These are mechanisms of socialization. The concepts of social status, role and role behavior are distinguished.

Social status is the position of the subject in the system interpersonal relationships which defines his duties, rights and privileges. It is established by society. Social relationships are confusing.

A social role is associated with status; these are the norms of behavior of a person occupying a certain status.

Role behavior is specific use a person of social role. His personal characteristics are reflected here.

Mead proposed the concept of social role at the end of the 19th – 20th centuries. A person becomes a Personality when they learn to take on the role of another person.

Any role has a structure:

1. Model of human behavior from society.
2. A system of representing a person how he should behave.
3. The actual observable behavior of a person occupying a given status.

In the event of a mismatch between these components, a role conflict arises.

1. Interrole conflict. A person performs many roles, the requirements of which are incompatible or he does not have the strength or time to perform these roles well. At the heart of this conflict is illusion.

2. Intra-role conflict. When the performance of one role is subject to different requirements by different representatives social groups. The presence of intra-role conflict is very dangerous for the Personality.

A social role is a fixation of a certain position that one or another individual occupies in the system public relations. A role is understood as “a function, a normatively approved pattern of behavior expected of everyone occupying a given position” (Kohn). These expectations do not depend on the consciousness and behavior of a particular individual; their subject is not the individual, but society. What is essential here is not only and not so much the fixation of rights and responsibilities, but the connection of the social role with certain types of social Activity of the Personality. A social role is “a socially necessary type of social Activity and a way of behavior of a Personality” (Bueva). A social role always bears the stamp of social evaluation: society can either approve or disapprove of some social roles, sometimes approval or disapproval can differentiate among different social groups, the evaluation of a role can become completely different meaning in accordance with social experience one or another social group.

In reality, each individual performs not one, but several social roles: he can be an accountant, a father, a trade union member, etc. A number of roles are prescribed to a person at birth, others are acquired during life. However, the role itself does not determine the activities and behavior of each specific carrier in detail: everything depends on how much the individual learns and internalizes the role. The act of internalization is determined by a number of individual psychological characteristics each specific bearer of this role. Therefore, social relations, although in essence they are role-based, impersonal relations, in reality, in their concrete manifestation, acquire a certain “personal coloring”. Each social role does not mean an absolute set of behavior patterns; it always leaves a certain “range of possibilities” for its performer, which can be conditionally called a certain “style of playing the role.”

Social differentiation is inherent in all forms of human existence. The behavior of the Personality is explained by social inequality in society. It is influenced by:

• social background;
• ethnicity;
• the level of education;
• job title;
• prof. belonging;
• power;
• income and wealth;
• lifestyle, etc.

The performance of the role is individual in nature. Linton proved that the role has socio-cultural conditioning.

There is also a definition that a social role is social function Personalities.

It should be noted that there are several points of view:

1. Shebutani is a conventional role. Distinguishes between the concepts of conventional role and social role.
2. Totality social norms, which society encourages or forces to master.

Types of roles:

• psychological or interpersonal (in the system of subjective interpersonal relationships). Categories: leaders, preferred, not accepted, outsiders;
• social (in the system of objective social relations). Categories: professional, demographic.
• active or current – ​​currently being executed;
• latent (hidden) – a person is potentially a carrier, but not at the moment
• conventional (official);
• spontaneous, spontaneous - arise in a specific situation, not determined by requirements.

Relationship between role and behavior:

F. Zimbardo (1971) conducted an experiment (students and prison) and found that the role greatly influences the behavior of a person. The phenomenon of absorption of a person’s personality into a role. Role prescriptions shape human behavior. The phenomenon of deindividuation - absorption of Personality social role, A person loses control over his individuality (example - jailers).

Role behavior is the individual performance of a social role - society sets the standard of behavior, and the performance of the role is personal. Mastering social roles is part of the process of socialization of the Personality, an indispensable condition for the “growth” of the Personality in a society of their own kind. In role behavior, role conflicts can arise: inter-role (a person is forced to simultaneously perform several roles, sometimes contradictory), intra-role (occur when different demands are placed on the bearer of one role from different social groups). Gender roles: male, female. Professional roles: boss, subordinate, etc.

Jung. Persona – role (ego, shadows, self). Do not merge with the “person”, so as not to lose the personal core (self).

Andreeva. A social role is a fixation of a certain position that one or another individual occupies in the system of social relations. A number of roles are prescribed from birth (to be a wife/husband). A social role always has a certain range of possibilities for its performer - a “role performance style.” By mastering social roles, a person assimilates social standards of behavior, learns to evaluate himself from the outside and exercise self-control. Personality acts (is) the mechanism that allows you to integrate your “I” and your own life activities, carry out a moral assessment of your actions, and find your place in life. It is necessary to use role behavior as a tool for adaptation to certain social situations.

44.Social status and social role.

Social status- social position occupied by a social individual or social group in society or a separate social subsystem of society. It is determined by characteristics specific to a particular society, which can be economic, national, age and other characteristics. Social status is divided according to skills, abilities, and education.

Each person, as a rule, has not one, but several social statuses. Sociologists distinguish:

natural status- the status received by a person at birth (gender, race, nationality, biological stratum). In some cases, birth status may change: the status of a member of the royal family is from birth and as long as the monarchy exists.

acquired (achieved) status- the status that a person achieves thanks to his mental and physical efforts (work, connections, position, post).

prescribed (attributed) status- a status that a person acquires regardless of his desire (age, status in the family); it can change over the course of his life. The prescribed status is either innate or acquired.

Social role- this is a set of actions that a person occupying a given status in the social system must perform. Each status usually includes a number of roles. The set of roles resulting from a given status is called a role set.

The social role should be considered in two aspects: role expectations And role-playing. There is never a complete match between these two aspects. But each of them has great importance in personality behavior. Our roles are determined primarily by what others expect of us. These expectations are associated with the status that a given person has. If someone does not play a role in accordance with our expectations, then he enters into a certain conflict with society.

For example, a parent should take care of children, a close friend should be concerned about our problems, etc.

Role requirements (instructions, regulations and expectations of appropriate behavior) are embodied in specific social norms grouped around social status.

The main link between role expectations and role behavior serves the character of the individual.

Because each person plays multiple roles in many different situations, conflict can arise between roles. A situation in which a person is faced with the need to satisfy the demands of two or more incompatible roles is called role conflict. Role conflicts can arise both between roles and within one role.

For example, a working wife finds that the demands of her day job may conflict with her household responsibilities; or a married student must reconcile the demands placed on him as a husband with the demands placed on him as a student; or a police officer sometimes must choose between fulfilling his official duty and arresting a close friend. An example of a conflict occurring within one role is the position of a leader or public figure who publicly proclaims one point of view, but in a narrow circle declares himself a supporter of the opposite, or an individual who, under the pressure of circumstances, plays a role that does not meet either his interests or his internal installations.

As a result, we can say that every individual in modern society Due to inadequate role training, as well as constantly occurring cultural changes and the multiplicity of roles she plays, she experiences role tension and conflict. However, it has mechanisms of unconscious protection and conscious involvement of social structures to avoid the dangerous consequences of social role conflicts.

45. Social inequality. Ways and means to overcome it Inequality in society can have two sources: natural and social. People differ in physical strength, endurance, etc. These differences lead to the fact that they achieve results and thereby occupy different positions in society. But over time, natural inequality is complemented by social inequality, which consists in the possibility of obtaining social benefits unrelated to contributions to the public domain. For example, unequal pay for equal work. Ways to overcome: due to the conditional nature of social. inequality, it can and must be abolished in the name of equality. Equality is understood as personal equality before God and the law, equality of opportunity, living conditions, health, etc. Currently, supporters of the theory of functionalism believe that social. inequality is a tool that helps ensure that the most important and responsible tasks are carried out by talented and trained people. Proponents of conflict theory believe that the views of functionalists are an attempt to justify the statuses that have developed in society and a situation in which people under whose control are social values ​​had the opportunity to receive benefits for themselves. Question about social inequality is closely intertwined with the concept of social. justice. This concept has 2 interpretations: objective and subjective. Subjective interpretation comes from the attribution of social. justice to legal categories, with the help of which a person gives an assessment that approves or condemns processes occurring in society. The second position (objective) is based on the principle of equivalence, i.e. mutual retribution in relationships between people.

Social role

Social role- a model of human behavior, objectively determined by the social position of the individual in the system of social, public and personal relations. A social role is not something externally related to social status, but an expression in action of the agent’s social position. In other words, a social role is “the behavior that is expected of a person occupying a certain status.”

History of the term

The concept of “social role” was proposed independently by American sociologists R. Linton and J. Mead in the 1930s, with the former interpreting the concept of “social role” as a unit of social structure, described in the form of a system of norms given to a person, the latter - in terms of direct interaction between people, " role playing game", during which, due to the fact that a person imagines himself in the role of another, social norms are assimilated and the social is formed in the individual. Linton's definition of "social role" as a "dynamic aspect of status" was entrenched in structural functionalism and developed by T. Parsons, A Radcliffe-Brown, R. Merton. Mead's ideas were developed in interactionist sociology and psychology. Despite all the differences, both of these approaches are united by the idea of ​​​​a “social role” as a nodal point at which the individual and society meet. individual behavior turns into social, and the individual properties and inclinations of people are compared with the normative attitudes existing in society, depending on which people are selected for certain social roles. Of course, in reality, role expectations are never straightforward. In addition, a person often finds himself in a situation of role conflict, when his different “social roles” turn out to be poorly compatible. Modern society requires an individual to constantly change his behavior pattern to perform specific roles. In this regard, such neo-Marxists and neo-Freudians as T. Adorno, K. Horney and others in their works made a paradoxical conclusion: the “normal” personality of modern society is a neurotic. Moreover, in modern society, role conflicts that arise in situations where an individual is required to simultaneously perform several roles with conflicting requirements are widespread. Irwin Goffman, in his studies of interaction rituals, accepting and developing the basic theatrical metaphor, paid attention not so much to role prescriptions and passive adherence to them, but to the very processes of active construction and maintenance. appearance"in the course of communication, to areas of uncertainty and ambiguity in interaction, errors in the behavior of partners.

Definition of the concept

Social role- a dynamic characteristic of a social position, expressed in a set of behavior patterns that are consistent with social expectations (role expectations) and set by special norms (social prescriptions) addressed from the corresponding group (or several groups) to the holder of a certain social position. Holders of a social position expect that the implementation of special instructions (norms) results in regular and therefore predictable behavior, which can be used to guide the behavior of other people. Thanks to this, regular and continuously planable social interaction (communicative interaction) is possible.

Types of social roles

The types of social roles are determined by the variety of social groups, types of activities and relationships in which the individual is included. Depending on social relations, social and interpersonal social roles are distinguished.

In life, in interpersonal relationships, each person acts in some dominant social role, a unique social role as the most typical individual image, familiar to others. Changing a habitual image is extremely difficult both for the person himself and for the perception of the people around him. The longer a group exists, the more familiar the dominant social roles of each group member become to those around them and the more difficult it is to change the behavior pattern habitual to those around them.

Characteristics of a social role

The main characteristics of a social role were highlighted by American sociologist Talcott Parsons. He proposed the following four characteristics of any role:

• By scale. Some roles may be strictly limited, while others may be blurred.
• By method of receipt. Roles are divided into prescribed and conquered (they are also called achieved).
• According to the degree of formalization. Activities can take place either within strictly established limits or arbitrarily.
• By type of motivation. Personal profit may serve as motivation, public good etc.

Scope of the role depends on the range of interpersonal relationships. The larger the range, the larger the scale. For example, the social roles of spouses have a very large scale, since the widest range of relationships is established between husband and wife. On the one hand, these are interpersonal relationships based on a variety of feelings and emotions; on the other hand, relationships are regulated regulations and in a certain sense are formal. Participants of this social interaction They are interested in various aspects of each other’s lives, their relationships are practically unlimited. In other cases, when relationships are strictly defined by social roles (for example, the relationship between a seller and a buyer), interaction can only be carried out for a specific reason (in this case, purchases). Here the scope of the role is limited to a narrow range of specific issues and is small.

How to get a role depends on how inevitable the role is for the person. Yes, roles young man, old man, man, woman are automatically determined by the age and gender of a person and do not require special efforts to acquire them. There can only be a problem of compliance with one’s role, which already exists as a given. Other roles are achieved or even won during the course of a person's life and as a result of targeted special efforts. For example, the role of a student, researcher, professor, etc. These are almost all roles related to the profession and any achievements of a person.

Formalization as a descriptive characteristic of a social role is determined by the specifics of interpersonal relationships of the bearer of this role. Some roles involve the establishment of only formal relationships between people with strict regulation of rules of behavior; others, on the contrary, are only informal; still others may combine both formal and informal relationships. It is obvious that the relationship between the traffic police representative and the rule violator traffic should be determined by formal rules, and relationships between close people should be determined by feelings. Formal relationships are often accompanied by informal ones, in which emotionality is manifested, because a person, perceiving and evaluating another, shows sympathy or antipathy towards him. This occurs when people have been interacting for some time and the relationship has become relatively stable.

Motivation depends on the needs and motives of the person. Different roles are driven by different motives. Parents, caring for the well-being of their child, are guided primarily by a feeling of love and care; the leader works for the sake of the cause, etc.

Role conflicts

Role conflicts arise when the duties of a role are not fulfilled due to subjective reasons(unwillingness, inability).

see also

Bibliography

• "Games People Play" E. Berne

Notes

Links

Wikimedia Foundation.

2010.

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In sociology, the concept of social role has appeared since the end of the 19th century, although this term officially appeared only at the end of the 20th century within the framework of the theory of R. Linton.

This science considers society or other organized group as a collection of individuals with a certain status and pattern of behavior. What is meant by the concepts of social statuses and roles, as well as what meaning they have for a person, we will describe further and give examples.

Definition

For sociology, the term “social role” means a model of behavior expected from a person that would correspond to the rights and normative responsibilities established by society. That is, this concept considers the connection between the function of an individual and its position in society or interpersonal relationships.

We can also say that a social role is a certain algorithm of actions prescribed to a person by society, which he must follow in order to carry out useful activities in society. In this case, a person tries on a model of behavior or a prescribed algorithm of actions either voluntarily or forcibly.

This definition first appeared in 1936, when Ralph Linton proposed his concept of how an individual interacts with society under the conditions of a limited algorithm of actions dictated by a specific community. This is how the theory of social roles appeared. It allows us to understand how a person can identify himself within certain social frameworks and how such conditions can affect his development as an individual.

Usually this concept is considered as one of the dynamic aspects of an individual’s status. When acting as a member of a society or group and accepting responsibility for performing certain functions, a person must follow the rules established by that very group. This is what the rest of the community expects from him.

If we consider the concept of a social role using the example of an organization, we can understand that the manager of an enterprise, training staff, and persons receiving knowledge are an active organized community, the norms and rules of which are prescribed for each participant. IN educational institution the principal gives orders that teachers must obey.

In turn, teachers have the right to demand that students follow the rules prescribed for their social status by the standards of the organization (do their homework, show respect to teachers, maintain silence during lessons, etc.) At the same time, a certain freedom is allowed for the student’s social role associated with the manifestation of his personal qualities.

For each participant in role relationships, the prescribed regulatory requirements and the individual shades of the status he has received are known. Therefore, the model of human behavior in a particular social circle is expected for other members of this group. This means that other members of the community can to a large extent predict the nature of the actions of each of its members.

Classification and varieties

Within the framework of its scientific direction, this concept has its own classification. Thus, social roles are divided into types:

1. Social or conventional roles determined professional activity or a standardized system of relationships (educator, teacher, student, seller). They are built on the basis of rules, norms and responsibilities prescribed by the community. This does not take into account who exactly is performing a particular role.

In turn, this type is divided into basic socio-demographic patterns of behavior, where there are such social roles in the family as husband and wife, daughter, son, granddaughter, grandson, etc. If we take the biological component as a basis, we can also distinguish such social roles of the individual as woman/man.

2. Interpersonal – roles determined by the relationships between people in limited conditions and the individual characteristics of each of them. These include any relationship between people, including conflict, arising from emotional manifestations. In this case, the gradation may look like this: idol, leader, ignored, privileged, offended, etc.

The most obvious examples here are: the selection of an actor to play a specific role, taking into account his external data, abilities, and specific social and typical manifestations. Each actor tends to play a certain role (tragic, hero, comedian, etc.). A person tries on the most typical model of behavior or a unique role, which allows others to, to one degree or another, predict the person’s future actions.

These types of social roles exist in every organized community, and there is a clear connection between the duration of the group's existence and the likelihood of typical manifestations in the behavior of its participants. It is worth noting that it is extremely difficult to get rid of a stereotype that has developed over the years, familiar to a person and society, over time.

When considering this topic, one cannot ignore the classification according to the characteristics of each specific role. The famous American sociologist T. Parsons was able to identify them in order to get the most complete understanding of the term “social role of the individual.” For each model, he immediately proposed four distinctive properties.

1. Scale. This characteristic depends on the breadth of interpersonal relationships observed between members of a particular group. The closer the communication between people, the more significance there is in such relationships. Here you can cite clear example relationship between husband and wife.

2. Method of receipt. Referring to this criterion, we can identify the roles achieved by a person and assigned to him by society. We can talk about behavioral patterns characteristic of different age categories or representatives of a certain gender.

A person’s gender ideas regarding his role are reinforced by school. The biological characteristics of the individual and the gender stereotypes established in society predetermine further formation under the influence of the environment.

It would be appropriate to note that at present the behavior model is not as tied to the characteristic manifestations of a particular gender than before. Thus, the social role of women now includes not only the duties of mother and housewife, but also extends to other areas.

In turn, with the changing conditions of modern society, the concept of the male social role has also changed. However, the family model of behavior for both parties is theoretically balanced, but in fact it is unstable.

These are models prescribed by society for every person who will not have to make any effort to receive justification from the environment. The achieved roles can be considered the results of an individual’s activities, indicating his social status (for example, career growth).

3. The degree of formalization on which the formation of personality and its functions depends. Regarding this criterion, the social status of an individual can be formed under the influence regulatory requirements, but can develop arbitrarily. For example, relationships between people in a military unit are regulated by regulations, while friends are guided by personal feelings and emotions.

4. Type of motivation. Each person, when choosing a model of behavior, is guided by a personal motive. This could be financial gain, promotion career ladder, the desire to be loved, etc. In psychology, there are two types of motivation - external, which arises under the influence of the environment, and internal, which is determined by the subject himself.

The process of choosing and becoming a role

A person's role in a social environment does not arise spontaneously. The process of its formation goes through several stages, culminating with the individual in society.

First, a person learns basic skills - through practice, he applies the theoretical knowledge acquired in childhood. Also to initial stage refers to the development of thinking abilities that will be improved throughout the rest of a person’s life.

At the next stage of development social personality education awaits. Throughout almost his entire life, an individual receives new skills and knowledge from educators, teachers, educators and, of course, parents. As you grow older new information the individual will receive from his environment, from the means mass media and other sources.

An equally important component of individual socialization is education. Here the main character is the person himself, choosing the most typical skills for himself and the direction for further development.

The next stage of socialization is protection. It implies a set of processes aimed at reducing the significance of factors that could traumatize a person in the process of his formation. Using certain social techniques protection, the subject will protect himself from the environment and conditions in which he will be morally uncomfortable.

The final phase is adaptation. In the process of socialization, a person has to adapt to his environment, learn to communicate with other members of society and maintain contact with them.

The processes by which the social role and social status of an individual are determined are very complex. But without them, a person cannot become a full-fledged person, which is why they are so significant in everyone’s life. Sociologists argue that there are two phases that contribute to an individual’s adaptation to his social role:

• Adaptation. During this period, a person learns the rules and norms of behavior established by society. By mastering new laws, a person begins to behave accordingly.
• Interiorization. It provides for the acceptance of new conditions and rules while simultaneously abandoning old principles.

But “failures” in the process of socialization of the individual are also possible. Often they occur against the background of the subject’s reluctance or inability to fulfill the conditions and requirements that the social role of a person in society provides for.

Role conflicts are also associated with the fact that each participant in society tends to play several roles at once. For example, the demands placed on a teenager by parents and peers will be different, and therefore his functions as a friend and son cannot meet the expectations of both the former and the latter.

The definition of conflict in this case is tantamount to a complex of complex emotional states. They can arise in a subject due to a discrepancy or contradiction in the demands placed on him by different social circles of which he is a member.

At the same time, all a person’s roles are very important to him. At the same time, he can identify the significance of each of them in completely different ways. The individual manifestation of social roles by the subject has a specific shade, which directly depends on the acquired knowledge and experience, as well as on the desire and desire of the person to meet the expectations of the society of which he is a member. Author: Elena Suvorova

Social role - sample human behavior that society recognizes as appropriate for the holder of this status.

Social role- this is a set of actions that a person occupying this status must perform. A person must fulfill certain material values ​​in social system.

This is a model of human behavior, objectively determined by the social position of the individual in the system of social, public and personal relations. In other words, a social role is “the behavior that is expected of a person occupying a certain status.” Modern society requires an individual to constantly change his behavior pattern to perform specific roles. In this regard, such neo-Marxists and neo-Freudians as T. Adorno, K. Horney and others in their works made a paradoxical conclusion: the “normal” personality of modern society is a neurotic. Moreover, in modern society, role conflicts that arise in situations where an individual is required to simultaneously perform several roles with conflicting requirements are widespread.

Erving Goffman, in his studies of interaction rituals, accepting and developing the basic theatrical metaphor, paid attention not so much to role prescriptions and passive adherence to them, but to the very processes of active construction and maintenance of “appearance” in the course of communication, to zones of uncertainty and ambiguity in interaction , mistakes in the behavior of partners.

The concept " social role“was proposed independently by American sociologists R. Linton and J. Mead in the 1930s, with the first interpreting the concept of “social role” as a unit of social structure, described in the form of a system of norms given to a person, the second - in terms of direct interaction between people , “role-playing game”, during which, due to the fact that a person imagines himself in the role of another, social norms are learned and the social is formed in the individual. Linton's definition of the social role as a “dynamic aspect of status” was entrenched in structural functionalism and was developed by T. Parsons, A. Radcliffe-Brown, and R. Merton. Mead's ideas were developed in interactionist sociology and psychology. Despite all the differences, both of these approaches are united by the idea of ​​a social role as a nodal point at which the individual and society meet, individual behavior turns into social behavior, and the individual properties and inclinations of people are compared with the normative attitudes existing in society, depending on which people are selected to certain social roles. Of course, in reality, role expectations are never straightforward. In addition, a person often finds himself in a situation of role conflict, when his different social roles turn out to be poorly compatible.

Types of social roles in society

The types of social roles are determined by the variety of social groups, types of activities and relationships in which the individual is included. Depending on social relations, social and interpersonal social roles are distinguished.

• Social roles associated with social status, profession or type of activity (teacher, student, student, salesperson). These are standardized impersonal roles, built on the basis of rights and responsibilities, regardless of who plays these roles. There are socio-demographic roles: husband, wife, daughter, son, grandson... Man and woman are also social roles, presupposing specific modes of behavior, enshrined in social norms and customs.
• Interpersonal roles associated with interpersonal relationships that are regulated by emotional level(leader, offended, neglected, family idol, beloved, etc.).

In life, in interpersonal relationships, each person acts in some dominant social role, a unique social role as the most typical individual image, familiar to others. Changing a habitual image is extremely difficult both for the person himself and for the perception of the people around him. The longer a group exists, the more familiar the dominant social roles of each group member become to those around them and the more difficult it is to change the behavior pattern habitual to those around them.

Characteristics of social roles

The main characteristics of a social role were highlighted by American sociologist Talcott Parsons. He proposed the following four characteristics of any role:

• By scale. Some roles may be strictly limited, while others may be blurred.
• By method of receipt. Roles are divided into prescribed and conquered (they are also called achieved).
• According to the degree of formalization. Activities can take place either within strictly established limits or arbitrarily.
• By type of motivation. The motivation can be personal profit, public good, etc.

Scope of the role depends on the range of interpersonal relationships. The larger the range, the larger the scale. For example, the social roles of spouses have a very large scale, since the widest range of relationships is established between husband and wife. On the one hand, these are interpersonal relationships based on a variety of feelings and emotions; on the other hand, relations are regulated by regulations and, in a certain sense, are formal. The participants in this social interaction are interested in a variety of aspects of each other’s lives, their relationships are practically unlimited. In other cases, when relationships are strictly defined by social roles (for example, the relationship between a seller and a buyer), interaction can only be carried out for a specific reason (in this case, purchases). Here the scope of the role is limited to a narrow range of specific issues and is small.

How to get a role depends on how inevitable the role is for the person. Thus, the roles of a young man, an old man, a man, a woman are automatically determined by the age and gender of a person and do not require special efforts to acquire them. There can only be a problem of compliance with one’s role, which already exists as a given. Other roles are achieved or even won during the course of a person's life and as a result of targeted special efforts. For example, the role of a student, researcher, professor, etc. These are almost all roles related to the profession and any achievements of a person.

Formalization as a descriptive characteristic of a social role is determined by the specifics of interpersonal relationships of the bearer of this role. Some roles involve the establishment of only formal relationships between people with strict regulation of rules of behavior; others, on the contrary, are only informal; still others may combine both formal and informal relationships. It is obvious that the relationship between a traffic police representative and a traffic rule violator should be determined by formal rules, and relationships between close people should be determined by feelings. Formal relationships are often accompanied by informal ones, in which emotionality is manifested, because a person, perceiving and evaluating another, shows sympathy or antipathy towards him. This occurs when people have been interacting for some time and the relationship has become relatively stable.