The main raw material of the aluminum industry is bauxite. Bauxite is processed into alumina. Aluminum is then produced from the cryolite-alumina melt. Bauxite is predominantly found in the humid tropics and subtropics. Where processes of deep chemical weathering of rocks occur. Forty-two percent of the world's bauxite reserves are located in Guinea. Next comes Australia - 18.5%, Brazil - 6.3%, Jamaica - 4.7%, Cameroon -3.8% and India - 2.8%. Australia ranks first in terms of production scale - 42.6 million tons in 1995. The main producing areas are Western Australia, northern Queensland and the Northern Territory. In Russia, bauxite is mined in the Leningrad region, the Urals, and Timman. Bauxite mining is carried out in the USA open method in Alabama, Arkansas and Georgia. The total volume is 35 thousand tons per year.

Magnesium.

Relatively recently, magnesium began to be used in industry. A significant part of the magnesium produced during the Second World War was used to make incendiary shells, bombs, flares and other ammunition. Its main area of ​​application in peacetime is the production of light alloys based on magnesium and aluminum (magnalin, duralumin). According to their own physical properties magnesium-aluminum alloys - cast (4-13% magnesium) and wrought (1-7% magnesium) are excellent for producing forged parts and shaped castings in various branches of mechanical engineering and instrument making. In 1935 world production magnesium amounted to 1.8 thousand tons. In 1943 - 238 thousand tons, in 1988 - 364 thousand tons. . In addition, in 1995 About five million tons of magnesium compounds were produced. Virtually unlimited and confined to many areas globe reserves of raw materials suitable for the production of magnesium and its numerous compounds. Magnesium-containing dolomite and evaporites (carnallite, bischofite, kainite, etc.) are widespread in nature. Established world reserves of magnesite are estimated at twelve billion tons. Brucite - several million tons. Magnesium compounds in natural brines can contain billions of tons of this metal. In 1995, about forty-one percent of world production of magnesium metal and twelve percent of its compounds came from the United States. Türkiye and North Korea are major producers of magnesium metal. Large producers of magnesium compounds are Russia, China, North Korea, Austria, Türkiye and Greece. In the US, magnesium metal is produced in the states of Texas, Utah and Washington. Magnesium oxide and its other compounds are obtained from sea ​​water in California, Florida, Delaware, and Texas. From underground brines in Michigan. Also by processing olivine in North Carolina and Washington. Inexhaustible reserves of magnesium salts are contained in the brine of the Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay.

Copper

One of the most common and most valuable non-ferrous metals and the most valuable is copper. The electrical industry is the largest consumer of copper. It uses copper for power cables, telegraph and telephone wires, and in generators, electric motors and switches. Copper is also used in the automotive industry and construction. It is spent on the production of bronze, brass and copper-nickel alloys. For the production of copper, the most important raw materials are chalcopyrite and bornite (copper and iron sulfides), chalcocite (copper sulfide). Also native copper. Oxidized copper ores primarily consist of malachite (copper carbonate). Mined copper ore is often beneficiated on site. The ore concentrate is then sent to a copper smelter. Next - for refining to obtain pure red copper. Common and cheap way processing of many copper ores - hydrometallurgical: liquid extraction and electrolytic refining of blister copper. Five regions of the world have predominantly copper deposits. They are located: in the US Rocky Mountains; Precambrian (Canadian) shield within the state of Michigan (USA) and the provinces of Ontario, Quebec and Manitoba (Canada); on the western slopes of the Andes, especially in Peru and; Chile on the Central African Plateau - in the copper belt of Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Also in Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Armenia. In 1995, the main copper producers: Chile - 2.5 million tons, USA - 1.89 million tons, Canada -730 thousand tons, Indonesia -460 thousand tons, Peru 405 thousand tons, Australia 394 thousand tons, Poland - 384 thousand tons, Zambia - 342 thousand tons, Russia - 330 thousand tons. Copper ores in the USA are mined mainly in Arizona, New Mexico, Michigan, Utah and Montana. 77 thousand tons of copper ore are mined and processed per day at the largest Bingham Canyon mine in Utah. Home industry mining industry Chile is a copper mining country. About twenty-two percent of its world reserves are concentrated there. The Chuquicamata deposit produces the most copper ore. In the Atacama Desert in the north of the country, the world's largest undeveloped copper ore body, Escondida, was discovered in 1981 (with ore reserves of 1.8 billion tons and a copper content of 1.59%).

Lead

Lead is primarily used in the manufacture of automobile batteries and lead tetraethylate additives for gasoline. IN Lately the use of toxic lead additives is being reduced. Due to restrictions on the use of leaded gasoline. About a quarter of the mined lead is spent on the needs of communications, construction, electronic and electrical industries, for the production of ammunition, dyes (lead white, red lead, etc.), crystal and lead glass and ceramic glazes. Lead is used in antifriction alloys, as ballast weights or weights, in ceramic production, and for the manufacture of typographic fonts. It is used to make pipes and containers for radioactive materials. To protect against ionizing radiation Lead is the main material. Reusable most of lead The exception is glass and ceramic products, chemicals and pigments. The need for lead can be covered to a large extent by recycling scrap metal. Galena (lead luster), which is lead sulfide, is the main ore mineral of lead. It often also contains an admixture of silver, which is recovered along the way. Forming polymetallic ores, galena is usually associated with sphalerite, a zinc ore mineral, and often with chalcopyrite, a copper ore mineral. Lead mining is carried out in forty-eight countries. In 1995, the leading producers of world production were Australia - 16%, China - 16%, USA - 15%, Peru - 9% and Canada 8%. Mining is also carried out in significant volumes in Kazakhstan, Russia, Sweden, Mexico, South Africa and Morocco. In the USA, in 1995, the main producer of lead ore was Missouri. Where in the Mississippi River Valley, eight mines account for 89% of the nation's total lead production. Other mining areas include Colorado, Montana and Idaho. Lead reserves in Alaska are associated with silver, zinc and copper ores. In Canada, most of the developed lead deposits are located in the province of British Columbia. Lead is always associated with zinc in Australia. The main deposits are Broken Hill (New South Wales) and Mount Isa (Queensland). Kazakhstan has large lead-zinc deposits. This is Rudny Altai, Kazakh small hills. Also available in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan. The main lead deposits in Russia are concentrated in Altai, Transbaikalia, Yakutia, Primorye, the North Caucasus and the Yenisei.

Zinc

Zinc has been known since ancient times as a bluish-white metal. It is widely used for the production of brass and other alloys. Zinc is also used for galvanizing - applying galvanic coatings that protect the surfaces of steel and iron sheets, pipes, wires, metal meshes, and shaped parts from rusting. connecting parts pipelines. Its compounds serve as pigments, phosphors, etc. The main mineral of zinc ores is sphalerite (zinc sulfide). It is often associated with galena or chalcopyrite. Canada ranks first in the world in zinc production and reserves. In 1995, this amounted to 16.5% of world production, 1113 thousand tons. Significant zinc reserves are concentrated: in China - 13.5%, Australia - 13%, USA - 10%, Peru -10% and Ireland about three percent. Zinc mining is carried out in fifty countries. Zinc is extracted in Russia from copper pyrite deposits in the Urals. Also from polymetallic deposits in the mountains of Southern Siberia and Primorye. Large zinc reserves are concentrated in Rudny Altai (Eastern Kazakhstan - Leninogorsk, etc.), which accounts for more than fifty percent of zinc production in the CIS countries. Zinc is also mined in Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan (Almalyk deposit) and Tajikistan. In the USA, the state of Tennessee occupies a leading place in zinc production - 55%. It is followed by New York and Missouri. Other significant zinc producers are Montana, Colorado, Idaho and Alaska. The most important zinc mines in Canada are located in British Columbia, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and the Northwest Territories.

Nickel

About 64% of all nickel produced in the world is used to produce nickel steel. Machine tools, tools, armor plates and plates, dishes made of nickel steel of stainless steel and other products. Sixteen percent of nickel is used for electroplating (nickel plating) of steel, brass, copper and zinc. Nine percent for superalloys for turbines, aircraft mounts, turbochargers, etc. Nickel is used in coinage. For example, the American five-cent coin contains twenty-five percent nickel and seventy-five percent copper. Nickel is present in primary ores in combination with sulfur and arsenic. In secondary deposits (weathering crusts, laterites) it forms dispersed dissemination of hydrous nickel silicates. Russia and Canada account for half of the world's nickel production. Large-scale mining is also carried out in Australia, New Caledonia, Indonesia, South Africa, China, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Colombia. Taking first place in the production of nickel ores (22% of world production) in Russia, the bulk of the ore is extracted from copper-nickel sulfide deposits in the Norilsk region (Taimyr) and partly in the Pechenga region (Kola Peninsula). A silicate-nickel deposit is also being developed in the Urals. Canada, which previously produced eighty percent of the world's nickel from one of the largest copper-nickel deposits in Sudbury (Ontario). Now it is inferior to Russia in terms of production volume. Nickel deposits in Canada are also being developed in Manitoba, British Columbia and other areas. There are no nickel ore deposits in the United States. Nickel is recovered as a by-product from a single copper refinery. Also produced from scrap (scrap metal).

Cobalt

For industrial and aviation gas turbine engines, cobalt forms the basis of exceptionally high strength alloys (superalloys). Also for the production of powerful permanent magnets. World cobalt reserves are estimated at approximately 10.3 million tons. Most of it is mined in Congo (DRC) and Zambia. Significantly less in Canada, Australia, Russia (in the Urals), Kazakhstan, and Ukraine. Cobalt is not produced, although non-commercial reserves (1.4 million tons) are found in Minnesota (0.9 million tons), Idaho, California, Missouri, Montana, Alaska and Oregon.

Tin

Tin is used to make white (tinned) tin. This tin (steel coated with a thin film of tin) is ideal for storing food products due to non-toxicity. In the United States, twenty-five percent of tin is used to make tin cans. There are also other aspects of the use of tin - fast ice, the production of putties, bronze, babbitts, tin foil and other alloys. The main, and until recently the only, ore mineral of tin is cassiterite (tin stone). It occurs mainly in quartz veins associated with granites. Also in alluvial placers. For placer deposits South-East Asia accounts for almost half of the world's tin production. The belt is 1600 km long and up to 190 km wide from Bank Island (Indonesia) to the extreme southeast of China. One of the world's largest producers of tin is China. In 1995 it amounted to 61 thousand tons. Next come Indonesia - 44 thousand tons, Malaysia - 39 thousand tons, Bolivia - 20 thousand tons, Brazil - 15 thousand tons and Russia - 12 thousand tons. Production is carried out in significant quantities scales also in Australia, Canada, Congo (DRC) and Great Britain.

Molybdenum

Molybdenum is used in the production of alloy steels for machine tool construction, oil and gas, chemical and electrical industries and transport engineering. It is also used to produce armor plates and armor-piercing projectiles. Molybdenite (molybdenum sulfide) is the main ore mineral of molybdenum. It is soft black with a bright metallic sheen. This mineral is often associated with copper sulfides (chalcopyrite, etc.) or wolframite, less commonly with cassiterite. The United States ranks first in the world in molybdenum production. Production in 1995 increased to 59 thousand tons (1992 – 49 thousand tons). Primary molybdenum is mined in Colorado (at the world's largest mine, Henderson) and Idaho. Molybdenum is recovered as a by-product in Arizona, Montana, California, and Utah. In terms of production, Chile and China share second place - 18 thousand tons each. Canada is in third place - 11 thousand tons. These three countries account for eighty-eight percent of global molybdenum production. In Transbaikalia, Kuznetsk Alatau and the North Caucasus, molybdenum ores are mined in Russia. There are small copper-molybdenum deposits in Armenia and Kazakhstan.

Tungsten

The composition of super-hard wear-resistant tool alloys, mainly in the form of carbide, includes tungsten. It is used in incandescent filaments of electric lamps. Wolframite and scheelite are the main ore metals. Forty-two percent of the world's tungsten reserves (mostly wolframite) are concentrated in China. Russia ranks second in the production of tungsten (in the form of scheelite). In 1995 it amounted to 4.4 thousand tons. The main deposits are located in the Caucasus, Transbaikalia and Chukotka. In Canada, USA, Germany, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan. There are large deposits in the USA. There is also one tungsten mine in California.

Bismuth

Bismuth is used to produce low-melting alloys. In nuclear reactors, liquid bismuth serves as a coolant. Bismuth compounds are used in medicine, optics, electrical engineering, textiles and other industries. Bismuth is mainly obtained as a by-product from lead smelting. Bismuth minerals are bismuthine sulfide, native bismuth, bismuth sulfosalts. They are present in ores of copper, molybdenum, silver, nickel and cobalt, and in some uranium deposits. Bismuth is mined directly from bismuth ore only in Bolivia. The world leaders in 1995 in the production of bismuth are Peru - 1000 tons, Mexico - 900 tons, China - 700 tons, Japan - 175 tons, Canada - 126 tons. Significant reserves of bismuth ore were discovered in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Bismuth is extracted in significant quantities from polymetallic ores in Australia. Bismuth in the United States is produced only at one lead refinery in Omaha, Nebraska.

Antimony

Antimony is a shiny silvery brittle metal. Antimony is used in semiconductors, in chemical industry, in the manufacture of ceramics and glass. It is used as a lead hardener in car batteries. The main area of ​​application of antimony is flame retardants (anti-ignition agents) - compositions (mainly in the form of Sb2O3 oxide) that reduce the flammability of wood, fabrics and other materials. Antimonite (stibnite), antimony sulfide, is the main ore mineral very often associated with cinnabar (mercury sulfide), sometimes with wolframite (ferberite). World antimony reserves are estimated at six million tons. They are concentrated mainly in China (52% of world reserves). Also in Bolivia, Kyrgyzstan and Thailand (4.5% each), South Africa and Mexico. Antimony deposits in the USA are found in Idaho, Nevada, Montana and Alaska. Industrial deposits of antimony in Russia are known in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Krasnoyarsk Territory and Transbaikalia.

Mercury

The only metal and mineral that is liquid at ordinary temperatures. It hardens at a temperature of 38.9 C. Thermometers, barometers, pressure gauges and other instruments that use mercury. It is used in electrical equipment - mercury gas-discharge light sources: fluorescent lamps, mercury lamps. Also for making dyes, in dentistry, etc. Cinnabar, a bright red mercuric sulfide, is the only ore mineral of mercury. After its oxidative roasting, condensation of mercury vapor occurs in the distillation unit. Mercury and especially its vapors are very toxic. The hydrometallurgical method, which is less harmful, is used to obtain mercury. Cinnabar is transferred to a solution of sodium sulfide, after which the mercury is reduced to metal by aluminum. World mercury production was 3049 tons in 1995. Identified mercury resources were estimated at 675 thousand tons, mainly in Spain, Italy, Yugoslavia, Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine and Russia. The largest producer of mercury is Spain -1497 tons. Then China -550 tons, Algeria -290 tons and Mexico - 280 tons. The main source of mercury is the Almaden deposit in southern Spain. It has been known for almost two thousand years. Some mercury is recovered as a byproduct of gold mining in Utah and Nevada. In the United States, cinnabar is mined at one mine in Nevada. There are small deposits in Chukotka, Kamchatka and Altai in Russia. The Khaidarkan and Chauvay fields in Kyrgyzstan have been developed for a long time.

Copper ore reserves

The main region of copper industry is the Ural region. Its raw material base is the copper pyrite ores of the Gaisky, Kirovogradsky, Degtyarsky, Krasnouralsky, Revdinsky, Blyavinsky deposits, with the Gaysky, Kirovogradsky, Degtyarsky deposits being the most important. In addition, copper ores are mined in Revda, Levikha, Polevskaya, Mednogorsk and Karabash.

In the Northern region, copper-nickel ores are developed in Monchegorsk; in the East Siberian region, the largest are the Nortle and Udakan deposits.

Aluminum ore reserves

The alumina necessary for aluminum production is mostly produced in European regions and the Urals. Bauxite from the following series of deposits is mostly used as feedstock: Boksitogorsk, Severouralsk, North Onega; nephelines from the Kola Peninsula, Krasnoyarsk Territory and other areas are used to a lesser extent.

The largest reserves of bauxite in the Urals are located in the North Ural basin in the Kamensk-Uralsky region.

The largest Tikhvin and Onega bauxite deposits are located on the territory of the North-Western economic region; in addition, this region has a significant amount of apatite-nepheline ores. In the Northern region there are deposits in Monchegorsk, as well as the Timsherskoye and Khibinskoye deposits.

In Eastern Siberia, aluminum deposits are located in the lower reaches of the Angara River.

Polymetallic ore reserves

The lead-zinc industry is based on the complex processing of polymetallic ores of different compositions. In the ores of the Leninogorsk and Zyryanovsk deposits there is more zinc than lead, and in the Achinsk and Tekeli deposits lead predominates over zinc. In the Urals, zinc is found in copper ores. In Western Siberia, the ore of the Salair and Zolotushenskoye deposits consists mainly of zinc. In addition, polymetallic ores are common in the North Caucasus (Sadon), Transbaikalia (Nerchinsk), and the Far East (Dalnegorsk)

In Eastern Siberia, the most famous deposits are Sherlovaya Gora, Borzya and Nerchinskoye.

Nickel ore reserves

Russia is one of the few countries in which nickel production is developed. The main deposits of sulfide copper-nickel ores are concentrated in the North-Western economic region on the Kola Peninsula (Monchegorsk, Pechenga-nickel) and in Eastern Siberia (Norilsk) where the largest Talnakh deposit is being developed. Another type of oxidized nickel ores is being developed in the Urals (Rezhskoye, Ufaleyskoye, Orskoye deposits)

The main nickel reserves in the Urals are concentrated in the Orsko-Khalilovsky region, where ores are mined by open pit mining. Significant reserves of nickel ores are concentrated in the Burutkal deposit, which is currently being intensively developed.

Tin ore reserves

Deposits of tin ores - casserites are located in the Chita region, Yakutia, the Far East and Magadan region.

Reserves of titanium-magnesium ores

Magnesium raw materials (magnesite, dolomite, carnallite, etc.) are widespread in the Urals, Eastern Siberia and other areas

Deposits of titanium ores (titanium magnetites and ilmenites) are found in the Urals, the Kola Peninsula and Western Siberia. In the West Siberian economic region, the main deposits of titanium-zirconium ores are concentrated in the Tomsk region.

The role and significance of non-ferrous metallurgy and a brief description of world reserves of non-ferrous metal ores.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is one of the leading branches of heavy industry in the country's national economy. By product release non-ferrous metallurgy occupies one of the first places in the world. The national economy uses aluminum, copper, zinc, nickel, lead, molybdenum, tungsten, mercury, antimony, cobalt, cadmium, niobium, titanium, magnesium, gold, silver, platinum, palladium and other non-ferrous, rare and noble materials in ever-increasing quantities metals.

Along with other raw materials industries, non-ferrous metallurgy forms the basis of the industrial power of our country, and its products contribute to scientific and technological progress in almost all industries National economy.

In the years Soviet power Previously operating mines, metallurgical plants, and non-ferrous metal processing plants were expanded. In 1931, the Krasnouralsk copper smelter came into operation, in 1932 - the first-born of the USSR aluminum industry - the Volkhov Aluminum Plant, in 1933 - the first-born of the nickel industry, the Ufaleysky Nickel Plant, in 1934 - the Chikmentsky Lead Plant, in 1935 - Chelyabinsk zinc and many other enterprises. In 1939, the existing Ural Aluminum Smelter came into operation; The Magnitogorsk copper and sulfur plant began operating. In 1938, the first copper was produced by the Balkhash Mining and Metallurgical Plant.

By 1940, the domestic non-ferrous metallurgy had become one of the leading places in the world both in terms of production volume and technical level. The domestic metallurgy industry has completely abandoned the import of aluminum, zinc, and partly copper.

The Norilsk mining plant was built in the Far North, the Novokuznetsk mining plant in Siberia, and the Bogoslovsky aluminum smelter in the Urals.

During the years of the post-war five-year plans, non-ferrous metallurgy developed at an accelerated pace. The Severonickel plants, Balkhash, Zyryansky, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Altyn-Topkan, Sumgait and Kanaker aluminum plants and many others were built.

By the end of 1970, large enterprises using modern technology, including the Nadezhda Metallurgical Plant in Norilsk, the Nikolaev Alumina Plant, a number of mining and processing plants for the extraction of copper, lead-zinc and tungsten ores in Kazakhstan and the Far East. The Erdenet large copper-molybdenum plant in the Mongolian People's Republic, a joint Soviet-Mongolian enterprise, came into operation. Major measures have been taken to introduce new technological processes, high-performance equipment.

The production of non-ferrous metals is constantly increasing. The production of zinc, lead, titanium, copper, nickel, cobalt, precious metals and other alloying elements is being increased. The production of non-ferrous metals developed at a faster pace in the 90s of the 20th century.

The main products of non-ferrous metallurgy in Bulgaria are copper, lead, zinc.

Hungary has large reserves of high-quality bauxite (second only to France). The main products of the non-ferrous metallurgy in Hungary are alumina and aluminum. It not only meets its aluminum needs but also exports bauxite, alumina and aluminum.

Copper ore deposits were developed in the former GDR. There are small deposits of tin ores. The main products of the non-ferrous metallurgy in Germany are aluminum and copper. In Germany, the production of secondary copper is almost 1.5 times more than from ores.

Poland's main products in the field of non-ferrous metallurgy are copper, zinc, lead, and aluminum.

Romania has significant reserves of copper and lead-zinc ores. The republic has developed smelting of copper, lead, and rare metals.

The Czech Republic and Slovakia have small deposits of lead-zinc, copper, tin-tungsten and gold ores. Products are consumed mainly within the country, but the needs for them are not fully satisfied.

Yugoslavia has significant reserves of copper, lead-zinc, antimony, mercury, molybdenum ores and bauxite.

The Republic of Cuba has large reserves of relatively rich nickel-cobalt ores (one of the first places in the world).

The main reserves of aluminum raw materials - bauxite - are concentrated in the depths of Australia, Guinea, Jamaica, and Suriname. Australia is the largest supplier of bauxite, accounting for 36% of global production and 79% of production in developed countries Oh. In terms of copper ore reserves, the first places are occupied by the USA, Chile, Zambia, Zaire, and Canada. Mexico is one of the new promising suppliers of copper raw materials.

Lead ore reserves are concentrated in the USA, Canada, Australia, Mexico, Peru, Morocco and other countries, and zinc ore reserves are in Canada, Australia, USA, Peru, Japan, Mexico. The largest reserves of nickel ores are located in Canada, New Caledonia, and Australia. Significant reserves of tungsten ores are available in the USA, South Korea, and Brazil. The main area of ​​concentration of cobalt reserves and production is the “copper belt” of Zaire and Zambia.

The main reserves of gold in the ground are located in South Africa. There are significant reserves of silver in the USA, Mexico, and Canada. The largest part of uranium reserves and production occurs in the USA, Canada, South Africa and Australia. The main areas of concentration of vanadium reserves and production are deposits located in South Africa and Western Australia.

The United States remains the largest consumer of non-ferrous metals among developed countries; since 1970, Japan has taken second place in the use of aluminum, copper, tin and zinc. This is due to the rapid process of industrialization of Japan in the 60s of the 20th century. USA uses 40% aluminum general use in the world, lead 36%, copper, zinc and tin - 26% each.

The shortage of primary raw materials is compensated by processing the corresponding scrap.

In the future, the extraction of minerals from the ocean floor may become important. The United States has developed a technology for using ocean nodules containing manganese, nickel, copper and cobalt.

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Resources of non-ferrous metal ores of the Russian Federation

Resource use

Introduction

Russia has a powerful non-ferrous metallurgy, distinguishing feature which is development based on its own resources. Based on their physical properties and purpose, non-ferrous metals can be divided into heavy (copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel) and light (aluminum, titanium, magnesium).

Several main bases of non-ferrous metallurgy have been formed on the territory of Russia. Their differences in specialization are explained by the dissimilarity in the geography of light metals (aluminum, titanium-magnesium industry) and heavy metals (copper, lead-zinc, tin, nickel-cobalt industries).

The location of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises depends on many economic and natural conditions, especially from the raw material factor. Thus, the main distinctive feature of the Russian non-ferrous metallurgy is its development based on the use of its own large and varied resources.

The peculiarity of non-ferrous metal ores is that most often they have a complex composition, which can be different not only in different deposits, but even within the same deposit.

Polymetallic ores, in addition to the main components - lead and zinc, also contain other non-ferrous metals (copper), noble metals (silver, gold), rare and trace metals (selenium, cadmium, bismuth and others).

Reserves of non-ferrous metal ores

and their distribution throughout the Russian Federation

Copper ore reserves

The main region of copper industry is the Ural region. Its raw material base is the copper pyrite ores of the Gaisky, Kirovogradsky, Degtyarsky, Krasnouralsky, Revdinsky, Blyavinsky deposits, with the Gaysky, Kirovogradsky, Degtyarsky deposits being the most important. In addition, copper ores are mined in Revda, Levikha, Polevskaya, Mednogorsk and Karabash.

In the Northern region, copper-nickel ores are developed in Monchegorsk; in the East Siberian region, the largest are the Nortle and Udakan deposits.

Aluminum ore reserves

The alumina necessary for aluminum production is mostly produced in European regions and the Urals. Bauxite from the following series of deposits is mostly used as feedstock: Boksitogorsk, Severouralsk, North Onega; nephelines from the Kola Peninsula, Krasnoyarsk Territory and other areas are used to a lesser extent.

The largest reserves of bauxite in the Urals are located in the North Ural basin in the Kamensk-Uralsky region.

The largest Tikhvin and Onega bauxite deposits are located on the territory of the North-Western economic region; in addition, this region has a significant amount of apatite-nepheline ores. In the Northern region there are deposits in Monchegorsk, as well as the Timsherskoye and Khibinskoye deposits.

In Eastern Siberia, aluminum deposits are located in the lower reaches of the Angara River.

Polymetallic ore reserves

The lead-zinc industry is based on the complex processing of polymetallic ores of different compositions. In the ores of the Leninogorsk and Zyryanovsk deposits there is more zinc than lead, and in the Achinsk and Tekeli deposits lead predominates over zinc. In the Urals, zinc is found in copper ores. In Western Siberia, the ore of the Salair and Zolotushenskoye deposits consists mainly of zinc. In addition, polymetallic ores are common in the North Caucasus (Sadon), Transbaikalia (Nerchinsk), and the Far East (Dalnegorsk)

In Eastern Siberia, the most famous deposits are Sherlovaya Gora, Borzya and Nerchinskoye.

Nickel ore reserves

Russia is one of the few countries in which nickel production is developed. The main deposits of sulfide copper-nickel ores are concentrated in the North-Western economic region on the Kola Peninsula (Monchegorsk, Pechenga-nickel) and in Eastern Siberia (Norilsk) where the largest Talnakh deposit is being developed. Another type of oxidized nickel ores is being developed in the Urals (Rezhskoye, Ufaleyskoye, Orskoye deposits)

The main nickel reserves in the Urals are concentrated in the Orsko-Khalilovsky region, where ores are mined by open pit mining. Significant reserves of nickel ores are concentrated in the Burutkal deposit, which is currently being intensively developed.

Tin ore reserves

Deposits of tin ores - casserites - are located in the Chita region, Yakutia, the Far East and the Magadan region.

Reserves of titanium-magnesium ores

Magnesium raw materials (magnesite, dolomite, carnallite, etc.) are widespread in the Urals, Eastern Siberia and other areas

Deposits of titanium ores (titanium magnetites and ilmenites) are found in the Urals, the Kola Peninsula and Western Siberia. In the West Siberian economic region, the main deposits of titanium-zirconium ores are concentrated in the Tomsk region.

Economic valuation of reserves

Russia's internal need for most types of mineral raw materials can be met through its own mining production. However, there is a problem of meeting the need Russian industry in manganese and chromium ores, titanium, zirconium, lead, bauxite, mercury, phosphorites, bentonite and kaolin, iodine and bromine, barium and strontium, some rare elements, the ores of which were not mined at all in Russia or were mined in insufficient quantities.

A significant increase in the output of mineral raw materials can be achieved through more intensive involvement of secondary raw materials into circulation, increasing the completeness and complexity of the extraction of associated ore components, as well as the use of technogenic waste (overburden and host rocks, dumps, tailings, wastewater). Share of by-products in the cost of total output commercial products non-ferrous metallurgy accounts for about 30%. A significant part of the resulting silver, platinum group metals, bismuth, vanadium, mercury, and many rare metals, as well as more than 20% of gold, 10% of zinc, lead and copper are extracted as a by-product. The throughput recovery factor in associated production in most cases does not exceed 50%, and for rare and trace metals it is usually 10-20% and only occasionally reaches 25-30%. A lot of raw materials are still lost in the main production (Table 16. 2-16. 4), especially potassium salts, non-ferrous and rare metals, and other minerals. The nepheline component of apatite ores is still poorly used in the production of alumina. Although the development and implementation of technologies that ensure its complete extraction from the main and associated components of ores require large funds, in many cases these costs are justified. It must be taken into account that the amount of recorded mining waste stored in dumps exceeds 34 billion tons, and hopes for a noticeable increase in the volume of waste disposal in the construction industry have not come true.

The Urals is the oldest region in Russia in the production of non-ferrous metals, especially copper, aluminum, zinc, nickel, cobalt, lead, gold and many rare metals.

For the eastern part of the region, covering the meridional structures of the Ural fold structure, the leading mineral resources are:

ores of non-ferrous and ferrous metals;

ore and placer gold;

manifestations of rare earths.

The regions of the folded Urals and Trans-Urals have significant resources of metals - copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt, noble metals. In recent years, real prospects for the discovery of deposits of rare earth metals have emerged. There are prospects for creating a mineral resource base for vanadium mining.

The Orenburg region is among the leading group of regions of the Russian Federation in terms of the volume of explored reserves and mining.

Copper mining is stabilizing and on the rise, which is associated with the introduction of the Barsuchiy Log polymetallic deposit into the development of Ormet JSC. Since 1998, the Orenburg region has returned to the number of gold-mining regions of Russia, producing gold and alluvial gold deposits. Of course, this production is still only 29% of the 1991 production level, but this is significantly higher than the level achieved in 1997.

Three deposits and a number of occurrences of asphaltites are known in the region, discovered as a result of drilling wells for oil and gas. The most promising and studied Ivanovo-Kazan area has asphaltite resources of more than 80 million tons. Vanadium (0.22%) and nickel (0.03%) were identified as associated components in asphaltites; experimental work was carried out and the possibility of their associated extraction was proven.

The main mining and processing enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy are concentrated in the eastern part of the region. One of them is the Orsko-Khalilovsky Metallurgical Plant (JSC NOSTA), built on the basis of the Orsko-Khalilovsky group of iron ore deposits. The ores of the 7 explored deposits of the group are naturally alloyed with a relatively low content of alloying impurities: chromium and nickel.

In the region there is a powerful enterprise for the extraction and enrichment of copper and copper-zinc ores - OJSC Gaisky GOK and for the metallurgical processing of these ores OJSC Mednogorsk Copper-Sulfur Plant. 9 deposits of copper and copper-zinc ores have been explored in the region. Explored reserves in the region as of 01/01/98 amounted to 484.7 million tons. Their copper reserves exceed 7 million tons. Annual copper production is about 60 thousand tons. Work is underway to reassess the reserves of the large Buruktal deposit of silicate cobalt-nickel ores with the aim of developing it by the South Ural Nickel Combine. The deposit is associated with the upper horizons of the areal weathering crust of ultrabasic rocks of the massif of the same name.

Search work recent years A number of occurrences of rare earth mineralization have been identified in the eastern part of the region. The most promising one (Mironovskoe) is comparable in terms of the established TR contents in the ores and the parameters of the ore deposits with known similar objects being developed abroad. Ore deposits are confined to sooty and ocher-clayey horizons of the weathering crust of Lower Carboniferous terrigenous-carbonate and volcanic-sedimentary deposits.

Ural enterprises produce almost 43% of refined copper, about 65% of zinc in concentrate from the total production in Russia, as well as a significant amount of gold, silver, rare and trace metals.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is developed in the Northern and Northwestern regions, where nepheline, bauxite, titanium, copper-nickel ores are mined and enriched. Aluminum plants are located in Kandalaksha, Nadvoitsy, Boksitogorsk, a copper smelter is in Monchegorsk, and a nickel plant is in the city of Nikel. In the future, the production of aluminum ores may increase significantly due to the development of new deposits: Severo-Onezhskoye (Plesetsk), Sredne-Timanskoye.

Conclusion

The location of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises depends on many economic and natural conditions, especially on the raw material factor. In addition to raw materials, the fuel and energy factor plays a significant role.

The production of heavy non-ferrous metals, due to the small need for energy, is confined to the areas of raw material extraction in terms of reserves, mining and enrichment of copper ores, as well as in copper smelting, the leading place in Russia is occupied by the Ural region economic region, on the territory of which the Krasnouralsk, Kirovograd, Sredneuralsk, and Mednogorsk plants are distinguished.

The production of light metals requires a large amount of energy. Therefore, the concentration of enterprises smelting light metals near sources of cheap energy is the most important principle their placement.

The titanium-magnesium industry is located mainly in the Urals, both in areas of raw material extraction (Berezniki magnesium plant, and in areas of cheap energy (Ust-Kamenogorsk titanium-magnesium plant). The final stage of titanium-magnesium metallurgy - processing of metals and their alloys - most often located in areas where finished products are consumed.

Bibliography

Morozova "Regional Economics", UNITY, 95

Rom V. Ya., Dronov V. P. Geography of Russia.

Population and economy. 9th grade: Educational. for general education textbook establishments. - 4th ed. - M.: Bustard, 1998. - 400 pp.: ill., map.

Item Description: “Resource Use”

Resource management as a science examines conservation issues environment, ecology and economics of resource use. The purpose of the course is to study the economic mechanism of resource use; main directions of integrated and rational use resources; solving environmental problems; as well as the acquisition of practical skills in economic calculations for: damage assessment, the effectiveness of environmental protection costs and the effectiveness of investments in resource use.

The main direction of integrated and rational resource use should be considered the financing of measures and programs for finding new deposits, their development and solving environmental problems, as well as the use of allocated Money for the intended purpose.

The main principles of organizing rational resource use are: assessment and selection of places of economically advantageous concentration natural resources; implementation integrated use resources; protection and restoration of land, water and forest areas after the extraction of natural resources.

2. Course objectives: - disclosure general patterns interaction between society and nature and reflection of international experience in solving environmental and economic problems; - study of the economic mechanism of resource use, including a system of environmental taxation and payments for resource use and environmental pollution; sources of financing measures for environmental protection and resource use, as well as the procedure for distributing funds from environmental funds; - study of methods for assessing the effectiveness of capital investments in resource use and investment problems; determination of damage from environmental pollution; - study of environmental and economic problems of rational use of natural resources and environmental protection; - analysis of a range of problems related to the state of the ecology of regions and certain types of natural resources; improvement of methods for their assessment, management systems and legal regulation environmental activities at the present stage; - studying problems social sphere as a factor in the formation of environmental culture; analysis of environmental problems and human health.

The main directions of rational use of natural resources are: - improvement of the resource management system in the country (in the regions); - elimination of outdated technologies, introduction of new ones, modernization of production; - processing of production waste; - comprehensive recycling of primary raw materials and production waste; - implementation of developed programs for balanced development and elimination of contradictions between the fuel and energy industry and other sectors of the national economy regarding the use of land, water, forest and labor resources.

Literature

1. A.V. Bobrovsky, O.I. Drachev, A.V. Rybyakov. Cutting non-ferrous metals. Directory. – M.: Politekhnika, 2001. – 200 p.
   
2. E.D. Khalevinskaya. International trade agreements and international trade organizations. – M.: Master, Infra-M, 2010. – 208 p.
   
3. Resource and energy saving in foundry production. – M.: Forum, 2012. – 272 p.
   
4. A.V. Radushev, L.G. Chekanova, V.Yu. Gusev. Hydrazides and 1,2-diacylhydrazines. Preparation, properties and application in metal concentration processes. – M.: Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2010. – 140 p.
   
5. V.V. Ovchinnikov. Welding and cutting of parts made of various steels, non-ferrous metals and their alloys, cast iron in all spatial positions. Textbook. – M.: Academia, 2014. – 304 p.
   
6. Alexan Arzumanyan. Thin-blade processing of non-ferrous metals with corundum plates. – M.: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2012. – 224 p.
   
7. Yulia Tokach und Yuri Rubanov. Recycling of heavy metals from electroplating waste. – M.: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2011. – 132 p.
   
8. Adilkhan Baybatsha. Models of non-ferrous metal deposits. – M.: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2013. – 596 p.
   
9. Alexander Sergeevich Kolesnikov. Technology for producing ferroalloy and sublimates of non-ferrous metals from waste. – M.: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2013. – 212 p.