Which objects are classified as protected natural areas? General characteristics of specially protected natural areas

In the system of environmental protection measures, the most important direction is the removal from economic use certain territories and water areas or restrictions on economic activity on them. These measures are designed to promote the conservation of ecosystems and species of biota in a state closest to natural, the conservation of the gene pool of plants and animals, as well as landscapes - as standards of nature, for scientific and educational purposes.

This direction of nature conservation is implemented on the basis of the existing, legally established, network of protected natural areas (PAs). It contains a number of categories of protected areas of varying environmental significance. The number of these categories is increasing as a result of the development of forms of combination of economic and environmental activities of humans, as well as due to the emergence of new negative consequences irrational exploitation of natural resources and major man-made disasters (for example, the establishment of a special restoration regime in the Polesie Radiation-Ecological Reserve in Belarus and in the territory of the East Ural radioactive trace).

The most important feature of the difference between protected areas is the degree to which reserved areas are excluded from economic circulation. Categories of specially protected natural areas (SPNA) are identified that have the greatest spatiotemporal stability and therefore have highest value to save individual areas.

In Russia, the main legislative act regulating relations in the field of organization, protection and use of specially protected natural areas is the Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Areas”, in force since March 1995.

In accordance with this Law, specially protected natural areas are areas of land, water surface and air space above them where natural complexes and objects that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health value, which are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established. Protected areas are classified as objects of national heritage.

In order to protect specially protected natural areas from adverse anthropogenic impacts, protective zones or districts with a regulated regime of economic activity may be created on adjacent areas of land and water. All protected areas are taken into account when developing territorial integrated nature protection schemes, land management and regional planning schemes, projects economic development territories.

The Russian system of main protected areas is quite close to the international classification of protected areas proposed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 1992. Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime of specially protected natural areas and the status of environmental institutions located on them, the following categories of protected areas are distinguished:

1. state natural reserves (including biosphere ones);
2. National parks;
3. natural parks;
4. state nature reserves;
5. natural monuments;
6. dendrological parks and botanical gardens;
7. medical and recreational areas and resorts.

According to current legislation, the Government Russian Federation, relevant executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, bodies local government may establish other categories of specially protected natural areas (for example, green zones settlements, urban forests, city parks, monuments of landscape art and others). Protected areas may have federal, regional or local significance.

The territories of state natural reserves and national parks are classified as specially protected natural areas of federal significance. Territories of state reserves, natural monuments, dendrological parks and botanical gardens, as well as health resorts and resorts can be of both federal and local significance.

In Russia, state nature reserves, national parks, state nature reserves, and natural monuments have priority for the conservation of natural heritage and biological diversity. These categories are most widespread and traditionally form the basis of the state network of specially protected natural areas.

Balancing protected areas with intensively exploited natural lands is possible only with an appropriate share of protected areas different categories V total area sufficient to compensate for the loss of natural areas as a result of irrational use of natural resources. This share should be significantly larger than at present. The more significantly the natural landscapes of a country (region, locality) are transformed, the greater should be specific gravity SPNA. The share of protected ecosystems (extensively exploited areas and protected areas) should be greatest in polar deserts, tundras and semi-deserts, as well as in areas with altitudinal zone. Foreign researchers It is recommended to allocate 20-30% for protected areas, and 3-5% of the total area for protected areas. For Russia, the optimal value is 5-6%.

The uniqueness and high degree of preservation of the natural complexes of Russian protected areas make them an invaluable asset to all humanity. This is confirmed by the fact that a number of protected areas of various levels are included in the List of the World Natural and cultural heritage UNESCO.

State nature reserves

Nature reserves (according to the international classification - strict natural reserves) are zonal representative areas of the biosphere forever removed from the sphere of economic use, possessing the properties of a natural standard and meeting the tasks of biosphere monitoring.

In the territories of state natural reserves, protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, plant and animal world), having special environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance.

In accordance with the Law, state natural reserves are environmental, research and environmental educational institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems.

State natural reserves included in the international system of biosphere reserves for the implementation of global environmental monitoring, have the status of biosphere reserves.

The foundations of the modern network of state natural reserves were laid at the end of the 19th and 20th centuries by the ideas of outstanding natural scientists: V.V. Dokuchaev, I.P. Borodin, G.F. Morozov, G.A. Kozhevnikov, V.P. Semenov - Tien-Shansky and many others. The creation of nature reserves of national importance began in the then Russian Empire. In 1916, a regime of special protection of the Kedrovaya Pad tract was established and institutionalized in the current territory of the reserve of the same name. In the same year, the first national reserve was created - Barguzinsky, on the shore, which is still successfully functioning today.

The network of state nature reserves is constantly expanding. Since 1992, 20 new reserves have been created, the territories of 11 have been expanded, and the total area of ​​reserves in Russia has increased by more than a third.

As of January 1, 2003, there were 100 state nature reserves in the Russian Federation with a total area of ​​33.231 million hectares, including land reserves (with inland water bodies) - 27.046 million hectares, which is 1.58% of the entire territory of Russia. The main part (95) of state natural reserves are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Natural Resources, 4 are in the system Russian Academy Sciences, 1 – in the system of the Ministry of Education of Russia. Nature reserves are located in 66 constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The system of Russian state nature reserves has wide international recognition. 21 reserves (highlighted on the map) have the international status of biosphere reserves (they have the appropriate UNESCO certificates), (Pechora-Ilychsky, Kronotsky, Baikalsky, Barguzinsky, Baikal-Lensky) are under the jurisdiction of the World Convention for the Conservation of Cultural and Natural Heritage, 8 fall under the jurisdiction of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, 2 (Oka and Teberdinsky) have diplomas from the Council of Europe.

In accordance with environmental legislation, state nature reserves are designed to solve the following tasks:

a) implementation of the protection of natural areas in order to preserve biological diversity and maintain natural state protected natural complexes and objects;

b) organization and conduct of scientific research, including maintaining the Chronicle of Nature;

c) implementation of environmental monitoring within the framework of the national environmental monitoring system, etc.

In the territories of state natural reserves, any activity that contradicts the listed tasks and the regime of their special protection is prohibited, i.e. disrupting the natural development of natural processes and threatening the state of natural complexes and objects. It is also prohibited to lease out lands, waters and other natural resources in reserve areas.

At the same time, in the territories of nature reserves, it is allowed to carry out measures aimed at preserving natural complexes in their natural state, restoring and preventing changes in their components as a result of anthropogenic influences.

Territories of so-called biosphere testing grounds may be added to the territories of state natural biosphere reserves for conducting scientific research, environmental monitoring, as well as testing and implementing methods of rational environmental management that do not destroy the natural environment and do not deplete biological resources. The protection of natural complexes and objects in the territories of state natural reserves is carried out by a special state inspection.

National parks

National parks (NP), the next highest category of protected areas, are a special territorial form of nature conservation at the federal level. They are considered as environmental institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special environmental, historical and aesthetic value. Therefore, they are used, along with environmental protection, for recreational, scientific, educational and cultural purposes.

The entire world diversity of national parks corresponds to a single international standard, enshrined in the decision of the General Assembly of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1969: “ National Park– this is comparative large territory: 1) where one or more ecosystems are not significantly modified by human exploitation and use, where animal and plant species, geomorphological sites and habitats are of scientific, educational and recreational interest, or where landscapes of amazing beauty are located; 2) in which the highest and competent authorities of the country have taken steps to prevent or eliminate all exploitation and exploitation of its entire territory and to ensure effective compliance with the regulations regarding the ecological and aesthetic features that led to its formation; 3) where visitors are allowed to enter with special permission for inspiration or educational, cultural and recreational purposes.”

The oldest national park in the world is Yellowstone (USA), created in 1872, i.e. almost 130 years ago. Since that time, the number of NPs on Earth has grown to 3,300.

In Russia, the first NPs - Losiny Ostrov and Sochi - were formed only in 1983. For a relatively a short time The number of Russian NPs has reached 35, which is almost one third of the number of reserves, the system of which has been formed over 80 years.

National parks include areas of land, its subsoil and water space with all objects located within their boundaries, which are withdrawn from economic exploitation and transferred for use to a national park (the lands and water areas of other land users may be included here).

The definition of NP is enshrined in the above-mentioned Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Specially Protected Natural Territories” (1995). National parks are environmental, environmental, educational and research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and which are intended for use for environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism.

National parks of Russia are subordinated to a single governing body - the Ministry of Natural Resources (with the exception of Losiny Island, which is subordinate to the authorities of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation).

All Russian NPs have a single list of main tasks: conservation of natural complexes, unique and standard natural sites and objects; restoration of damaged natural, historical and cultural complexes and objects, etc.

In addition to the main tasks common to all NPs, each park, due to the specifics of its location, natural conditions and the history of the development of the territory, also fulfills a number of additional functions. For example, NPs near large urban agglomerations and/or in popular tourist and recreational areas are designed to preserve a relatively weakly modified natural environment and historical and cultural objects from the influence of industry, forestry and/or agriculture, as well as to prevent the degradation of ecosystems under the influence of mass recreation and tourism. Such problems are solved by Losiny Ostrov, Nizhnyaya Kama, Russian North, and a number of other national parks.

The map “Specially Protected Natural Areas” shows that in a number of cases the territories of NPs and state reserves are adjacent. Such NPs, to a certain extent, distract some of the visitors who want to enter the reserve for purely recreational purposes. In national parks they can find the necessary conditions relaxation and satisfy your cognitive needs.

In order for the national park to more successfully fulfill many tasks, which sometimes may contradict each other, a differentiated protection regime is established on its territory depending on natural, historical and other conditions. For this purpose, functional zoning of the entire territory of the national park is carried out. In accordance with the Federal Law, up to 7 functional zones. Some of them are basic, characteristic of all NPs without exception. These areas include:

• reserve, within which any economic activity and recreational use of the territory;
• educational tourism, designed to organize environmental education and familiarization with the sights of the national park. Sometimes this zone is combined with a recreational zone intended for recreation;
• visitor services, designed to accommodate overnight accommodations, tent camps and other tourist service facilities, cultural, consumer and information services for visitors. Often it is combined with an economic zone, within which economic activities necessary to ensure the functioning of national parks are carried out.

Along with these main ones, many NPs have a specially protected zone, which differs from a protected area in that strictly regulated visits are allowed here. In some NPs, a zone for the protection of historical and cultural objects is especially allocated if they are located compactly.

Along with the fact that each functional zone has its own regime for the protection and use of natural resources, there are types of economic activities prohibited throughout the entire territory of the NP. This is exploration and development; construction of main roads, pipelines, high voltage lines and other communications; construction of economic and residential facilities not related to the activities of the NP; allocation of gardening and summer cottage plots. In addition, final felling and through-cutting are prohibited. It is prohibited to remove items of historical and cultural value from the territory of parks.

If the NP is located in an area inhabited by an indigenous population, it is allowed to allocate special areas where traditional extensive natural resource management, handicrafts, etc. are permitted. Related types of use of natural resources are coordinated with the park administration.

As already noted, when organizing an NP, the entire territory or part of it is withdrawn from its previous economic use and given over to the park.

In each NP, scientific research is carried out in accordance with the tasks assigned to it. Their topics are very diverse: from inventory of flora and fauna and environmental monitoring to specific problems of bioenergy, population ecology, etc.

Thanks to high degree the preservation of natural complexes and their special value, as well as serious scientific research, Russian NPs have received international recognition. Thus, the Yugyd Va NP is included by UNESCO in the List of World Natural and Cultural Heritage, Vodlozersky - in the List of Biosphere Reserves of the Planet.

A visit to the NP is carried out in the form of so-called ecotourism. It differs from the usual system of interrelated tasks that are solved during a visit to the protected area: environmental education, increasing the culture of human relationships with nature, fostering a sense of personal responsibility for the fate of nature.

As the map shows, NPs are distributed extremely unevenly throughout Russia. More than half of the NPs are concentrated in the European part of the country. In the regions of the Far North and Far East, not a single NP has yet been created. In the vast territory of Siberia, the Far East and the Far North, the creation of new NPs is required, and work on their design is being carried out very actively.

State nature reserves and natural monuments

Wildlife sanctuaries were originally just a form of protection for their inhabitants. They were created for a certain period of time necessary to restore depleted hunting resources. To date, the range of their activities has been significantly expanded.

According to the Federal Law, state natural reserves are territories (water areas) with special meaning to preserve or restore natural complexes or their components and maintain ecological balance.

Depending on the specific tasks of protecting the natural environment and natural resources, state nature reserves can be landscape (complex), biological (botanical or zoological), hydrological (swamp, lake, river, sea), paleontological and geological.

Complex (landscape) reserves are designed to preserve and restore natural complexes (natural landscapes) as a whole. Biological (botanical and zoological) are created to preserve and restore the numbers of rare and endangered species (subspecies, populations) of plants and animals, as well as economically, scientifically and culturally valuable ones. To preserve the sites of finds and accumulations of remains or fossilized specimens of fossil animals and plants that have special scientific significance, paleontological reserves are created. Hydrological (marsh, lake, river, sea) reserves are designed to preserve and restore valuable water bodies and ecological systems. To preserve valuable objects and complexes of inanimate nature (peat bogs, deposits of minerals and other minerals, remarkable landforms and associated landscape elements), geological reserves are created.

Territories (water areas) can be declared state natural reserves both with and without withdrawal from users, owners and possessors of these areas.

In the territories of state natural reserves and their individual sections, any activity that contradicts the goals of creating the reserves or causes harm to natural complexes and their components is permanently or temporarily prohibited or limited. In the territories of reserves where small ethnic communities live, the use of natural resources is allowed in forms that ensure the protection of the habitat and the preservation of their traditional way of life.

There are state natural reserves of federal and regional (local) significance. Wildlife sanctuaries of federal significance are distinguished by a more stringent protection regime, complexity, and unlimited validity. They perform the functions of conservation, restoration and reproduction of natural resources, maintaining the overall ecological balance.

In the Russian Federation there are about 3,000 state nature reserves with a total area of ​​over 60 million hectares. As of January 1, 2002, there were 68 federal reserves with a total area of ​​13.2 million hectares. These include the largest state nature reserve - Franz Josef Land (within the archipelago of the same name) with a total area of ​​​​about 4.2 million hectares.

Although state nature reserves are a category of protected areas of a lower level than nature reserves and national parks, their role in nature conservation is very great, which is confirmed by giving them the status of international environmental organizations (19 state nature reserves at the federal and regional levels are under the jurisdiction of the Ramsar Convention).

Natural monuments- unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin. Depending on the environmental, aesthetic and other value of protected natural complexes and objects, natural monuments may have federal or regional significance.

World Natural Heritage sites are highlighted on the map. As of January 1, 2002, 6 were included in the UNESCO List of Natural Heritage Sites from the Russian Federation natural objects, with a total area of ​​17 million hectares: Virgin Komi forests, Lake Baikal, Volcanoes, Golden Mountains of Altai, Western Caucasus, Central Sikhote-Alin.

Virgin forests of Komi, the object includes the territories of the Yugyd Va National Park, the Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve and the buffer zone between them, and is the largest array of primary forests, with an area of ​​3.3 million hectares, remaining in Europe.

Lake Baikal, is a huge area with an area of ​​3.15 million hectares, which makes this site one of the largest on the entire UNESCO List. This area includes the unique lake itself with an island and smaller islands, as well as the entire natural immediate environment of Lake Baikal within the boundaries of the 1st catchment, which has the status of a “coastal protective strip”. About half of the entire area of ​​this strip is occupied by protected areas of the Baikal region (Barguzinsky, Baikalsky and Baikal-Lensky nature reserves, Pribaikalsky, Transbaikalsky and partly Tunkinsky national parks, Frolikhinsky and Kabansky reserves).

Volcanoes of Kamchatka– a so-called cluster-type object, consisting of 5 separate territories with a total area of ​​3.9 million hectares. It includes the territories of the Kronotsky Nature Reserve; Bystrinsky, Nalychevsky and South Kamchatka natural parks; Southwestern tundra and South Kamchatka reserves. This is the only region in the world where such a number of active and extinct volcanoes, fumaroles (smoking fissures of volcanoes), geysers, thermal and mineral springs, mud volcanoes and cauldrons, hot lakes and lava flows.

Included in the region Golden Mountains of Altai included the Altai Nature Reserve; a three-kilometer security zone around; Katunsky Reserve; Belukha natural park, Ukok peace zone with a faunal reserve regime. The total area of ​​the facility is more than 1.6 million hectares. It is located at the junction of two large physiographic regions: Central Asia and Siberia and is characterized by uniquely high biodiversity and contrasting landscapes from the steppes to the nival-glacial belt. The region is of key importance in the conservation of many endemic and endangered wildlife, most notably the snow leopard.

Western Caucasus is a territory (total area of ​​about 300 thousand hectares), unique both in its richness of natural objects and biodiversity, and in its beauty. Among geographers, biologists and ecologists around the world, it is famous primarily for its mountain forests with a large participation of relict and endemic flora, as well as the richness and diversity of fauna.

Central Sikhote-Alin– it includes the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve and the Goralia Reserve. A number of neighboring territories of other protected areas may in the future also be included in this object.

Included in the World Heritage List Curonian Spit National Park. This is a narrow sandy strip separating the Curonian Lagoon from its open waters. Despite the high landscape value of this object from scientific, environmental and aesthetic points of view, in 2000 it was accepted into the List as an object of cultural heritage rather than natural.

TASS DOSSIER. September 29 - October 1, 2017 in Sochi ( Krasnodar region) the All-Russian Forum on Specially Protected Areas will be held.

It is held by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation and is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the system of Russian nature reserves. It will become one of the most important events of the Year of Ecology in Russia.

History of Russian nature conservation

The first state reserve in Russia was created in 1917 on the northeastern shore of Lake Baikal. Expeditions led by Georgy Doppelmair in 1913-1915 revealed that fur hunters had almost completely exterminated the sable population in these areas.

By the decision of the Irkutsk Governor-General Alexander Piltz in May 1916, it was decided to ban any hunting in parts of the Barguzin district. By decree of the tsarist government of January 11, 1917 (December 29, 1916, old style), the Barguzinsky Sable Reserve was created. Its first director was Konstantin Zabelin. Currently, the reserve is part of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Reserved Podlemorye" together with the Transbaikal National Park.

On September 16, 1921, the decree “On the protection of natural monuments, gardens and parks” was signed, which entrusted the People’s Commissariat of Education with the task of creating nature reserves and national parks. They prohibited hunting, fishing and other use of natural resources. In the 1920-1930s, about a hundred reserves were created on the territory of the RSFSR; their tasks were no longer limited to restoring the population of game animals - the reserves became full-fledged scientific institutions for the study and conservation of nature.

Many of the reserves were destroyed or deprived of protection during the Great Patriotic War, as well as during the post-war industrial restoration period - until 1953. Since the mid-1950s, more than 70 nature reserves have been recreated or organized for the first time in the RSFSR, including modern Russia, since 1992, - 28.

Specially protected natural areas

By the 1970s, protected areas appeared in the USSR with different statuses: nature reserves, micro-reserves, reserves (hunting, botanical, etc.), national and natural parks, biological stations, natural landscapes, resort areas, etc.

In the late 1970s, biologists Nikolai Reimers and Felix Shtilmark proposed the creation of a unified legislative regime - specially protected natural areas (SPNA). November 27, 1989 The Supreme Council The USSR adopted a decree “On urgent measures for the ecological recovery of the country,” in which the Union government was instructed to create a system of protected areas. Due to the collapse of the USSR, these plans were not realized.

Russian law on protected areas

The Russian law on protected areas was signed by Russian President Boris Yeltsin on March 14, 1995. According to the document, protected areas are objects of national heritage. These can be areas of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects of special environmental, scientific, cultural, recreational and health significance are located. Economic activity is partially or completely prohibited on them, and changing the intended purpose is prohibited or made more difficult. land plots.

The law provides for six categories of protected areas of federal significance:

• state natural reserves (including biosphere reserves) - they are completely prohibited economic activity(except in certain specified cases);
• national parks - they may have areas where, for example, recreational activities are permitted;
• natural parks - they distinguish separate zones of ecological, cultural or recreational significance, and the rest Natural resources only limited in civil circulation;
• state nature reserves - can have a different profile, for example, for the conservation of natural landscapes or the restoration of certain species of plants and animals;
• natural monuments - local complexes where any activity that could lead to a violation of their integrity is prohibited;
• dendrological parks and botanical gardens.

The document stipulates that protected natural areas of regional and local significance, including other types (for example, medical resorts, historical monuments), can also be created. The law introduces criminal liability for violating the regime of protected areas, etc.

PAs in Russia, statistics

In total, according to the information and analytical system "Specially Protected Natural Territories of Russia", there are 13 thousand 32 protected areas in the Russian Federation, of which 304 are federal, 12 thousand 728 are regional and local. In addition, 3 thousand 138 protected areas (mainly natural monuments of regional and local significance) are considered lost or reorganized.

The total area of ​​Russian protected areas is 1 million 950 thousand square meters. km or about 11% of the entire territory of the Russian Federation. The largest of the 107 Russian federal reserves is the Great Arctic State Nature Reserve (organized in 1993) - its area is 42 thousand square meters. km.

A number of protected areas are included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Putoransky, Pechora-Ilychevsky, Sikhote-Alinsky reserves, Yugyd Va National Park (Komi Republic), Lena Pillars Natural Park (Yakutia), Wrangel Island, etc.

In the 2017 budget of the Russian Federation, 130.3 billion rubles were allocated for the needs of protected areas and wildlife conservation.

Article 2. Categories of specially protected natural areas, features of their creation and development

1. When making decisions on the creation of specially protected natural areas, the following are taken into account:

a) the importance of the relevant territory for the conservation of biological diversity, including rare, endangered and economically and scientifically valuable objects of flora and fauna and their habitats;

b) the presence within the boundaries of the relevant territory of areas of natural landscapes and cultural landscapes that are of special aesthetic, scientific and cultural value;

c) the presence within the boundaries of the relevant territory of geological, mineralogical and paleontological objects of special scientific, cultural and aesthetic value;

d) the presence within the boundaries of the relevant territory of unique natural complexes and objects, including single natural objects that are of special scientific, cultural and aesthetic value.

3. The laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation may establish other categories of specially protected natural areas of regional and local significance.

4. Specially protected natural areas may have federal, regional or local significance and be under the jurisdiction of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local self-government bodies, respectively, and in the cases provided for in Article 28 of this Federal Law, also under the authority of state scientific organizations and government educational organizations higher education.

5. State nature reserves and national parks are classified as specially protected natural areas of federal significance. State natural reserves, natural monuments, dendrological parks and botanical gardens can be classified as specially protected natural areas of federal significance or specially protected natural areas of regional significance. Natural parks are classified as specially protected natural areas of regional significance.

6. State authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation coordinate decisions on the creation of specially protected natural areas of regional significance, on changing the regime of their special protection from:

a) the authorized federal executive body in the field of environmental protection;

b) federal executive authorities in the field of national defense and state security, if it is assumed that within the boundaries of specially protected natural areas there will be lands and other natural resources provided for the needs of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies.

7. Subjects of the Russian Federation have the right to co-finance the fulfillment of expenditure obligations of the Russian Federation arising in the exercise of powers related to the creation and development of specially protected natural areas of federal significance from the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with the budget legislation of the Russian Federation.

8. Local government bodies create specially protected natural areas of local importance in land plots owned by the relevant municipality. If the created specially protected natural area will occupy more than five percent of the total area of ​​land plots owned by the municipality, the decision on the creation of a specially protected natural area is coordinated by the local government body with the state authority of the relevant constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

9. Local government bodies decide on the provisions provided for by the Federal Law “On general principles organization of local self-government in the Russian Federation" issues of use, protection, protection, reproduction of forests of specially protected natural areas located within the boundaries of settlements, urban districts, in accordance with the provisions on the relevant specially protected natural areas.

10. To prevent adverse anthropogenic impacts on state nature reserves, national parks, natural parks and natural monuments on adjacent land plots and water bodies security zones are established. The regulations on the protective zones of these specially protected natural areas are approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. Restrictions on the use of land plots and water bodies within the boundaries of the protective zone are established by the decision to establish a protective zone of a specially protected natural area.

11. Decisions to establish, change, or terminate the existence of protective zones of specially protected natural areas specified in paragraph 10 of this article are made in relation to:

a) protective zones of state natural reserves, national parks and natural monuments of federal significance by the federal executive body in charge of these specially protected natural areas;

b) protective zones of natural parks and natural monuments of regional significance of the highest official subject of the Russian Federation (head of the highest executive body state power of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation).

Information about changes:

Article 2 was supplemented by paragraph 12 from August 4, 2018 - Federal Law

12. A mandatory appendix to the decision to create a specially protected natural area is information about the boundaries of such a territory, which must contain a graphic description of the location of the boundaries of such a territory, a list of coordinates of characteristic points of these boundaries in the coordinate system used to maintain the Unified State Register of Real Estate.

Information about changes:

Article 2 was supplemented by paragraph 13 from August 4, 2018 - Federal Law of August 3, 2018 N 342-FZ

13. Form of graphic description of the location of the boundaries of a specially protected natural area, requirements for the accuracy of determining the coordinates of characteristic points of the boundaries of a specially protected natural area, format electronic document, containing the specified information, are established by the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing public policy and legal regulation in the field of maintaining the Unified State Register of Real Estate, carrying out state cadastral registration of real estate, state registration rights to real estate and transactions with it, providing information contained in the Unified State Register of Real Estate.

Information about changes:

Article 2 was supplemented by paragraph 14 from September 1, 2018 - Federal Law of August 3, 2018 N 342-FZ

14. The main types of permitted use of land plots located within the boundaries of specially protected natural areas are determined by the regulations on the specially protected natural area. The regulations on a specially protected natural area may also provide for auxiliary types of permitted use of land plots. In the case of zoning of a specially protected natural territory, the main and auxiliary types of permitted use of land plots are provided for by the regulations on the specially protected natural territory in relation to each functional zone of the specially protected natural territory.

In cases where the permitted use of land plots within the boundaries of a specially protected natural area allows construction on them, the regulations on the specially protected natural area establish the maximum (maximum and (or) minimum) parameters of the permitted construction and reconstruction of capital construction projects.

The specified types of permitted use of land plots and the maximum parameters of permitted construction and reconstruction of capital construction projects do not apply to cases of placement of linear objects. At the same time, it is not allowed to place linear objects within the boundaries of specially protected natural territories in cases established by this Federal Law, and in the case of zoning of a specially protected natural territory - within the boundaries of its functional zones, the regime of which, established in accordance with this Federal Law, prohibits the placement of such linear objects.

Nature, both living and inanimate, is a huge value on our planet. We are in excellent living conditions. If you look at the planets closest to us, the large difference in appearance between the Earth and the other planets is impressive. A huge volume of clean fresh and salt water of the oceans, a life-giving atmosphere, fertile soils. The richness of the plant world that surrounds almost our entire planet, as well as the animal diversity, is surprising: it is impossible to study all types of living beings in a person’s lifetime.

However, it is precisely such diversity and such environmental conditions that are necessary for the harmonious state of the entire planet, for the balance of substances on it.

Harmony of nature

People, through their activities, transform nature more than any other type of organism. Moreover, other organisms have so merged with the natural environment that they even help maintain the original balance on the planet. For example, a lion hunting an antelope is likely to catch the weakest individual, thereby maintaining the survival of the herbivore population. An earthworm, making numerous holes in the soil, does not spoil the fertile surface layer. It loosens the soil so that the air can better reach the roots of the plants.

Economic activity of Homo sapiens

A person has developed brain. The development of human economic activity is proceeding at a faster pace than the evolutionary processes of nature. She does not have time to adapt to the changes caused by people.

Many years ago, the population of Australia overgrazed livestock on the small continent. According to this hypothesis, numerous deserts of the continent were formed precisely because of human activity.

Since ancient times, trees have been intensively cut down for the construction of houses. Nowadays, forests are shrinking just as quickly: we still use wood for various purposes.

The planet's population is huge and, according to scientists, will grow at an even faster rate. If people populate or use the entire area of ​​the planet for farming, then nature, of course, will not withstand such a load.

History of protected natural areas

Already in ancient times, people kept untouched certain areas of the territory in which they lived. People's faith in gods made them tremble before sacred places. There was no need to even protect such areas; the people themselves treated these sacred territories with care, believing in something mysterious.

In the era of feudalism, the lands of the nobility came first in terms of inviolability. The possessions were guarded. In such territories, hunting was prohibited, or even simply visiting other people's forests or other biotope was prohibited.

In the nineteenth century, the Industrial Revolution made people think seriously about preserving natural resources for future generations. Protected areas are being created in Europe. The first of the specially protected natural areas were natural monuments. Ancient beech forests and some attractions, such as unusual geological objects, were preserved.

In Russia, the first protected areas were organized at the end of the 19th century. They were not yet state owned.

What is a protected area

These are areas of land or water where human economic activity is partially or completely prohibited. How does the abbreviation stand for? As "specially protected natural areas".

Types of protected areas according to IUCN

Nowadays there are about 105,000 specially protected natural areas on the planet. For such a number of objects, classification is necessary. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has identified the following types of protected areas:

1. Strict nature reserve. The security of such a territory is especially strict; all economic activity is prohibited. Visit only with a document permitting you to be on the site. The nature of this territory is the most holistic.
2. National Park. It is divided into areas with strict security and areas where tourist routes are laid.
3. Natural monument. Protected unusual famous natural object.
4. Managed nature reserve. The state takes care of the conservation of species of living organisms and biotopes for their habitat. A person introduces activities to help in fairly rapid reproduction and maintenance of offspring.
5. Protected marine and territorial landscapes. Recreational facilities are preserved.
6. Protected areas with monitoring of resource consumption. It is possible to use natural resources if the activity does not cause major changes to the site.

Types of protected areas according to the law of the Russian Federation

In the Russian Federation, a simpler classification is used. Types of protected areas in Russia:

1. State nature reserve. The strictest security regime is maintained. Visit only for the purpose of conservation work or education in the area.
2. National Park. It is divided into ecological zones based on the possibility of using natural resources. Ecotourism has been developed in some areas. There are work areas for national park staff. There may be areas for recreation for the population, as well as for overnight stays for visitors passing the tourist route.
3. Natural Park. It is created to preserve ecosystems in conditions of mass recreation of the population. New methods of nature conservation are being developed.
4. State nature reserve. Natural resources are not only preserved, but also restored. The reserve is actively working to restore the former natural wealth of the area. Ecotourism possible.
5. Natural monument. Significant natural or man-made natural complex. Unique education.
6. Dendrological parks and botanical gardens. Collections of plant species are created in the territories in order to preserve the species diversity of the planet and replenish lost species of land.

Wrangel Island

The UNESCO World Heritage Sites include 8 sites located on the territory of the Russian Federation. One of these protected areas is the Wrangel Island Nature Reserve.

The protected area is located in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. This is the northernmost of all protected natural areas in Russia. The protected area consists of two islands (Wrangel and Herald) and the adjacent water area. The area of ​​protected areas is more than two million hectares.

The reserve was organized in 1976 to preserve typical and unique flora and fauna. Nature, due to the location of the islands far from the mainland and due to the harsh climate, is preserved almost untouched. Scientists come to the site to study local ecosystems. Thanks to the creation of the reserve, such rare animals as polar bear, walrus A huge number of endemic species live in this area.

The islands are home to local people. It has the right to use natural resources, but to a strictly limited extent.

Lake Baikal

The most valuable lake in the world is also a World Natural Heritage Site. The PA data system is the largest reservoir of clean fresh water.

Huge number endemic species surprises scientists. More than half of the animals and plants growing here are found only on Lake Baikal. There are about a thousand endemic species in total. Of these, 27 species of fish. The Baikal omul and golomyanka are well known. All nematodes living in the lake are endemic. The water in Baikal is purified by the crustacean epishura, which also lives only in this lake.

It makes up 80% of the biomass of plankton of animal origin.

Baikal was included in the World Natural Heritage List in 1996. The Baikal Nature Reserve itself was founded in 1969.

The UNESCO World Heritage Site “Lake Baikal” consists of 8 protected areas located directly next to the famous lake. Many scientists are confident that Baikal is expanding every year, increasing its water area due to the drift of lithospheric plates.

Kronotsky Reserve

Another example of a protected area is the Kronotsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Volcanoes of Kamchatka.

Moreover, this protected area is a biosphere reserve. UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Program identifies protected areas around the world that are almost untouched by human activity. The state is obliged to preserve a self-regulating natural system if the object is located on its territory.

The Kronotsky Nature Reserve is one of the earliest in Russia. In 1882, the Sable Nature Reserve was located on this territory. Kronotsky State Reserve was created in 1934. In addition to the territory with numerous volcanoes, hot springs and geysers, the Kronotsky Nature Reserve includes a significant area of ​​water.

Currently, tourism is actively developing in the Kronotsky Nature Reserve. Visiting him was not allowed at all times.

Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve

Another example of a protected area in Russia is the Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve. This is the first nature reserve in the Far East. He is also one of the oldest in Russia. The Far Eastern leopard lives here, a rare subspecies of leopards whose numbers have declined in the past. Now it is in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, has the status of “endangered”.

The reserve itself was created for the conservation and research of liana coniferous-deciduous forests. The massifs are not disturbed by anthropogenic influence. There are many endemic species here.

Losiny Ostrov National Park

One of the very first in Russia. Founded in 1983 on the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region.

Includes 5 zones: reserved (access is closed), specially protected (visit with permission), protection of historical and cultural monuments (visits are allowed), recreational (occupies more than half the area, free visit) and economic (ensures the operation of the park).

Legislation of the Russian Federation

The Federal Law on Protected Natural Areas (1995) states that protected areas must have federal, regional or local significance. Nature reserves and national parks always have federal significance.

Any reserve, national park, natural park and natural monument must have a protection zone. It additionally protects the object from destructive anthropogenic influence. The boundaries of protected areas, as well as the boundaries of the protective zone, are determined by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Anyone can visit the territory of the protected zone. However, she is also under guard.

The lands of protected areas are a national property. It is prohibited to build houses, roads, or cultivate land on federal sites.

To create protected areas government reserves new lands. Further, such lands are declared protected areas. In this case, the law prohibits future cultivation of the land in this area.

Protected areas are an important component of our planet. Such territories preserve priceless wealth for subsequent generations. The balance of the biosphere is maintained and the gene pool of living organisms is protected. The inanimate nature of such territories is also preserved: valuable water resources, geological formations.

Specially protected natural areas have not only environmental significance, but also scientific, as well as environmental and educational significance. It is at such sites that the most educational tourism for nature lovers is organized.

The world's population is growing at an ever faster pace. Humanity needs to think more actively about maintaining nature and take a more responsible approach to preserving natural resources. Every person should think about this and contribute to maintaining the health of the planet.

Specially protected natural areas(abbr. SPNA) are areas of land or water surface that, due to their environmental and other significance, are completely or partially excluded from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established. According to the Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Areas,” these include: state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves; National parks; state nature reserves; natural monuments; dendrological parks and botanical gardens.

The share of all specially protected natural areas in Russia accounts for about 10% of the territory. In 1996, the government of the Russian Federation adopted a resolution on the procedure for maintaining the state cadastre of specially protected natural areas. The state cadastre is an official document that contains information about all specially protected natural areas of federal, regional and local significance. The regime of these territories is protected by law. For violation of the regime, the legislation of the Russian Federation establishes administrative and criminal liability.

State nature reserves are territories that are completely withdrawn from economic use. They are environmental, research and educational institutions. Their goal is to preserve and study the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, unique ecosystems and individual species and communities of plants and animals. Reserves can be comprehensive And special. In complex reserves, the entire natural complex is protected to the same extent, and in special reserves, some of the most specific objects are protected. For example, in the Stolby Nature Reserve, located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, unique rock formations are subject to protection, many of which are shaped like pillars.

Biosphere reserves, unlike ordinary ones, have an international status and are used to monitor changes in biosphere processes. Their identification began in the mid-70s of the last century and is carried out in accordance with the UNESCO “Man and the Biosphere” program. The results of observations become the property of all countries participating in the program and international organizations. In addition to observations of biological objects of ecosystems, the main indicators of the state of the atmosphere, water, soils and other objects are also constantly recorded. Currently, there are more than three hundred biosphere reserves in the world, of which 38 are in Russia (Astrakhan, Baikal, Barguzin, Lapland, Caucasus, etc.). On the territory of the Tver region there is the Central Forest Biosphere State Reserve, in which work is underway to study and protect the ecosystems of the southern taiga.

National parks are vast territories (from several thousand to several million hectares), which include both completely protected areas and those intended for certain types of economic activities. The goals of creating national parks are environmental (preservation of natural ecosystems, development and implementation of methods for protecting the natural complex in conditions of mass admission of visitors) and recreational (regulated tourism and recreation of people).

There are more than 2,300 national parks in the world. In Russia, the system of national parks began to take shape only in the 80s of the last century. Currently there are 38 national parks in Russia. All of them are federal property.

State nature reserves are territories intended to preserve or restore natural complexes or their components and maintain ecological balance. Within their boundaries, economic activity is limited in order to protect one or many species of organisms, less often - ecosystems and landscapes. They can be complex, biological, hydrological, geological, etc. There are nature reserves of federal and regional significance. Material from the site

Natural monuments are unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of artificial or natural origin. These can be centuries-old trees, waterfalls, caves, places where rare and valuable plant species grow, etc. They can be of federal, regional and local significance. In the territories where natural monuments are located and within the boundaries of their protected zones, any activity that entails a violation of the preservation of the natural monument is prohibited.

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens are environmental institutions whose tasks include creating a collection of plants, preserving diversity and enriching the flora, as well as scientific, educational and educational activities. On their territories, any activity that is not related to the fulfillment of their tasks and entails a violation of the safety of floristic objects is prohibited. In dendrological parks and botanical gardens, work is also carried out on the introduction and acclimatization of plant species new to the region. Currently in Russia there are 80 botanical gardens and dendrological parks of various departmental affiliations.