Development of the state education system in Russia in the 19th century. Features of the education system in the 19th century

After the all-Russian reform of 1804, the province developed new system male education. In 1805, a gymnasium was opened in the House of Charity for Neighbors. Its first director was A.N. Khomutov. The multi-subject program of the gymnasium was not constant. In the 1st half of the 19th century, the basis of gymnasium education was the teaching of ancient languages, Greek (1834-1852) and, above all, Latin. Mathematics, French and other new languages ​​also played an important role. In the late 1840s, an attempt was made to increase the scope of natural sciences in curriculum, but this was quickly abandoned. In gymnasiums, paid education was introduced in 1817.

IN early XIX century, on the basis of public schools, district schools arose in the cities of Yaroslavl, Rostov, Rybinsk, Mologa, Uglich, and then in other cities. This is the middle school level. The lowest level were parish schools, where reading, writing, arithmetic and religious education skills were taught. Parish schools were created on the personal initiative of the clergy.

In 1805, a school of higher sciences (Demidov Lyceum) was opened in Yaroslavl.

At the beginning of the century, the lack of a serious need for education in society hampered the development of schools. In 1828, its reform was carried out, and the three-stage model ceased to be the norm. Education had a class connotation (gymnasium was mainly, although not exclusively, for nobles, district schools were for the children of merchants and wealthy artisans).

Women's education developed. In 1816, the art teacher at the Yaroslavl gymnasium, Louis Duvernoy, opened an institute for noble maidens here. In 1820, A. Mathien opened a private boarding school for women. Private boarding houses were then opened in Yaroslavl and other cities. All of them were intended for young noblewomen.

In 1828, the first public school, probably in the village, opened in Porechye near Rostov. In 1834, an exemplary parish school was opened in the village of Staroandreevskoye (now Shagot). Prince M.D. Volkonsky opened a school for peasants in 1835 in the village of Maryino (on the Ildi River). Literacy teaching by fellow villagers was widespread. In the middle of the century, I. Aksakov recorded: “The Yaroslavl province has the most literate people. Not to mention the townspeople: among the townsfolk, the illiterate is a rare exception.” In the 1840s, from 12 to 47 percent of boys (an average of 28.7%) studied in schools in the province.

In 1860–1861, 21 Sunday schools were opened by enthusiasts (including a women’s school in Uglich). In 1862 they were closed for critical deviation.

A gymnasium in Rybinsk was added to the men's gymnasium in Yaroslavl (opened in 1875, became full in 1884). Ancient languages ​​dominate their curriculum. Only at the beginning of the 20th century was it time for Latin and Greek language was shortened in favor of the Russian language and geography.

Until the early 1860s, there were 4 women's schools in the province (in Yaroslavl, Rostov, Rybinsk, Romanov-Borisoglebsk). In 1861, the Mariinsky Women's Gymnasium of a “lightweight type” appeared in Yaroslavl, which was located in the House of Charity for a Neighbor. Its first boss was F.F. Schultz. It was intended “for girls of all classes.” In 1876, instead of the relocated Mariinsky Gymnasium, the Catherine Women's Gymnasium was opened in the House of Charity for Neighbors. By the end of the century, the province had 3 women's gymnasiums (2 in Yaroslavl, 1 in Rybinsk), and 3 pro-gymnasiums (Rostov, Uglich, Poshekhonye).

In 1880-1886 in Yaroslavl there was a private real school of P.Ya. Morozov with a bias towards natural sciences. A state secondary school will be opened in the city in 1907.

Vocational education is developing. By the end of the century, there was a teachers' seminary in the village of Novy, Mologsky district, a technical school named after. Komarov in Rybinsk, Sobolevsky vocational school in Yaroslavl, paramedic school in Yaroslavl (since 1873). In 1859, a school for military clerks appeared in Yaroslavl, on the basis of which a military gymnasium emerged (1868/1869 academic year). Subsequently, it was transformed into a military school and on its basis in 1895 a cadet corps was created, located across the Kotorosl River, where cantonist battalions had been located since the 30s of the 19th century.

At the turn of the century, vocational schools appeared: technical school named after. N.P.Pastukhova; a trade school, which will then be transformed into a commercial school named after Yaroslav the Wise; evening drawing classes in Yaroslavl, a river school in Rybinsk, an agricultural school - first in the village. Vakhtino, Danilovsky district, and then in Uglichsky district, a commercial school in the village of Velikoy, a technical school in the village of Sereda, etc.

In system spiritual education In addition to the seminary, 4 district theological schools emerged - in Yaroslavl, Rostov, Uglich and Poshekhonye (initially in the Hadrian Monastery). There was a religious school in Pereslavl-Zalessky.

In Yaroslavl in 1848, a school for girls of clergy opened. At first it was three-grade, and since 1903 it became six-grade. In 1880, the six-year Jonathan diocesan girls' school appeared. It also trained teachers for parish and zemstvo schools.

In the 2nd half of the 19th century, the need for education developed. The education system includes lower level(literacy schools, one-class schools); two-class schools; district schools (there are 6 of them in the province: in Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Rostov, Romanov-Borisoglebsk, Uglich, Mologa). The state, zemstvo and church interact in this arena.

The zemstvo actively met the people's need for education, but its activity was constrained by material resources.

In the 1860s, on the initiative of some priests (and sometimes at their expense), parish schools emerged - for example, in the villages of Voskresensky, Maslovo, Kuzyaev, Myshkinsky district. Archbishop Neil (Isakovich) worked hard on the development of education. In 1884, a system of parochial schools, financed by the ecclesiastical department, was established.

The most common form of public school was the one-class (three-year) school. Here they studied the Law of God, Church Slavonic and Russian languages, arithmetic, calligraphy, sometimes crafts and handicrafts, and in parochial schools also church singing. In 1896, the first two-year (six-year) parochial schools (teachers' schools) appeared.

Over the last three decades of the 19th century, the number educational institutions in the province increased almost five times, and the number of students more than five times. By the end of the century there were 1036 schools of the lower type, with about 56 thousand students. At the end of the 19th century, the development province primary education, number of schools, literacy of the population was one of the first in the country, competing with the Baltic states, Moscow and St. Petersburg provinces. And in terms of the percentage of literate people, the province was the first among zemstvo provinces. In some districts, almost universal literacy of boys was ensured (especially in Rybinsk, Yaroslavl, Mologsky and Myshkinsky). The highest level of literacy was in the Koprin volost of the Rybinsk district. Among the conscripts, 86, and in some places 100 percent, were literate. In the families of otkhodniks, literacy reached 90 percent.

By the beginning of the twentieth century average literacy among the male population reached 61.8%, among women - 27.3% (according to the 1897 census, similar indicators for Russia as a whole were 27% and 13%, respectively).

Ermolin E.A.

The 19th century was a turning point for Russia, when at the beginning of the century power passed to Alexander I after the regicide of Paul I, when science and education began to develop rapidly, which required big changes. All these changes of the 19th century can be divided into the first and second halves.

Russia on the threshold of the 19th century

The young emperor inherited a state that had undergone significant changes compared to previous periods. Several important factors can be noted that speak of the majesty of the country:

1. The territory increased due to the annexation of Crimea, Kazakhstan, the Baltic States, Right Bank Ukraine and Western Belarus. As a result, the population increased, about 40 million people, of which 90% were peasants. Also increased urban population, especially in St. Petersburg and Moscow, which, of course, influenced the development of science in the 19th century in Russia.
2. The Romanovs became large property owners and had a certain independence from other classes of the country.
3. The budget has more than tripled since the 18th century.

However, at the time of the coming to power of Alexander I, Russia was a country where all modernization according to the catch-up plan took place at the expense of its own people, and very little time was devoted to science, education and culture.

Development of science in the first half of the 19th century

You can talk about the development of science in the first half of the century based on the results obtained by famous scientists for that period, thanks to which such outstanding achievements can be seen today.

Science in the 19th century in Russia was, first of all, mathematics, physics and chemistry.

At Kazan University, mathematics professor Nikolai Lobachevsky was able to develop new theory in geometry, which is called “non-Euclidean”. Doctor Nikolai Pirogov was able to go far in medicine, while studying surgery for a long time. He was able to use it in war, using ether anesthesia and a plaster cast for the first time.

In physics, the main direction of study at this time was electricity, and it was here that discoveries were made. Boris Jacobi discovered the electroforming method, and then created several electric motors and telegraphs. And physicist Vasily Petrov was able to show how electricity can be used for lighting and melting metal by studying the electric arc and charge in a rarefied gas.

The science of astronomy also developed during this period, so in 1839 it was discovered where astronomer Vasily Struve worked, who discovered the concentration of stars in the plane of the Milky Way.

Schools, gymnasiums and universities

At the very beginning, science and education of the 19th century in Russia underwent changes, and already in 1803 a decree was issued to divide the entire country into 6 educational districts, in each of which a university was to be built. However, over 20 years, only three higher educational institutions were opened, including Moscow, Kazan and St. Petersburg universities. did not support the idea of ​​education, and not a single university was opened under his rule. In addition, he believed that the children of serfs should not be educated on the same basis as everyone else.

A good education could be obtained, but only for nobles, in lyceums such as Tsarskoye Selo near St. Petersburg and Demidovsky, which was located in Yaroslavl.

The situation was better with educational institutions technical profile. At the beginning of the century, only the Mining Institute was opened, a little later the Forestry Institute appeared. Nicholas I had a good attitude towards engineering and military education, so under him technological institutions were opened in St. Petersburg and Moscow, as well as the Artillery and Engineering academies.

Education for women

The continuation of education for women, which was established under Catherine II, was considered a good trend in order to raise good and kind wives and mothers. Therefore, institutes were opened in many cities for girls of noble origin: Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan, Saratov, Irkutsk, of course, Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Humanities

The humanities of the 19th century in Russia, in the first half, with high public interest, began to develop in history, and the Moscow Society of History and Antiquities was established. There was also interest in general history and linguistics, including Slavic studies and Chinese studies, which served to launch the production of books and periodicals.

Publishing became very popular, and in 1809 68 magazines of various subjects and 9 newspapers were published. As a result of the opening and development of printing houses, translation activities appeared, and citizens began to become acquainted with foreign literature.

It is also worth noting Russian literature, when the country learned about Pushkin, Nekrasov and Turgenev. During this period, issues such as the plight of little man from the lower classes, but at the same time sung folk traditions in oral and written form.

Science, education (19th century, second half, Russia)

The second half, when feudalism gave way to capitalism, assumed more high level development not only among literate people, but also among ordinary workers, and education first of all should have affected those sectors that are associated with ordinary life.

However, development took place in difficult conditions, when in some places feudalism still remained, there was persecution by the autocracy, and Russian scientists, writers and artists had a very difficult time.

It is worth noting that the revolutionary movement helped science advance far forward when Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov and Herzen fought for the fact that it was time to free people from serfdom. All this spurred scientists to make great discoveries for the benefit of the people.

Famous scientists

The second half of the 19th century is characterized from a scientific point of view as the development of natural sciences such as physics, mathematics, chemistry, zoology and geography. Such demand was determined by the needs of life, the modernization of production and the desire of scientists to glorify the state with achievements and discoveries, so that this would be the history of science in Russia. The 19th century, first of all, “gave” such scientists as Pafnuty Chebyshev, who tried to link the problems of mathematics with the natural sciences and made discoveries in the theory of machines and mechanisms.

A prominent representative of the scientific world was a woman who was unable to receive a proper education in Russia and went abroad, where she received a doctorate in mathematical sciences. However, she represented Russia, and her works were recognized throughout the world.

Science in the 19th century in Russia achieved brilliant success in physics, thanks to scientists such as Alexander Stoletov, who studied magnetism and photoelectric phenomena, and also taught for thirty years, heading a department at Moscow University.

Separately, it is worth noting Dmitry Mendeleev, who discovered the chemical elements.

Reforms in education

After many factories and factories appeared in the country, which required literate people who could write, read, and understand machines, changes in education were required.

A number of reforms were introduced that helped create two-form and four-form primary schools in church schools. Zemstvo primary schools were also opened, with a more extensive curriculum, and Sunday schools for adults who studied literacy after work.

Science in the second half of the 19th century in Russia required expanding the network of education in secondary and higher institutions. Universities, technical institutions and several agricultural academies were opened in cities (Tomsk, Odessa, Riga, Kharkov, Kyiv).

But tsarism slowed down enlightenment, and too little was revealed even primary schools, therefore Russia was in one of the last places in terms of population literacy. By the end of the century, the literate population was only 28%, and among women it was only 17%.

Schools for women

As mentioned above, only representatives of the noble class in the first half of the century received at least some kind of education, where they were taught languages, proper manners and housekeeping. Science in the 19th century in Russia was something unrealistic and incomprehensible for women; the main thing for them was to learn to read, write and express themselves beautifully.

Primary and secondary schools for ordinary women practically did not exist until the 60s. Educational institutions began to appear in the 70s, but very slowly, and admission to universities was completely closed to women of any class.

Thanks to social movement, several women's gymnasiums and medical courses were opened, but before the revolution of the 20th century, women were not in an equal position.

Development of the humanities of the 19th century in Russia

A peculiar feature for the country was that, against the backdrop of illiteracy of the majority of the population, there was a high rate of development of science, where outstanding discoveries for the whole world took place.

The main thing that was done in the humanities was the creation of a collection of works about the history of Russia from ancient times to the present (second half of the 19th century), which was created by academician Sergei Solovyov, in 29 volumes. and today remains the most complete about the history of the country.

During this period, the well-known Dictionary Vladimir Dahl, where more than 200 thousand words were collected. In addition to words, the book included proverbs and sayings, as well as special terminology.

The writer A.N. studied Russian literature. Afanasyev, the works of the Russian philosopher, who also studied ancient Russian literature and folklore, Academician Buslaev, also became famous.

Humanities in the 19th century in Russia came under the influence of complex socialist processes, when there was political instability, a change of power was brewing, and people were looking for ways to further develop the country, which was expressed in literature, which was divided into three directions: critical realism, proletarian literature and modernism .

Results of the 19th century

For Russia, the 19th century was rich in events, very diverse, heterogeneous and contradictory in all spheres of life, starting with the life of the peasants, who became free only at the end of the century, and ending with the reign of four kings, where everyone succeeded in something, and in something - it was a complete failure. However, the science of the first half of the 19th century in Russia, like the second, is characterized by the desire of scientists to achieve unprecedented heights, despite all the difficulties that hampered development. Throughout the century, discoveries have been made, thanks to which today technology in all areas is at the highest level.

School in Russia in the first half of the 19th century.

The development of Russian culture in the first half of the 19th century took place in contradictory conditions.

On the one side, economic development caused a need for literate people, stimulated the development of science and technology, on the other hand, the reactionary policy of the autocracy in the sphere of culture. The class nature of the autocracy's policy in the field of education is especially evident in the activities of the tsarist Ministry of Education.

Many discoveries and inventions were not used in feudal-serf Russia.

Thus, the development of culture in Russia in the first half of the 19th century is a rather complex and contradictory process. Nevertheless, despite backward serf relations, Russian culture was the first half of the 19th century century reached brilliant heights, and it is no coincidence that this period in the development of culture is called the golden age of Russian culture.

The transformations of Alexander I affected public education. The Ministry of Public Education was created. In 1803, a reform of public education began, which made education more accessible to the “lower” strata of the population. Universities, the number of which increased, received significant independence from the authorities.

Dorpat 1802 Kazan 1804 Kharkov 1804 Vilensky 1804 St. Petersburg 1819

Gymnasiums were opened in every provincial city; in each district city district schools; V rural areas parochial schools were created. Children of “every condition”, without distinction of “sex and age”. But only parish schools were available to the children of serfs.

In 1811, the Alexander (Tsarskoye Selo) Lyceum was opened for representatives of higher education noble society. Then Demidov Lyceum in Yaroslavl; 1815 opening of the Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages ​​in Moscow.

secondary school: gymnasium (7 years). district schools (3 years), parish schools (1 year). graduate School: universities, academies.

The gymnasium accepted children after graduating from the district school, regardless of class. Children of “every class” were admitted to one-year parish schools without distinction of “gender or age.” They were created both in the city and in rural areas. However, no money was allocated from the state treasury for their maintenance. These educational institutions were maintained either at the expense of city government, or on the initiative of landowners, parish priests and state peasants.

In the first half of the 19th century, the problem of teaching staff was acute. In the district school, as a rule, there were 2 teachers teaching 7-8 subjects, in the gymnasium there were 8 teachers.

Therefore, since 1804, pedagogical institutes were opened at universities. Under Nicholas I in the 20s. The Committee for the Organization of Educational Institutions was created. In particular, he had to determine the list academic disciplines and a set of books from which these subjects were to be taught. “The subjects of study and the very methods of teaching” must be “consistent with the future purpose of the students.” It is necessary that in the future the student “does not strive to rise excessively above that state. As a result of the transformations of Nicholas I, 3 stages were still preserved secondary school, but each of them became class-separated.

In 1827, the authorities once again pointed out the impossibility of educating the children of serfs in gymnasiums and universities. At the same time, the Ministry of Public Education took care of increasing the number of educational institutions: the beginning of the century there are only 158 schools in the country

mid-century about 130 primary schools in each province.

Parish school: literacy, arithmetic, God's Law

District schools: Russian language, arithmetic, basic geometry, history, geography

The gymnasium provided the most comprehensive and in-depth education, preparing students for entering university.

The 18th century in Russia brought changes to the learning process: new approaches to education appeared.

Theology began to be taught only in diocesan schools, where children of the clergy were educated. There were 46 diocesan schools.

In 1701, the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences was founded in Moscow in the building of the former Sukharevskaya Tower. Also in 1701, the Artillery School was opened; in 1707 - Medical School; in 1712 - Engineering school. In 1715, the senior classes of the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences were transferred to St. Petersburg and transformed into the Naval Academy (now the Higher Naval Academy).

By the end of the first quarter of the 18th century. By decree of 1714, 42 digital schools with 2000 students were opened in the provinces. Children of soldiers studied in garrison schools.

At metallurgical plants in the Urals and in the Olonets region, the government organized the first mining schools that trained mining specialists.

The foundations were laid for the development of a system of closed class schools that had developed by the middle of the 18th century.

In 1732, the Corps of Cadets or Land gentry (noble) corps. After graduating from this educational institution, noble children received officer ranks.

Since the 30s. It was widely used to enroll young children in the regiment, incl. By the time they reached adulthood, these children received an officer rank based on their length of service.

Under Anna Ioannovna (1730 - 1741), the Naval, Artillery and Page Corps were established.

Under Elizabeth (1741-1762), military educational institutions were reorganized. In 1744, a decree was issued to expand the network of primary schools. The first gymnasiums were opened: in Moscow (1755) and in Kazan (1758). In 1755, on the initiative of I.I. Shuvalov founded University of Moscow, and in 1760 - the Academy of Arts.

In the second half of the 18th century. There are two trends in education: the expansion of the network of educational institutions and the strengthening of the principle of class. In 1782 - 1786 school reform was carried out. In 1782, the Charter of public schools was approved. Main schools with 4 classes were established in each city, and in county towns- small public schools with 2 classes. Subject teaching, uniform start and end dates for classes, and a classroom lesson system were introduced; teaching methods and unified curricula were developed. The Serbian teacher F.I. played a major role in carrying out this reform. Yankovic de Mirievo. By the end of the century, there were 550 educational institutions with 60-70 thousand students. The system of closed educational institutions was developed by Catherine II together with the President of the Academy of Arts and the Director of the Land Noble Corps I.I. Betsky.

Thus, secondary educational institutions were public schools, gentry corps, noble boarding schools and gymnasiums.

19th century

To the beginning XIX century The general education school was represented by 2- and 4-grade public schools located in cities. There were general education gymnasiums in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Kazan. There were specialized educational institutions: soldiers' schools, cadet and gentry corps, various types religious schools. Moscow University was a higher educational institution.

Under Alexander I (1801 - 1825)

In 1803, a new regulation was issued on the structure of educational institutions.

New principles in the education system:

lack of class of educational institutions,

free education at lower levels,

continuity of educational programs.

Structure of educational institutions:

one-class parochial school,

3-grade district school,

7-year gymnasium in the provincial town,

university.

The entire education system was in charge of the Main Directorate of Schools.

6 universities appeared: in 1802 - Dorpat, in 1803 - Vilna, in 1804 - Kharkov and Kazan; and the St. Petersburg Pedagogical Institute, opened in 1804, was transformed into a university in 1819. In 1832, Vilna University was closed, and in 1834 Kiev University was founded. The territory of Russia was divided into 6 educational districts, which were headed by trustees. Above the trustees were academic councils at universities.

In 1804, the University Charter was issued, which provided universities with significant autonomy: election of the rector and professors, their own court, non-interference of the higher administration in the affairs of universities, the right of universities to appoint teachers in gymnasiums and colleges of their district.

The first censorship charter was also issued in 1804. At universities, censorship committees were created from professors and masters, subordinate to the Ministry of Public Education.

The first privileged secondary university institutions - lyceums - appeared: in 1811 - Tsarskoye Selo, in 1817 - Richelieu in Odessa, in 1820 - Nezhinsky.

Under Nicholas I (1825 - 1855)

Under Nicholas I, education took on a closed class character: parish schools for peasants; district schools for children of merchants, artisans and other urban inhabitants; gymnasiums for children of nobles and officials.

In 1827, a decree and a special circular were issued prohibiting the admission of serfs to gymnasiums and universities. The basis of public education was the principle of class and bureaucratic centralization.

In 1828 - the school charter, according to which primary and secondary education was divided into 3 categories:

for children of the lower classes - one-class parish schools (the 4th rules of arithmetic, reading, writing and the “law of God” were studied).

for the middle classes, i.e. townspeople and merchants - three-year schools (geometry, geography, history).

for the children of nobles and officials - seven-year gymnasiums (where they prepared for entering the university).

In 1835, a new University Charter was published. It limited the autonomy of universities, prohibited university courts and effectively led to the establishment of police surveillance of students.

In the beginning. XIX century there were 5 cadet corps. K ser. XIX century there were 20 of them.

If at the beginning XIX century There were 35 Orthodox seminaries and 76 bishops' schools (lower theological schools), then in 1854 there were 48 and 223, respectively.

In 1832, the Imperial Military Academy was established, training officers of the General Staff. In 1855, the Artillery and Engineering Academies arose.

The network of industrial technical educational institutions expanded: in 1828 the Institute of Technology was established, in 1830 - the School of Architecture, and in 1832 - the School of Civil Engineers (in 1842 both of these schools were merged into the Construction School), in 1842 In Belarus, the Gorygoretsk Agricultural School was opened, transformed in 1848 into the Agricultural Institute, and in 1835 the Land Survey Institute was founded in Moscow. In addition, the Institute of Railway Engineers, the Forestry Institute, the Practical Polytechnic Institute, the Mining Institute, Practical Commercial Academy, Agricultural school, private Mining school, Technical school. Veterinary schools are springing up in the provinces.

Under Alexander II (1855-1881)

Cancel serfdom Alexander II, success industrial production and approval capitalism V Russia in the second half 19th century entailed profound changes in all areas of culture. Post-reform Russia was characterized by growth literacy population, development of various forms of education. In 1863, a new University Charter was published. He returned the former autonomy to universities, in accordance with the Charter of 1803, liquidated by Nicholas I in 1835. The independence of universities was restored in solving administrative, financial, scientific and pedagogical issues.

In 1864, the “Charter of Gymnasiums” and “Regulations on Public Schools” were published, which regulated primary and secondary education. Accessible all-class education was introduced. Along with state ones, zemstvo, parochial, Sunday and private schools arose. Gymnasiums were divided into classical and real. They accepted children from all classes who could pay for education.

In 1869, the first women's educational institutions were created - "Higher Women's Courses" with university programs.

“Letidor” tells how they lived, what subjects they studied, what kind of uniform they wore and how much money they paid for the education of students of the Arsenyev Gymnasium at the end of the 19th century in Moscow.

About the gymnasium

At the end of the 1860s, several private educational institutions opened in Moscow. One of the most notable was the women's gymnasium, headed by Sofya Arsenyeva, the daughter of the famous Russian architect Alexander Vitberg.

The gymnasium was located in the very center of Moscow, in the former mansion of Denis Davydov (at the modern address - Prechistenka Street, 17).

About the program

Girls were admitted to the gymnasium at the age of 8-9 years. A prerequisite for applicants to start school year the requirements for the preparatory class were:

• according to the “Law of God”: the Lord’s Prayer, prayer before and after teaching;
• in the “Russian language”: the ability to read without much difficulty and copy from books using two lines;
• By " French language": knowledge of the entire alphabet - printed and written, as well as the ability to write it;
• in “Arithmetic”: the ability to write numbers.

Those who wanted to join a class midway through the school year were required to know the material already covered in that class that day. The girls who attended the classes belonged to the noble class. A whole staff of teachers prepared them to enter school.

What did the high school graduate know after graduation?

After seven years of education, every student knew:

• “The Law of God”: prayers. Sacred history of the Old and New Testaments. Story christian church. Catechism. The doctrine of Christian worship Orthodox Church. Reading the Holy Scriptures;
• “Russian language and literature”: reading and storytelling. Expressive pronunciation by heart. Spelling exercises. Grammar: Russian and Church Slavonic etymology, Russian syntax. Stylistics. Exercises in presentations and essays in connection with elementary logic. Elegant translations from foreign languages. Study of Russian prose writers and poets. History of Russian literature;
• "French, German, English" (from training English language those pupils were exempted for whom learning three foreign languages ​​was considered difficult): reading, storytelling, expressive pronunciation by heart, spelling exercises, grammar and stylistics, study of prose writers and poets, history of literature; ability to speak languages ​​orally and in writing;
• “Mathematics”: arithmetic, algebra up to logarithms inclusive, geometry with stereometry; application of algebra to geometry; trigonometry;
• “History”, “Geography”, “Physics”: within the scope of the male gymnasium course;
• “Natural Sciences”: in the lower 4th grade - as a subject of visual learning, in the 7th grade - in more detail;
• “From the arts”: drawing, choral singing, gymnastics, dancing, music; and in the first 3 grades, penmanship.

How much did education cost?

Tuition prices in 1878 were as follows: tuition for a visiting student (per year) - 150 rubles; for a half-boarder - 400 rubles, for a boarder - 500 rubles. For a preparatory class student: coming - 100 rubles; half boarder - 350 rubles; boarder – 450 rub. In addition, 30 rubles were paid at a time for each boarder.

For comparison: in those years, a kilogram of potatoes cost 2 rubles, a kilogram of beef - 27 rubles, a kilogram butter- 61 rubles.

What did high school girls wear?

The gymnasium had strict rules regarding the appearance of girls. A brown woolen dress and a black woolen apron were considered proper clothing.

In those days, disdain for appearance was punished more severely than ignorance of the subject. A student who showed up to class in a disheveled state received a reprimand and presentation to her parents. The girl was also scolded by the class lady or more so by the director of the gymnasium, Sofya Arsenyeva, whose disapproving look, according to the recollections of the schoolgirls, was the worst punishment for each of them.

About the life of students

Thanks to the surviving memoirs of gymnasium graduates, not only the formal structure of the school is known, but also the features of its life. Classes began promptly at 9. One of the schoolchildren, Tatyana Aksakova-Sivers, recalls:

"In the low, spacious hallway estates I was met by the doorman Alexander, a small fat old man, marking time like a bear cub, and his wife, an efficient, fast old woman Natalya, who for more than 30 years was in charge of hangers, boiled water, and ringing bells.

My class consisted of about 40 people, I studied well, but it was somewhat heterogeneous. Less brilliant than the previous one...

Teaching was given to me without any difficulty and was never a subject of concern for my parents. Starting from 2nd grade and until the very end, I achieved straight A's, but I must admit that A's in physics and mathematics were achieved only due to a good memory, while the humanities went a little deeper.

In the 4th grade we took exams in natural science, and the mark received in this exam was included in the final certificate. Since I was already aiming for a gold medal, a B in natural history could ruin the whole thing for me, and I, consumed by ambition, repeated by heart “buttercups” and “cruciferous”, which could let me down.

Our teacher in this subject was Anna Nikolaevna Sheremetevskaya, Native sister the famous actress Maria Nikolaevna Ermolova, a very nervous woman from whom one could expect all sorts of surprises. However, everything turned out well, and the mark I received did not close my path to glory.