The fate of Akhmatova. Biography

Anna Akhmatova 1 was born in the village of Bolshoy Fontan near Odessa on June 11, 1889. Father is a mechanical engineer in the navy. Soon her family moved to Tsarskoe Selo, where the future poetess lived until she was 16 years old. She studied at Tsarskoye Selo and Kyiv gymnasiums. Then she studied jurisprudence in Kyiv and philology at the Higher Women's Courses in St. Petersburg. The first publications of poems appeared in 1907. She was a member of the literary association "Workshop of Poets" (since 1911, she was elected secretary). In 1912, she, together with N. Gumilyov and O. Mandelstam, formed the core of a new - acmeistic movement. From 1910 to 1918 she was married to the poet N. Gumilyov, whom she met at the Tsarskoye Selo gymnasium in 1903. In 1910-1912 she made a trip to Paris (where she met the Italian artist Modigliani) and Italy. In 1912, his son Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov was born and his first collection of poems, “Evening,” was published.

After the revolution, Akhmatova did not emigrate; she remained in her country, with her people, probably knowing that the future would not be serene. Subsequently, in one of her poems she will say:

Her creative destiny in the post-revolutionary period developed dramatically. Everything about Akhmatova irritated the authorities: the fact that she was the wife of the executed N. Gumilyov, and the fact that she behaved independently, and the fact that she was part of the old aristocratic culture, and the fact that she did not write propaganda poems; the rough language of the poster was organic to her alien And it must be said that contemporary critics of the poetess were very insightful, promptly warning the authorities about the “danger” that “lurked” in Akhmatova’s poems.

One striking example of this is Akhmatova’s 1924 poem “Lot’s Wife” from the series “Bible Verses”:

The righteous Lot, Lot's wife and his two daughters were led by an angel from Sodom, mired in sins. However, Lot's wife, frightened by the noise, forgot about the angel's prohibition, fell into curiosity and looked back at her hometown, for which she was immediately punished. “Her crime... was not so much a view of Sodom as disobedience of God’s commandment and addiction to the abode of debauchery,” the Biblical Encyclopedia comments on this event in biblical history. The parable nature of this biblical episode is transparent: the parable is addressed to those who, having taken the path of piety, out of weakness, turn their gaze to the former life they left behind.

Akhmatova rethinks the well-known plot: Lot’s wife looked back not out of simple curiosity, and especially not out of commitment to a sinful life, but driven by a feeling of love and anxiety for her home and hearth. According to Akhmatova, Lot's wife was punished for her natural feeling of attachment to the House.

How could this poem by Akhmatova be interpreted by official criticism in the 1920s? One of the critics, G. Lelevich, wrote: “Can one wish for even more clear proof of Akhmatova’s deepest visceral anti-revolutionism?” 3, because “Lot’s wife, as we know, paid severely for this attachment to the rotten world.” Akhmatova cannot resist looking into her dear past, and this seems unforgivable to critics.

In the second half of the 1920s and in the 1930s, the poetess published practically nothing. The era of silence has arrived. Akhmatova worked in the library of the Agronomic Institute. I was involved in A.S.’s creative work a lot. Pushkin (“The Tale of Pushkin”, ““The Stone Guest” of Pushkin”).

In 1939, Stalin's daughter Svetlana, having read some of Akhmatova's poems from previous years, aroused the capricious leader's curiosity about her. Suddenly, Akhmatova began to be published in magazines again. In the summer of 1940, the collection “From Six Books” was published. During the war, Akhmatova was evacuated from Leningrad to Tashkent and returned at the end of the war.

The year 1946 became memorable for Akhmatova and for all Soviet literature: it was then that the notorious resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks was adopted “On the magazines “Zvezda” and “Leningrad””, in which A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko were subjected to harsh and unfair criticism. Expulsion from the Writers' Union followed.

In the next decade, the poetess was mainly engaged in translations. Son, L.N. Gumilev, served his sentence as political criminal in forced labor camps, in 1949 he was arrested for the third time.

In the second half of the 1950s, Akhmatova's return to literature began. In 1962, “Poem without a Hero” was completed, which took 22 years to create. In the early 1960s, the poem "Requiem" was completed and published abroad in 1963 (published in the USSR in 1988). In 1964, Akhmatova was awarded the international prize"Etna-Taormina" "for 50 years of poetic activity and in connection with the recent publication in Italy of a collection of poems." In 1965 he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Oxford University.

A. Akhmatova died in 1966 on May 5 in Domodedovo near Moscow. She was buried in Komarov near St. Petersburg.

Akhmatova came to Russian poetry in the early 1910s with a theme traditional in world lyric poetry - the theme of love. After the release of her first collections, her contemporaries called her the Russian Sappho. The poetess became so famous that even critics sympathized with her: “Poor woman, crushed by fame,” K.I. wrote about her. Chukovsky. Her "Song of the Last Meeting", "Don't Love, Don't Want to Watch?", " Gray-Eyed King", "The last time we met was then..." But now we cannot imagine Akhmatova without civil, patriotic poems ("I had a voice...", "Courage", " Native land", "Requiem") and poems in which she reflects on the fate of the poetic word, on the fate of the poet ("A dark-skinned youth wandered through the alleys...", the cycle "Secrets of the Craft", "Seaside Sonnet", "Who Once in people called the joke..."). These three themes are the leading ones in her poetry.

Young Anna Akhmatova had an idol whom she admired and considered him a great poet of that time. She appreciated every chance meeting with him, and only once did she muster the courage to come to his home without an invitation.

Analysis of the poem Poem without a hero by Akhmatova

One of Akhmatova’s most fundamental creations is the Poem without a Hero, which covers various periods of the poetess’s life and tells about the fate of Akhmatova herself, who survived her creative youth in St. Petersburg, the besieged city and many adversities.

Analysis of the poem The Verdict (And the stone word fell...) by Akhmatova

The poem The Verdict was written very little time after the tragic events in the life of the poetess. In 1938, her husband was shot, and a year later her only son went into exile.

Analysis of the poem Akhmatova’s Oath

Any injustice, grief and suffering have their own response in the soul of almost any person who sees something similar; people tend to sympathize. When did it start

Analysis of the poem Guest by Akhmatova

One of Akhmatova’s works written at the beginning of the 20th century is the poem Guest, which is dedicated to a love theme with philosophical overtones.

Analysis of the poem Pobeda Akhmatova

The poem Victory is part of a cycle of the same name, which was started by the poetess during World War II and completed by 1945, that is, precisely at the end of hostilities

Analysis of the poem Tear-stained Autumn, like Akhmatova’s widow

The key theme of the work is the poetess’s lyrical reflections on tragic love, saturated with the bitterness of loss in connection with the death of her ex-husband Nikolai Gumilyov, who was shot on charges of counter-revolutionary actions.

Analysis of the poem Sad Akhmatova

The work is one of components poetry collection “Evening”, presented by the poetess as her debut.

Analysis of the poem Poet Akhmatova

The work is one of the poems included in the poetic cycle called “Secrets of the Craft,” which reveals the theme of the relationship between the creative process and the poet.

Analysis of the poem Confusion by Akhmatova

This poem is about feelings and relationships. It is sincerely written in the first person – by the poetess herself. She is in love, but her feelings only cause confusion within herself.

Analysis of the poem Primorsky Sonnet by Akhmatova

The work is a poem written in the canonical lyric genre called a sonnet, and belongs to the late work of the poetess.

Analysis of the poem to Miloy Akhmatova

Anna Akhmatova's first poems were published in 1911. Early lyrics the poetess was entirely filled with the theme of love and suffering because of it. Although Akhmatova was an Acmeist poet

Analysis of the poem I don’t need Akhmatova’s odic armies

There comes a moment in the life of any creative person when he needs to rethink all his creativity and answer the question of why and who needs all this. Anna Akhmatova was no exception,

Analysis of the poem Akhmatova’s work

The work is integral part poetic collection “Secrets of the Craft”, the main purpose of which the poet presents a description creative process and an explanation of the appearance of poetic lines.

Analysis of the poem Poems about Petersburg by Akhmatova

The work consists of two small poems included in the poetic collection of poems “Rosary Beads”. The main theme of the poem is the author’s quenched love, expressed in recognition of a calm, unshakable

Analysis of the poem Solitude by Akhmatova

The work belongs to the sonnet genre of the poetess and, as the main theme, considers the image of high art in the form of a high tower, raised by a creative person who has found his own solitude, above the bustle of life.

Analysis of Akhmatova's poem I had a voice. He called comfortingly...

One of the famous works, namely the poem “I had a voice. He called comfortingly..." the great Russian poetess Anna Akhmatova was written in 1917.

Analysis of Akhmatova's poem Song of the Last Meeting

The poem Song of the Last Meeting was written by the poetess in 1911. Another very important fact that needs to be emphasized is that this poem was later included in the very first collection of poems by Anna Akhmatova.

Analysis of the poem Courage by Akhmatova grades 6, 7, 10

The poem, which became a symbol of the poetry of Anna Andreevna Akhmatova, was written in 1942, after the start of the war. Akhmatova was always close to the people, she was their thoughts, soul and voice

Analysis of the poem by Evening Akhmatova

It was not customary to speak out loud about the feelings of women, both young and old. And if this kind of thing happened, it was considered by everyone to be very vulgar and not beautiful. Anna Akhmatova spoke about how a woman can feel

Analysis of Akhmatova's poem Prayer

In 1915, Akhmatova’s poem was published, which was called “Prayer”. This poem has conquered the world to some extent. Because the poetess lived in those times when it was difficult for everyone, including her

Analysis of Akhmatova's poem The Gray-Eyed King

Work by Anna Akhmatova for a long time studied by literary scholars and researchers - literary scholars. For many, it remains a big mystery to whom this ballad is dedicated.

Analysis of Akhmatova's poem Summer Garden

Anna Akhmatova is a very rational person, as it may seem at first glance, or as it seemed at first to others who did not really know her. But when they got to know her better, everyone was surprised

Analysis of Akhmatova's poem White Night

Twentieth-century literature has developed certain recurring themes, one of which is the theme of time. "White Night" is one of the few early poems Akhmatova, in which the work of temporary relationships

Analysis of Akhmatova's poem Requiem poem 11th grade essay

The Russian poetess Anna Akhmatova faced difficult trials. Her poem “Requiem” is dedicated to the difficult years of Stalin’s repressions for the country, when many people were innocently arrested

Analysis of Akhmatova’s poem I am not with those who abandoned the earth...

From the first line of the poem, Akhmatova separates herself from “those”. The author is fundamentally not with them. And who are they? These are those who not only left their homeland, but left it to their enemies to be torn to pieces.

Analysis of Akhmatova's poem Native Land, grade 6

The poem is called “Native Land” - this is a very important word for everyone. In fairy tales, heroes always carried a handful of their native land with them. And she helped them - she gave them strength in battles. Even at the most dangerous moment she helped out!

Analysis of Akhmatova's poem Muse

The brilliant lyricist and philosopher, poetess Anna Akhmatova in the poem “Muse” arranges an “interrogation” of the lyrical heroine on behalf of the Muse.

Analysis of Akhmatova’s poem I’m not asking for your love...

In 1914, A. Akhmetova published a new work, and if we consider it with other works of the poetess, it looks quite simple and unpretentious.

Analysis of Akhmatov's poem Twenty-one. Night. Monday (21 nights)

The theme of the poem is laconic and simple. It carries with it complete disappointment in the existence of love and a rethinking of some values. Akhmatova speaks ironically about this feeling, which brought her pain and suffering.

Analysis of the poem by Akhmatova Clasped her hands under a dark veil...

The poem is a striking example of the creativity of the great Russian poetess. Here Anna Akhmatova, as always, colorfully conveyed the inner state of the protagonist in just a few lines, while endowing each of them with a unique set of qualities

Analysis of Akhmatova’s poem There are days before spring, grade 6

Anna Akhmatova's poem "Before spring there are such days" is distinguished by its brevity and genius, like many of the works of the great poetess. The work describes the time when winter ends and spring is about to come.

Analysis of Akhmatova's poem Love

Anna Akhmatova, a poetess who wrote poems about earthly love. Her sincere, piercing lines about this complex feeling fill her entire life. At the same time, the language is understandable to anyone, because every person on Earth

Analysis of the poem I wish I could get sick Akhmatova

The main motive of the poem “I wish I could get sick properly” is memory and a return to the past. The work is imbued with the desire to get sick, and not just to get sick, but to get sick “properly.”

Analysis of the poem I learned to live wisely Akhmatova

Akhmatova wrote “I learned to live simply, wisely” quite early, at the dawn of her own creative career, when a significant amount of time remained before her creative acme.

Anna Akhmatova did not like being called a poetess. She heard something disdainful in this word. Her poetry, on the one hand, was very feminine, intimate and sensual, but, on the other hand, it also contained quite masculine themes, such as creativity, the historical upheavals of Russia, and war. Akhmatova was a representative of one of the modernist movements - Acmeism. Members of the group "Workshop of Poets" - an organization of Acmeists - believed that creativity is a kind of craft, and the poet is a master who, as a building material must use the word.

Akhmatova as an Acmeist poet

Akemism is one of the movements of modernism. Representatives of this trend came into conflict with the Symbolists and their mysticism. For Acmeists, poetry is a craft that can be learned if you constantly practice and improve. Akhmatova was of the same opinion. Acmeists have few images and symbols in their poems; words are selected carefully, so it is not at all necessary to use them in a figurative sense. One of the most famous poems that Akhmatova wrote is “Courage.” Analysis of the poem shows how significant the Russian language was for the poetess. Ator treats him very reverently and respectfully: this is manifested both at the level of form and at the level of content. practically none, the phrases are short and succinct.

Anna Akhmatova "Courage"

We need to start with the history of creation. Anna Akhmatova began work on the collection “Wind of War” immediately after it began, in 1941. This was supposed to be her contribution to the victory, her attempt to raise the morale of the people. The poem "Courage" was included in this cycle of poems and became one of the most striking.

Theme and idea of ​​the poem

The main theme of the poem is the Great Patriotic War. Akhmatova implements this theme in her own way. The main thing that people need, Akhmatova believes, is courage. An analysis of the verse shows how in just a few lines the poetess was able to express the idea that enemies are claiming to destroy Russian culture and to enslave the Russian people. She does this by naming the most important thing for a Russian person - the Russian language, original and unique.

Meter, rhyme, rhetoric and stanza

An analysis of the poem “Courage” by Akhmatova must begin with a consideration of its construction. It is written in amphibrachic pentameter. This size gives the verse recitativeness and clarity; it sounds abrupt, inviting, and rhythmic. The poem has three stanzas. Two of them are full-fledged quatrains, that is, they consist of four lines connected by cross rhyme. The third stanza ends unexpectedly on the third line, which consists of only one word - “forever.” Akhmatova thereby emphasizes the significance of this word, her steadfastness and confidence in the power of the Russian people and the country as a whole. With this word she sets the general mood of the text: Russian culture will exist forever, no one can destroy it. Of course, neither the language nor the culture of a country can survive without the people, who must show courage and simply cannot give up.

"Courage", Akhmatova: analysis of means of expression

Any poem must have a “means of expression” clause. Moreover, it is not enough to simply write them out; you also need to determine the function of each of the means in the text. As noted above, the Acmeists used little visual arts in her poems, Akhmatova adhered to the same principle. “Courage,” the analysis of which necessarily requires consideration of lexical and syntactic figures of speech, represents great interest. The poem begins with “Our hours” - this is a gloomy modernity. Akhmatova fell on hard times: First world war, revolution, civil war... And then the Second World War... Akhmatova did not leave the country when the first wave of emigration subsided, and she did not leave it during the years of Hitler’s invasion. Akhmatova personifies Russian speech and Russian word, addressing him as a friend, on “you”. In connection with this personification, a metaphor arises - we will save you from captivity. This metaphor means that if Hitler’s Germany had won over Russia, the Russian language would have faded into the background, children would not have been taught it, and it would have stopped developing. And the decline of the Russian language means the complete decline of Russian culture and the destruction of centuries-old traditions and the nation as a whole.

In the poem, the author draws attention to certain meanings: hour-hours, courage-courage (in the first stanza). The poetess also used syntactic parallelism in the second stanza, which enhances the effect of the expressed idea that the Russian people will fight desperately, to the last drop of blood, not sparing themselves, showing courage. Akhmatova (analysis has proven this) does not betray the canons of Acmeism, but speaks about a topical problem.

The poem "The Garden" by Anna Akhmatova is an unusually expressive work, where an entire philosophy is revealed in four stanzas. It refers to early poetry Anna Andreevna: at the time of writing, in 1911, the poetess was only 22 years old. When starting an analysis of the poem, we can immediately highlight the main thing: the plot of the work is based on comparison. The main theme is the decline of nature and with it human soul, there is also a premonition of the end in the poem.

The lyrical hero compares the winter sleep of the garden, similar to dying, with his feelings. The sad mood of the poem arises due to the following epithets: icy, pale, dim, gone, yesterday's, dead. The feeling of hopelessness is born of words "no turning back", "premonition of trouble", "peace is taken forever". The bitterness of a certain loss is replaced by indifference - just as the fading of the summer colors of the garden is replaced by a numb winter sleep.

The poem is written in iambic tetrameter, with cross rhyme. These simple shapes as if they emphasize the inevitability of what is happening: everything that must happen will happen. Nature will fall asleep in winter's sleep, and the lyrical hero, devoid of illusions, will lose all hope of happiness.

"Garden" was included in Akhmatova's first collection "Evening", then the poetess considered herself an Acmeist. The poem can be classified as both landscape and philosophical lyrics. It is this inextricable interweaving of the forces of nature and the human soul that is the core of the work.

Pay attention to the analysis of other poems:

• “Requiem”, analysis of Akhmatova’s poem
• “Courage”, analysis of Akhmatova’s poem
• “I clenched my hands under a dark veil...”, analysis of Akhmatova’s poem
• “The Gray-Eyed King,” analysis of Akhmatova’s poem
• “Twenty-one. Night. Monday", analysis of Akhmatova’s poem
• “Song of the Last Meeting”, analysis of Akhmatova’s poem
• “Native Land”, analysis of the poem, essay

Anna Akhmatova never had a great love for women, invariably preferring to spend time in male society. According to her in my own words, most female representatives are too envious, stupid and selfish. And it was much easier for the poetess to find colleagues in creative interests among the men who made up the core literary circles her time.

However, she always made an exception for one woman, considering her an interesting conversationalist and a creative person. Nadezha Chulkova, the wife of the most famous Russian publisher of the 19th century, Mikhail Dmitrievich Chulkova, became a close friend of the poetess.

The Chulkovs had their own literary salon, where prominent writers and other creative figures regularly gathered. At one of these meetings, Chulkova reproached Akhmatova for writing exclusively about passion for men, and for those created by the imagination of the poetess herself.

According to Chulkova, real writing talent is multifaceted. To develop it, you need to resort to various topics, honing and improving your gift. For Akhmatova, these words sounded like a challenge to her creativity. She promised to create a poem on the theme of landscape lyricism, demonstrating her viability in other areas of the literary genre.

In the summer of 1915, while on the estate that belonged to the poetess's husband, Nikolai Gumilyov, Akhmatova wrote the poem “Before spring there are such days...” This work clearly showed her critics that the poetess’s talent was not limited love lyrics, and is capable of creating on a variety of topics.

The main idea and emotional leitmotif of the work

Talking about the onset of spring, the poetess did not consider it necessary to describe the changes taking place in nature. Much more important for Akhmatova are the feelings that she experiences when looking at the awakening of nature. On days like these, as she notes at the beginning of the poem, her worldview changes, she feels renewed and happy, forgetting that all life circumstances have remained the same.

Akhmatova conveys the joyful anticipation of change by talking about nature that awaits spring. The streams have not yet flowed, and there is snow on the fields, as before. But the air itself has changed, the wind has become warm and elastic. For the poetess, waiting is much more joyful than the arrival of spring itself. The tense anticipation of change is in tune with the state of the lyrical hero of the work, who feels excitement and joy on such days.

But Akhmatova does not seek to describe in detail the nature around her. To describe the days that make her happy, only 2-3 lines are enough for her. She is not a landscape artist, it is important for her to capture the very essence, create a sketch, show how this time changes the character of her hero.

Most of the work talks specifically about the feelings of the observer. He looks at the objects around him with different eyes. The house to which he is accustomed seems new and unusual to him. The hero does not recognize himself, is surprised and rejoices at new sensations.

These days, the poetess comes to the realization that life does not stand still, making new turns according to the laws of nature. The past is gone forever, even the old song, “the one that was boring before”, takes on a new meaning and sounds differently. All the experiences that bother the hero go away, giving way to other, bright feelings.

Compositional features of the poem

Despite the brevity of the work (8 lines), Akhmatova fully manages to convey the mental state of her hero. The poem evokes bright, positive emotions. A number of literary techniques help the poetess achieve this effect. In her poem she uses:

• Metaphors that convey the beauty of nature. For example - “the trees are cheerfully dry”, “the warm wind is gentle and elastic”.
• Personifications, thanks to which the poem seems "comes to life" - "the meadow is resting", "the trees are rustling" etc.
• Anaphora, which gives the work even greater expressiveness - four of the eight lines of the poem begin with the conjunction “and”.

The verse is written using paired rhyme. The meter of the work is iambic. Akhmatova often resorts to it when creating her works.

In many cultures, the symbol of spring is associated with renewal, the beginning of a new life. But Akhmatova brings another, deeper sound to the old image. For her, spring is not only a time of creation, but also a stage of rethinking the past, trying to perceive it new way, giving space to new ideas and aspirations.

• “Requiem”, analysis of Akhmatova’s poem
• “Courage”, analysis of Akhmatova’s poem
• “I clenched my hands under a dark veil...”, analysis of Akhmatova’s poem