, signal, honk, make a face, make a face, make eyes, clap, smile, smile.

Nouns with the meaning of speech also have Addressee valence: Gratitude, denunciation, call, sign, Promise, answer, advice, wish, bow, prescription, confession … (to whom), including for nouns with the meaning of text: a note, letter, agenda, message, telegram...(to whom).

(6) Kryuchkov read out to deputies Andropov’s letter sent to the Politburo on January 24, 1977, which was entitled “On the CIA’s plans to acquire agents among Soviet citizens" [A. Yakovlev. Pensieve of memory. (2001)]

(7) Client representatives outlined designers the main features of your business and own expectations from creative work. ["Business Magazine" (2004)]

(8) The officers laugh in the bunker. - Command division construction, ― orders general Andreev. - I will thank everyone in front of the line. [AND. F. Stadnyuk. Keys to Heaven (1956)]

(9) Initially, it was decided to withdraw it from the investigation unit of the Main Investigation Department of the Moscow City Internal Affairs Directorate and transfer it for further investigation to the prosecutor's office of the Tver region, about which instructions were given Moscow prosecutor. ["Top Secret" (2003)]

(10) And Chonkin answered to him willingly and thoroughly, until I realized that blurts out to the first person you meet top secret Military Secret. [IN. Voinovich. The life and extraordinary adventures of soldier Ivan Chonkin (1969-1975)]

(11) The next candidate for rector, Leonid Melnikov, whom Dmitry Trubetskov named his successor, also promised delegates flourishing of the university. ["Get Rich" (2003)]

(12) - You are too much complained to Caesar at me, and now my time has come, Caiaphas! [M. A. Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita (1929-1940)]

(13) Our teachers never didn't flatter young. [IN. Smekhov. Theater of My Memory (2001)]

(14) However, contrary to the custom and fears of Vasily Ivanovich, be rude to the owner Fedor did not. [B. Vasiliev. They were and were not. (1988)]

(15) Berezkin looked back at the German houses, winked Glushkov and ran. [IN. Grossman. Life and Fate (1960)]

(16) Public applauded soloists Bolshoi Theater to Ekaterina Golovleva and Konstantin Tolstobrov in “Tosca”, conductors Pavel Klinichev and Vladimir Andropov. ["Russian Musical Newspaper" (2003)]

(17) Questions for the writer rained down from all sides. Most of them were naive, student-like, with a great touch of “literariness.” [N. Penkov. It Was Time (2002)]

(18) We are aware that Kasyanov’s attack on Kudrin and Gref is in no way directed against the president. On the contrary, it is rather message to the president. ["Weekly Magazine" (2003)]

(19) In Jobson and Cook, alcoholism is conscious answer being, which for various reasons does not satisfy. ["Screen and Stage" (2004)]

(20) Reserves of the Kazan team ( separate "Thank you" Mrsichu And Simpkins) differed little in skill from those who started, and in terms of level of excitement and zeal they were even superior. ["Izvestia" (2003)]

(21) The coming of the mediocre Commodus and the bloody feuds of the governors after his death - here sign Christians that their turn will soon come to organize the dilapidated legacy of Caesar and Augustus! ["Knowledge is Power" (2003)]

(45) Liquid Computing will enable IT staff reply momentary requests business". ["Computerworld" (2004)]

(46) So, if you have dark skin, suits you warm and dark colors [Dasha (2004)]

(47) Now the interests of the state, as a collection of officials, bandits, tycoons, are absolutely contradict interests of society as a whole, interests of Russia as such. ["Tomorrow" (2003)]

(48) Templates are a backing tool with cutouts, the outlines of which correspond to the contours of the products being knocked out. [« Folk art"(2004)]

(49) Buyer there is discord between the buyer. [“Behind the Wheel” (2003)]

(50) According to this principle, the user can “build” a system with the functionality he requires, customize it in accordance with changes in conditions and features of the university’s activities, and use the data of one subsystem into the data of another without any transformations. [“ Information Technology"(2004)]

(51) A diagram of the movement of goods from the sphere of trade to the sphere of consumption is presented and adequate to these processes costs. ["Statistical Issues" (2004)]

(52) Such models are completely alien to Galileo, Descartes, Spinoza, Newton. ["Knowledge is power" (2003)]

(53) In the 1920-1930s, old things were destroyed as alien to the Soviet I'm building and ideology as a “sign of philistinism.” ["Emergency Reserve" (2004)]

2.2.5. Experiencer

Verbs: believe, be sad, take it into your head, see (someone), remember, meet, get into your head, remember, want, impress, seem, lighten, seem, ought(Maud.), get bored, don't care, get bored, feel unwell, feel itchy, can't stand it, can't wait, please, get weepy, get sick of, get disgusted with, get sick of, seem, feel better, fall in love, imagine, get caught, hear, fancy, like, dream, get bored, come across (He'll have to leave), stick to(He shouldn't be involved in such matters.), have to, remember, get bored, dream, fancy, give up(It seems to me that R), follow(Maud.), to be heard, to be heard(You won't be able to intimidate me), want, sneeze(He doesn't care about all this), wonder and etc;
adjectives: close, important, visible, roads, sign, famous, nice, hateful, unusual, needed, pleasant, disgusting, cute, audible, painful, pleases and etc.

NOTE. With predicates glad (to whom), rejoices (about) the dative case expresses the Stimulus, and the Experiencer is expressed by the nominative case.

(54) If Europeans feel like it to follow in the footsteps of our “heroes”, then the Spaniards will have something to remember, the British, the French, the Germans, the Italians, the French... [“Swan” (2003)]

(55) Secretaries and members of the bureau traveling to the celebration bored stand in the wind, and they got back into the cars. [IN. Grossman. Life and Fate (1960)]

(56) A tall, poorly preserved, flat woman with eyebrows fused at the bridge of her nose, introducing herself as Chigrashov’s sister, sternly said that Viktor Matveevich is unwell, and asked not to disturb my brother in the next week. [WITH. Gandlevsky. NRZB (2002)]

(57) And Arkady Lukyanovich thought, that the university, academic and other institutions of the current intelligentsia now seemed to him, from his memories, more fragile, unstable, ready at any moment to collapse and crush the inhabitants there. [F. Gorenshtein. Heap (1982)]

(58) Nikanor Ivanovich felt better after the injection, and he fell asleep without any dreams. [M. A. Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita (1929-1940)]

(59) Performance the audience will like it. They won’t throw eggs, much less climb onto the stage. [“Time MN” (2003)]

2.2.6. Possessor (Owner)

Verbs: get, belong, suffice, grab; get by, cost (X cost someone something);
predicates: enough, little, a lot;

(61) For the lucky few real Dahl got it from great-grandparents. ["Izvestia" (2001)]

(62) Volunteers cheaper will cost taxis, theaters and swimming in pools, as well as goods in stores that join this program. [“Behind the Wheel” (2004)]

(63) To modern masters lacks knowledge of national folk culture. ["Folk Art" (2004)]

(64) - Really? you're not enough that huge amount of water that is poured on you every day? [IN. M. Garshin. Attalea Princeps (1879)]

(65) ― He doesn't even have half, - the wife intervened, returning with the plates just in time. - Now such a guy has gone, from one glass he falls off his hooves. [A. Shcherbakov. Antelope's Groin (2002)]

2.2.7. Property carrier

(67) He didn't give in to temptation embellish the economic situation of the country, although, of course, did not ignore the significant changes that have occurred over last years. ["St. Petersburg Gazette" (2003)]

(68) Unfortunately, it turned out that the most pathogenic and almost untreatable genotype 1b. ["Questions of Virology" (2002)]

(69) But apes prefer to express their feelings not with glances, which is difficult for them interpretable, but by head movements, such as swaying or nodding. ["Knowledge is power" (2003)]

2.3. Constructively determined dative case: constructions and determiners

2.3.1.1. Dative case with infinitive

(70) And on what to me more ride, when I bought the first Volga almost forty years ago? ["Autopilot" (2002)]

(71) She said / that the boy is talented / but to him more work/ work and work. [Conversation in Voronezh (2001)]

(72) Dorn's soothing words cannot improve anything: Arkadina already not recover from the blow. ["Screen and Stage" (2004)]

(73) Should Korobov not know?, through what incredible collisions such a quatrain of Grachev went through and, as a result, what role did such a quatrain of Grachev play for the formation of the intra-Crimean poetic “we”. ["October" (2001)]

(74) The merchant should leave, and he keeps looking at the dog. [G. G. Belykh. Lapti (1929)]

(75) The director is habitually and contemptuously rude: “there’s not enough for meat pies, eat with liver.” I shouldn’t tell Kurochkin about meat. [A. Arkhangelsk. Epistle to Timothy (2006)]

2.3.1.2. Dative case with impersonal passive

2.3.2. Offset designs

In constructions with displacement there is a word with a valence that is not expressed with this word, but is expressed with another word by the form of the dative case. Therefore, we can talk about displacement: the noun phrase shifts from the word with which it is semantically connected (but in which it would be expressed in a different, non-dative form) to another word, cf.: Put a note in his pocket(in his pocket) or refers (as a determiner) to the entire sentence, cf. He doesn't belong here; at the same time, it receives a dative encoding (and - sometimes - additional connotations associated with it).

NOTE. This constructively determined and extremely common type of Possessor expression should be distinguished from the so-called. “a vocabulary-defined Possessor” (cf. belong to whom), characteristic of a very small group of predicates (see).

2.3.2.2. Constructs with relational names

Such constructions involve relational names (nouns with the meaning of relation), which have the valency of the second member of the relation ( Brother, Friend, comrade, rival etc.), as well as functional names with an element of relational semantics ( boss implies a subordinate, judge presupposes the defendant, etc.). In the standard case, valency on the second person participating in the relationship is expressed by the genitive case ( Petya's friend; Ivanov's boss) or possessive pronoun ( my helper, our comrade):

(76) He you father; I you not a judge / not a comrade / not an assistant / not a boss; You to me not a friend after that; I to her relatives, they favor me; Goose pig not a comrade (cf. not a match, not an equal).

(77) - I don’t know any Grachevs, and Grachev to me“not a decree,” Minkin said less confidently. [D. Bykov. Spelling (2002)]

(78) But even here United Russia is not competitors communists and especially- LDPR. ["Results" (2003)]

(79) End – business crown. (last)

2.3.2.3. Lexicalized constructions with displacement

Constructions with external Possessor and relational names are accompanied by highly lexicalized constructions like:

(80) Just dare to enter my square! I'll hand you over to the police! Worse - to the madhouse! There you the best place! [AND. Grekova. Fracture (1987)]

(81) Old people This is not the place!

(93) He trimmed the children, sewed dresses wife and costumes to myself. [A. Solzhenitsyn. In the first circle (1968)]

(94) And Vinithar in sullen silence cooked warriors mead and porridge, and then washed the cauldrons. [M. Semenov. Wolfhound: Sign of the Way (2003)]

(95) His mother borrowed fifteen rubles from a neighbor for him. Bought Suchkova train ticket. [WITH. Dovlatov. Ours (1983)]

2.3.4.2. Designs of non-conformity

The dative has a similar origin in constructions with the meaning of inconsistency:

(96) To me the jacket is small; To kid this chair is high.

In designs High chair; Jacket is small the value of a parameter of an object is simply characterized; This is, so to speak, a “minimal” situation. In the designs This chair is high for the child an extended situation is described: a “consumer” appears who is going to use this item and who given value the parameter is not satisfactory. In such constructions, the dative expresses semantics close to malefactive.

2.3.4.3. Expressive (“rhetorical”) dative

Constructions with an expressive dative are typical for colloquial speech.

(104) I’m not interested in interior magazines, so as not to be tempted follow "fashion", I try to cultivate ideas in myself. [“Brownie” (2002)]

(105) Following covenants Ilyich, Volodya took a bunch of textbooks with him to numerous training camps and studied, studied and studied. ["The Affair" (2002)]

(106) He should choice of your heart. [IN. Otroshenko. Essay from the book " Secret history creations" (2001)]

(107) Strictly follow regulations doctor and follow the treatment procedures accurately. ["Health" (1999)]

(108) Following custom, she quickly bent down to pick up the wreath or what flashed in the air like a wreath. [A. S. Green. Willow (1923)]

(109) If follow logic reforms, they will not receive large dividends. ["Krasnoyarsk Worker" (2003)]

Give in to persuasion - elliptical sentences).

3.1.3. Subject meaning

Subjective meaning is the value of the relation of the producer of an action or the bearer of a state to this action or state:

(110) Only once, when Olga was unwell and she accidentally sneezed, the old woman Myasoedova told the neighbors that Mark had apparently died in custody, that, apparently, he came to his destinies to say goodbye to his home, wandered around the room and sneezed. [IN. Pietsukh. Closet (1997)]

(111) And to her ok and military funny; they are no longer so angry about the reduction of the army; weren't they dismissed? [A. Arkhangelsk. 1962. Epistle to Timothy (2006)]

(112) Even to a layman it’s clear that the smell is absolutely not the same, and much less interesting. [Beauty, health, relaxation: Cosmetics and perfume (forum) (2004)]

(113) In one company, to a correspondent of "Autopilot" they said, What new clients You should place your order at least a week in advance. ["Autopilot" (2002)]

From the point of view of predicate semantics, this is the Subject of a physiological, emotional, perceptual or modal state, respectively.

3.1.4. Definitive (characterizing) value

In addition to the listed abstract meanings, the dative case has a defining, or characterizing, meaning, which is determined by the lexical-semantic class of the control word and is therefore more specific. The attributive dative expresses the characteristics of an object, action, state or whole situation: price for money, monument to Pushkin, grain for the birds.

NOTE. There are also different types of adverbial characterizing meanings - locative ( approach the house, walk along the paths); temporal (

The Russian language has six cases that express specific roles nouns in sentences: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. One of them is the dative case in Russian. It occupies a special place in comparison with other indirect cases, since it is opposed to them in that it has its own semantics.

The dative case indicates the object to which the action is directed, the addressee (for example, writing to a sister, helping parents), the subject (for example, rejoicing at birth, belonging to a child), the object of state and property (for example, loyalty to what was said, devotion to the owner). It expresses an attitude that determines the purpose of an object (a hymn to labor), and is used in impersonal sentences to convey the state of the subject (the child was not feeling well and wanted to sleep). The dative case answers the question (you can sometimes mentally substitute the word “give”) “to whom?”, “what?”, “where?”, “where to?”.

The dative case, compared to other indirect cases, can be used with fewer primitive prepositions (“to” and “by”). In the proverbial position, the dative case in Russian with the preposition “k” can serve as an informative-filling form (belong to the most famous sayings), have an objective meaning (respect for parents), have a definitive meaning (in place: go to the door; in time : warming by noon; by purpose and purpose: food for lunch).

In the non-verbal position, the dative case with the preposition “to” has the meaning of a predicative attribute (the ability to sing), an objective meaning in determination (this dress lacks something bright), attributive and adverbial meanings of place and time (it got warmer in the evening). When using the preposition “by” in a verb position, the dative case has the following meanings: objective (knock on wood, miss one’s brother), attributive with the meanings of place (to walk along the road), time (to sleep at night), reasons (to say by mistake), goals (check call). In the non-verbal position, these are the meanings of the predicative feature (longing for the parental home), the subjective meaning (everyone has a book left) and the attributive meaning (the store is not open on Sundays).

The dative case is combined with the following non-primitive prepositions: in contrast to (what was said), thanks to (mother), in spite of (himself), following (the company), contrary to (fate), in relation to (the professor), according to (contract), in accordance with (goals ), judging by (quantity). It is especially worth paying attention to the dative in which the names of the first declension (masculine and feminine, which end in “-a”, “-ya”) depend on the name itself) in the dative case the endings have “-e”, “-i” in singular (for example, mother, wall, history, aunt) and “-am”, “-yam” - in the plural (for example, mothers, uncles).

Nouns of the second declension (masculine and neuter gender with and ending in “-o”) have singular endings “-у”, “-у” (for example, okno, stula) and plural endings - “-am”, “-yam” (for example, windows, tables) in the dative case. Nouns of the third declension (ending in in the dative case have endings “-i” in the singular (for example, by night, by fabric) and “-am”, “-yam” - in the plural (for example, by night, by tissue ).

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