Developmental stage of a hooded crow. Hoodie crow: how long does it live, what does it eat and where does it live?

Jonathan Swift has lines that have something to do with the thieving representative of our fauna. The writer tells how one morning the chief secretary for secret affairs of the great empire of Lilliput told Gulliver about the terrible disasters caused by the fierce decree of the emperor. The decree required that chicken eggs be broken only from the sharp end.

“This decree embittered the population to such an extent that... it was the cause of six uprisings, during which one emperor lost his life and another his crown... There are up to eleven thousand fanatics who went to death penalty for refusing to break eggs from the sharp end. Hundreds of huge works devoted to this issue have been published. However, the books of stupid people have long been banned, and the party itself is deprived of the right to hold public office.”

Swift is silent about how the crows lived in Lilliput. Meanwhile, according to the imperial decree, they should have been executed: the crows clearly gravitated towards the disgraced party of stupid people. For the eggs stolen from chicken coops were and are preferred by the feathered fanatics to be broken at the blunt end. Seagulls and other robbers, having climbed into someone else's nest, immediately crack open the eggs, and the crow is perhaps ashamed - it absorbs the contents of the egg far from the place of theft: the crow first transports the stolen goods. The cheat has no pockets; string bags and briefcases are not held in high esteem by her either. And bulky egg It's about to fall out of its beak. In order not to make a mistake, the crow punches a hole at the blunt end (it’s easier to do here), inserts the upper half of its beak into the hole and, holding the fragile food from below with the lower half of its beak, escapes from the chicken coop.

The Perm Pedagogical Institute decided to find out why chicken, crow and other eggs do not lie haphazardly in nests, but are folded with sharp ends inward. Only the blunt ends point outward or upward.

What is it for? Here's what it's all about. When the bird, clinging to the shell, incubates the clutch, the air in the lower part of the nest stagnates and the carbon dioxide content increases five to nine times. As you know, you can’t inhale carbon dioxide: embryos need oxygen. This is where the dog is buried - oxygen penetrates into the egg more easily from the blunt end: there are more microscopic pores here and there is usually an air sac under the shell. That is why eggs nest in a cup-shaped tray with their blunt ends facing outward: this makes it easier to take in oxygen.

To prevent the eggs from accidentally turning over, their center of gravity is shifted to the sharp end. Thanks to this, birds can turn eggs from side to side. And the whole process of incubation - some kind of motionless word - is in fact full of movement. Here is the naturalist’s description: “Through binoculars you can clearly see that there is noticeable movement in the nest. The bird rises a little and seems to half-stand for several moments, quickly moving its legs, causing its wings and whole body to tremble. These seemingly strange actions of the bird help to ventilate the nesting tray. It lasts from a few seconds to half a minute and is repeated so often that the bird, in fact, never sits quietly on the eggs.”

For the gray crow, ventilation takes seventeen days - until the chicks hatch. (They will spend another month in the nest, opening their beak every now and then). In order not to lose her athletic form, the female “ventilates” for real. Leaving the nest in the care of dad, he will stretch, tidy up his feathers and exercise - fly over nearby trees or roofs. One way or another, the crow's nest does not remain unattended. It’s not for nothing that people say: the bird that doesn’t like its nest is stupid. And the crow is truly an avian genius. But more on that a little later.

In the Arkhangelsk region, in the nests of gray crows, an average of three chicks “open their mouths”, in the Moscow region - 4.8, and in Blagodnoe Krasnodar region- five chicks each require food.

V.A. Bakhmutov, who observed crow’s nests in the lower reaches of the Ob, noticed that the eggs laid first had a greenish-olive shell with clear specks. Then the colors weaken, and the color of the last eggs varies from pale green with barely noticeable specks to transparent blue. This diversity can probably be explained by the fact that the release of pigment in the female’s body decreases towards the end of the clutch. This means the crows are running out of steam. An interesting detail: the crow, the male, is usually born first. Is there some connection between the time of pipping, the sex of the chick and the color of the shell?

In general, it’s time to sort out the crow dyeing shop, and not get away with the phrase, they say, “the described species is interesting because, based on the color of the plumage, it falls into two groups - gray and black.” The black crow, as the name implies, is all black, and so much so that it has a metallic sheen. But the gray one also has a lot of dark things: head, throat, wings, tail, beak and legs. Black has chosen eastern regions countries, gray - Western. Their hybrids are found in the Kazakh steppes and along the Yenisei. However, black crows also live in Central Europe.

Although there are two types of crows - gray and black, taxonomies in Lately are inclined to attribute them both to one species - Corvus corone, with two subspecies: the hooded crow (Corvus corone cornix) and black Crow(Corvus corone corone). They differ, in general, only in the color of their plumage: the black crow is covered, accordingly, entirely with black feathers, while the gray crow has feathers everywhere except the head, shirtfront, wings and tail - gray. Apparently, black and hooded crows are capable of interbreeding and producing full-fledged offspring.

Crows are the most familiar species of the corvid family, since large concentrations of these birds are typical for cities middle zone Russia. In cities, crows form mixed flocks with rooks and jackdaws. As a rule, they spend the night in the city center - in parks and on the roofs of buildings, and during the day they fly out to feed on the outskirts of the city and its environs.

Crows prefer to settle close to people - they have long become “city dwellers” in the full sense of the word. But in environmentally very unfavorable cities you can only find adult individuals and there are no crow nests at all - these smart and sensitive creatures hatch their chicks where the air is less polluted, although they still fly to the city to feed. Thus, the appearance of crow’s nests is a sure sign of an improvement in the environmental situation in an industrial settlement and most often coincides with a decline in production at large enterprises.

Crows are omnivores: they can eat rodents, do not miss an opportunity to feast on worms and beetles or catch fish, steal other people's eggs, find food in city dumps, and do not refuse carrion. However, they willingly dilute their diet with plant foods in the form of seeds, leaves and fruits. By removing rotting remains of food waste from garbage bins and landfills, crows contribute to the spread of all kinds of infection.

The damage caused by the crow to birds and small animals clearly places it in the category of predators. Thus, the increase in the number of hooded crows has led to the fact that starlings have become rare in the parks and forest areas of Moscow, finches and goldfinches have disappeared, and other species of birds are visiting less and less often. The fact is that gray crow chicks in the first weeks of their life need high-calorie and easily digestible biological food. This becomes disastrous for the offspring of many other birds, since hatched eggs are the main food for crows. Even birds nesting in tree hollows, birdhouses and attics have a hard time, because the crow will not miss the opportunity to watch for grown-up chicks. It’s not for nothing that the crow received such a name - SHE’S A THIEF!

However, by eating mouse-like rodents and harmful insects The crow brings undoubted benefits.

The mating season for crows begins closer to spring. The joint construction of a nest and the laying of eggs is preceded by exciting mating games, which are usually expressed in various aerobatics performed by males. Construction of family housing begins by the end of March. Crows build nests in the forks of branches big trees or on the roofs of houses. The building material is not only natural components such as branches, but also wire, rags, pieces of cotton wool - crows widely use the benefits of civilization, of which they have become an integral part.

The usual clutch is 4-6 eggs, bluish-green speckled. Hatching the chicks is the prerogative of the mother; the father feeds his girlfriend during this period. After about 25-30 days, helpless chicks appear. Now both parents become breadwinners for them.

It is believed that during nesting, crows behave extremely carefully, trying not to give away the location of the nest with their presence. They also extremely dislike posing. If, for example, pigeons, seeing a camera, do not pay any attention to it, continuing to calmly go about their business, then crows instantly take off from their place, hastily moving away from the field of view. Crows with an amazing sense distinguish a person just walking from a nature lover who decided to watch them, and they rush to retreat away from such a naturalist.

As for keeping a tame crow in the house, it is an amazingly interesting and very intelligent pet. When raised by humans from a tender age, this bird becomes strongly attached to the family in which it grew up. By family we mean all the creatures living in the house, including animals. Of course, it is preferable for a crow to consider himself the head of “his” family. There is no need to keep a tame crow in a cage all the time. She can be quite independent, flying out for walks and returning home when she gets tired or hungry. Teaching a crow to use onomatopoeia is also not very difficult: it easily learns human speech, pronouncing words quite loudly and clearly.

This type of bird, such as hooded crows, belongs to the genus crow, family Corvidae, order Passeriformes, phylum Chordata.

Hoodie- This is one of the bird species belonging to the genus crow. As a rule, the black and hooded crow are classified as subspecies of the same type, since they differ only by its color. These types of crows can be crossed with each other and raise completely healthy chicks.

Characteristics of the gray crow

What is a gray crow? It is not difficult to guess that the color of this bird is gray. The top of her head is dark, her legs are black. On average, body length can reach 50 cm, weight - approximately 500 grams. Usually, the hooded crow looks slightly larger than the rook. Its wingspan reaches a meter. The beak is high, curved and strong. Juveniles are usually darker than their ancestors and have cloudy Blue eyes and a pink beak. Makes sounds like a hoarse "carr". It moves along the ground with large and clumsy steps. Sensing a dangerous situation, he begins to gallop.

Crows are very active and vindictive birds. They can remember the dog that offended them a year ago and attack it in packs. Sometimes gray individuals can recognize as the offender fur hat person. Your worst enemy This bird is an eagle owl, which kills them at night while they sleep.

When cold times come, birds fly away for the winter to colder warmer climes and, after the cold weather ends, they return. Those crows that remain for the winter find prey in ponds and forests.

How long does a gray crow live? This question is quite relevant, since there are myths that they can live about 300 years. However, this is absolutely not true. This bird can live 20-30 years, but there are exceptions. There are statements that among these birds there are long-livers that can outlive their life twice average age of death.

The habitat of the gray crow is quite extensive:

• Central and Eastern Europe;
• Asia;
• Western Siberia.

The place of residence is chosen as follows:

• Forests;
• Landfills;
• Fields;
• Small villages;
• Villages.

The abundance of people does not frighten her at all, on the contrary, it provokes her. Deprive summer residents of the berries and vegetables they grow? Yes, easily!

Diet and daily routine of the gray crow

This is probably common bird species, which eat absolutely everything: from food in garbage cans to rodents and fruits. The menu of an adult bird consists of various small rodents, beetles, worms, birds, food waste, carrion, eggs, fruits and grains.

They obtain food for themselves in completely different ways. They are very inventive. Cases have been observed when an adult female came across Walnut and she brought it to the road. After the car runs over the nut, it eats it. Crows soak stale baked goods in puddles.

People often witness a flock of gray birds surrounding a garbage can or landfill. Birds can carry leftover food from there to a more secluded place, which is why disorder and chaos remain near garbage containers.

For the love of smaller birds and rodents, the raven called a bird of prey. She is not averse to feasting on squirrels and hares living in forests and parks. Also, the diet of this gray bird includes fish and small seagulls.

The daily life of these gray birds begins with their awakening. Even before dawn they gather in flocks and begin to fly. They gather on some huge tree and then scatter across the fields in search of food. By lunchtime they return to the tree, take a short nap, and then go back in search of food. Crows spend the night in entire flocks, and may be joined by jackdaws and rooks. They usually spend the night in cemeteries and parks.

Reproduction of hooded crows

Reproduction, as a rule, occurs at 2-5 years of age. The maximum age for incubating and laying eggs is 20 years.

The bird builds nests in trees and buildings. The pair builds a new nest each time. The mating season, which begins with the arrival of spring, preceded by mating games of the couple, somersaults in the air, swinging on wires, as well as the performance of aerobatics by the males in the sky.

Usually crows' nests are located close to each other. Despite the fact that individuals of these birds love to feed on landfills, they will never build a nest in any dirty place. Parents are very sensitive to environmental issues and the health of their future children.

Around March-April, the parents begin to build a nest. It is built from hay, branches, rags, and various pieces of iron. Hoodie crows lay two to six bluish-green eggs with dark spots. Moreover, those crow eggs that are laid first will much more intensely colored than the latter. While incubating the chicks, the male is busy getting food for himself and his partner.

During incubation, strange actions of the mother bird were noticed: she almost does not sit quietly on the eggs, every now and then she spreads her wings and stands on her feet. These actions are associated with ventilation of the nest.

Chicks appear after 20-35 days. Initially, they are completely helpless and need constant care and regular feeding. It is noteworthy that the baby chick is born first. The mother also begins to get food for the chicks. The crows are guarded by their parents in turns. The most popular food for chicks is eggs, which are stolen by the parents of the crows. Hooded crows also kidnap the chicks of other birds to feed their own.

In mid-June, the chicks begin to fly out of the nest. At first they are with their parents, who feed them. In July, the chicks begin to live their full lives.

How to have a crow at home

IN modern world You can see unusual animals in people. More and more often, people keep a crow in their house. However, keeping an adult crow that has already lived an independent life in the wild is a very big mistake.

But if a gray crow was tamed as a chick, then it will very quickly get used to its owner. Those who keep birds that are so unusual for their home note that crows are very smart and quick-witted. True, stealing something will not be difficult for her.

A crow that has lived in a house gets so used to it that when it is released, it can return home to its owner. You can tame crows even teach you to speak, however, this will require a lot of time and effort from the teacher. In order for the bird to remember the words, it is necessary to repeat them often and loudly.

It is not recommended to keep a crow in a cage because it loves to move. If a raven has lived its entire life in captivity, it cannot reproduce the sounds of its fellow tribesmen. But he will easily catch and reproduce all the sounds that he hears in the house.

A raven chick should be tamed when it is a maximum of 2-3 months old. An adult bird will be very difficult and almost impossible to tame. After a few years, the bird will want to leave the house and fly away. If she was raised properly, she will feel great in the wild; if not, she will die.

It is worth considering that when taming a bird such as a crow, you should pay a lot of attention to it for several months. And even then, when the bird grows up, it needs the attention of its owner. The owner will have to devote at least a couple of hours to his new pet.

Having such an unusual bird will bypass material costs. The only thing that will require money is to furnish her home. A gray crow can live with a person its entire life. Lifespan domesticated hooded crow not much different from the life expectancy of the wild. But, due to the fact that a domesticated crow does not waste its energy searching for prey, it can live several years longer than its wild friend. The owner only needs to carefully study the diet of the gray crow and she will please him with her long life.

Material from the Rtishchevskaya local history encyclopedia

Hoodie(lat. Corvus cornix) - a bird of the corvid family ( Corvidae).

Description

Body length 444-510 mm, wing length - 305-340 mm. Females reach a weight of 670 g, males 740 g. The beak is convex on the upper beak, with a hook at the top. The tail is rounded. The head, throat, crop, wings and tail are black, the remaining parts are gray with dark trunk features. Rainbow is dark brown; legs and beak are black.

Young birds are distinguished by the absence of a brownish tint in the gray color and the general softness of the feathers. The iris is cloudy bluish.

Voice

In addition to the usual “kra” croak, as the mating season approaches, the crow also makes the following sounds: “kar-ro-kh... kar-ro-kh.”

Spreading

Area

Range covers Eastern Europe, Scandinavia, Asia Minor, the territory of Russia from the west to the Yenisei. Within the Saratov region it is found everywhere, including in the Rtishchevsky district.

Habitats

Hooded crows willingly populate shelter forests bordering agricultural lands or adjacent to water bodies various types, nest with high density in floodplain forests, do not avoid isolated trees on the banks of reservoirs or among farmland. Crows inhabit not only natural habitats, but also highly urbanized landscapes. in winter most of The sedentary population (up to 90%) is concentrated in cities and other large populated areas.

Lifestyle

Migrations and migrations

In many places in central Russia, the hooded crow, although it is found all year round, In fact migrant. The spring migration of hooded crows in the Saratov region occurs along a wide front. Birds probably fly through the region from areas further north, as well as in the north Lower Volga region There were gray crows even from the Leningrad region.

With the rise of young birds on the wing, birds in families roam through meadows, floodplains of river valleys, fields, surroundings of large and small settlements, agricultural lands, where they find abundant food, and return to nesting sites only to spend the night. Hooded crows often form large flocks consisting of several families.

Already in early September, some young crows' migrations turn into pronounced migrations. The flocks become larger, their movements acquire a certain direction, and the speed of movement increases. The peak of migratory activity of local gray crows occurs in the first half of October. It is obvious that already in the first half of November, migratory crows from the Lower Volga population find themselves at their wintering grounds; in particular, birds ringed in the Saratov region were found in the Krasnodar Territory. By the end of November, autumn migration gradually ends.

Some individuals from Saratov and more northern regions winter in close proximity to reproductive areas or at a slight distance from them. Such birds often accumulate near large and small populated areas, joining temporary winter populations.

Reproduction

As the nesting season approaches, the number of crows in winter flocks becomes less and less and pairs, having separated from the flock, one after another retire to nesting sites. The breakdown into pairs is usually observed from the first days of February. In nesting territories in an urbanized environment, crows that migrate to the south appear already in mid-February. From this period, the determination of the boundaries of individual areas begins, and in some cases, the construction of a nest. In sedentary birds, which spend the entire cold season within their individual territory, starting from the first ten days of February, cases of demonstration of elements of nest-building activity become more frequent. Birds bring branches to the old nesting building or sort out building materials directly on the nest. These demonstrations are ritual in nature and are especially evident during the thaw period.

From the second ten days of February, crows living in the Saratov region show the first elements of lekking behavior - group flights, adoption of demonstration poses on the ground and trees, species-specific calls and highly individual sounds. Sitting in trees or on the ground, males twitch their folded wings, open their tail feathers, spread their underparts, bend down and, rising, make special “squeezed” sounds. Sometimes the male sits close to the female, bows and at the same time “purrs” very quietly. In mid-March you can still find single birds, but by the 20th of this month the formation of pairs is usually completed. Most birds stop mating by mid-April, but for some pairs this process continues during the nest-building period. At the height of mating, the transition of gray crows to nesting stations is completed. They stop visiting populated areas during the daytime and from mid-March they practically never leave the boundaries of individual sites, staying overnight in close proximity to the future breeding site.

Adult hooded crows have a fairly close relationship with breeding sites. Over the course of several years, individual pairs may reproduce in the same habitat. However, old nests are rarely used by crows. Most birds prefer to build nests anew, at a distance of no more than 100 m from the previous ones. In the first days, birds spend only 2-3 hours building a nest during daylight hours, appearing at the future breeding site mainly in the morning and evening hours. During this period, laying twigs at the base of the building is, rather, an element of ritual behavior and is performed mainly by the male.

The construction of the nest is usually started by both birds, but sometimes only by the male, who later becomes only a carrier of nesting material, and the initiative in construction passes to the female. Often the construction that has begun is interrupted and no longer continues: the nest is built anew, sometimes on the same tree. In natural habitats, nest building for most pairs continues until mid-April.

The nest has the appearance of a compact pile of dry branches, laid in a fork of large trees, with a thick base, low edges and a fairly flat tray. The base of the nest is built from branches with a diameter of up to 1.5-2 cm, followed by thin twigs; nesting lining made of wool, rags, feathers, etc. Often building material For crows, wire is used, which is sometimes used in large quantities. Nest dimensions: diameter - 32-66 cm, height - 20-43 cm, tray diameter 17-24 cm, tray depth 8.5-14 cm. The nest is small compared to the size of the bird, and when it sits on it, it good visibility. Depending on the weather, it takes up to 10 days to build a nest. The distance of one nest from another is at least 1-2 km. In urban conditions, the distance between neighboring nests is much lower. In natural habitats, nests of hooded crows are placed on various trees (white willow, black poplar, silver birch, American maple, oak, pine, elm, etc.). In urbanized areas, birds are increasingly using objects of anthropogenic origin, in particular reinforced concrete power line supports, to place nesting buildings.

The interval between completion of nest construction and egg laying usually does not exceed 2-3 days. In the north of the Right Bank of the Saratov region, egg laying occurs in the first half of April, and in urbanized areas, egg laying begins earlier than in adjacent natural habitats. Weather conditions in the spring do not have a significant impact on the beginning of the breeding season. Most late dates The beginning of oviposition is confined to the first ten days of May. Females lay one egg per day. Often, laid eggs are stolen by neighboring crows on the same day.

A complete clutch consists of 3-6 (very rarely 7-8) eggs. Their shell is thin and fragile with a weak shine, pale green, bluish-green or pure green. Surface brown and internal gray with a purple tint specks and grains are scattered throughout the egg. Egg size: 38.5-42 × 28-30.5 mm. Incubation lasts about 17 days and begins in most couples after the first egg is laid. The period when chicks appear usually takes from 4 to 6 days. Chicks emerging from the first two eggs weigh on average 14.5 g, from the third and fourth - 13.5, from the fifth and sixth - 12.3 g. The greatest differences in weight are found in the period from the 14th to the 22nd day of life. The difference between chicks of the same age sometimes reaches 270 g. last days Before departure, the mass of crows is leveled.

The earliest dates for chicks hatching are in the first ten days of April. In the first ten days of May, chicks are observed in most nests, where they usually spend about a month. If disturbed, the brood can leave the nest even at the age of 25 days. Immediately after departure, many fledglings end up directly on the ground. Only after 2-5 days do they begin to “fly up” and climb the trees. In the first 5-10 days after departure, the fledglings stay hidden in an area usually not exceeding 1-4 hectares. From about 40 days of age, the young begin to gain experience in finding food and, trying to follow their parents, gradually expand their habitat. At the age of 50 days they begin to forage on their own. Already 30 days after departure, many broods move away from the nests at a distance of up to 1.5 km. From this time on, some broods end their sedentary lifestyle and begin family migrations. At the end of July - beginning of August, young crows at the age of 80-90 days finally switch to an independent lifestyle and separate from their parents.

Sexual maturity in hooded crows occurs at the end of the second year of life; reproduction does not occur in the pre-adult stage. Established couples can persist for several years until the death of one of the partners.

Nutrition

The hooded crow is an omnivorous bird. In its diet in different seasons, those food groups that are most accessible and plentiful at that time in the world predominate. natural conditions. In the feeding regime of the hooded crow, several periods can be distinguished:

1. winter - mainly waste from garbage dumps;
2. transitional spring - by mouse-like rodents, as well as seeds of agricultural plants and insects;
3. the period of feeding the chicks with insects;
4. united flocks - mainly agricultural plants, also insects;
5. transitional autumn - agricultural plants, also mouse-like rodents and partly waste from garbage dumps.

The diet of adult gray crows is dominated by animal food, which is dominated by insects, mainly beetles. Fish, amphibians and birds are rarely caught by adult crows. Settling near bodies of water of various types, crows often hunt for river mollusks (toothless clams, pearl barley, etc.), pecking at their shells, usually on the same perches. At the same time, individual individuals sometimes amaze with their resourcefulness: they seem to demonstrate elements of intelligent activity. Having taken a mollusk in its beak, the crow vertically flies up to a height of 15-20 m and throws it onto the stones. The crow repeats these actions until the shell opens or breaks. Plant foods include bird cherry and elderberry fruits, as well as sunflower seeds, corn, oats and weeds.

The food spectrum of hooded crow chicks is extremely diverse. It includes invertebrate and vertebrate animals, plant components, as well as waste collected by adult crows near human habitation. Animal food takes the leading place in the nutrition of nesting chicks. The group of invertebrate animals is dominated by insects (male beetle adults, species of the family Tipulidae, ground beetles genera Carabus And Calosoma, weevils, winter moth caterpillars, oak budworm ( Tortrix viridana) etc.), spiders and terrestrial mollusks are less common, the proportion of earthworms and nooses is extremely small.

Vertebrates are also represented in the diet of chicks big amount species, these types of food are not inferior in volume to invertebrates. Fish, amphibians and reptiles (lake frogs, fast lizards) are relatively common in the food of young birds. Adult hooded crows most often of all vertebrates brought chicks and eggs to the nest of birds, which are predominantly ground-nesting species, inhabitants of bushes and lower tiers of forests (garden bunting, forest pipit, blackbird, gray warbler, common redstart, garden warbler, common turtle dove, etc.), including corvids (magpie and jay). In addition, crows destroy the nests of lentils, skylarks, yellow wagtails, marsh warblers, shrikes, and fieldfares. Unlike other corvids, hooded crows eat eggs and chicks of other birds not as random food, but specifically make systematic attempts to search for residential nests. Mammals (speckled ground squirrel, pygmy wood mouse, common vole) are rarely caught by crows. On the contrary, carrion, poultry egg shells, bread, and other food products were relatively often found in food extracts.

Vegetable food in the food of nesting chicks is represented mainly by seeds of cultivated plants (wheat, rye, corn, buckwheat, barley, sunflower and peas).

Shedding

The full annual molt of adult birds occurs between July and September. The young (partial molt) molt from June to September.

Status

Common breeding, nomadic, partially sedentary and wintering species.

Literature

• Dementiev G. P. Passerines (Complete guide to birds of the USSR by S. A. Buturlina and G. P. Dementieva). - T. 4. - M., L.: KOIZ, 1937. - P. 27
• Malchevsky A. S., Pukinsky Yu. B. Birds of the Leningrad region and adjacent territories. - L.: From Leningrad University, 1983. - P. 548-554
• Mikheev A.V. Bird's nest guide. Textbook manual for students of biology. specialties ped. Inst. Ed. 3rd, revised - M.: Education, 1975. - P. 164
• Birds of the north of the Lower Volga region: In 5 books. Book IV. Composition of avifauna / E.V. Zavyalov, V.G. Tabachishin, N.N. Yakushev and others - Saratov: Saratov University Publishing House, 2009. - P. 213-228
• Birds Soviet Union. T. V / Under the general editorship. G. P. Dementieva and N. A. Gladkova. - M.: Soviet science, 1954. - pp. 25-29